DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
United States Earthquakes, 1978
By
Carl A. Stover and Carl A. von Hake
Open-File report 84-978
Prepared in cooperation with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
This report has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards.
1984
Contributors Contributors to this publication are listed below according to the type of data supplied or service performed: Hypocenters and magnitudes: John S. Derr, U.S. Geological Survey W. LeRoy Irby, U.S. Geological Survey R. Kangas, U.S. Geological Survey John H. Minsch, U.S. Geological Survey Russ Needham, U.S. Geological Survey Waverly J. Person, U.S. Geological Survey Bruce W. Presgrave, U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey Intensities: Carl W. Stover, U.S. Geological Survey Network Operations (by institution): University of Alaska University of California, Berkeley California Institute of Technology Kansas Geological Survey University of Oklahoma Oklahoma Geological Survey St. Louis University U.S. Geological Survey Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Geodesy: Sandford R. Holdahl, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey Richard A. Snay, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey William E. Strange, NOAA, NOS, National Geodetic Survey Tsunamis: Mark G. Spaeth, NOAA, National Weather Service Strong-motion seismograph data: Ronald L. Porcella, U.S. Geological Survey Editorial assistance and manuscript preparations: Paula K. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey
Contents
Page Contributors...... ill Introd uct ion...... 1 Discussion of Tables ...... 1 Epicenter Maps...... 1 Earthquake Information Services...... 3 Magnitude and Intensity Ratings...... 3 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale...... 5 Acknowledgments...... 7 Earthquake Descriptions...... 9 Alabama...... 9 Alaska...... 9 Arizona...... 14 Arkansas...... 15 California...... 15 California Off the coast...... 34 Colorado...... 35 Delaware...... 35 Florida...... 35 Hawa ii...... 35 Idaho...... 39 Illinois ...... 40 Ind iana...... 41 Maine...... 41 Maryland...... 41 Massachusetts...... 41 Mississippi...... 42 Missouri...... 42 Montana...... 43 Nebraska ...... 44 Nev ad a...... 45 New Hampshire...... 46 New Jersey...... 46 New Mexico...... 46 New York...... 46 North Carolina...... 47 Oklahoma...... 47 Pennsylvania...... 47 Puerto Rico...... 48 South Carolina...... 48 Tennessee...... 48 Texas...... 49 Utah...... 49 Virginia...... 50 Washington...... 51 Wyoming...... 53 Network Operations...... 82 Alaska Earthquakes, 1978...... 82 Northern and Central California Earthquakes, 1978...... 82 Southern California Earthquakes, 1978...... 84 Central Mississippi Valley Earthquakes, 1978...... 84 Kansas Earthquakes, 1978...... 85 Oklahoma Earthquakes, 1978...... 88 Southeastern United States Earthquakes, 1978...... 91 Virginia Earthquakes, 1978...... 92 Miscellaneous Activities...... 93 Crustal Movement Stud ies...... 93 Tsunamis...... 94 Principal Earthquakes of the World...... 94 Strong-Motion Seismograph Data...... 98 Introduction...... 98 Accelerograph Data...... 99 References...... Ill LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Summary of U.S. earthquakes for 1978...... 56 2 Station locations in Kansas...... 88 3 Microearthquake locations in Kansas for 1978...... 88 4 Oklahoma earthquake catalog for 1978...... 90 5 Southeastern United States earthquakes during 1978...... 91 6 Virginia earthquakes during 1978...... 92 7 Principal earthquakes of the world during 1978...... 95 8 Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978...... 104
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 Summary of earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United States for 1978...... 2 2 Summary of earthquake epicenters in Alaska for 1978...... 2 3 Summary of earthquake epicenters in Hawaii for 1978...... 3 4 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in the conterminous United States for 1978...... 4 5 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Alaska for 1978...... 4 6 Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Hawaii for 1978...... 5 7 Isoseismal map for the northern California earthquake of 26 March 1978...... 17 8 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 4 June 1978 20 9 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 5 June 1978 21 10 Photograph of Southern Pacific Transportation Company freight train derailment west of Goleta, Calif...... 24 11 Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 13 August 1978...... 25 12 Photograph of damage to mobile home near Goleta, Calif...... 26 13 Isoseismal map for the Lake Tahoe, Calif, earthquake of 4 September 1978...... 28 14 Isoseismal map for the northern California earthquake of 8 September 1978...... 29 15 Isoseismal map for the Owens Valley, California earthquake of 4 October 1978...... 31 16 Isoseismal map for the central Idaho earthquake of 29 October 1978.. 40 17 Isoseismal map for the southeastern Idaho earthquake of 30 November 1978...... 41 18 Isoseismal map for the southern Illinois earthquake of 5 December 1978...... 42 19 Isoseismal map for the eastern Missouri earthquake of 20 September 1978...... 43 Figure Continued Page 20 Isoseismal map for the western Montana earthquake of 23 April 1978.. 44 21 Isoseismal map for the southeastern Pennsylvania earthquake of 16 July 1978...... 48 22 Isoseismal map for the west Texas earthquake of 16 June 1978...... 50 23 Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington earthquake of 11 March 1978...... 52 24 Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington earthquake of 31 March 1978...... 53 25 Isoseismal map for the Seattle, Washington earthquake of 31 December 1978...... 54 26 Northern California earthquakes during 1978...... 83 27 Plot of the cumulative number of earthquakes versus local Richter magnitude (ML) ...... 1...... 84 28 Southern California earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 ML or greater during 1978...... 85 29 Central Mississippi Valley earthquakes during 1978 within a 4° x 4° region centered at 37.0° N. and 89.5° W...... 86 30 Central Mississippi Valley earthquakes during 1978 within a 1.5° x 1.5° region centered at 36.25° N. and 89.75° W...... 86 31 Kansas Geological Survey seismograph network in 1978...... 87 32 Kansas earthquakes and the Humboldt Fault Zone...... 87 33 Active seismograph stations in Oklahoma...... 89 34 Distribution of Oklahoma earthquakes during 1978...... 89 35 Southeastern United States earthquake epicenters during 1978...... 91 36 Southeastern United States seismic stations operating in 1978...... 91 37 Virginia Tech Seismic Network...... 92 38 Virginia earthquake epicenters during 1978...... 92 39 Coyote Dam accelerograms from the Ukiah, Calif, earthquake of 25 March 1978 ...... 100 40 Location map, Santa Barbara, Calif, earthquake of 13 August 1978....101 41 Accelerograms from Santa Barbara Courthouse and Cachuma Dam, Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 August 1978...... 102 42 Selection of Monticello Dam accelerograms from the Jenkinsville, South Carolina earthquake of February to November 1978...... 103
VII United States Earthquakes, 1978 Carl W. Stover, U.S. Geological Survey Carl A. von Hake, NOAA, Environmental Data and Information Service
Introduction
This publication describes all earth 7 include date, origin time, hypocenter quakes that were reported felt in the (epicenter and fo.cal depth), and magni United States and nearby territories in tude. Table 1 also contains the Modified 1978. It has been compiled by the U.S. Mercalli (MM) intensity., The origin time Geological Survey (USGS) and published and date are listed in Universal jointly with NOAA, Environmental Data and Coordinated Time (UTC). The epicenters Information Service (EDIS). Its purpose were taken principally from the USGS is to provide a continuous history of U.S. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, earthquakes for studying seismic risk, Monthly Listings1 or Earthquakes in the evaluating nuclear powerplant sites, United States2 . The accuracy of the designing earthquake-resistive structures, epicenters is that claimed by the and answering inquiries from the scien institution supplying the hypocenter and tific and general public. is not necessarily the accuracy indicated by the number of decimals listed. The The publication is composed of four epicenters located by the USGS have a major chapters: "Earthquake Descrip varying degree of accuracy, usually two- tions," which includes a summary of tenths of a degree or less, depending on macroseismic data reported for each earth their continental or oceanic location. quake and a chronological list of earth The oceanic hypocenters are less accurate quakes by State (table 1); "Network Opera than those on the continent, even though tions," which summarizes the results from both are listed to two decimals. Depths local seismic networks; "Miscellaneous are listed to the nearest whole kilometer. Activities," which contains information on crustal movement studies, tsunamis, and Magnitude values listed in the tables principal earthquakes of the world (table were furnished by cooperating institutions 7), and "Strong-Motion Seismograph Data" or determined by the USGS. The computa (table 8). The intensity and macroseismic tional sources are labeled according to data in "Earthquake Descriptions" are com the assigned letter codes shown in head- piled from questionnaire canvasses (see notes to the tables. next paragraph), newspaper articles, and reports prepared by other government organizations, State institutions, local EPICENTER MAPS organizations, and individuals. Each description includes date, origin time, Figures 1-3 are computer plots of all hypocenter, and hypocenter source of the earthquake epicenters in the conterminous earthquake, maximum intensity (Modified United States, Alaska, and Hawaii listed Mercalli), and macroseismic effects in table 1. Each earthquake is indicated reported in the area. by a small circle. The USGS collects macroseismic inten Figures 4-6 are computer plots of sity information primarily by mailing 1978 earthquakes in the conterminous questionnaires, "Earthquake Report" forms, United States, Alaska, and Hawaii by Modi to postmasters in the earthquake area. fied Mercalli (MM) intensity. Maximum Postmasters complete the forms and return intensities are represented by Arabic them to the USGS, where they are evaluated numerals at the location that each and intensities are assigned. For damaging occurred. Earthquakes of intensity I-IV earthquakes, the questionnaires are sup are represented by dots. plemented by USGS field investigations. The USGS publishes preliminary intensity data in its quarterly Earthquakes in the United States. The final information is 1For sale by the Superintendent of published in the United States Earthquakes Documents, U.S. Government Printing series, issued annually since 1928. Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 2Copies of these reports are available DISCUSSION OF TABLES free on application to Branch of Distribu tion, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South The earthquake values in tables 1 and Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202. 130° 125° 120° 115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90° 85° 80° 75° 70°
30° 30°
EXPLANATION o Magnitude <5.0 25° O Magnitude 5.0-5.9
FIGURE 1. Summary of earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United States for 1978.
155° 160° 165° 170° 175° 180° 175° 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 14S° U0° 135 = 130° 125° 120° 115°
<70 km ^70 km o n Magnitude <5.0 o a Magnitude 5.0-5.9 O d Magnitude >6.0
175" 180 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140° 135°
FIGURE 2. Summary of earthquake epicenters in Alaska for 1978. 0 157° ISO' 159° 158° 154° preparing local and regional seismic his tories for engineers, actuaries, and other scientists and answering direct inquiries from the public on all aspects of histori cal earthquakes. Additional services and ^~Jo products include publishing annual earth KAUAI OAHU quake summaries and revised historical earthquake reports; and making available <^H MOLOKAI copies of seismograms, accelerograms, dis 21° ^ placement meter records, digitized LANAI< £>Gp> MAUI *4* strong-motion seismograms, and epicenter o lists in several formats. Many of these KAH()OLAWE products and services are based on seismic 20° JS, records or other data that have originated °°<^ & HAWAII with USGS recording networks or with USGS EXPLAhJATION data-reduction facilities. Information > concerning services and products of NGSDC °Magnit jde <5.0 V\j* <* ° \ "/flh may be obtained from the National Geo ^NX^O physical and Solar-Terrestrial Data 0 50 km o Center, NOAA/EDIS, Boulder, CO 80303.
MAGNITUDE AND INTENSITY RATINGS FIGURE 3. summary of earthquake epi centers in Hawaii for 1978. Magnitude, a measure of the "size" of an earthquake, is roughly related to the energy release at the focus of an earth The selection of intensity or quake. Although the magnitude scale has isoseismal maps shown in the Earthquake neither "top" nor "bottom" values the Descriptions is governed largely by the highest ever recorded was magnitude 8.9 size of the area affected. This means and the lowest about -3. On this loga that sharp, localized shocks of intensity rithmic scale, a magnitude 6 shallow-focus VI (which occur mostly in California) may earthquake represents elastic-wave energy not be represented by these maps, whereas about 30 times greater than that generated other earthquakes of intensity V and VI by a magnitude 5 earthquake, 900 times (which occur largely in the Eastern and greater than that of a magnitude 4 shock, Central States) often will be illustrated and so forth. Many factors enter into the because of the larger felt areas. determination of earthquake magnitude, Numerals on these computer-plotted maps including earthquake focal depth, fre represent the maximum MM intensities at quency content of the sampled energy, and each town. Isoseismal contours are a gen the earthquake radiation pattern. Magni eralization of intensity data and are tude values calculated by the USGS are extrapolated to regions that have no based on the following formulas: observations. The contours do not include each intensity observation. MS = log (A/T) +1.66 log D + 3.3, (1)
as adopted by the International Associa EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION SERVICES tion of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI; Bath, 1966, p. The USGS coordinates the collection 153), where A is the maximum vertical of all types of earthquake information, surface-wave ground amplitude, in microme with the special objective of correlating ters; T is the period, in seconds, and instrumentally determined earthquake loca 18
45°
35°
EXPLANATION Intensity I-IV 5 Intensity V 6 Intensity VI 7 Intensity VII
Figure 4. Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in the conterminous United States for 1978.
155° 160° 165° 170° 175° 180° 175° 170° 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140° 135° 130° 125° 120° 115"
60°
55°
50° EXPLANATION 50° Intensity I-IV 5 intensity V 6 Intensity VI 0 300 km
175° 180° 175° 170' 165° 160° 155° 150° 145° 140°
Figure 5. Earthquakes plotted by Modified Mercalli Intensity in Alaska for 1978. 160° 158° 156° 154° imum intensity, which is given in the text and in table 1. Although the Modified Mercalli Inten sity Scale is in many instances inadequate o^~-s for present-day requirements, the scale KAUAI ,OAHU has been the guide used by the USGS and NOAA and will continue to be so used until < MOLOKAI a new scale has been devised and has ^ fc Z>- acceptance in the engineering and seismo- LANAI* L) ^T^~ ( MAUI logical communities. Questions concerning A^ the interpretation of historical earth KAl IOOLAWE quake intensities should be referred to r^. the USGS. '. ^ HAWAII EXPLA NATION ( MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY
Intens ty I-IV > SCALE OF 1931 \f^. Adapted from Sieberg's Mercalli-Cancani 0 50 k m scale, modified and condensed. I. Not felt - or, except rarely under 18° especially favorable cir cumstances. Under certain condi Figure 6. Earthquakes plotted by Modi tions, at and outside the boun fied Mercalli Intensity in dary of the area in which a great Hawaii for 1978. shock is felt: sometimes birds, animals, reported uneasy or dis where A is the maximum trace amplitude in turbed; sometimes dizziness or millimeters, written by a Wood-Anderson nausea experienced; sometimes torsion seismometer, and log A0 is a stan trees, structures, liquids, dard value as a function of distance, bodies of water, may sway doors where the distance is _<600 km. ML values may swing, very slowly. are also calculated from other seismome ters by conversion of recorded ground II Felt indoors by few, especially motion to the expected response of the on upper floors, or by sen torsion seismometer: sitive, or nervous persons. Also, as in grade I, but often mbLg = 3.75 + 0.90(log D) (4) more noticeably: sometimes hanging + log (A/T) 0.5° This section lists all earthquakes alphabetically by State. The origin time Alabama Continued of earthquake occurrences is given in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). Times Depth: 5 km are expressed continuously from midnight Magnitude: 2.5 mbLg to midnight, or 0 to 24 hours. Intensity III; Huntsville area (V). Sources of noninstrumental informa tion (macroseismic data) in this publica 11 December (G) Alabama-Mississippi border tion include questionnaire canvasses con area ducted by the USGS; newspaper articles; Origin time: 02 06 48.2 bulletins of the Seismological Society of America; and special earthquake reports of See Mississippi listing. other organizations. Instrumental data are provided by the USGS, National Earth Alaska quake Information Service. Roman numerals in the earthquake 5 January (G) Southern Alaska descriptions refer to the Modified Mer- Origin time: 19 56 09.8 calli Intensity Scale of 1931 (see page Epicenter: 61.33 N., 151.65 W. 2), which gives about equal weight to the Depth: 110 km disturbance of inanimate objects and to Magnitude: 4 .4 mb personal reactions. When more than one Intensity III; Anchorage (M), degree of intensity is reported from a Wasilla (M). town, the town is assigned the highest Intensity II; Palmer (M). intensity reported. All earthquake reports that contain minimal information 6 January (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian are assigned intensity II. Islands Origin time: 07 08 43.8 [The following symbols are used to indi Epicenter: 51.78 N., 176.01 W. cate authority for arrival or origin Depth: 63 km times, epicenters, and/or magnitudes: (A) Magnitude: 5.3 mb Geophysical Institute, University of Intensity IV; Adak (M). Alaska, Fairbanks; (B) University of Cali fornia, Berkeley; (D) University of Mon 6 January (G) Kenai Peninsula tana, Missoula; (E) U.S. Department of Origin time: 21 59 01.1 Energy, Las Vegas, Nevada; (G) U.S. Geo Epicenter: 60.91 N., 149.38 W. logical Survey, National Earthquake infor Depth: 45 km mation Service, Golden, Colo.; (H) U.S. Magnitude: 4.6 mb, 4.9 ML(M) Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Obser Intensity V; Girdwood (small vatory, Hawaii National Park; (J) Weston objects fell, not broken). Observatory, VJeston, Mass.; (K) Lee, W. H. Intensity IV; Anchorage, Chugiak, K. and others, 1978; (L) Lamont-Doherty Clam Gulch, Cooper Landing, Eagle Geological Observatory, Palisades, N.Y.; River, Kenai, Ouzinkie, Seward, (M) NOAA, Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, Soldotna, Whittier. Palmer; (O) Earth Physics Branch, Ottawa, Intensity III; Elmendorf AFB, Moose Canada; (P) California Institute of Tech Pass, Palmer. nology, Pasadena; (Q) Pacific Geoscience Centre, Sydney, B.C., Canada; (S) St. 9 January (G) Southern Alaska Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.; (T) Origin time: 07 06 05.8 University of Oklahoma, Leonard; (U) Epicenter: 62.00 N., 148.82 W, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; (V) Depth: 9 km Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Magnitude: 3.5 ML(M) University, Blacksburg; (W) University of Intensity III; Anchorage, Lower Washington, Seattle] Susitna Valley, Matanuska. 9 January (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Alabama Islands Origin time: 22 18 14.6 Epicenter: 51.61 N., 177.17 W. 1 March (G) Northern Alabama Depth: 121 km Origin time: 04 08 26.6 Magnitude: 3.9 mb Epicenter: 34.42 N., 86.61 W. Intensity II; Adak (M). Alaska Continued Alaska Continued 10 January (A) Central Alaska 20 March (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 12 09 16.4 Origin time: 03 59 05.0 Epicenter: 64.74 N., 147.44 W. Epicenter: 60.18 N., 153.61 W. Depth: 24 km Depth: 153 km Magnitude: 2.8 ML(M) Magnitude: 4.9 mb Intensity III; Fairbanks. Intensity II; Anchorage (M), Homer (M) . 18 January (G) Fox Islands, Aleutian Islands 20 March (G) Southern Alaska Islands Origin time: 08 15 37.5 Origin time: 17 04 18.1 Epicenter: 59.84 N., 153.24 W. Epicenter: 52.92 N., 166.43 W. Depth: 134 km Depth: 70 km Magnitude: 3.8 mb Magnitude: None computed. Intensity III; Soldotna (M). Intensity IV; Unalaska (M). Intensity II; Homer (M), Kenai (M) 31 March (G) Southern Alaska 22 January (G) Cook Inlet Origin time: 00 38 13.4 Origin time: 02 02 54.0 Epicenter: 61.77 N., 151.41 W. Epicenter: 60.24 N., 152 .33 W. Depth: 90 km Depth: 115 km Magnitude: 5.1 mb Magnitude: None computed. Intensity IV; Anchorage (M), Intensity III; Anchorage (M). Chugiak, Cooper Landing, Girdwood, Kasilof, Kenai, Skwentna, 27 January (G) Kenai Peninsula Talkeetna, Tyonek, Wasilla, Whit- Origin time: 18 52 59.2 tier, Willow. Epicenter: 60.37 N., 151.12 W. Intensity III; Elmendorf AFB, Homer Depth: 70 km (M), Moose Pass, Palmer (M). Magnitude: 4.7 mb Intensity III: Anchorage (M), Eagle 9 April (G) Kenai Peninsula River (M) , Kenai (M), Soldotna (M) Origin time: 17 12 59.9 Epicenter: 60.69 N., 151.84 W. Depth: 101 km 28 January (G) Kenai Peninsula Magnitude: 4.5 mb Origin time: 18 53 06.8 Intensity III; Anchorage (M), Kenai Epicenter: 60.07 N., 151.33 W. (M). Depth: 77 km Intensity II; Homer (M). Magnitude: 4.5 mb Intensity III; Kenai (M), Nikishka 12 April (G) Kodiak Island region (M) . Origin time: 03 42 03.5 Intensity II; Anchorage (M). Epicenter: 56.42 N., 152.69 W. Depth: 14 km 12 February (G) Cook Inlet Magnitude: 6.0 mb, 6.6 MS, 6.5 Origin time: 08 56 38.9 MS(B), 6.3 MS(P), Epicenter: 59.45 N., 152.62 W. 5.8 ML(A) Depth: 72 km Intensity V; Sitkinak Island. Magnitude: 5.4 mb Intensity IV; Kodiak, Old Harbor Intensity______IV: Anchor Point, Homer, (M) . Ouzinkie, Seldovia. Intensity III; Ouzinkie. Intensity III: Kodiak, Kokhanok, Intensity II; Olqa Bay (M), Zechar Port Graham. Bay (M). Intensity II: English Bay (M), Homer (M), King Salmon (M). 19 April (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 01 49 03.5 16 February (G) Southern Alaska Epicenter: 60.14 N., 153.54 W. Origin time: 20 53 49.0 Depth: 158 km Epicenter: 61.31 N., 144.89 W. Magnitude: 4.6 mb Depth: Normal. Intensity II; Anchorage (M). Magnitude: 4.1 ML(M) Intensity IV: Chitina. 19 April (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 14 52 18.1 6 March (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Epicenter: 61.00 N., 146.49 W, Islands Depth: 40 km Origin time: 18 40 23.6 Magnitude: 3,. 3 ML(M) Epicenter: 51.76 N. , 175.81 W. Intensity IV: Valdez (M). Depth: 65 km Magnitude: 4.7 mb 21 April (G) Central Alaska Intensity II; Adak (M). Origin time: 20 40 37.7 Alaska Continued Alaska Continued Epicenter: 64.53 N., 147.95 W. 25 May (G) Central Alaska Depth: 30 km Origin time: 10 39 57.4 Magnitude: 3.7 ML(M) Epicenter: 64.55 N., 152.59 W. Intensity II; College (M). Depth: Normal. Magnitude: 4.0 ML 24 April (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Intensity IV; Tanana. Islands Origin time: 04 28 47.0 31 May (G) Southern Alaska Epicenter: 51.64 N., 176.09 W. Origin time: 18 29 25.6 Depth: 53 km Epicenter: 61.36 N., 149.70 W. Magnitude: 5.2 mb, 4.8 MS Depth: 44 km Intensity III; Adak. Magnitude: 3.0 ML(M) Intensity II: Palmer (M). 5 May (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 05 32 47.4 10 June (G) Alaska Peninsula Epicenter: 63.30 N., 150.97 W. Origin time: 08 23 59.6 Depth: 134 km Epicenter: 57.92 N., 156.72 W. Magnitude: 5.2 mb Depth: 10 km Intensity IV: Skwentna, Talkeetna, Magnitude: 4.5 mb, 3.9 MS, Willow to Wide Pass (M). 4.6 ML(M) Intensity III: Anchorage to Palmer Intensity II Egegik (M). (M). Intensity I; King Salmon (M). 11 May (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian 10 June (G) Southern Alaska Islands Origin time: 19 35 10.2 Origin time: 00 23 37.6 Epicenter: 60.30 N., 146.45 W. Epicenter: 51.67 N., 176.10 W, Depth: 20 km Depth: 59 km Magnitude: 4.8 mb, 4.7 ML(M) Magnitude: 5.6 mb, 5.9 MS, Intensity IV; Cordova (M). 5.8 MS(B) Intensity III: Anchorage (M), Valdez Intensity IV: Adak (M). (M). 12 May (G) Central Alaska 12 June (G) Kenai Peninsula, Alaska Origin time: 12 16 03.9 Origin time: 07 30 39.3 Epicenter: 62.25 N., 149.40 W. Epicenter: 59.86 N., 150.76 W. Depth: 67 km Depth: 55 km Magnitude: 5.1 mb Magnitude: 4 .0 mb Intensity III: Homer (M). Felt throughout the Susitna Valley (press report). 22 June (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Islands Intensity IV: Anchorage, Chugiak, Origin time: 05 41 27.7 Elmendorf AFB, Gakona, Girdwood, Epicenter: 51.61 N., 179.41 W, Glennallen, Gold Creek (M), Homer, Depth: Normal. Kashwitna (M) , McKinley Park', Pal Magnitude: 4.8 mb, 5.9 MS, mer (M), Skwentna, Talkeetna, 5.0 ML(M) Wasilla (M), Whittier. Intensity III; Adak (M). Intensity III; Fairbanks (M). Intensity II: Ester, Moose Pass. 13 July (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 15 27 33.5 24 May (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Epicenter: 62.11 N., 149.95 W, Islands Depth: 40 km Origin time: 06 16 55.4 Magnitude: 3.5 ML(M) Epicenter: 51.23 N., 179.21 W. Intensity II; Palmer (M). Depth: 25 km Magnitude: 6.0 mb, 6.7 MS, 16 July (G) Central Alaska 6.4 mb(P), 6.2 Origin time: 05 03 02.3 MS(P), 6.4 MS(B) Epicenter: 63.57 N., 150.52 W, Intensity IV: Adak (M). Depth: 31 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML(M) 24 May (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian Intensity III; McKinley Park (M). Islands Origin time: 09 53 03.4 19 July (A) Southern Alaska Epicenter: 51.13 N., 179.20 W, Origin time: 18 54 32.8 Depth: Normal. Epicenter: 61.33 N., 149.98 W, Magnitude: 5.2 mb, 5.4 MS Depth: 13 km Intensity III; Adak. Magnitude: 3.0 ML(M) Alaska Continued Alaska Continued Intensity II: Chugiak (M), Eagle Depth: 123 km River (M), Susitna Flats 15 km Magnitude: 5.4 mb, 5.7 mb(B) north of Anchorage (A). Intensity VI; Clam Gulch (cracked plasterboard, hairline cracks in 23 July (G) Central Alaska exterior cinderblock walls, small Origin time: 15 19 35.5 objects shifted). Epicenter: 63.31 N., 147.26 W. Intensity V: Sterling. Depth: Normal. Intensity IV: Anchorage, Chugiak, Magnitude: 5.0 mb, 4.8 ML(M) Cooper Landing, Eagle River, Gird- Intensity III; Throughout central wood, Homer, Kenai, Larsen Bay, Alaska (M). Moose Pass, Port Lions, Seldovia, Skwentna, Tyonek, Whittier. 27 July (G) Central Alaska Intensity III; Cordova (M), Healey Origin time: 14 18 48.0 (M), King Salmon (M), Kodiak (M), Epicenter: 65.00 N., 147.60 W. Soldotna, Spenard, Willow. Depth: 20 km Intensity II; Fairbanks (M), Magnitude: 3.8 ML(A) Nikishka. Intensity IV: Fairbanks. 22 August (G) Central Alaska 27 July (G) Central Alaska Origin time: 04 13 55.3 Origin time: 15 51 42.2 Epicenter: 65.16 N., 151.99 W. Epicenter: 64.85 N., 147.59 W. Depth: 14 km Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 4.0 ML(M) Magnitude: 3.6 ML(A) Intensity II; Tanana (M). Intensity III; Fairbanks (press report). 22 August (G) Central Alaska Origin time: 09 53 24.2 27 July (G) Central Alaska Epicenter: 65.23 N., 152.12 W. Origin time: 17 11 21.1 Depth: 17 km Epicenter: 64.93 N., 148.02 W. Magnitude: 3.8 ML(M) Depth: 10 km Intensity II; Tanana (M). Magnitude: 3.7 ML(A) Intensity III; Fairbanks (press report). 22 August (A) Central Alaska Origin time: 10 12 02.8 3 August (G) Kenai Peninsula Epicenter: 64.92 N., 152.53 W, Origin time: 06 33 30.9 Depth: 1 km Epicenter: 59.78 N., 151.15 W. Magnitude: 3.8 ML(A) Depth: 89 km Intensity II; Tanana. Magnitude: None computed. Intensity III; Homer (M). 22 August (A) Central Alaska Origin time: 10 29 08.0 8 August (G) Southern Alaska Epicenter: 64.99 N., 152.31 W, Origin time: 09 30 03.3 Depth: 1 km Epicenter: 61.39 N., 146.91 W. Magnitude: 3.4 ML(A) Depth: 53 km Intensity II; Tanana. Magnitude: 4.3 mb Intensity V; Palmer (few windows 26 August (G) Central Alaska cracked). Origin time: 13 44 31.2 Intensity IV: Delta Junction, Epicenter: 65.08 N., 152.36 W. Glennallen, Valdez, Whittier. Depth: Normal. Intensity III; Anchorage (M), Gird Magnitude: 3.3 ML(A) wood. Intensity II: Tanana (M). Intensity II: Chugiak. 3 September (A) Central Alaska 13 August (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 06 27 05.4 Origin time: 00 49 41.0 Epicenter: 64.58 N. , 147.16 W Epicenter: 62.28 N., 149.71 W. Depth: 11 km Depth: 65 km Magnitude: 3.9 ML Magnitude: 4.1 mb Intensity II; Eielson AFB (A), Intensity IV: Anchorage, Chugiak, Fairbanks (A). Skwentna. Intensity III; Big Lake (M), Palmer 18 September (G) Central Alaska (M), Wasilla (M). Origin time: 17 02 54.9 Epicenter: 63.66 N., 147.59 W, 18 August (G) Southern Alaska Depth: 88 km Origin time: 18 52 28.4 Magnitude: None computed. Epicenter: 59.89 N., 153.53 W. Intensity IV: Cantwell, Usibelli. Alaska Continued Alaska Continued Intensity II; Talkeetna (A), Willow 4 October (G) Near Islands, Aleutian (A). Islands Origin time: 19 55 17.5 19 September (G) Southern Alaska Epicenter: 50.93 N., 173.53 E. Origin time: 08 37 56.0 Depth: Normal. Epicenter: 61.34 N., 147.18 W. Magnitude: 5.3 mb, 5.0 MS Depth: 32 km Intensity III; Shemya Island (M). Magnitude: 3.9 ML(M) Intensity III Anchorage to Valdez 6 October (G) Southern Alaska (A). Origin time: 05 54 05.2 Intensity II; Gakona, Valdez. Epicenter: 61.93 N., 150.67 W. Depth: 6 km 20 September (G) Southern Alaska Magnitude: 4.6 ML(M) Origin time: 11 46 05.9 Intensity III Willow-Hatcher Pass Epicenter: 61.92 N., 149.23 W. area (M). Depth: 8 km Intensity II; Palmer (M), Wasilla Magnitude: 3.8 ML(M) (M). Intensity IV: Girdwood, Palmer, Sutton. 17 October (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian ______Intensity II; Anchorage (M), Islands Independence Mine area (M), Origin time: 20 50 48.7 Skwentna. Epicenter: 51.72 N., 176.94 W. Depth: 61 km 21 September (G) Southern Alaska Magnitude: 5.0 mb Origin time: 14 45 19.6 Epicenter: 61.11 N., 151.81 W. Eighty-six questionnaires were com Depth: 81 km pleted for this earthquake from the Magnitude: 4.5 mb Naval Air Station, Adak Island. Intensity IV: Anchorage (M), Eagle The evaluated intensities from the River (M), Girdwood, Kenai, Palmer, information on these questionnaires Soldotna, Sterling. ranged from intensity IV to VI. Intensity II: Sutton. 27 October (G) Southern Alaska 25 September (G) Andreanof Islands, Origin time: 04 29 31.5 Aleutian Islands Epicenter: 62.20 N., 151.05 W. Origin time: 09 37 01.9 Depth: 102 km Epicenter: 51.79 N., 175.28 W, Magnitude: None computed. Depth: 62 km Intensity II; Talkeetna. Magnitude: 4.6 mb Intensity II: Adak (telephone 30 October (G) Southern Alaska report). Origin time: 11 11 38.4 Epicenter: 60.96 N., 150.32 W. 26 September (G) Central Alaska Depth: 48 km Origin time: 16 08 18.6 Magnitude: 3.3 mb Epicenter: 64.99 N., 147.55 W. Intensity III; Anchorage area (M). Depth: 27 km Magnitude: 3.7 mb, 3.9 ML(M) 31 October (G) Southern Alaska Intensity III: Eielson AFB (A), Origin time: 12 28 30.1 Fairbanks, North Pole (A). Epicenter: 61.91 N., 149.57 W. Depth: Normal. 28 September (G) Central Alaska Magnitude: 3.5 mb, 3.4 ML(M) Origin time: 23 53 13.7 Intensity II; Palmer area (M). Epicenter: 63.99 N. 147.71 W. Depth: Normal. 14 November (G) Central Alaska Magnitude: 4.4 mb, 4.5 ML(M) Origin time: 22 27 45.7 Intensity III; Big Delta (M), Delta Epicenter: 64.54 N., 147.03 W. Junction (A), Fairbanks (M), Healey Depth: 25 km (M), Nenana (M), North Pole (M), Magnitude: 3.7 ML Solcha (A). Intensity II: Fairbanks area (M). 4 October (G) Andreanof Islands, Aleutian 19 November (G) Near Islands, Aleutian Islands Islands Origin time: 18 53 00.1 Origin time: 19 42 35.7 Epicenter: 51.81 N., 177.05 W. Epicenter: 52.70 N., 172.48 E. Depth: 58 km Depth: 47 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb Magnitude: 5.3 mb(G), 5.2 MS(G) Intensity IV; Adak Island (M). Intensity V; Shemya Island. Alaska Continued Alaska Continued 24 November (G) Southern Alaska 22 December (G) Alaska Peninsula Origin time: 00 28 12.8 Origin time: 03 25 29.9 Epicenter: 62.03 N., 150.52 W. Epicenter: 55.57 N., 160.37 W. Depth: 74 km Depth: 12 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb Magnitude: 4.5 mb, 4.2 ML(M) Intensity II; Palmer (M), Talkeetna Intensity IV; Sand Point (M). (M) . 24 December (G) Central Alaska 24 November (G) Southern Alaska Origin time: 13 13 08.1 Origin time: 08 50 45.4 Epicenter: 63.56 N., 157.59 W. Epicenter: 61.99 N., 150.51 W, Depth: Normal. Depth: 77 km Magnitude: 5.0 mb(G), 4.4 MS(G), Magnitude: 3.2 mb 5.3 ML(M) Intensity II; Willow (M). Intensity IV; Galena Airport (peo ple were awakened and the control 2 December (G) Kenai Peninsula tower was evacuated). Origin time: 21 57 20.0 Epicenter: 59.69 N., 151.66 W, Depth: 13 km Magnitude: 3.7 ML(M) Arizona Intensity V: Homer. 3 December (G) Central Alaska 10 March (P) Baja California Origin time: 19 39 31.2 Origin time: 20 34 36.2 Epicenter: 62.31 N., 149.75 W. Epicenter: 32.33 N., 115.03 W, Depth: 74 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.7 mb Magnitude: 3.5 ML Intensity IV; Chugiak, Talkeetna Intensity III: Yuma (telephone (M) . report). Intensity III Anchorage (M), Palmer (M), Willow (M) . 11 March (G) Baja California Intensity II; Wasilla. Origin time: 23 57 46.8 Epicenter: 32.26 N., 115.12 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.8 mb, 5.0 ML(P) 4 December (G) Central Alaska Origin time: 12 11 06.4 This earthquake destroyed approxi Epicenter: 65.04 N. , 147.51 W, mately 30 houses, cracked dozens of Depth: 24 km buildings, and interrupted electric Magnitude: 3.3 ML (M) power and telephone communications Intensity II: Fairbanks (M). in the cities of San Luis, Sonora, and Luis Sanchez, Mexico. 8 December (G) Northern Alaska Origin time: 10 01 51.5 Intensity VI; Arizona Yuma Epicenter: 68.33 N., 145.17 W. (cracked plaster). Depth: Normal. Intensity III; California El Centro Magnitude: 4.0 ML(M) (press report). Intensity II; Fairbanks (M). 12 March (G) Baja California 15 December (G) Rat Islands, Aleutian Origin time: 00 30 15.7 Islands Epicenter: 32.23 N., 115.14 W. Origin time: 08 30 34.7 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 52.11 N. , 175.23 E Magnitude: 4.5 mb, 4.7 ML(P) Depth: 47 km Intensity IV; Ari zona--Yuma. Magnitude: 5.6 mb, 5.6 MS, Intensity III; California southern 5.4 MS(B) Imperial Valley (telephone report) Intensity V; Shemya AFB (light furniture and small objects 12 March (G) Raja California shifted) . Origin time: 18 42 24.3 Intensity IV; Attu. Epicenter: 32.26 N., 115.11 W. Depth: 5 km 17 December (G) Central Alaska Magnitude: 4.9 mb, 4.9 ML(P) Origin time: 13 15 26.0 Intensity VI; Epicenter: 63.95 N., 147.42 W. Arizona Yuma (cracked plaster, Depth: 22 km cracked streets). Magnitude: 4.8 mb, 4.6 ML(M) Intensity IV: Intensity IV; Clear AFR (M), Ester, Arizona Somerton. Fairbanks. California Imperial, Winterhaven. Arizona Continued California Continued 16 March (P) Baja California Intensity III: Willits (press Origin time: 01 51 10.1 report). Epicenter: 32.30 N., 115.12 W, Depth: 5 km 17 January (R) Northern California Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 4.2 ML Origin time: 20 59 12.9 Intensity IV; Yuma. Epicenter: 39.15 N., 123.26 W. Depth: 8 km 5 May (P) Baja California Magnitude: 2.9 ML Origin time: 21 03 15.8 Intensity V; Ukiah (hairline crack in the wall, dishes rattled, build See California listing. ings swayed--press report). 25 January (P) Southern California Arkansas Origin time: 10 40 50.0 Epicenter: 34.32 N., 118.33 W. Depth: 5 km 31 August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Magnitude: 2.7 ML Origin time: 00 31 00.3 Intensity III; La Crescenta, Sylmar. See Tennessee listing. 28 January (B) Northern California Origin time: 08 49 02.5 23 September (S) Southern Arkansas Epicenter: 39.40 N., 123.35 W. Origin time: 07 33 57.5 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 33.65 N., 91.89 W. Magnitude: 2.5 ML(B) Depth: 2 km Intensity V: Willits (furniture Magnitude: 3.1 mbLg and small objects moved; people Intensity IV: Wilmar. awakened; windows, doors, dishes rattled). 21 November (S) Northeastern Arkansas Origin time: 23 31 22.1 31 January (P) Southern California Epicenter: 35.97 N., 89.92 W, Origin time: 14 18 10.0 Depth: 10 km Epicenter: 34.18 N., 118.63 W. Magnitude: 2.4 ML Depth: 6 km Intensity II; Blytheville. Magnitude: 2.1 ML Intensity III; Canoga Park, Chats- worth. California 6 February (P) Southern California Origin time: 00 39 25.8 4 January (B) Northern California Epicenter: 34.03 N., 116.78 W. Origin time: 12 23 00.5 Depth: 6 km Epicenter: 40.65 N., 124.77 W, Magnitude: 3.1 ML Depth: 27 km Intensity III; Palm Springs. Magnitude: 3.7 ML Intensity IV; Ferndale, Fortuna. 6 February (P) Southern California Intensity III; Eel River Valley. Origin time: 01 01 28.9 Epicenter: 34.03 N., 116.78 W, 6 January (B) Northern California Depth: 6 km Origin time: 10 42 44.8 Magnitude: 3.3 ML Epicenter: 39.42 N., 123.33 W. Intensity III; Palm Springs. Depth: 14 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML 6 February (P) Imperial Valley Intensity IV: Willits. Origin time: 12 57 14.2 Epicenter: 33.25 N., 115.57 W. 14 January (B) Northern California Depth: 4 km Origin time: 15 45 45.6 Magnitude: 3.4 ML Epicenter: 38.81 N., 122.79 W. Intensity__ _NilandIV; (many awak Depth: 5 km ened; windows, doors, dishes rat Magnitude: 3.1 ML tled; buildings shook). Intensity III; Southern Lake County Intensity III; Brawley (telephone (press report). report). 15 January (B) Northern California 7 February (B) Northern California Origin time: 14 38 26.2 Origin time: 13 39 22.7 Epicenter: 39.14 N., 123.25 W. Epicenter: 39.41 N., 123.17 W. Depth: 5 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.0 ML Magnitude: 2.7 ML(B) Intensity IV: Ukiah (press report) Intensity IV; Willits (many awak- California Continued California Continued ened; small objects shifted; build Intensity V; Colton, Fawnskin, ings shook; windows, doors, dishes Highland. rattled). Intensity IV: Angelus Oaks, Apple Valley, Big Bear City, Bryn Mawr, 11 February (P) Imperial Valley Chino, Crestline, Etiwanda, Green Origin time: 01 45 30.5 Valley Lake, Montrose, Mount Baldy, Epicenter: 33.02 N., 115.53 W, Palomar Mountain, Rimforest, San Depth: 7 km Bernardino, Twin Peaks. Magnitude: 2.5 ML Intensity III; Barstow, Big Bear Intensity II; Brawley. Lake, Crest Park, Del Rosa, Lake Arrowhead, Lucerne Valley, Newberry 11 February (P) Imperial Valley Springs, Norton AFB, Victorville Origin time: 01 45 51.0 (press report). Epicenter: 33.02 N., 115.53 W. Intensity II; Azusa, Blue Jay, Bur- Depth: 5 km bank, Daggett, West Covina (press Magnitude: 2.5 ML report), Wrightwood. Intensity II; Brawley. 8 March (P) Southern California 11 February (P) Imperial Valley^ Origin time: 14 49 34.9 Origin time: 02 25 51.4 Epicenter: 33.83 N., 117.88 W. Epicenter: 33.02 N., 115.53 W, Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML Magnitude: 2.9 ML Depth: 6 km Intensity IV; Anaheim (Brookhurst Intensity III: Brawley. Center, Sunkist), Fullerton, Long Beach, Orange, Placentia, Santa 13 February (P) Southern California Ana, Westminster. Origin time: 18 04 06.3 Intensity III; Brea (press report), Epicenter: 34.02 N., 117.22 W. Buena Park (press report), Cypress Depth: 6 km (press report), Garden Grove, La Magnitude: 2.9 ML Mirada, Midway City, Stanton, Sunny Intensity II; Redlands. Hills, Tustin (press report), Yorba Linda. 14 February (B) Northern California Origin time: 16 33 46.9 11 March (G) Baja California Epicenter: 38.41 N., 122.65 W. Origin time: 23 57 46.8 Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 2.8 ML See Arizona listing. Intensity II; Santa Rosa. 12 March (G) Baja California 14 February (B) Northern California Origin time: 00 30 15.7 Origin time: 20 03 09.5 Epicenter: 38.42 N., 122.66 W. See Arizona listing. Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML 12 March (G) Baja California Intensity II; Santa Rosa. Origin time: 18 42 24.3 14 February (B) Northern California See Arizona listing. Origin time: 21 03 55.4 Epicenter: 40.30 N., 124.27 W. 13 March (P) Southern California Depth: 10 km Origin time: 16 38 15.7 Magnitude: 4.0 ML Epicenter: 33.93 N., 117.98 W. Intensity IV; Rio Dell. Depth: 4 km Intensity III: Ferndale, Fortuna. Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity VI; La Mirada (cracked 23 February (P) Imperial Valley plaster). Origin time: 16 43 03.7 Intensity V; Buena Park, La Habra, Epicenter: 32.82 N., 115.60 W. Surfside. Depth: 19 km Intensity IV; Anaheim (press Magnitude: 3.6 ML report), Bellflower, Fullerton, Intensity IV; Imperial, Seeley. Perry, Pico Rivera, Whittier. Intensity III; Alhambra, Brea (press 1 March (P) Southern California report), Compton, Manhattan Beach, Origin time: 04 54 31.2 Rowland Heights. Epicenter: 34.53 N., 116.77 W. Intensity II; La Puente, Norwalk, Depth: 5 km Santa Ana. Magnitude: 4.4 ML, 4.4 ML(B) Intensity VI; White Water (cracked 14 March (P) Southern California plaster; light furniture shifted). Origin time: 16 09 51.2 124° 123° 122° California Continued Epicenter: 33.95 N., 117.97 w. Depth: 4 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML Intensity IV: La Habra. Intensity III: Fullerton , Santa Fe Springs, Whittier. 15 March (P) Imperial Valley Origin time: 04 02 49.4 Epicenter: 32.78 N., 115.53 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML Intensity III; El Centre, Imperial (telephone report). 15 March (P) Imperial Valley Origin time: 04 09 39.7 Epicenter: 32.78 N., 115.57 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.2 ML Epicenter Intensity III; El Centro, Imperial (telephone report). 6 Felt at intensity 6 o Not felt 20 March (P) Southern California Origin time: 00 07 56.7 FIGURE 7. Isoseismal map for the north Epicenter: 36.00 N., 117.87 W, ern California earthquake of Depth: 1 km 26 March 1978, 00 27 04.4 UTC. Magnitude: 3.0 ML, 3.6 ML(B) Roman numerals represent Modi Intensity III; Haiwee Reservoir fied Mercalli intensities (telephone report). between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent 21 March (B) Northern California these intensities at specific Origin time: 14 05 12.1 Epicenter: 40.44 N., 124.45 W. Depth: 11 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML California Continued Intensity IV; Bayside, Loleta, Rio Dell, Scotia. Intensity III; Ferndale. on the floor to hold them rigid, contained 200 tons of liquid. The 26 March (B) Northern California liquid moved and about 1,000 gal Origin time: 00 27 04.8 lons spilled, damaging the tanks. Epicenter: 39.21 N., 123.17 W. Liquid in free-floating tanks in Depth: 9 km another building sustained minor Magnitude: 4.9 mb(G), 4.4 ML spillage, but there was no damage to the tanks. The drop ceiling in This earthquake was felt over an area the new warehouse was also damaged, of about 8,200 sq km centered in the Ukiah area (fig. 7). Loss of about $10,000 from glass bot Intensity VI; Comptche (windows tles and containers being thrown to broken), Ukiah (pictures fell, the floor and broken was sustained glass bottles and jars broken in by grocery and liquor stores in the grocery and liquor stores, burglar Ukiah area. This earthquake trig alarm set off, damage to Parducci gered three accelerographs located Winery). at Coyote Dam near nkiah (Porcella, Intensity V; Boonville, Clearlake 1978a). The accelerographs arc Highlands, Finley, Kelseyville, located at the center crest, center Lakeport, Manchester, Potter Val toe, and south abutment of the dam. ley, Redwood Valley, Talmage, Wil- Maximum acceleration recorded at lits, Witter Springs. the crest was 0.30 cj, at the toe Intensity IV; Albion, Clearlake was 0.34 £, and at the south abut Park, Cloverdale, Elk, Fort Bragg, ment was 0 . 20 cj. Glenhaven, Lucerne, Mendocino, The press reported damage at a new Monte Rio, Navarro, Philo, Stewarts warehouse at the Parducci Winery Point, Westport. south of Ukiah. Huge storage tanks Intensity III; Hopland, Upper Lake. in the warehouse, welded to plates Intensity II; Loch Lomond. California Continued California Continued 26 March (B) Northern California Epicenter: 39.14 N., 123.19 W. Origin time: 00 34 11.9 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 39.21 N., 123.14 W, Magnitude: 3.2 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity IV; Talmage, Willits. Magnitude: 3.1 ML Intensity III; Redwood Valley, Ukiah. Intensity IV: Talmage, Ukiah. Intensity III: Willits. 14 April (P) Central California Origin time: 10 01 05.2 26 March (B) Northern California Epicenter: 35.28 N., 116.83 W. Origin time: 01 19 10.0 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 39.20 N., 123.17 W, Magnitude: 3.7 ML Depth: 10 km Intensity II; Goldestone Tracking Magnitude: 3.6 mb(G), 3.6 ML Station. Intensity IV; Talmage, Ukiah. Intensity III; Willits. 18 April (P) Southern California Origin time: 22 42 36.2 26 March (B) Northern California Epicenter: 33.88 N., 117.55 W, Origin time: 02 29 16.9 Depth: 6 km Epicenter: 39.21 N., 123.17 W, Magnitude: 3.0 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity II; Corona, Riverside. Magnitude: 3.3 ML Intensity IV: Talmaqe, Ukiah. 22 April (P) Southern California Intensity III; Willits. Origin time: 13 04 27.8 Epicenter: 34.05 N., 118.97 W. 26 March (B) Northern California Depth: 14 km Origin time: 04 28 18.6 Magnitude: 3.4 mb(G), 3.2 ML Epicenter: 39.23 N., 123.19 W, Intensity III; Malibu to Point Dume Depth: 3 km (P) . Magnitude: 3.5 ML Intensity IV; Talmage, Ukiah. Intensity III; Comptche, Willits. 25 April (P) Imperial Valley region 27 March (B) Northern California Origin time: 04 58 38.2 Origin time: 08 44 03.0 Epicenter: 33.00 N., 115.58 W. Epicenter: 40.43 N., 124.31 W, Depth: 11 km Depth: 14 km Magnitude: 2.4 ML Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity II; Brawley (P). Intensity IV: Ferndale, Fortuna, Rio Dell. 25 April (P) Imperial Valley region Intensity III; Scotia (press Origin time: 05 13 25.3 report), Weotl. Epicenter: 33.00 N., 115.58 W, Depth: 9 km 1 April (P) Southern California Magnitude: 2.3 ML Origin time: 10 52 27.4 Intensity II: Brawley (P). Epicenter: 34.20 N., 116.97 W. Depth: 6 km 25 April (P) Southern California Magnitude: 4.2 ML, 3.8 mb(G) Origin time: 21 56 30.2 Intensity V: Angelus Oaks, Big Epicenter: 33.72 N., 118.37 W. Bear City, Llano, Rosamund. Depth: 4 km Intensity IV; Big Bear Lake, Blue Magnitude: 2.5 ML Jay, Bryn Mawr, Cedar Glen, Intensity II; Long Beach (P). Coachella, Fawn-skin, Forest Falls, Green Valley Lake, Highland, Loma 26 April (P) Southern California Linda, Lucerne Valley, Redlands, Origin time: 06 08 21.9 Running Springs, Sunnymead, Epicenter: 33.95 N., 118.30 W. Yucaipa. Depth: 5 km Intensity III: Palm Springs. Magnitude: 2.7 ML Intensity II; Hawthorne (P), Los 4 April (B) Northern California Angeles (P), Northern Orange County Origin time: 03 23 31.i (press report), Santa Monica (P). Epicenter: 37.84 N., 122.06 W. Depth: 8 km. 29 April (P) Southern California Magnitude: 2.5 ML Origin time: 03 32 11.8 Intensity II: Alamo (R), Walnut Epicenter: 33.83 N., 117.73 W. Creek (B). Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.2 ML, 4.6 mb(G) 8 April (B) Northern California Intensity III: Santa Ana, Villa Park Origin time: 09 22 18.9 (P). California Continued California Continued 29 April (P) Southern California Intensity III; East San Jose (press Origin time: 04 03 46.2 report). Epicenter: 34.23 N., 116.57 W. Depth: 6 km 11 May (P) Southern California Magnitude: 3.8 ML Origin time: 05 47 32.4 Intensity V; Landers. Epicenter: 34.00 N., 118.35 W. Intensity IV; Fawnskin, Lake Arrow Depth: 5 km head, Riverside. Magnitude: 2.8 ML Intensity III; Helendale, Orange, Intensity______III; Culver City, Ingle- Santa Ana. wood, Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Intensity II; Anaheim Hills (press Southgate. report), Big Bear (P), Tustin (press report). 11 May (B) Central California Origin time: 11 56 05.6 1 May (P) Southern California Epicenter: 37.37 N., 121.76 W. Origin time: 08 02 54.4 Depth: 3 km Epicenter: 34.37 N., 119.97 W. Magnitude: 3.8 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity IV; East San Jose. Magnitude: 3.7 ML Intensity IV: Goleta, Santa Barbara. 11 May (B) Central California Origin time: 11 56 56.6 5 May (P) Baja California Epicenter: 37.37 N., 121.76 W. Origin time: 21 03 15.8 Depth: 2 km Epicenter: 32.22 N., 115.32 W. Magnitude: 3.8 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity IV; East San Jose. Magnitude: 4.8 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G) , 5.5 ML 11 May (B) Central California Intensity IV: Origin time: 12 18 11.8 Arizona--San Luis, Yuma. Epicenter: 37.38 N., 121.75 W, California Calexico, Del Mar, Cam- Depth: 4 km po, El Centro, Heber, Ocotillo, Magnitude: 3.7 mb(G), 3.7 ML Potrero, Seeley. Intensity IV: East San Jose. Intensity III ; California--Plaster City, San 11 May (B) Central California Diego. Origin time: 12 28 03.5 Epicenter: 37.38N., 121.75 W. 6 May (B) Owens Valley region Depth: 4 km Origin time: 10 14 14.9 Magnitude: 3.4 ML Epicenter: 37.47 N., 118.57 W, Intensity IV; East San Jose. Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 3.7 ML 11 May (P) Southern California Intensity IV: Bishop. Origin time: 17 57 40.6 Epicenter: 34.00 N., 118.45 W. May (B) Central California Depth: 5 km Origin time: 01 07 02.4 Magnitude: 2.9 ML Epicenter: 36.83 N., 120.03 W, Intensity III; Beverly Hills, Ingle- Depth: 9 km wood, Santa Monica. Magnitude: 3.3 ML Intensity II; Madera. 22 May (B) Central California Origin time: 21 56 06.9 May (B) Central California Epicenter: 36.64 N., 121.31 W. Origin time: 06 56 23.3 Depth: 4 km Epicenter: 37.37 N., 121.75 W. Magnitude: 3.7 mb(G), 3.7 ML Depth: 3 km Intensity II; Hollister, Stone Magnitude: 3.4 ML Canyon. This earthquake is the beginning of a 22 May (B) Northern California swarm along the Caleveras fault Origin time: 22 01 58.2 northeast of San Jose. Epicenter: 36.64 N., 121.31 W. Depth: 5 km Intensity III; East San Jose (press Magnitude: 2.9 ML report). Intensity II; Hollister (B), Stone Canyon (B). 10 May (B) Central California Origin time: 15 55 40.5 23 May (P) Southern California Epicenter: 37.38 N., 121.75 W. Origin time: 09 16 50.8 Depth: 2 km Epicenter: 33.90 N., 119.17 W. Magnitude: 3.3 ML Depth: 5 km 19 118° 117' California Continued EXPLANATION CALIFORNIA Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 3.9 ML "& Epicenter Intensity IV: Compton, Hollywood 3 Felt at intensity 5 Beach (press report), Oxnard (press Not felt Phelan » report), Port Hueneme (press Big B ;ar City report), Silver Strand Beach. Intensity III: Glendale. Intensity II; Point Mugu. 34° 27 May (B) Northern California Origin time: 18 22 41.3 ';l,Yorba Linda Sar/Jacin°to Epicenter: 38.54 N., 122.74 W. Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity II; Santa Rosa (B), ?Wildomar Sonoma County (B). |^V Avalon 31 May (P) Imperial Valley region Bonsall Origin time: 05 16 49.2 0 50 km Epicenter: 32.87 N., 115.48 W, Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 2.7 ML FIGURE 8. Isoseismal map for the south Intensity II; Brawley. ern California earthquake of 4 June 1978, 03 57 17.3 UTC. 31 May (P) Imperial Valley region Roman numerals represent Origin time: 11 44 45.2 Modified Mercalli intensities Epicenter: 32.87 N., 115.48 W. between isoseismals; Arabic Depth: 10 km numerals are used to Magnitude: 2.9 ML represent these intensities Intensity II: Brawley. at specific sites. 4 June (P) Southern California Origin time: 03 57 17.3 Epicenter: 33.92 N., 117.83 W. California Continued Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML Depth: 12 km This earthquake was felt over an area Magnitude: 3.9 mb(G), 4.4 ML of approximately 1,800 sq km (fig. 8). This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 11,000 sq km (fig. Intensity V; Whittier (light fur 9). niture and small objects shifted). Intensity IV; Anaheim, Arcadia, Intensity V; Anza (hairline cracks Atwood, Big Bear City, Bonsall, in exterior brick walls, small Brea, Buena Park, Burbank, Costa objects shifted), Winchester (few Mesa, Covina, Cudahy, Cypress, Dia cracked windows; windows, doors, mond Bar, Downey,. El Segundo, and dishes rattled). Fawnskin, Fountain Valley, Fuller- Intensity IV: Aguanga, Alpine, Ban ton, Garden Grove, Gardena, Glen- ning, Bonita, Borrego Springs, Camp dale, Hancock, Ladera Heights, La Pendleton, El Cajon, Escondido, Habra, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Guatay, Hemet, Idyllwild, Indio, Maywood, Midway City, Monrovia, Jamul, Julian, La Mirada, Laguna Monterey Park, Montrose, Murrieta, Niguel, Lakeside, North Palm Norwalk, Paramount, Pasadena, Pla- Springs, Pala, Palm Springs, centia, Pomona, San Jacinto, Sierra Palomar Mountain, Pauma Valley, Madre, South Gate, Stanton, Sunset Pico Rivera, Pine Valley, Pomona, Beach, Vista, West Covina, Westmin Ramona, Ranchita, San Diego, San ster, Wildomar, Yorba Linda. Diego NAB, San Marcos, Santa Ysa- Intensity III; Glendora, Glenoaks, bel, Valley Center, Vista, Warner Los Alamitos, Santa Ana. Springs. Intensity II; Altadena, Green Val Intensity III; Boulevard, Del Mar, ley Lake, Huntington Beach, La Jolla, Mountain Center, North Montclair, Phelan, San Gabriel, Van Shore, Palm Desert, Pico Rivera, Nuys . Rincon Springs (press report), San Diego--Lindbergh Field, South Whit- 5 June (P) Southern California tier. Origin time: 16 03 03.8 Intensity II; Lake Elsinore, Mt. Epicenter: 33.42 N., 116.70 W. Baldy. 20 118° 117° 116° California Continued CALIFORNIA EXPLANATION Epicenter Shatter. Felt at intensity 5 Mount Baldy Intensity II; Buena Vista pumping Dfl * Not felt plant (P), New Cuyama, Santa Bar bara (P), Saugus. 34° Pico F ivera T 25 June (P) Southern California Origin time: 07 31 11.4 kS Epicenter: 34.05 N., 117.27 W. Laguna Niguel Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML Intensity II; Fontana (P). 33° 2 July (B) Northern California Origin time: 11 57 57.0 Epicenter: 36.90 N., 122.18 W. Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 4.2 ML Intensity V; Capitola (small objects fell), Watsonville (small objects fell). FIGURE 9. Isoseismal map for the south ern California earthquake of Intensity IV: Aptos, Boulder Creek, 5 June 1978, 16 03 03.8 UTC. Davenport, East Santa Cruz, Felton, Roman numerals represent Mount Herman, Pescadero, Salinas, Modified Mercalli intensities Santa Cruz. between isoseismals; Arabic Intensity II; Brookdale, Santa numerals are used to Clara. represent these intensities 5 July (P) Southern California at specific sites. Origin time: 10 47 55.6 Epicenter: 33.88 N., 116.50 W. Depth: 1 km California Continued Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity V; North Palm Springs (small objects fell, few windows 11 June (B) Northern California cracked, light furniture shifted). Origin time: 20 12 03.9 Intensity IV; Banning, Desert Hot Epicenter: 41.44 N., 121.89 W. Springs (press report), Indio, Depth: 2 km Landers, Palm Springs. Magnitude: 3.5 ML Intensity II: Mt. Shasta area (B) 18 July (B) Central California Origin time: 19 09 03.7 12 June (B) Northern California Epicenter: 36.99 N., 121.67 W. Origin time: 09 18 44.1 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 41.46 N., 121.86 W. Magnitude: 2.9 ML Depth: 2 km Intensity IV; Corralitos. Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity III; Watsonville. Intensity II; Mt. Shasta area (B) 21 July (P) Southern California 14 June (P) Southern California Origin time: 13 24 41.9 Origin time: 04 27 49.4 Epicenter: 34.05 N., 118.90 W Epicenter: 34.38 N., 118.63 W. Depth: 13 km Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.0 ML Magnitude: 2.9 ML Intensity III; Newbury Park (P), Intensity II; Newhall (P). Redondo Beach (P). 16 June (P) Central California 23 July (B) Northern California Origin time: 04 21 31.9 Origin time: 07 33 35.6 Epicenter: 35.03 N., 119.13 W. Epicenter: 39.40 N., 121.46 W, Depth: 5 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.1 mb(G), 4.1 ML, Magnitude: 3.3 ML 4.4 ML(B) Intensity III; Nevada City, Oro- Intensity V; Mettler (small , ville. objects overturned), Pumpkin Center (furniture shifted), Tupman (small 23 July (B) Central California objects fell) . Origin time: 14 38 42.4 Intensity IV; Fellows, Lebec, Taft. Epicenter: 35.93 N., 120.51 W, Intensity III; Frazier Park, Depth: 12 km 21 California Continued California Continued Magnitude: 3 .2 ML Bar, Tennant, Weed. Intensity II; Bradley. 3 August (P) Southern California 26 July (P) Southern California Origin time: 04 30 42.1 Origin time: 00 38 53.6 Epicenter: 33.67 N., 116.70 W. Epicenter: 34.35 N., 116.92 W, Depth: 5 km Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity IV; Palm Springs. Intensity IV; Apple Valley, Big Intensity II; Idyllwild (P). Bear City, Big Bear Lake, Green Valley Lake. 11 August (P) Southern California Intensity III; Fawnskin, Lucerne Origin time: 00 47 30.1 Valley, San Bernardino. Epicenter: 34.15 N., 117.45 W. Depth: 4 km 31 July (B) Northern California Magnitude: 4.0 ML Origin time: 09 15 44.3 Intensity IV; Arlington, Blooming- Epicenter: 37.71 N., 122.14 W. ton, Brea, Bryn Mawr, Col ton, Comp- Depth: 9 km ton, Crestline, Del Rosa, Etiwanda, Magnitude: 3.0 ML Fawnskin, Fontana, Glendale, Lake Intensity IV; Danville (press Arrowhead, Lakewood, Llano, Loma report). Linda, Los Angeles, Mount Baldy, Intensity______Castro III; Valley (press Norton AFB, Pacific Palisades, Red- report), Hayward (press report), lands, Rimforest, Riverside, Rubi- Lafayette (B), Oakland (B), San doux, San Bernardino, Santa Fe Leandro (press report), San Lorenzo Springs, Sunnymead, Wrightwood. (press report). Intensity III; Bellflower, Canoga Park, Cedarpines Park, Leona Val 1 August (B) Northern California ley, Northridge, Palm Springs, Origin time: 09 02 34.5 Pasadena (press report), Sylmar, Epicenter: 41.45 N., 121.88 W. Westside. Depth: 2 km Intensity II; Blue Jay, El Toro Magnitude: 4.5 mb(G), 4.6 ML Marine Air Station, Montrose, Ontario, Saugus, Toluca Lake. This is the largest event in a series of earthquakes which occurred in 13 August (B) Northern California this area over a period of several Origin time: 05 55 48.0 months, six of which were felt Epicenter: 41.43 N., 121.89 W. within the following 7 hours. The Depth: 2 km magnitude 4.3 event at 09 46 44.6 Magnitude: 4.3 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G), was felt at about the same inten 4.3 ML sity as this one, but because it Intensity IV: Horse Creek, McCloud, occurred only 44 minutes later, the Weed. intensity data for the separate Intensity II; Forks of Salmon. events could not be differentiated. Most of these earthquakes that were 13 August (K) Southern California over magnitude 3.0 were felt by Origin time: 22 54 52.4 Forest Service personnel. The Epicenter: 34.37 N., 119.72 W. intensities listed below are asso Depth: 12 km ciated with this event, the largest Magnitude: 5.5 mb(G), 5.6 MS(G), in the series, but may also include 5.1 ML, 5.7 ML(B) data from the following event at 09 46 44.6. The damage described below was taken from a report by Miller and Surface fractures were associated Felszeghy, 1978. with this activity. The ruptures occurred along the Stephens Pass About 65 people were injured, but fault (Bennett and others, 1979), a there were no fatalities. The 2-km-long fault trending north from worst damage (intensity VII) a point 260 m south of Stephens occurred at the University of Cali Pass Road, at a point about 31 km fornia Santa Barbara (UCSB) campus, northeast of McCloud. at Goleta, and at Santa Barbara. At the UCSB campus several of the Intensity V; Dunsmuir (heavy fur multi-story, reinforced-concrete niture shifted). structures sustained moderate diag Intensity IV; Bieber, Big Bend, onal cracking of the shear walls in Dorris, Edgewood, Etna, Gazelle, the lower stories. Instruments and Klamath River, Macdoel, McCloud, supplies were destroyed in some Mount Hebron, Mount Shasta, Scott laboratories. Damage occurred to 22 California Continued California Continued light fixtures, ceilings, and plas recorded at the three-story North ter throughout the campus. Similar Hall building on the UCSB campus but less severe damage occurred in were 0.44 g_, 0.66 cj, and 0.99 £, the commercial district of Goleta for the ground, third floor, and and in the Santa Barbara area. The roof levels, respectively. damage loss is estimated at $7.31 million. Due to an error, the affected area of this earthquake was insufficiently A Southern Pacific Transportation canvassed with USGS questionnaires; Company freight-train derailment as a result, the isoseismal map occurred west of Goleta near Win shown in figure 11 does not have as chester Canyon Road in an area of much intensity data as would nor cut-and-fill roadbed (fig. 10). mally be collected. However, the The 49 empty and 9 loaded cars data is extensive enough to show travelling at about 50 mph derailed this earthquake was felt over an when passing over a "kink" in the area of approximately 25,000 sq km tracks, apparently the result of along the southern California roadbed-fill failure; 30 of the coast. cars were derailed and a section of the track was damaged. Intensity VII; Goleta-University of California A total of three overpasses crossing Santa Barbara area There was U.S. Highway 101, all steel- significant earthquake damage reinforced concrete structures to buildings within an 8-km located in the Goleta area, suf radius of the UCSB campus. On fered significant earthquake dam campus there was extensive age. These overpasses are: the cracking of reinforced-concrete adjacent curving bridges on Ward shear walls in the Biological Memorial Road, the one at Glen Sciences II Building, Engineer Annie Road, and the one at the ing Building, Library III, western end of Hollister Avenue University Center, Anacapa just east of the railroad derail Residence Hall, Santa Cruz ment. The most extensive damage Residence Hall, and North Hall. was sustained by the Ward Memorial Mechanical equipment on or near bridges, which were subjected to the roof tops of multistory considerable transverse motion that buildings suffered considerable shifted the superstructures rela damage from building movement tive to the abutments causing the during the earthquake. A few concrete to crack and spall in a very old adobe or wood-frame number of places. Most of the Ward buildings were seriously dam Memorial Road bridges' bents sus aged . tained damage that ranged from The Air Traffic Control Tower at light cracking and incipient spal- the airport, a steel-frame ling, to localized deep spalling structure with lateral rein- that exposed reinforcement bars. forcment, was shaken so that it sustained an estimated per The earthquake caused several rock manent deflection of 1.3 to 2.5 slides on San Marcos Pass Road, the cm. Two other buildings sus section of State Highway 154 that tained cracked concrete-floor runs northwest through the Santa slabs, with shifted wood Ynez Mountains from U.S. Highway columns and walls in one. Dam 101 between Goleta and Santa Bar age to the hangars consisted of bara. Most of the slides occurred buckled diagonal steel bracings on roadcuts where there were steep and failure of some of the inclines. Extension fractures structural connections at the opened in at least one area on a supports for the large sliding steep slope which forms the doors. shoulder of the highway. Some The Ward Memorial Road bridges minor slides occurred along the were damaged by the shifting of cliffs at the coastline and off the the ground, which caused the roads in the Santa Ynez Mountains. bridge decks to impact at several expansion joints and Porcella and others (1978) reported resulted in cracked and spalled that eight accelerograms were concrete. The bridges were recovered from strong-motion sta temporarily closed. tions at Santa Barbara, Goleta, The most common damage to Cochuma Dam, and the UCSB campus. residential and small commer The highest accelerations that were cial buildings consisted of 23 FIGURE 10. Southern Pacific Transportation Company freight train derailment west of Goleta, Calif. California Continued California Continued cracked and fallen plaster and buildings sustained diagonal stucco, differential settlement cracks in their reinforced- of foundations, failure of concrete shear walls, particu unreinforced chimneys , fallen larly in the lower floors. The hot water heaters, dislodgement Freitas Building at 200 E. Car- of air-conditioning ducts, rillo Street and the Santa Bar dislodgement of tiles and bara Court House Building suf panels from suspended acousti fered some damage. The Santa cal ceilings, lighting fixtures Barbara County Administration loosened or fallen, and glass Building at Anacapa and Anapamu broken. A common type of dam Streets suffered diagonal ten age to mobile homes is shown in sion cracks in some of the figure 12. The mobile homes columns on the north side of were thrown off their mounts, the building. The roof of an crumpling the skirts around the unoccupied restaurant that was base and dislodging the con being remodeled at 100 W. tents of the home. Anapamu Street collapsed. The The most widespread type of dam floating dock at Marina No. 1 age was breakage of household was damaged by the movement of belongings and store merchan the concrete support piles dise that toppled from shelves. which were buried 3.6m into In homes, cupboards and refri the mud. Several water mains gerators were thrown open, were broken. There was spilling their contents. widespread breakage and damage Liquor stores and supermarkets to household belongings or sustained heavy losses from store merchandise as described breakage. About one-third of for the Goleta area above. the UCSB library's 1.2 million books were thrown to the floor. Intensity VI; Solvang (cracked The UCSB laboratories suffered drywall, hairline cracks in exte much damage and glass breakage rior walls, stone or brick fences when wall cabinets broke loose cracked, few windows cracked, small and fell, spilling their con objects shifted, vehicles rocked tents. moderately, felt by all). Intensity V; Carpenteria, Los Santa Barbara Several multistory Alamos, Santa Maria, Santa Ynez. 24 121C 120° 119e 118° 117C 36° 35e 34° FIGURE 11. Isoseismal map for the southern California earthquake of 13 August 1978, 22 54 53.5 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensi ties at specific sites. California Continued California Continued Intensity IV; Agoura, Arroyo Pismo Beach, San Luis Obispo, Santa Grande, Artesia, Bakersfield, Ana (Marine Corps Air Station), Camarillo, Cuyama, East Ventura, Simi Valley, Wasco. Fillmore, Grover City, Guadalupe, Halcyon, Hawthorne, Hillcrest 13 August (K) Southern California Center, Lake Hughes, Lakewood, Origin time: 23 11 01.7 Lament, Lompoc, Montalvo, Newbury Epicenter: 34.40 N., 119.76 W. Park, Norwalk, Oxnard, Palms, Pine- Depth: 13 km side, Port Hueneme, Pumpkin Center, Magnitude: 3.4 ML(P), 3.3 ML Oceano, Ojai, Redlands, Santa Intensity II; Santa Barbara area. Paula, Shatter, Sherman Oaks, Stu dio City, Taft, Thousand Oaks, Van Nuys, Vandenburg AFB, Ventura. 13 August (K) Southern California Intensity III; Bellflower, Granada Origin time: 23 15 02.5 Hills, La Crescenta, La Verne, Epicenter: 34.41 N., 119.77 W Leona Valley, Long Beach, Manhattan Depth: 13 km Beach, West Covina. Magnitude: 3.1 ML(P), 3.0 ML Intensitv TT: Mont-T-<-> . MOT-KO FIGURE 12. Damage to mobile home near Goleta, Calif. - ______.-____.-______. ______....__. California Continued California Continued 13 August (K) Southern California Intensity V; Tecate (light furni- Origin time: 23 23 53.8 ture shifted; small objects Epicenter: 34.40 N., 119.74 W. shifted; windows, doors, and dishes Depth: 12 km rattled, few awakened). Magnitude: 3.4 ML(P), 2.9 ML Intensity IV; Alpine, Bonita, Bos Intensity II; Santa Barbara area. ton ia, Boulevard, Campo, Chula Vista, Dulzura, El Cajon, Guatay, 14 August (K) Southern California Imperial Beach, Jamul, La Jolla, Origin time: 01 02 35.1 Lakeside, La Mesa, Lemon Grove, Epicenter: 34.40 N., 119.72 W. Pine Valley, Ramona, San Diego, San Depth: 14 km Diego (Lindbergh Field), San Diego Magnitude: 3.1 ML(P) , 2.7 ML (Montgomery Field), Santee, Univer Intensity II; Santa Barbara area. sity City. Intensity II; San Ysidro. 16 August (B) Northern California Origin time: 07 45 32.4 28 August (B) Central California Epicenter: 40.33 N., 124.39 W. Origin time: 03 32 18. Depth: 23 km Epicenter: 37.55 N. 121.86 W. Magnitude: 3.8 ML Depth: 11 km Intensity IV; Fortuna, Rio Dell. Magnitude: 2.8 ML Intensity III; Eureka, Ferndale, Intensity IV; Fremont, Mountain Freshwater, Scotia. View, Warm Springs (all reported windows, doors, and dishes rattled; 16 August (K) Southern California buildings creaked or trembled). Oriqin time: 13 35 11.6 Intensity III; San Leandro. Epicenter: 34.41 N., 119.80 W. Intensity II; Livermore (press Depth: 11 km report), Pleasanton, Redwood, Wal Magnitude: 3.5 ML(P), 3.2 ML nut Creek (press report). Intensity IV; Goleta (University of California Santa Barbara campus), 29 August (B) Northern California Los Olivos, Oxnard, New Cuyama, Origin time: 00 14 46.4 Santa Barbara. Epicenter: 37.36 N., 121.72 W. Intensity II; Ventura. Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 4.1 ML 19 August (P) Baja California Intensity VI: San Jose east side Origin time: 09 31 07.3 of the city (acoustical ceiling Epicenter: 32.42 N., 116.83 W. tiles fell in an East Side super Depth: 5 km market; at 3720 Sierra Road cracks California Continued California Continued and the walls were lifted 1.7 cm 4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region from the floor; in Eastridge a Origin time: 04 52 32.3 small amount of glassware was Epicenter: 38.82 N., 119.81 W. broken press report). Depth: 18 km Intensity V; Hayward (small Magnitude: 3.9 mb(G), 4.6 ML objects broken; windows, doors, and dishes rattled), Mount Hamilton- Only the Topaz and eastern Amador Lick Observatory (small cracks in County intensity data are from USGS dry-wall, hairline cracks in exte questionnaires, all the other rior walls) , San Jose (Cambrian intensities are based on press Park small objects overturned). reports. Intensity IV; Boulder Creek, Bur- lingame, Felton, Moffett Field NAS, Intensity V; Mountain View, Oakland, Santa California South Lake Tahoe (few Clara, Sunnyvale, Union City, Val- broken dishes). lejo. Intensity IV; Intensity III; Fremont (B), Milpi- California Eastern Amador County, tas, Pacifica. in the Lake Tahoe Sierra region. Intensity II; Alameda, Belmont, Nevada--Gardnerville, Stateline, Livermore (press report), Newark Topaz. (press report), Santa Cruz, Stock- Intensity III; ton (Airport Control Tower). California Grass Valley, lone, Jackson, Leek Springs (El Dorado 29 August (B) Northern California National Forest), Placerville, Origin time: 00 18 45.3 Pollock Pines, Tahoe City, Epicenter: 37.35 N., 121.72 W. Truckee. Depth: 7 km Nevada--Carson City, Incline Vil Magnitude: 3.8 ML lage, Minden, Zephyr Cove. Intensity IV; Mount Hamilton Lick Intensity II; Observatory. California--Stockton, Strawberry. Intensity III; Fremont (B), San Jose (press report), San Jose (Cambridge 4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Park). Origin time: 21 54 53.2 Epicenter: 38.81 N., 119.82 W. Depth: 19 km 29 August (P) Southern California Magnitude: 4.7 mb(G), 5.3 ML Origin time: 06 04 49.8 Epicenter: 34.38 N. , 119.77 W This is the largest magnitude event Depth : 5 km of a series of earthquakes on Sep Magnitude: 2.8 ML tember 3 and 4 in the area south of Intensity II; Santa Barbara (P). Lake Tahoe. It was felt over an area of approximately 45,500 sq km 29 August (P) Southern California of California and Nevada (fig. 13). Origin time: 10 51 46.0 Epicenter: 34.38 N. , 119.80 W. Intensity VI; Depth: 5 km California--Mt. Aukum (dry wall Magnitude: 2.5 ML cracked, hairline cracks in exte Intensity II; Santa Barbara (P). rior walls, water splashed onto sides of lakes and pools). 1 September (B) Northern California Nevada Genoa (plaster and dry wall Origin time: 09 31 25.4 cracked; hairline cracks in exte Epicenter: 37.34 N. , 121.78 W. rior walls; windows, doors, and Depth: 8 km dishes rattled; vehicles rocked Magnitude: 3.3 ML slightly; buildings shook). Intensity II; San Jose (B). Intensity V; California--Bear Valley (heavy fur 3 September (P) Southern California niture shifted; small objects Origin time: 18 10 46.5 shifted; pictures fell; buildings Epicenter: 33.95 N. f 117.72 W. shook; windows, doors, and dishes Depth: 6 km rattled), Camp Connell (light Magnitude: 3.8 ML furniture shifted; small objects Intensity IV; La Puente, Pomona, shifted; hanging pictures swung; Riverside, Yorba Linda. buildings shook; windows, doors, Intensity III; Los Serranos. and dishes rattled), Glencoe Intensity II; Anaheim (press (heavy furniture shifted; hanging report), Chino, Diamond Bar, East pictures swung; buildings shook; Los Angeles County (P), North windows, doors, and dishes rat Orange County (P), Redlands, South tled), South Lake Tahoe (small San Bernard ino. : f=>1 uahor- in cmal r-rM-< 122° 121C 120° 119° 118* 39C 38° l3 Epicenter 6 Felt at intensity 6 FIGURE 13. Isoseismal map for the Lake Tahoe earthquake of 4 September 1978, 21 54 53.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. California Continued California Continued cainers slightly disturbed; small containers spilled; hanging buildings shook; windows, doors, pictures swung out of place; and dishes rattled), Topaz (small buildings shook; windows, doors, objects fell, buildings shook; and dishes rattled). windows, doors, and dishes rat Intensity IV; tled). Twin Bridges (light furni California Alta, Altaville, Amador ture shifted; small objects fell; City, Angels Camp, Arnold, hanging pictures swung; buildings Baxter, Camino, Carnelian Bay, shook; windows, doors, and dishes Chicago Park, Citrus Heights, rattled). Coleville, Colfax, Cool, Diamond Nevada Minden (light furniure Springs, Dobbins, Douglas Flat, shifted; small objects over Echo Lake area, El Portal, Fid- turned, fell, and broke; water in dletown, Floriston, Foresthill, California Continued 123 Georgetown, Gold Run, Hathaway Pines, Homewood, lone, Jackson, Kyburz, Linden, Long Barn, Lotus, Mammoth Lakes, Mariposa, Markle- ville, Mi-Wuk Village, Mokelumne Hill, Mono Vista, Mountain Ranch, Murphys, Pacific House, Penn Val ley, Pine Grove, Pollock Pines, Rail Road Flat, River Pines, Sheep Ranch, Sierraville, Soda Springs, Sonora, Standard, State- line (press report), Strawberry, Sutter Creek, Tahoe City, Tahoe Vista, between Tamarak Lake and 38° -' Echo Lake, Truckee, Tuolumne, Twain Harte, Valley Springs, Wal lace, Washington, Wawona, White Pines, Winters. Nevada Carson City, Dayton, Fal- EXPLANATION lon, Gardnerville, Glenbrook, Epicenter Reno, Schurz, Silver City, Smith, Zephyr Cove. 5 Felt at intensity 5 Intensity III; ' Not felt California Allegheny, Blairsden, Chilcoot, Copperopolis, Grass FIGURE 14. Isoseismal map for the north Valley (press report), La Porte, ern California earthquake of Pioneer, Placerville (press 8 September 1978, 16 59 47.8 report), Sacramento (Foothill UTC. Roman numerals Farms), San Andreas, Shingle represent Modified Mercalli Springs, Sloughhouse, Smithflat, intensities between Stockton, Valley Home, Volcano, isoseismals; Arabic numerals West Point, Wilton. are used to represent these Nevada Incline Village, Wellington. intensities at specific Intensity II; sites . California Avery, Chinese Camp, Dutch Flat, Greenwood, Loomis, Moccasin, Nevada City, Newcastle, Yosemite Lodge. California Continued Nevada Wadsworth. September (B) Northern California Elmira, Gait, Graton, Lucerne, Origin time: 16 59 47.8 Meridian, West Sacramento. Epicenter: 38.64 N., 121.91 W. Depth: 17 km 12 September (P) Southern California Magnitude: 4.4 mb(G), 4.2 ML Origin time: 11 57 55.4 Epicenter: 34.38 N., 119.77 W. This earthquake was felt over an area Depth: 6 km of approximately 4,500 sq km of Magnitude: 3.6 ML northern California (fig. 14). Intensity V; Santa Barbara (few windows cracked; light furniture Intensity V; Madison (light furni and small objects shifted; hairline ture and small objects shifted; cracks in exterior walls; windows, windows, doors, and dishes rattled; doors, and dishes rattled). buildings shook; pictures swung), Intensity IV; Goleta, Solvang, Sum- North Highlands (few windows merland. cracked; windows, doors, and dishes rattled). 17 September (B) Central California Intensity IV; Brooks, Capay, Citrus Origin time: 15 38 33.1 Heights, College City, Davis, Epicenter: 36.68 N., 121.36 W, Dixon, Esparto, Liberty Farms, Res Depth: 6 km cue, Sacramento, Steele Park, Vaca- Magnitude: 3.9 ML ville, Winters (press report), Intensity IV; San Juan Bautista. Woodbridge, Woodland, Yolo, Zamora. Intensity III; Courtland, Fairfield 19 September (B) Northern California (press report), Loma Mar, Napa Origin time: 15 52 41.5 (press report), Robbins, Sonoma Epicenter: 37.73 N., 122.56 W. (press report), Yountville. Depth: 8 km Intensity II: Benecia, Cobb, Magnitude: 2.9 ML California Continued California Continued Intensity II; Daly City. tions. A pickup truck was jiggled over the edge on one of the high 21 September (B) Central California mine roads. The University of Cal Origin time: 03 18 57.1 ifornia at Berkeley reported 30 Epicenter: 36.99 N., 121.68 W. aftershocks in the following 24 Depth: 8 km hours. Magnitude: 2.9 ML Intensity III; Gilroy (B), Monterey Porcella (1978c) reported that eight (B), Santa Cruz (B), Watsonville accelerographs at Pine Flat and (B). Buchanan Dams northeast of Fresno, California were triggered by this 22 September (P) Southern California earthquake. The maximum recorded Origin time: 03 13 26.8 acceleration was less than 0.05 £. Epicenter: 33.87 N., 117.83 W. This earthquake was felt over an Depth: 4 km area of approximately 105,000 sq km Magnitude: 2.9 ML of California and Nevada (fig. 15). Intensity II; Anaheim. All of the aftershocks listed in 22 September (B) Northern California Table 1 were felt in the epicentral Origin time: 03 26 19.8 region including the town of Epicenter: 40.63 N. , 123.63 W. Bishop; however, not enough Depth: 20 km specific information is available Magnitude: 3.7 mb(G), 3.7 ML to assign intensities at individual Intensity III; Rio Dell. locations for any of the after shocks . 24 September (P) Southern California Intensity Vi: Origin time: 02 04 27.5 California Epicenter: 34.38 N., 119.73 W. Benton (plaster cracked, small Depth: 4 km objects broken, hanging objects Magnitude: 3.6 ML swung violently, hanging pic Intensity IV; Goleta, Isla Vista, tures fell, felt by all) Santa Barbara. Bishop (Safeway Supermarket just north of Bishop had a window 26 September (P) Southern California broken and merchandise knocked Origin time: 05 35 03.9 from shelves. Grocery stores Epicenter: 34.03 N., 118.40 W. throughout the area reported Depth: 6 km considerable amounts of canned Magnitude: 2.1 ML and bottled goods shaken from Intensity II; Beverly Hills (P). shelves, pictures knocked from walls press report. Reports 4 October (P) Owens Valley area of other effects included win Origin time: 16 42 48.6 dows broken, plaster cracked, Epicenter: 37.53 N., 118.63 W. small objects broken, and felt Depth: 9 km by all) Magnitude: 5.4 mb(G), 5.1 MS(G), Easton (cracked plaster and 5.8 ML(B), 5.8 ML cracks in exterior walls, small objects overturned, felt by The press reported that in grocery many) stores throughout the Bishop area Friant (cracked plaster, cracked considerable amounts of canned and interior wall, light furniture bottled goods were shaken from shifted, small objects and shelves and pictures were knocked hanging pictures fell, water in from walls; and there was a report small containers spilled, felt of a policeman being swayed back by all) and forth and finding it difficult Mammoth Lakes-Timber Ridge (a to stand. Boulders rolled onto swimming pool was cracked to roads and minor landslides occurred such an extent that it had to in the canyon areas near Bishop. be drained press report) Landslides were also reported near Paradise Camp 24 km northwest of Mammoth Lakes and in Yosemite Bishop (most of the bar stock National Park. At the Union Car and glasses were broken and bide Corporation Pine Creek Mine stucco walls were cracked. In near Bishop about 130 miners were Paradise Estates, items were underground at the time of the shaken from walls, a mounted earthquake, but none were hurt. deer head fell from a wall, a The earthquake shook rock slides mirror was broken, and fluores loose throughout the vicinity of cent light panels fell press the mine causing some road obstruc report). 123° 122° 121° 120° 119C 118° 117C 116° 115' 114° EXPLANATION 40° & Epicenter 6 Felt at intensity 6 Not felt 39° 38° 37C 36° 35C 34° FIGURE 15. Isoseismal map for the Owens Valley earthquake of 4 October 1978, 16 42 48.6 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent thes^ intensities at specific sites. California Continued California Continued Intensity V; Intensity IV; California Columbia (press California Ahwahnee, Altaville, report), Crowley Lake, Crowley Arnold, Auberry, Avenal, Lake Dam, Johnsondale, June Badger, Bakersfield, Bass Lake, Lake, Lakeshore, Lee Vining, Big Bear City, Big Creek, Big Mono Hot Springs, Mountain Pine, Biola, Bridgeport, Ranch, Pumpkin Center, River- Burrel, California Hot Springs, dale, Shaver Lake, Strawberry, Camp Connell, Cantua Creek, Toms Place. Cartaqo, Caruthers, Castle AFB, California Continued California Continued Catheys Valley, Chinese Camp, 5 October (B) Northern California Chowchilla, Clovis, Coarsegold, Origin time: 09 56 40.4 Corcoran, Coulterville, Cutler, Epicenter: 41.46 N., 121.88 W. Cuyama, Del Rey, Dos Palos, Depth: 2 km Dunlap, El Nido, El Portal, Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 3.8 MS(G), Farmersville, Farmington, Fire- 4.1 ML(B) baugh, Fish Camp, Five Points, Intensity IV; McCloud. Fresno, Glencoe, Glennville, Goshen, Groveland, Hanford, 6 October (B) Northern California Hathaway Pines, Helm, Holt, Origin time: 21 26 34.4 Hornitos, Hume, Independence, Epicenter: 40.38 N., 124.27 W. Ivanhoe, Keeler, Kerman, Ket- Depth: 20 km tleman City, Kingsburg, Kings Magnitude: 4.8 mb(G), 4.2 MS(G), Canyon, Lake Isabella, Le 4.6 ML Grand, Lemoncove, Lemoore, Lindsay, Little Lake, London, Felt in the coastal areas from Lone Pine, Long Barn, Mariposa, Arcata to Cape Mendocino (B). Merced, Midpines, Miramonte, Murphys, North Fork, Oakhurst, Intensity V: Miranda. Olancha, Orange Cove, Orosi, Intensity IV; Bayside, Bridge- Pacific House, Piedra, Pine- ville, Eureka Fortuna, Rio Dell, dale, Pine Groye, Pioneer, Pix- Weott. ley, Poplar, Porterville, Intensity III; Garberville (press Posey, Prather, Rail Road Flat, report), Redway (press report). Raisin, Redtop, River Pines, Sacramento, Salida, Selma, 9 October (B) Central California Sequoia National Park, Snel- Origin time: 20 49 45.8 ling, Soulsbyville, South Dos Epicenter: 36.68 N., 121.37 W. Palos, Springville, Squaw Val Depth: 6 km ley, Standard, Stockton, Strat Magnitude: 3.3 ML ford, Strathmore, Tehachapi Intensity III: Chualar and San (press report), Terra Bella, Benito County (B). Three Rivers, Tipton, Toll house, Tranquillity, Traver, 10 October (B) Central California Tulare, Tuoiumne, Twain Harte, Origin time: 01 38 36.9 Vallecito, Visalia, Volcano, Epicenter: 36.61 N., 121.28 W. Wawona, Weldon, Wilseyville, Depth: 8 km Wishon, Woodlake, Woodville, Magnitude: 3.8 ML Woody, Yosemite Lodge, Yosemite Intensity II; San Benito County National Park. (B). Nevada Dyer, Eureka, Goldfield, Mina, Sparks, Yerington. 10 October (B) California Intensity III: Origin time: 04 28 51.8 California Alpaugh, Armona, Epicenter: 38.80 N., 119.82 W, Avery, Blairsden, Bodfish, Depth: 10 km Calwa, Chualar, Delhi, Diablo, Magnitude: 3.1 ML(B) Dinuba, Ducor, Earlimart, Intensity II; Markleeville area Fowler, Huron, Jamestown, (B). Lamont, Laton, Liberty Farms, Lost Hills, Madera, Newman, 10 October (P) Central California O'Neals, Pollock Pines, Pond, Origin time: 09 06 57.4 Reedley, Richvale, Rio Vista, Epicenter: 35.08 N., 117.50 W, Sanger, Santa Rita Park, Wil Depth: 6 km ton. Magnitude: 3.6 ML Nevada Panaca, Schurz. Intensity II; Edwards AFB (P). Intensity II; California Arcata (press 16 October (B) Northern California report), Atwater, Cholame, Coa- Origin time: 02 18 07.0 linga (press report), Deep Epicenter: 40.46 N., 124.30 W, Springs (press report), Elk Depth: 20 km Grove, Exeter, Green Valley Magnitude: 3.7 ML(B) Lake, Lebec, Mi-Wuk Village, Intensity III; Rio Dell. Moccasin, Mono (press report), Parlier, Richgrove, San 19 October (P) Southern California Joaquin, Stevinson, Tupman, Origin time: 09 10 24.5 Valley Home. Epicenter: 33.83 N., 118.07 W. Nevada Beatty. Depth: 5 km California Continued California Continued Magnitude: 1.9 ML Magnitude: 3.4 ML(B), 3.5 ML Intensity II; Lakewood (P). Intensity II: Bishop (B). 26 October (P) Owens Valley area 11 November (P) Southern California Origin time: 19 00 41.3 Origin time: 04 24 04.6 Epicenter: 37.52 N., 118.58 W. Epicenter: 33.63 N. , 117.88 W. Depth: 9 km Depth: 3 km Magnitude: 4.0 ML(B), Magnitude: 2.7 ML 3.9 ML(P) Intensity V: Intensity IV: Mariposa. Costa Mesa (dishes, pots, and Intensity II; Yosemite (B). pans crashed to the floor when cupboard doors flew open press 27 October (B) Central California report), Origin time: 12 00 22.2 Santa Ana Heights (press reports Epicenter: 37.26 N. r 121.64 W. of breakage of stored items Depth: 4 km when they were knocked loose Magnitude: 3.1 ML from their "moorings"). Intensity II; San Jose (B). Intensity IV; Huntington (press report), Newport Beach (press 29 October (B) Northern California report). Origin time: 06 50 49.1 Epicenter: 40.30 N., 124.73 W. 12 November (B) Northern California Depth: 20 km Origin time: 13 07 57.3 Magnitude: 3.8 ML Epicenter: 39.49 N., 122.95 W, Intensity IV; Rio Dell. Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 3.8 ML 29 October (P) Southern California Intensity IV: Potter Valley, Wil- Origin time: 08 09 59.5 lits. Epicenter: 33.92 N., 118.30 W. Depth: 5 km 13 November (P) Southern California Magnitude: 2.9 ML Origin time: 16 49 43.1 Epicenter: 34.43 N., 119.70 W. Felt in the southwest Los Angeles Depth: 13 km Basin (P). Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity II; Goleta, Santa Bar- Intensity IV: El Segundo (press bara. report), Hawthorne, Inglewood (press report), Los Angeles, 13 November (P) Southern California Manhattan Beach (press report), Origin time: 16 50 58.3 Torrance (press report). Epicenter: 34.43 N., 119.70 W. Depth: 15 km 29 October (P) Southern California Magnitude: 3.3 ML Origin time: 22 16 09.0 Intensity II: Goleta, Santa Barbara, Epicenter: 34.32 N., 118.63 W. Depth: 3 km 16 November (P) Southern California Magnitude: 3.6 ML(P) Origin time: 13 28 46.7 Intensity IV; Tarzana. Epicenter: 34.15 N., 117.60 W. Intensity II: Canoga Park, Malibu Depth: 6 km (P) . Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity IV; Etiwanda. 30 October (B) Central California Intensity II: Claremont (P), Origin time: 16 05 04.6 Pomona (P). Epicenter: 36.67 N., 121.36 W, Depth: 6 km 19 November (P) Southern California Magnitude: 3.2 ML Origin time: 04 20 05.6 Intensity II; Hollister (B). Epicenter: 33.85 N. r 118.17 W. Depth: 12 km 1 November (P) Imperial Valley Magnitude: 2.7 ML Origin time: 06 42 22.6 Intensity II; Lakewood (P), Long Epicenter: 32.75 N., 115.52 W. Beach (P). Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 2.8 ML 19 November (P) Southern California Intensity II; El Centro (P). Origin time: 17 40 56.9 Epicenter: 33.85 N., 118.18 W. 6 November (P) Owens Valley area Depth: 5 km Origin time: 16 22 25.0 Magnitude: 3.1 ML(P) Epicenter: 37.53 N., 118.62 W. Depth: 9 km Felt in the Los Angeles area (press California--Continued California Continued report). 25 November (P) Owens Valley area Origin time: 03 24 55.3 Intensity IV; Bellflower, Harbor Epicenter: 37.50 N., 118.70 W, CitVf Lakewood, Long Beach, Los Depth: 8 km Alamitos, Maywood. Magnitude: 3.4 ML, 3.5 ML(B) Intensity III: Cypress, Mon- Intensity II; Bishop (B). tebello. Intensity II: Downey (P), 25 November (P) Owens Valley area Hawthorne, Watts (P). Origin time: 04 06 41.4 Epicenter: 37.53 N., 118.68 W, 19 November (P) Southern California Depth: 9 km Origin time: 18 00 16.4 Magnitude: 3.5 ML, 3.3 ML(B) Epicenter: 33.85 N., 118.17 W. Intensity II: Bishop (B). Depth: 12 km Magnitude: 2.8 ML(P) 1 December (P) Southern California Origin time: 23 20 46.5 Felt in the Los Angeles area (press Epicenter: 33.93 N., 116.68 W. report). Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.6 ML Intensity III: North Long Beach, Intensity II; Palm Springs (press Watts. report). 20 November (P) Southern California 6 December (P) Southern California Origin time: 06 55 09.4 Origin time: 10 03 49.3 Epicenter: 34.15 N., 116.97 W. Epicenter: 34.38 N., 119.75 W, Depth: 5 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 4.2 ML Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity III; Santa Barbara Felt in Los Angeles, Orange, River (press report). side, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties. 6 December (P) Southern California Origin time: 11 21 48.7 Intensity VI; Redlands (interior Epicenter: 34.37 N., 119.75 W, plaster walls cracked and split, Depth: 5 km hairline cracks in exterior Magnitude: 2.2 ML walls, light furniture and small Intensity II; Santa Barbara objects shifted, windows (press report). cracked) . Intensity V; Auga Caliente 14 December (P) Southern California Springs (small objects fell), Origin time: 08 55 20.4 Highland (pictures knocked off Epicenter: 34.40 N., 119.50 W, walls press report). Depth: 5 km Intensity IV; Beaumont, Cathedral Magnitude: 3.1 ML City, El Cajon, Hemet, Landers, Intensity IV: Carpenteria (press Mead Valley, Morongo Valley, Palm report). Springs, Rancho Mirage, Rialto, Intensity III; Santa Barbara Riverside, Running Springs, Sun- (press report). nymead, Yucaipa. Intensity III; Cypress, Long 29 December (P) Southern California Beach, San Bernardino. Origin time: 06 30 30.4 Intensity II: Anaheim (P), Downey Epicenter: 33.93 N., 118.33 W. (P), Newport Beach (P), Pasadena Depth: 3 km (P), Twentynine Palms. Magnitude: 2.3 ML Intensity II; Hawthorne (P), 20 November (P) Southern California Inglewood (P). Origin time: 06 58 45.0 Epicenter: 34.15 N., 116.97 W. Depth: 6 km California Off the coast Magnitude: 3.5 ML(P) Intensity III: Cathedral City, Running Springs. 23 May (B) Northern California Origin time: 21 42 02.9 20 November (P) Southern California Epicenter: 40.44 N., 124.85 W. Origin time: 21 21 49.1 Depth: 35 km Epicenter: 34.15 N., 116.98 W. Magnitude: 4.4 mb(G), 4.6 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity IV: Bayside, Eureka, Magnitude: 3.1 ML Fortuna, Miranda. Intensity II: Big Bear Lake (P). Intensity III; Bridgeville, Eel 34 California Off the coast Continued Florida Continued River and Van Duzen River Valleys Intensity IV; Lake City (press (press report). reported doors rattled and houses shook). 1 June (B) Northern California Origin time: 18 38 20.9 Epicenter: 40.34 N., 124.84 W. Depth: 5 km Hawaii Magnitude: 3.7 mb, 4.0 ML(B) Intensity IV; Rio Dell. The locations listed below that are fol lowed by (H) designate intensity values Colorado assigned by the Hawaiian Volcano Obser vatory. 10 June (G) Northern Colorado 4 January (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 20 57 53.5 Origin time: 18 42 27.2 Epicenter: 39.78 N., 104.87 W, Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.18 W. Depth: 20 km Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 2.9 ML Magnitude: 3.7 ML Intensity IV; Denver (Park Hill), Ii. tensity IV; Hilo (H). Denver (1335 Rosemary St, 1680 Intensity III; Kurtistown (H), Lau- Magnolia St, 1603 Clermont St pahoehoe (H), Volcano (H). press report), Thornton (2501 E. 104th St press report), Hender- 5 January (H) Island of Hawaii son (1098 Brighton Road). Origin time: 13 58 46.6 Intensity III; Commerce City. Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.27 W, Intensity II; Thornton (post Depth: 10 km office). Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity IV; Ainahou Ranch (H). Delaware 11 January (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 08 33 11.3 Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.22 W. 16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania Depth: 10 km Origin time: 06 39 37.8 Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity IV: Hilo (H). See Pennsylvania listing. Intensity III; Glenwood (H), Hamakua (H), Mountain View (H), Puna (H), Volcano (H). Florida 13 January (H) Island of Hawaii 12 January Central Florida Origin time: 00 34 06 Origin time: 21 10 Epicenter: 19.53 N., 155.95 W. Epicenter: Not located. Depth: 10 km Depth: None computed. Magnitude: 3.0 ML Magnitude: None computed. Intensity III; Kona (H). Intensity IV; Haines City (press report). 23 January (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 06 21 38.5 6 November Northern Florida Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.06 W. Origin time: 23 00 Depth: 9 km Epicenter: 30.20 N., 82.65 W. Magnitude: 3.7 ML Depth: None computed. Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo Magnitude: None computed. (H), Kalapana (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View (H), Volcano (H). The epicenter given is a macro- Intensity III; Papaikou (H). seismic location taken from the felt information. The magnitude 23 January (H) Island of Hawaii is estimated to be less than 2.0. Origin time: 06 28 26.9 There were reports of two events, Epicenter: 19.34 N., 155.07 W. on November 14 at 20 14 UTC and Depth: 9 km on November 16 at 19 00 UTC; both Magnitude: 3.6 ML were reported felt, but neither Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo were recorded on the nearest (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View seismographs and may not have (H), Volcano (H). been seismic. Intensity III; Papaikou (H). 35 Hawaii--Continued Hawaii Continued 25 January (H) Island of Hawaii (H), Pepeekeo (H), Honolii (H). Origin time: 01 18 16.8 Intensity III; Glenwood (H), Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.10 W. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), Depth: 9 km Honokaa (H), Laupahoehoe (H). Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity II; Ahualoa (H), Hawaiian Intensity III: Hilo (H). Ocean View Estates (H), Waimea (H). 3 February (H) Island of Hawaii 13 April (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 05 32 45.8 Origin time: 06 55 12.7 Epicenter: 19.43 N., 155.30 W. Epicenter: 19.34 N., 155.07 W, Depth: 16 km Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML Magnitude: 3.4 ML Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo Intensity IV: Hawaii Volcanoes (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View National Park (H), Hilo (H). (H), Volcano (H). Intensity III; Honomu (H), Papaikou 3 May (H) Island of Hawaii (H). Origin time: 17 29 06.4 Epicenter: 19.29 N., 155.50 W. 14 February (H) Island of Hawaii Depth: 8 km Origin time: 20 05 06.2 Magnitude: 3.1 ML Epicenter: 19.40 N., 155.28 W, Intensity IV; Pahala (H). Depth: 15 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML 23 May (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity III: Hawaiian Volcano Origin time: 07 09 26.7 Observatory (H), Volcano (H). Epicenter: 19.31 N., 155.22 W. Depth: 10 km 25 February (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.4 ML Origin time: 08 55 27.2 Intensity IV; Hilo (H). Epicenter: 19.44 N., 156.32 W, Intensity III; Glenwood (H), Hawaii Depth: 17 km Volcanoes National Park (H), Moun- Magnitude: 3.2 ML tainview (H), Papaikou (H), Volcano Intensity III; Holualoa. (H). 2 March (H) Island of Hawaii 3 June (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 10 51 02.9 Origin time: 01 02 02.1 Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.22 W, Epicenter: 19.67 N., 155.16 W. Depth: 9 km Depth: 14 km Magnitude: 3.7 ML Magnitude: 3.2 ML Intensity IV; Hilo (H), Volcano Intensity IV; Hilo (H). (H). Intensity III; Glenwood (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (H), 21 March (H) Island of Hawaii Honokaa (H), Kalapana (H), Paauilo Origin time: 05 13 25.4 (H), Volcano (H). Epicenter: 19.37 N., 155.42 W, Depth: 12 km 4 June (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.3 ML Origin time: 08 00 44.9 Intensity III: Kukaiau Ranch. Epicenter: 19.81 N., 155.79 W. Depth: 16 km 3 April (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.0 ML Origin time: 04 28 32.9 Intensity IV; Kona (H). Epicenter: 19.30 N., 155.19 Depth: 9 km 12 June (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.0 ML Origin time: 21 57 12.1 Intensity III: Volcano (H). Epicenter: 19.40 N., 155.26 W. Depth: 3 km 6 April (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3 .0 ML Origin time: 13 47 14.1 Intensity IV; Kilauea Caldera (H), Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.13 W. Intensity______III; Hawaiian Volcano Depth: 10 km Observatory (H), Hawaii Volcanoes Magnitude: 3.2 ML National Park (H), Volcano (H). Intensity III; Hilo (H). 13 June (H) Island of Hawaii 8 April (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 02 49 35.0 Origin time: 02 43 44.2 Epicenter: 18.90 N., 155.46 W. Epicenter: 19.83 N., 155.14 W. Depth: 15 km Depth: 29 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML Magnitude: 3.6 ML Intensity IV; Hawaiian Ocean View Intensity IV: Hilo (H), Papaiko Estates (H), Naalehu (H). Hawaii Continued Hawaii Continued 13 June (H) Island of Hawaii Epicenter: 19.35 N., 155.25 W. Origin time: 16 54 01.2 Depth: 10 km Epicenter: 19.34 N., 155.05 W. Magnitude: 3.2 ML Depth: 6 km Intensity III; Volcano (H). Magnitude: 3.1 ML Intensity IV; Kalapana (H), Kapaahu 16 July (H) Island of Hawaii (H). Origin time: 18 29 41.8 Intensity III; Mountainview (H), Epicenter: 19.35 N., 155.02 W. Volcano (H), Wainaku (H). Depth: 8 km Magnitude: 3.3 ML 21 June (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity IV; Kalapana (H). Origin time: 10 20 44.1 Intensity III; Glenwood (H), Hilo Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.22 W. (H). Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML 9 August (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity III; Hawaii Volcanoes Origin time: 07 10 10.3 National Park (H), Pahala (H), Vol Epicenter: 19.30 N., 155.22 W. cano (H) . Depth: 10 km Magnitude: 3.4 ML 23 June (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity______III; Glenwood (H), Hilo Origin time: 11 47 58.6 (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountainview Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.26 W. (H), Volcano (H). Depth: 11 km Magnitude: 4.9 mb(G), 4.2 ML 12 August (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity IV; Captain Cook, Hawaii Origin time: 10 52 50.5 Volcanoes National Park, Hamakua Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.11 W. (H), Hilo, Honokaa, Honomu, Keaau, Depth: 10 km Kukuihaele, Kurtistown, Naalehu, Magnitude: 3.1 ML Paauhau, Paauilo, Pahala, Pahoa, Intensity IV; Hilo (H). Papaikou, Pepeekeo, Puna (H), Vol Intensity III; Mountainview (H), cano. Volcano (H). Intensity III; Kau, Kohala, Kona. Intensity II: Kalaupapa. 29 August (H) Island of Hawaii 30 June (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 21 44 08.9 Origin time: 22 28 02.8 Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.20 W. Epicenter: 19.17 N., 155.48 W. Depth: 10 km Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML Magnitude: 3.1 ML Intensity II: Hilo (press report), Intensity III: Hawaiian Ocean View Estates (H). 30 August (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 22 40 15.7 1 July (H) Island of Hawaii Epicenter: 19.34 N., 155.03 W. Origin time: 19 18 13.3 Depth: 7 km Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.12 W. Magnitude: 3.1 ML Depth: 7 km Intensity__ __Blacksand III: Subdivision Magnitude: 3.9 ML (irr, Hilo (H), Kalapana (H), Vol Intensity IV; Hilo (H), Puna (H). cano (H) . Intensity_ III; Mauna Loa Observatory lH) , Pohakuloa (H). 31 August (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity II; Kohala (H), Kona (H). Origin time: 23 07 21.4 Epicenter: 19.01 N., 155.48 W. 4 July (H) Island of Hawaii Depth: 35 km Origin time: 07 05 16.3 Magnitude: 4.0 ML Epicenter: 19.35 N., 155.08 W, Intensity IV; Kau (H). Depth: 9 km Intensity______III: Ahualoa (H), Ainaloa Magnitude: 3.0 ML (H), Glewnood (H), Hawaiian Beaches Intensity III; Glenwood (H). (H), Hawaiian Paradise Park (H), Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), 9 July (H) Island of Hawaii Hilo (H), Honokaa (H), Kamuela (H), Origin time: 23 07 56.9 Volcano Golf Course (H). Epicenter: 19.37 N., 155.10 W. Depth: 9 km 3 September (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.1 ML Origin time: 14 26 10.5 Intensity III: Hilo (H). Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.20 W. Depth: 9 km 14 July (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.0 ML Origin time: 12 56 37.2 Intensity III; Volcano (H). Hawaii--Continued Hawaii Continued 5 September (H) Island of Hawaii 28 October (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 20 26 46.8 Origin time: 22 37 33.2 Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.23 W. Epicenter: 21.56 N., 157.98 W, Depth: 10 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.7 ML Magnitude: 4.2 ML Intensity IV; Hilo (H). Intensity IV; Honolulu, Kaaawa, Intensity_Glenwood III; (H), Hawaii Kapalama, Kunia, Pearl City, Volcanoes National Park (H), Waipahu. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (H), Intensity III; Kaneohe (H). Volcano (H). Intensity II; Waikiki. 12 September (H) Island of Hawaii 22 November (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 06 16 06.1 Origin time: 23 23 14.8 Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.11 W. Epicenter: 19.35 N., 155.05 W. Depth: 10 km Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 4.1 ML Magnitude: 3.3 ML Intensity IV; Glenwood, Hawaii Vol Intensity III Wahaula Visitors canoes National Park, Hilo, Honomu, Center (H). Keaau, Kurtistown, Mountainview Intensity II; Blacksand Subdivision (H), Ookala, Pahoa (H), Papaaloa, (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Volcano. (H). Intensity III: Hakalau (H), Kalapana (H), Naanaleau (H), Papaikou. 23 November (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity II: Honokaa. Origin time: 13 16 15.9 Epicenter: 19.23 N., 155.55 W. 19 September (H) Island of Hawaii Depth: 11 km Origin time: 09 44 29.2 Magnitude: 4.2 ML Epicenter: 19.39 N., 155.28 W, Intensity IV; Hawaiian Ocean View Depth: 4 km Estates (H) Naalehu (H), Pahala Magnitude: 3.2 ML (H). Intensity III; Namakanipaio (H), Intensity III Honaunau (H), Keokea Volcano (H). (H). Intensity II: Ahualo (H), Hilo (H), Kailua-Kona (H), Kainaliu (H), 20 September (H) Island of Hawaii Keauhou (H), Mauna Loa Observatory Origin time: 01 41 08.7 (H), Papaikou (H). Epicenter: 19.44 N., 155.40 W. Depth: 9 km 28 November (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.3 ML Origin time: 11 31 36.7 Intensity IV: Red Hill (H). Epicenter: 19.31 N., 155.22 W, Depth: 10 km 20 September (H) Island of Hawaii Magnitude: 3.6 ML Origin time: 23 20 27.0 Intensity III; Ainahou Ranch (H). Epicenter: 19.52 N., 155.88 W. Intensity II: Volcano (H). Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.1 ML 29 November (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity IV: Kealakekua (H). Origin time: 07 50 40.3 Epicenter: 19.65 N., 156.01 W, 30 September (H) Island of Hawaii Depth: 9 km Origin time: 23 56 13.3 Magnitude: 3.3 ML Epicenter: 19.38 N., 155.45 W. Intensity III; Kona (H). Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.2 ML 29 November (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity IV: Pahala (H). Origin time: 08 42 59.6 Intensity III Glenwood (H), Naalehu Epicenter: 19.37 N., 155.45 W. (H). Depth: 11 km Intensity II: Hilo (H). Magnitude: 3.5 ML Intensity III Kailua-Kona (H), 15 October (H) Island of Hawaii Pahala (H). Origin time: 15 35 48.6 Intensity II; Volcano Golf Course Epicenter: 19.38 N., 155.07 W. (H). Depth: 9 km Magnitude: 3.3 ML 1 December (H) Island of Hawaii Intensity IV; Hawaiian Paradise Origin time: 01 22 39.4 Park (H), Kalapana (H). Epicenter: 19.35 N., 155.28 W, Intensity III; Hilo (H), Kaimu (H) Depth: 29 km Intensity II; Volcano (H), Hawaii Magnitude: 3.4 ML Volcanoes National Park (H). Intensity III: Ainaloa (H). 3ft Hawaii Continued Idaho Continued 5 December (H) Island of Hawaii 23 April (G) Western Montana Origin time: 21 36 39.7 Origin time: 23 24 37.0 Epicenter: 19.33 N. f 155.19 W, Depth: 10 km See Montana listing. Magnitude: 3.8 ML Intensity III: Ainaloa (H), Hilo 29 July (U) Northern Utah (H), Kalapana (H), Nanawale (H), Origin time: 14 04 03.2 Volcano (H). See Utah listing. 13 December (H) Island of Hawaii Origin time: 04 44 31.5 28 September (G) Southern Idaho Epicenter: 19.36 N., 155.08 W. Origin time: 08 58 20.7 Depth: 9 km Epicenter: 42.10 N., 112.33 W. Magnitude: 3.6 ML Depth: 5 km Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Kala- Magnitude: 2.7 ML pana (H), Mountain View (H), Pahoa Intensity IV; Malad City. (H). Intensity III: Hilo (H). 24 October (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 20 30 59.3 14 December (H) Island of Hawaii Epicenter: 42.55 N., 111.84 W. Origin time: 14 12 44.9 Depth: 7 km Epicenter: 19.32 N., 155.22 W. Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 4.3 ML(G), Depth: 10 km 4.1 ML Magnitude: 4.1 ML Intensity VI; Intensity IV; Glenwood (H), Hilo Idaho Thatcher (cracked plaster, (H), Kurtistown (H), Mountain View cracked cement foundation). (H). Intensity V; Intensity III: Ainaloa (H), Volcano Idaho Lava Hot Springs (furniture (H). shifted; windows, doors, and Intensity II: Blacksand Subdivision dishes rattled; felt by many). (H), Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Intensity IV; (H). Idaho Aberdeen, Arimo, Bancroft, Downey, Grace, Inkom, McCammon, 27 December (H) Island of Hawaii Pocatello, Swanlake. Origin time: 10 40 55.7 Intensity II; Epicenter: 19.33 N., 155.22 W. Idaho Frankl in. Depth: 10 km Utah--Plymouth. Magnitude: 4.0 ML Intensity IV; Ainaloa (H), Glenwood 29 October (G) Central Idaho (H), Hilo (H) Kurtistown (H), Origin time: 13 46 44.5 Mountain View (H), Papaikou (H), Epicenter: 44.96 N., 114.27 W. Volcano (H). Depth: 5 km tensity III: Ahualoa (H), Hawaii Magnitude: 4.2 mb, 5.0 ML, Volcanoes National Park (H), 5.0 ML(D) Hawaiian Beaches (H), Hawaiian Ocean View Estates (H), Honokaa This earthquake was felt over an area (H), Kau (H), Kona (H). of approximately 25,000 sq km of Idaho and Montana (fig. 16). Intensity V; Idaho Idaho-- Ellis (light furniture and small objects shifted, hanging pic 3 April (G) Western Idaho tures knocked out of place, Origin time: 10 10 08.1 felt by all), Epicenter: 44.05 N. , 116.36 W. Lowman (light furniture shifted; Depth: 5 km small objects fell; windows, Magnitude: 3.2 ML, 3.6 ML(D) doors, and dishes rattled; Intensity IV; Sweet. awakened and felt by many). Intensity IV; 20 April (G) Southeastern Idaho Idaho Carmen, Challis, Clayton, Origin time: 14 56 47.6 Cobalt, Hailey, Lemhi, Northfork, Epicenter: 42.66 N., 111.55 W. Salmon, Shoup, Sweet, Tendoy. Depth: 5 km Intensity III; Magnitude: 2.5 ML Idaho Golden. Intensity IV; Conda. Montana Jackson. Intensity III; Soda Springs (tele- Intensity II; phone report). Idaho Garden Valley, Leadore. Idaho Continued nish, Fielding, Garland (press report), Honeyville, Howell, Huntsville, Lewiston, Newton, Plymouth, Providence, Richmond, Riverside, Tremonton. Intensity III; Utah Kelton. Intensity II; Idaho American Falls, Inkom. Utah Wellsville. 30 November (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 11 55 09.3 Epicenter: 42.11 N. , 112.55 W. EXPLANATION Depth: 4 km £ Epicenter Magnitude: 3.5 ML ! Felt at intensity 5 Intensity II; Stone. Not felt 20 December (U) Southeastern Idaho FIGURE 16. Isoseismal map for the cen Origin time: 13 46 22.6 tral Idaho earthquake of 29 Epicenter: 42.12 N., 112.49 W. October 1978, 13 46 44.5 UTC. Depth: 6 km Roman numerals represent Magnitude: 3.9 ML Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic Intensity IV; numerals are used to Idaho Holbrook, Malad City, Stone, represent these intensities Swanlake. at specific sites. Utah Clarkston, Lewiston, North Ogden, Portage, Riverside, Snow ville . Intensity III; Idaho Continued Utah Garland. Intensity II; Idaho Inkom. 20 November (G) Central Idaho Utah Fielding, Trenton. Origin time: 14 25 51.8 Epicenter: 44.00 N., 114.41 W. Depth: 5 km 111i no i s Magnitude: 3.2 ML, 3.7 ML(D) Intensity IV; Clayton. 2 June (S) Southern Illinois 30 November (U) Southeastern Idaho Origin time: 02 07 28.8 Origin time: 06 53 40.1 Epicenter: 38.42 N., 88.46 W. Epicenter: 42.11 N., 112.49 W. Depth: 20 km Depth: 4 km Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg(V) Magnitude: 4.6 mb(G), 4.7 ML Intensity IV; Fairfield, Flora. This earthquake is located in the 29 August (S) Southern Illinois Pocatello Valley of Idaho in the Origin time: 07 05 50.3 same area as the March 27, 1975 Epicenter: 38.53 N., 88.22 W, intensity VIII event of magnitudes Depth: 17 km 6.1 mb(G), 6.0 MS(G), and 6.1 Magnitude: 2.4 mbLg ML(G). It was felt over an area of Intensity II; West Salem. approximately 18,000 sq km of Idaho and Utah (fig. 17). 20 September (S) Eastern Missouri Origin time: 12 24 08.8 Intensity V; Utah Snowville (water in small See Missouri listing. containers spilled; small objects shifted; windows, doors, and December (S) Southern Illinois dishes rattled; felt by all). Origin time: 01 48 01.3 Intensity IV: Epicenter: 38.62 N., 88.36 W. Idaho--Arimo, Clifton, Dayton, Depth: 25 km Elba, Franklin, Holbrook, Malad Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg City, Malta, Naf, Pocatello, Stone, Swanlake, Weston. This earthquake was felt over an area Utah Bear River City, Cache Junc of.approximately 11,5000 sq km of tion, Clarkston, Corinne, Cor- Illinois and Indiana (fig. 18). 115° 114° 113° 112° 111° 110° Illinois Continued ' o e Mason, Mount Erie, Noble, Olney, 1 .; E Idaho Falls Opdyke, Parkersburg, Patoka, IDAHO Rinard, Saint Peter, Sainte 43° ]_ __ _ tf WYOMING Marie, Salem, Sims, Robinson, 1 . BGooding ' *Po« tello Texico, West Union, Xenia, Yale. / H Afton Indiana Buffaloville, Owensville. Intensity III; Illinois Albion, Bellmont, Bonnie, ' f Malad City . v . 42° ^ a Sailor Springs, Sullivan. ~\ * 1 ffl r< Intensity II: Grouse Crei k \Snowville . .^ Illinois Bible Grove, Buckner, JandolphT B \vA> - ^ a Fillmore, Flat Rock, Glen Carbon, J NEVADA s/4 Irving, Keenes, Lawrenceville, Jv^fc^ Oakdale, Shobonier, Teutopolis, ^ & u I ffl Huntsvi 41° UTAH le West Salem, West York. J. Indiana Fairbanks, Stewartsville, EXPLANATION A^: a Salt Loke City Switz City. ~ff Epicenter 3 Felt at intensity 5 0 50 km Indiana Not felt FIGURE 17. Isoseismal map for the 5 December (S) Southern Illinois southeastern Idaho earthquake Origin time: 01 48 01.3 of 30 November 1978, 06 53 40.1 UTC. Roman numerals See Illinois listing. represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals Maine are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. 4 January (J) Southwestern Maine Origin time: 19 28 10.8 Epicenter: 44.04 N., 70.51 W. Illinois Continued Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 3.2 mbLg, 3.2 mbLg(L) Intensity IV; Cisco (J), Naples Intensity V; (press report), Otisfield (press Illinois report). Barnhill (one report of cracked Intensity III; Harrison (J), Oxford plaster; hanging pictures (J), Poland (J). swung; buildings creaked and Intensity II; Bridgton (J), Canton trembled; windows, doors, and (J), Johnson Hill (J), West Poland dishes rattled; felt by many) (J) . Newton (light furniture and small objects shifted; hanging pic tures swung; windows, doors, Maryland and dishes rattled; felt by all) West Liberty (light furniture 16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania shifted; small objects fell; Origin time: 06 39 37.8 windows, doors, and dishes rat tled; felt by many) See Pennsylvania listing. Willow Hill (few windows cracked; small objects shifted; hanging pictures swung; windows, doors, Massachusetts and dishes rattled; felt by many). Intensity IV: 24 March (G) Southwest of Bermuda Islands Illinois Alma, Annapolis, Belle Origin time: 00 42 38.2 Rive, Bluford, Bone Gap, Epicenter: 29.86 N., 67.39 W. Bridgeport, Browns, Carmi, Cisne, Depth: 22 km Coulterville, Dieterich, Dundas, Magnitude: 6.1 mb, 6.0 MS, Edgewood, Effingham, Fairfield, 6.1 MS(B), 6.0 ML(P) Farina, Flora, Geff, Golden Gate, Intensity IV; Grayville, Hoyleton, Ingraham, Massachusetts--New Bedford. lola, luka, Johnsonville, Kell, Intensity III: Kinmundy, Lancaster, Louisville, Massachusetts--Boston (press 90' Missouri 31 August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Origin time: 00 31 00.3 See Tennessee listing. 20 September (S) Eastern Missouri Origin time: 12 24 08.8 Epicenter: 38.57 N., 90.28 W. Depth: 2 km Magnitude: 3.1 mbLg, 3.0 mbLg(G) O. W. Nuttli, St. Louis University, reported two places with minor dam age that are not reflected in the KENTUCKY intensity values listed below. One I was in southeast St. Louis where EXPLANATION one of the concrete posts, 76 cm it Epicenter high and 25 cm square, which sup ported a wooden porch, cracked ' Felt at intensity 5 entirely across and showed evidence _ Not felt of slight displacement. The other occurred at Ladue where a plaster FIGURE 18. Isoseismal map for the south ceiling cracked down the middle. ern Illinois earthquake of 5 December 1978, 01 48 01.3 This earthquake was felt over an area UTC. Roman numerals of approximately 3,700 sq km of represent Modified Mercalli Illinois and Missouri (fig. 19). intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals Intensity V; are used to represent these Illinois Belleville (plaster intensities at specific cracked in one home, small sites. objects shifted, windows rat tled), East Alton (few windows cracked; windows, doors, and Massachusetts Continued dishes rattled). Missouri North County (few windows cracked; buildings shook; win report). dows, doors, and dishes rattled). North Carolina Asheville (press Intensity IV; report), Camp Lejune (press Illinois Alton, Caseyville, Dupo, report), Hatteras (press report), East Carondelet, Edwardsville, Wake County (press report). Elsah, Glen Carbon, Godfrey, Granite City, Lebanon, Litchfield 1 September (J) Eastern Massachusetts (press report), Love joy, Madison, Origin time: 03 33 43.6 Marine, Moro, National Stock Epicenter: 42.48 N., 71.46 W, Yards, O'Fallon, Roxana, Smith- Depth: 0 km ton, South Roxana, Venice. Magnitude: 2.0 mbLg Missouri Affton, Benton Park, Intensity III; Stow. Berkeley, Brentwood, Carondelet, Intensity II; Acton. Chesterfield, Christian Bechtold, Clayton, Crestwood (press report), Defiance, Ferquson, Mississippi Florissant, Gravois, Jennings, Lambert Airport, Manchester, Maplewood, Northwest Plaza, 11 December (G) Alabama-Mississippi border Northwood, Olivette, Pierre area Laclede, Portage Des Sioux, Rich Origin time: 02 06 48.2 mond Heights, Sappington, St. Epicenter: 31.95 N., 88.48 W. Ann, St. Charles, St. Louis, St. Depth: 5 km Peters, University City, Webster Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg Groves, West Alton. Intensity V; Intensity III; Alabama Illinois Columbia, Wood River. Gilbertown (light furniture Missouri Des Peres, Fenton. shifted, small objects fell), Intensity II; Melvin (small objects broken). Illinois Chicago (press report), Intensity II; Dow. Mississippi Carmichael. Missouri Grover, Hematite. 42 91° 90° Montana Continued EXPLANATION >T Epicenter Helena, Elliston, Fairfield, Florence, Frenchtown, Garrison, 5 Felt at intensity 5 Great Falls, Greenough, Hall, 39C 0 Not felt Hamilton, Helena, Helmville, Hot Springs, Jefferson City, Kalispell, Lincoln, Lolo, Mar- ysville, Milltown, Missoula, Moiese, Monarch, Montana City, Oilmont, Pablo, Paradise, Pen- droy, Philipsburg, Poison, Power, Radersburg, Roll ins, Ronan, Saint Ignatius, Saint Reqis, Saltese, Seeley Lake, Silver Star, Simms, Sunburst, Sun River, Superior, Swan Lake, Toston, Townsend, Trout Creek, Troy, Ulm, Valier, Victor, Warmsprings, Whitehall, White Sulphur Springs, Winston. Intensity III: Idaho Elk River, Headquarters. FIGURE 19. Isoseismal map for the Montana Basin, Brady, Cascade, eastern Missouri earthquake Darby, Dutton, Essex, Fort of 20 September 1978, 12 24 Shaw, Jackson, Kevin, Orofino, 08.8 UTC. Roman numerals Raynesford, Stockett, Sula, represent Modified Mercalli Vaughn, Willow Creek, Wolf intensities between Creek. isoseismals; Arabic numerals Intensity II; are used to represent these Idaho Kelloqg. intensities at specific Montana Fort Benton, Heart sites. Butte, Polaris, Sand Coulee, Wise River, Wisdom. Montana 23 April (G) Western Montana Origin time: 23 36 43.7 Epicenter: 47.00 N., 113.31 W. 14 January (G) Southwestern Montana Depth: 5 km Origin time: 16 53 50.3 Magnitude: 3.7 ML Epicenter: 44.77 N., 111.94 W, Intensity II; Dixon, Poison Depth: 5 km (telephone report). Magnitude: 3.6 ML Intensity II; Lake Village (Yel- 7 October (G) Western Montana lowstone National Park). Origin time: 12 35 55.3 Epicenter: 46.62 N., 112.13 W. 23 April (G) Western Montana Depth: 5 km Origin time: 23 24 37.0 Magnitude: 2.7 ML(G), 2.9 ML(D) Epicenter: 46.97 N., 113.27 W. Intensity IV; East- Helena, Helena. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.5 mb, 4.3 MS, 4 .9 ML 16 October (G) Western Montana Origin time: 01 15 35.3 This earthquake was felt over an Epicenter: 47.09 N., 113.16 W, area of approximately 94,000 sq Depth: 5 km km of eastern Idaho and western Magnitude: 2.9 ML(D), 3.4 ML Montana (fig. 20). Intensity II; Missoula, Potomac (telephone report). Intensity V; Montana Ovando (hanging pictures 21 October (G) Western Montana fell), Ravalli (small objects Origin time: 12 28 15.3 overturned) . Epicenter: 46.97 N., 113.25 W, Intensity IV; Depth: 5 km Idaho Calder, North Fork. Magnitude: 3.5 ML Montana Anaconda, Arlee, Intensity III; Ovando. Augusta, Big Arm, Black Eagle, Bonner, Boulder, Butte, Canyon 29 October (G) Central Idaho Creek, Carter, Charlo, Choteau, Origin time: 13 46 44.5 Clancy, Clinton, Conrad, Cor- vallis, Deer Lodge, Dixon, East See Idaho listing. 117C 116° 115° 114° 113° 112° 111° 110° 109° 49° CANADA UNITED STATES 48° - 47' MONTANA 46° 45C EXPLANATION WYOMING Epicenter 0 50 km 5 Felt at intensity 5 44° Not felt FIGURE 20. Isoseismal map for the western Montana earthquake of 23 April 1978, 23 24 37.0 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. Montana Continued Nebraska 4 November (G) Hebgen Lake region 7 May (G) Central Nebraska Origin time: 15 49 43.8 Origin time: 16 06 19.6 Epicenter: 44.75 N., 111.23 W. Epicenter: 42.30 N., 101.93 W. Depth: 5 km Depth: 15 km Magnitude: 3.5 ML(G) Magnitude: 4.3 mbLg, 4.0 mbLg(S) Intensity III: Intensity IV; Arthur, Ashby, 27 km Wyoming Old Faithful, Yellowstone north and 5 km east of Ashby, 27 km National Park. north of Ashby, 26 km north of Ashby, 16 km north of Ashby, 10 km south of Ashby, 26 km south of 10 November (G) Western Montana Ashby, 27 km north of Bingham, 60 Origin time: 09 53 45.6 km west of Hyannis, 13 km southwest Epicenter: 47.01 N., 113.33 W, of Lewellen, 13 km north of Mullen, Depth: 5 km Whitman, 37 km north of Whitman. Magnitude: 4.3 ML Intensity III; Elsie, 56 km north of Intensity IV; Seeley Lake Hyannis, 40 km north-northeast of Intensity III; Ovando. Mullen, 5 km west of Oshkosh. Nevada Nevada Continued 13 January (G) Southern Nevada Magnitude: 5.5 mb(G), 4.5 MS(G), Origin time: 03 39 37.0 5.3 ML(B) Epicenter: 39.42 N. , 117.60 W. Depth: 5 km Nevada Test Site explosion "BACK- Magnitude: 4.1 ML(B) BEACH" at 37 0 14'00.57" N., Intensity V; Austin. 116°22'06.49" W., surface elevation 2066 m, depth of burial 611 m. 14 February (G) Southern Nevada Origin time: 04 35 24.0 20 April (G) Southern Nevada Epicenter: 39.63 N., 117.18 W. Origin time: 13 15 47.3 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 35.80 N., 114.90 W. Magnitude: 4.4 mb, 4.8 ML(B) Depth: 10 km Intensity__ IV; Austin Eureka, Magnitude: 1.9 ML Gabbs, Round Mountain, Yerington. Intensity II; Boulder City. Intensity II; Manhattan. 20 April (G) Southern Nevada 23 February (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 13 18 44.5 Origin time: 17 00 00.164 Epicenter: 35.80 N., 114.90 W. Epicenter: 37.12 N., 116.06 W. Depth: 10 km Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 1.9 ML Magnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 5.4 ML(B) Intensity II; Boulder City. Nevada Test Site explosion "REBLO- 23 May (G) Northern Nevada CHON" at 37 0 07'25.24" N., Origin time: 05 47 55.4 116 0 03M9.79" W., surface elevation Epicenter: 40.87 N., 117.26 W. 1288 m, depth of burial 658 m. Depth: 11 km Magnitude: 4.1 mb, 4.6 ML(B) 5 March (G) Northern Nevada Intensity V; Battle Mountain, Origin time: 22 46 18.2 Valmy. Epicenter: 38.94 N., 118.03 W. Intensity IV: Golconda, Winnemucca, Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 4.0 mb, 4.6 ML(B) 6 July (G) Northern Nevada Intensity V; Gabbs (small objects Origin time: 22 21 22.0 fell). Epicenter: 39.11 N., 116.22 W. Depth: 10 km 15 March (G) Western Nevada Magnitude: 3.8 ML Origin time: 03 09 14.9 Intensity IV; Eureka. Epicenter: 38.35 N., 118.22 W. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3 .2 ML 12 July (E) Southern Nevada Intensity IV; Gabbs, Luning, Mina. Origin time: 17 00 00.075 Epicenter: 37.079 N., 116.044 W. 23 March (E) Southern Nevada Depth: 0 km Origin time: 16 30 00.200 Magnitude: 5.5 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G), Epicenter: 37.10 N., 116.05 W. 5.4 ML(B) Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 5.5 ML(B) Nevada Test Site explosion "LOWBALL" at 37 0 04'43.21" N., 116°02'37.63" Nevada Test Site explosion "ICEBERG" W. , surface elevation 1252 m, depth at 37 0 06'06.39" W., 116°03'04.13" of burial 564 m. W. , surface elevation 1266 m, depth of burial 640 m. 29 July (G) Central Nevada Origin time: 22 32 07.1 11 April (E) Southern Nevada Epicenter: 38.40 N., 115.24 W. Origin time: 15 30 00.161 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: 37.30 N., 116.33 W. Magnitude: 3.9 mb, 4.2 ML Depth: 0 km Intensity II; Ely (R), Eureka. Magnitude: 5.3 mb(G), 5.3 ML(B) 31 August (E) Southern Nevada Nevada Test Site explosion "FONDOTTA" Origin time: 14 00 00.164 at 37 0 17'58.66" N., 116°19'36.12" Epicenter: 37.28 N., 116.36 W. W. , surface elevation 2099 m, depth Depth: 0 km of burial 633 m. Magnitude: 5.6 mb(G), 5.5 ML(R) 11 April (E) Southern Nevada Nevada Test Site explosion "PANIR" at Origin time: 17 45 00.073 37 0 16'33.34" N., 116°21 26.43" W., Epicenter: 37.23 N., 116.37 W. surface elevation 2040 m, depth of Depth: 0 km burial 681 m. Nevada Continued Nevada--Continued 4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region W., surface elevation 1302 m, depth Origin time: 04 52 31.6 of burial 542 m. See California listing. 16 December (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 15 30 00.158 4 September (B) Lake Tahoe region Epicenter: 37.27 N., 116.41 W. Origin time: 21 54 52.5 Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 5.5 mb(B), 5.5 ML(B) See California listing. Nevada Test Site explosion "FARM" at 4 October (P) Owens Valley area 37°16'24.22" N., 116°24'36.99" W., Origin time: 16 42 48.6 surface elevation 2006 m, depth of burial 689 m. See California listing. New Hampshire 13 September (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 15 15 00.161 Epicenter: 37.21 N., 116.21 W. 25 August (J) Southeastern New Hampshire Depth: 0 km Origin time: 20 01 30.5 Magnitude: 4.6 mb(G), 4.6 ML(B) Epicenter: 42.87 N., 70.83 W. Depth: 0 km Nevada Test Site explosion "DIABLO Magnitude: 2.3 mbLg HAWK" at 37°12'31.68" N. Intensity III; Seabrook (J). 116°12'38.78" W., surface elevation 2239 m, depth of burial 388 m., New Jersey 27 September (E) Southern Nevada Origin time: 17 00 00.071 Epicenter: 37.07 N., 116.02 W. 30 June (L) Northern New Jersey Depth: 0 km Origin time: 20 13 43.6 Magnitude: 5.0 mb(G), 5.0 ML(B) Epicenter: 41.07 N., 74.20 W. Depth: 5 km Nevada Test Site explosion "DRAUGHTS" Magnitude: 2.9 mbLg at 37 0 04'25.92" N., 116°01' 11 .40" Intensity IV; W., surface elevation 1253 m, depth New Jersey Mahwah (press report), of burial 442 m. Oakland (press report). New York Hillburn (press report), 27 September (E) Southern Nevada Suffern (press report). Origin time: 17 20 00.076 Intensity III: Epicenter: 37.08 N., 116.05 W. New York Pine Grove (press Depth: 0 km report), Sloatsburg (press Magnitude: 5.7 mb(G), 4.1 MS(G), report), Tuxedo Park (press 5.5 ML(B) report). Nevada Test Site explosion "RUMMY" at 30 June (L) Northern New Jersey 37°04'47.29" N., 116°03'04.76" W., Origin time: 22 39 49.7 surface elevation 1262 m, depth of Epicenter: 41.08 N., 74.20 W. burial 640 m. Depth: 6 km Magnitude: 2.2 ML 2 November (E) Southern Nevada Intensity______III; Oakland, New Jersey- Origin time: 15 25 00.169 Suffern, New York area (press Epicenter: 37.29 N., 116.30 W. report). Depth: 0 km Magnitude: 4.2 mb(G), 4.3 ML(B) New Mexico Nevada Test Site explosion "EMMENTHAL" at 37°17'16.60" N., 116°17'50.98" W., surface elevation 16 June (G) West Texas 2131 m, depth of burial 576 m. Origin time: 11 46 54.2 18 November (E) Southern Nevada See Texas listing. Origin time: 19 00 00.166 Epicenter: 37.13 N., 116.08 W. Depth: 0 km New York Magnitude: 5.1 mb(G), 5.2 ML(B) Nevada Test Site explosion "QUARGEL" 18 February (0) Southern Quebec at 37°07'36.73" N., 116°05 ' 01. 94" Origin time: 14 48 25.0 New York Continued Oklahoma Continued Epicenter: 46.35 N., 74.11 W. 18 May (T) Central Oklahoma Depth: 7 km Origin time: 00 19 22.4 Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 4.0 mbLg, Epicenter: 35.50 N., 97.50 W. 3.8 mbLg(J) Depth: 5 km Intensity V; Magnitude: 2.7 mbLg Quebec Saint Donat de Montcalm Intensity III; El Reno (T). region. Intensity IV; 18 May (T) Central Oklahoma New York Rouses Point. Origin time: 00 32 17.6 Epicenter: 35.60 N., 97.83 W. 5 March (L) Southeastern New York Depth: 5 km Origin time: 07 53 25.6 Magnitude: 2.1 mbLg Epicenter: 41.35 N., 74.15 W. Intensity II: El Reno (T) . Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.1 mbLg Intensity III; Highland Mills (J). Pennsylvania 30 June (L) Northern New Jersey Origin time: 20 13 43.6 16 July (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania See New Jersey listing. Origin time: 06 39 37.8 Epicenter: 39.92 N., 76.26 W. 30 June (L) Northern New Jersey Depth: 5 km Origin time: 22 39 49.7 Magnitude: 2.9 mbLg(V), 3.1 mbLg(J) See New Jersey listing. This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 1,600 sq km of North Carolina Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Mary land (fig. 21). 25 February (V) Northern North Carolina Intensity V; Origin time: 03 53 27.7 . Pennsylvania Lancaster (few plas Epicenter: 36.19 N., 79.30 W. ter cracks), New Providence (few Depth: 8 km plaster cracks). Magnitude: 2.2 mbLg Intensity IV; Intensity IV; Burlington. Delaware Wilmington. Maryland Cardiff, Pylesville, 22 March (V) Northern North Carolina Whiteford. Origin time: 15 52 26.7 Pennsylvania Airville, Bart, Baus- Epicenter: 36.20 N., 81.73 W. man, Brogue, Buck, Columbia, Depth: 1 km Conestoga, Craley, East Prospect, Magnitude: 2.9 mbLg Fawn Grove, Gordonville, Holt- wood, Kirkwood, Millersville, Possible explosion (V). Mount Nebo, Mountville, Paradise, Peach Bottom, Penryn, Pequea, 24 March (G) Southwest of Bermuda Islands Rawlinsville, Red Lion, Refton, Origin time: 00 42 38.2 Smoketown, Strasburg, Washington Boro, Willow Street, Windsor, See Massachusetts listing. Wrightsville (11 km south). Intensity III; Maryland Darlington. Oklahoma Pennsylvania Manheim. 6 October (G) Southeastern Pennsylvania 9 March (T) Southern Oklahoma Origin time: 19 25 41.6 Origin time: 06 30 51.2 Epicenter: 39.97 N., 76.51 W. Epicenter: 34.07 N., 97.40 W. Depth: 5 km Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.8 mbLg, 3.0 mbLg(L) Magnitude: 2.5 mbLg Intensity II; Simon area (T). According to the press, this earth quake shook buildings throughout 17 May (T) Central Oklahoma Lancaster and its suburbs. Build Origin time: 23 11 15.7 ings trembled briefly, a loud noise Epicenter: 35.53 N., 97.91 W. (described variously as a boom, Depth: 5 km roar, or vehicle collision) could Magnitude: 2.3 mbLg be heard, and some startled people Intensity I; El Reno (T). ran outside. 77C 75° 76 South Carolina EXPLANATION w Epicenter 7 September (G) Eastern South Carolina 5 Felt at intensity 5 Origin time: 22 53 22.3 Epicenter: 33.07 N., 80.22 W. Depth: 11 km Magnitude: 2.7 mbLg Intensity IV: Summerville--Corey Woods (4.2 km southwest on Highway 17A windows, doors, and dishes rattled). Intensity III; Jedburg, Summerville--city area, Summerville Briarwood (3.2 km south on State Highway 199), Col lege Park (7.8 km east off Inter state 26), Flowertown Village (5.1 km southwest on Highway 17A), King's Grant (8 km south on Highway 642), Knightsville (5.8 km west on Highway 13), Oakdale Subdivision (4 km southwest on Highway 17A), Old Orangeburg Road (5.3 km west on FIGURE 21. Isoseismal map for the Highway 22), Owen's Circle (5.9 km southeastern Pennsylvania south on Highway 165), Pine Forest earthquake of 16 July 1978, Estates (4 km southwest on Highway 06 39 37.8 UTC. Roman 17A), Quail Arbor II (3.8 km south numerals represent Modified on Highway 165), Quail Arbor V (4.6 Mercalli intensities between km south on Highway 199), Shepard isoseismals; Arabic numerals Park (2.2 km west on Highway 17A), are used to represent these Twin Oaks (1.8 km south off Highway intensities at specific 165), Waring Hall (3.4 km west on sites. Highway 13), Warrington Subdivision (1.3 km west on Highway 13). Intensity II; Summerville Old Fort Estates (7.2 km south on Highway Pennsylvania Continued 642) . Tennessee Intensity V; Brunnerville (few cracked windows), Mount Joy (uncon firmed report of cracked plaster). 18 January (S) Western Tennessee Intensity IV; Akron, Bausman, Bird Origin time: 23 46 26.1 in Hand, Brogue, Brownstown, Cones- Epicenter: 36.25 N., 89.42 W. toga, Delta, East Petersburg, Lan Depth: 5 km caster, Landisville, Leola, Mount- Magnitude: 2.6 mbLg ville, New Holland, Peach Bottom, Intensity III; Ridgely (Tennessee Penryn, Quarryville, Refton, Ronks, Earthquake Information Center). Smoketown, Talmage, Washington Boro, Willow Street, Wrightsville. 31 August (S) New Madrid, Missouri region Intensity III: Intercourse, Millers- Origin time: 00 31 00.3 ville, Pequea, Strasburg. Epicenter: 36.09 N., 89.42 W. Intensity II; Ephrata (press Depth: 4 km report), Manheim, Marticville Magnitude: 3.5 mbLg (press report), Millersville (press Intensity V; report). Tennessee Dyersburg (S). Intensity IV; Arkansas Leachville. Missouri Braggadocio, Hayti, Pascola. Puerto Rico Tennessee Bogota, Findley, Lenox, Troy. Intensity III; 15 May (G) Mono Passage Arkansas Etowah. Origin time: 19 25 14.1 Missouri Caruthersville, Portage- Epicenter: 18.73 N., 67.43 W, ville. Depth: Normal. Tennessee Memphis, Samburg, York- Magnitude: 4.7 mb ville. Intensity II; Aguadilla. Intensity II: Tennessee Continued Utah Arkansas Reiser. 28 February (U) Northern Utah Tennessee Kenton. Origin time: 00 20 06.5 Epicenter: 40.76 N., 112.20 W. Depth: 14 km Texas Magnitude: 2.7 ML Intensity IV; Magna, Salt Lake City. Intensity III; Tooele. 2 March (G) Southwestern Texas Intensity II; Farmington. Origin time: 10 04 52.7 Epicenter: 31.56 N., 102.51 W. 9 March (U) Northern Utah Depth: 11 km Origin time: 06 30 51.8 Magnitude: 3.5 ML Epicenter: 40.76 N., 112.08 W. Intensity III; Kermit (telephone Depth: 9 km report). Magnitude: 3.3 ML _Intensity __ VI;_ Maqna (cracks in the 16 June (G) West Texas exterior wall of fire station no. Origin time: 11 46 54.2 2; windows broken, plaster and dry Epicenter: 33.03 N., 100.77 W. wall cracked). Depth: 10 km Intensity V; Salt Lake City. Magnitude: 4.4 mb, 5.3 ML, Intensity IV; Hooper, Murray. 4.6 mbLg(S) Intensity III; Centerville (press report), Lincoln, Midvale. This earthquake was felt over an area of approximately 52,000 sq km of 9 March (U) Northern Utah west Texas (fig. 22). Origin time: 06 46 20.0 Epicenter: 40.77 N., 112.08 W. Depth: 7 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML Intensity V; Intensity IV; Magna (press report). Texas Carlsbad (hanging pictures fell, small objects broke), Flu- 13 March (U) Northern Utah vanna (one broken window, hanging Origin time: 13 35 43.4 pictures fell, light furniture Epicenter: 40.76 N., 112.08 W. shifted), Justiceburg (uncon Depth: 13 km firmed report of cracked plas Magnitude: 2.8 ML ter) , Peacock (few cracked win Intensity IV; Magna. dows), Rotan (light furniture Intensity III; Bountiful (press shifted), Snyder (cracked window, report), Granger (press report), mirror fell and broke). Salt Lake City (Glendale area and Intensity IV; University of Utah Hospital press New Mexico Hobbs. report). Texas Abilene, Ackerly, Albany Intensity II; Midvale. (press report), Anson, Aspermont, Ballinger, Big Lake, Big Spring, 29 July (U) Northern Utah Blackwell, Breckenridge, Bronte, Origin time: 14 04 03.2 Coahoma, Coleman, Clyde, Colorado Epicenter: 41.85 N., 112.13 W. City, Dermott, Dunn, Eola, Gail, Depth: 7 km Girard, Goldsboro, Goodfellow Magnitude: 3.1 ML AFB, Guthrie, Hamlin, Hermleigh, Intensity IV; Ira, Jayton, Knott, Lamesa, Idaho Weston. Lorenzo, Lubbock, Lueders, Mar- Utah Cornish, Fielding, Howell, yneal, McCaulley, Mereta, Merkel, Logan, Newton, Plymouth, Portage, Mertzon, Miles, Moran, New Home, Preston, Richmond, Riverside, Nolan, Old Glory, Ovalo, Roby, Smithfield, Trenton. Roscoe, Rule, San Angelo, San Intensity III; Angelo Angelo State University, Idaho Franklin. Spur, Stamford, Stanton, Sylves Utah Cherry Creek, Collinston, ter, Sweetwater (press report), Garland. Tahoka, Tuscola (press report), Intensity II; Valdera, Veribest, Water Valley, Idaho--Dayton. Westbrook, Windgate, Winters, Utah Clarkston. Woodson. Intensity III; 24 October (U) Southeastern Idaho Texas Gouldbusk, Loraine, Talpa. Origin time: 20 30 59.3 Intensity II; Texas Glen Cove, Post, Sagerton. See Idaho listing. 49 103° 102° ior 100° 99° 98° 35° 34C 33C 32° EXPLANATION Epicenter Felt at intensity 5 31C ° Not felt FIGURE 22. Isoseismal map for the west Texas earthquake of 16 June 1978, 11 46 54.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensities between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. Utah Cont inued Virg inia 30 November (U) Southeastern Idaho 17 March (V) Southwestern Virginia Origin time: 06 53 40.1 Origin time: 18 26 34.5 Epicenter: 36.75 N. , 80.74 W. See Idaho listing. Depth: 7 km Magnitude: 2.8 mbLg Intensity IV: Galax, Hillsville, 20 December (U) Southeastern Idaho Lambsburg, Laurel Fork, Woodlawn. Origin time: 13 46 22.6 Intensity III; Dugspur. Intensity II; Austinville, Indepen See Idaho listing. dence . 50 Washington Washington Continued 5 March (W) Puget Sound area 29 March (W) Northwest Washington Origin time: 18 13 35.9 Origin time: 12 16 38.4 Epicenter: 48.06 N., 123.00 W. Epicenter: 48.20 N., 122.76 W. Depth: 57 km Depth: 24 km Magnitude: 4.0 mb(G), 3.3 ML(G) Magnitude: 2.7 ML(G) Intensity IV; Nordland. Intensity IV; Oak Harbor. Intensity III; British Columbia Victoria (tele 31 March (W) Puget Sound area phone report). Origin time: 08 03 00.2 Washington North Seattle (tele Epicenter: 47.42 N., 122.72 W. phone report), Oak Harbor (tele Depth: 23 km phone report). Magnitude: 4.2 ML(G) Intensity II; Hansville. This earthquake was felt over an area 11 March (W) Puget Sound area of 7,000 sq km of the Puget Sound Origin time: 15 52 11.2 area (fig. 24) . Epicenter: 47.42 N., 122.71 W. Depth: 25 km Intensity V: Bremerton (hairline Magnitude: 4.3 mb(G), 4.8 ML, cracks in exterior walls), Brinnon, 3.2 MS(G) Chimacum, Hadlock, Manchester, Olalla, Port Orchard, Port Ludlow, This earthquake was felt over an area Poulsbo, Quilcene, Rollingbay, of 20,000 sq km of northwest Wash Seabeck, Seattle, Tacoma, Tracyton, ington (fig. 23). Union. Intensity IV; Auburn, Baring, Bel- Intensity VI: Crystal Mountain Ski fair, Bellevue, Burley, Crystal Resort (crack in rock and mortar Mountain, Dockton, Fircrest, Fox wall at the Summit House; open Island, Hansville, Index, Indi beams supporting the roof moved 1-2 anola, Kapowsin, Kingston, Lil cm), Freeland (cracked plaster), liwaup, Matlock, Medina, Olympia, Grotto (cracked plaster), Long- Puyallup, Ravensdale, Tahuya, branch (cracked plaster and win Vaughn. dows ) . Intensity III: La Grande. Intensity V; Ashford, Bremerton, Intensity II; Carnation, Nordland. Centralia, Dockton, Enumclaw, Everett, Federal Way, Hobart, Issa- 27 June (W) Washington quah, La Grande, Leavenworth, Olym- Origin time: 02 18 58.8 pia, Port Orchard, Poulsbo, Pres Epicenter: 46 .86 N., 120.96 W. ton, Redondo, Ronald, Seabeck, Depth: 1 km Seattle, Snoqualmie Pass, South Magnitude: 3.7 ML(G) Colby, Tacoma. Intensity II; Naches Ranger Station Intensity IV; Aberdeen, Allyn, (W), Snoqualmie. Anderson Island, Baring, Belfair, Blakely Island, Brinnon, Burley, 23 August (Q) Vancouver Island, British Cinebar, Clearlake, Des Moines, Columbia East Olympia, Eatonville, Fort Origin time: 10 37 18.0 Lewis (Gray Army Airfield), Fox Epicenter: 48.38 N., 123.20 W. Island, Gig Harbor, Glenoma, Depth: 17 km Hadlock, Hoodsport, Indianola, Magnitude: 4.4 mb(G), 3.5 ML Kapowsin, Kent, La Conner, Lakebay, Little Rock, Lyman, Lynnwood, Felt at intensity V on Vancouver McKenna, Medina, Milton, Mukilteo, Island. Olalla, Olga, Orting, Pacific, Parkland, Port Angeles, Proctor, Intensity IV; Eastsound, Friday Puyallup, Ranier, Renton, Roy, Harbor. Skykomish, Spanaway, Tillicum, Tra- Intensity II; Port Angeles (W). cyton, Union, Vashon, Vaughn, Wilkeson, Winslow, Yelon. 31 December (W) Seattle area Intensity III; Buckley, Carbonado, Origin time: 03 23 46.7 Carnation, Fircrest, Fort Lewis, Epicenter: 47.58 N., 121.85 W. Gold Bar, Lake Stevens, Lakewood Depth: 20 km Center, McMillin, Napavine, Oak- Magnitude: 4.0 ML(G) ville, Randle, Redmond, Wall ing- ford, Wenatchee (press report). This earthquake was felt over an area Intensity II; Bellevue, Edmonds, of approximately 8,500 sq km of Fall City, Forest Park, Index, Les- Washington and British Columbia ter, Lilliwaup, Mineral. (fig. 25). 124° 123° 122° 121C EXPLANATION w Epicenter 6 Felt at intensity 6 46 Not f FIGURE 23. Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake of 11 March 1978, 15 52 11.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensi ties between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent these intensities at specific sites. Dashed line indicates the isoseismal is not well defined by the data. Washington Continued Washington Continued Intensity V; ing of one home). Washington Intensity IV: Granite Falls (light furniture Washington Bothell, Clinton, Fall and small objects shifted, felt City, Freeland, Gold Bar, Grotto, by many), Hobart, Index, Kenmore (press North Seattle (press reported report), Kingston, Lake City small cracks in walls and ceil- (press report), Lake Forest Park 52 124° 123° 122° r+ Epicenter 5 Felt at intensity 5 FIGURE 24. Isoseismal map for the Puget Sound, Washington, earthquake of 31 March 1978, 08 03 00.2 UTC. Roman numerals represent Modified Mercalli intensi ties between isoseismals; Arabic numerals are used to represent th«se intensities at specific sites. Dashed line indicates the isoseismal is not well defined by the data. Washington Continued Washington Continued (press report), Lake Stevens, British Columbia Victoria (press Magnolia (press report), Monroe, report). Mukilteo, Northbend, Port Washington Black Diamond, Coupe- Orchard, Preston, Ravensdale, ville, Edmonds, North Bend, Ret- Renton, Seattle, Seattle-Tacoma sil, Skykomish, Tacoma. Airport (furniture shifted on the fifth floor), Snoqualmie, Sultan, Woodinville. Wyoming Intensity III; Washington Belfair, Conway, Dar- rington, Everett, Kirkland, Med 13 January Yellowstone National Park ina, Mountlake Terrace, Port Townsend, Shaw Island, Startup. Seven earthquakes were felt in the Intensity II; eastern part of the park from Janu- 53 123° 122° 121° Wyoming--Cont inued 49C Depth: 4 km Epicenter Magnitude: 3.3 mb, 3.1 ML, ' Felt at intensity 5 3.5 ML(D) 'Shaw Islands Intensity III; Old Faithful. Nat felt 7 March (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 01 10 47.6 Epicenter: 44.43 N., 110.84 W. 48° Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.7 mb, 3.5 ML, 3.8 ML(D) From March 7 at 01 09 UTC, to 18 30 UTC, a swarm of 129 tremors was felt at Old Faithful. This series was known to have immediately induced minor changes in the ther mal activity in the Upper Geyser 47 Basin. These included increased turbidity in Heart Spring and Calida, and more vigorous splashing in Tea Kettle, with a rise in water level. No changes in thermal activity FIGURE 25.--Isoseismal map for the Seat occurred at the Norris Geyser Basin tle earthquake of 31 December for 2.5 days after the swarm. But 1978, 03 23 46.7 UTC. Roman by March 23, Palpitar Spring had numerals represent Modified drained and the algae had died. At Mercalli intensities between Steamboat Geyser minor eruptions isoseismals; Arabic numerals appeared to have greater volume, are used to represent these and on March 28 the geyser had its intensities at specific first major eruption in 9 years. sites. Runoff and sinter deposition at Cistun Springs had shifted from the west side of the pool to the Wyoming--Continued southeast side, where two small trees were dying from the hot v/ater (R. A. Hutchinson, National Park ary 13 to 21. The largest magni Service, written commun., 1978). tude of these quakes was about 1.8 ML. They were felt at Canyon Vil Intensity V: Old Faithful. lage and Lake, with the smaller magnitude events only being felt at 7 March (G) Yellowstone National Park Lake. Maximum intensity was IV. Origin time: 07 39 33.1 Epicenter: 44.30 N., 110.92 W, 16 January (G) Southeast Wyoming Depth: 5 km Origin time: 03 50 03.1 Magnitude: 3.8 mb, 3.1 ML Epicenter: 42.43 N., 105.31 W. Intensity IV; Old Faithful. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 3.0 ML 15 April (G) Western Wyoming Intensity______III; 14.5 km north of Origin time: 05 23 50 Laramie, Wheatland (telephone Epicenter: 42.72 N. 110.88 W. report). Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML 2 February (G) Yellowstone National Park Intensity II; Afton. Origin time: 00 36 25.6 Epicenter: 44.39 N., 110.81 W. 7 June Yellowstone National Park Depth: 5 km Origin time: 12 28 Magnitude: 3.6 mb, 3.4 ML, Epicenter: Not located. 3.6 ML(D) Depth: None computed. Intensity III; Old Faithful. Magnitude: None computed. (Shocks at 00 49 01.4 and 04 30 Intensity IV: Canyon Village. 25.9 with magnitudes of 2.8 ML and Intensity III; Lake . 2.6 ML were also felt.) June Yellowstone National Park 2 February (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 15 01 54 Origin time: 12 35 56.2 Epicenter: Not located. Epicenter: 44.38 N., 110.83 W. Depth: None computed. 54 Wyoming Cont inued Wyoming--Continued Magnitude: None computed. Epicenter : 44.56 N. , 110.49 W. Intensity III: Old Faithful. Depth: 5 km Magnitude: 2.5 ML 18 June Yellowstone National Park Intensity IV: Canyon Village, Fish- Origin time: 22 40 ing Bridge, Lake. Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Magnitude: None computed. 2 October (G) Yellowstone National Park Intensity III; Old Faithful. Origin time: 13 59 10.7 Epicenter: 44.74 N., 110.78 W. 19 June Yellowstone National Park Depth: 5 km Origin time: 05 43 Magnitude: 3.5 ML, 3.5 ML(D) Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. This earthquake and the one at 23 55 Magnitude: None computed. 42.6 are two of nine which were Intensity IV: Lake-Fishing Bridge felt in the park area on October 2 area. in a 12-hour period from 11 59 to 23 55 UTC. The intensity data are 15 July Yellowstone National Park from R. A. Hutchinson, Park Geolo Origin time: 08 26 gist (written commun., 1979). Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Intensity III: Madison Junction. Magnitude: None computed. Intensity II; Old Faithful. Intensity IV; Norris. Intensity III; Canyon Village. 2 October (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 23 55 42.6 21 July Yellowstone National Park Epicenter: 44.71 N., 110.80 W. Origin time: 10 01 Depth: 5 km Epicenter: Not located. Magnitude: 3.6 ML, 3.7 ML(D) Depth: None computed. Intensity IV; Madison Junction, Magnitude: None computed. Norris. Intensity IV; Grant Village. Intensity III; Canyon Village. Intensity II; Old Faithful. 21 August Yellowstone National Park 12 October Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 12 14 Origin time: 13 52 Epicenter: Not located. Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Depth: None computed. Magnitude: None computed. Magnitude: None computed. Intensity III; Old Faithful (earth- quakes at 12:16, 12:27, and 12:32 This is the first of about 35 earth were also felt at intensity III). quakes occurring in a 90-minute period which were felt at Grant 21 August Yellowstone National Park Village (R. A. Hutchinson, written Origin time: 13 14 commun., 1979). Epicenter: Not located. Depth: None computed. Intensity IV; Grant Village. Magnitude: None computed. 4 November (G) Hebgen Lake region Five other earthquakes were felt at Origin time: 15 49 43.8 Old Faithful following this one. They were felt at 13:16, 13:27, See Montana listing. 13:32, 14:25, and 14:27 (R. A. Hutchinson, Park Geologist). 11 November (G) Yellowstone National Park Origin time: 20 46 20.8 Intensity III; Old Faithful. Epicenter: 44.39 N., 110.25 W. Depth: 6 km 15 September (G) Yellowstone National Park Magnitude: 3.2 ML, 3.9 ML(D) Origin time: 13 45 44.8 Intensity II; Lake. < O 0> r , » a zzazz zzzzz zzzzz- zzazz zzazz zzzzz uQ M QJ D" ft < O H-^ Q) H-^< (D H- ft uQ in - W l-h O - O i-S l-h MMMMM Ml 1( 1( 1( i c w > QJ 5; cn r< O 00 OOOO-JCTiCn Cni/lWMM I 'VOCOCO-J l/l*»U>OvO VOCO-J UH/ll/ll/l (TiOOOJI i ^"^ H-(t>crrtQ)(t>rt 3 i-S W H-^ ^ D- z zz z GOw^enftJO O 3l-h(t> i flBSG 1^ H- 3 O < 0) H- 3 H- rt ". rt 01 H- i-s ^ *< cn 3"-. rt C i-h rt M £ Q) N O co co- o-3 rS S f tr" (t) Q) H- (t) >-^ £"3 ^ o ~o. M. VO- w ?r c - O MM 3 3 3 3 3" (t) H- 3 Z 3 G 0) H- W --N rt Q) HI W 3 O rt rt 3 o o rt X O >< H- 03-3 01 « 2 3 3 - < Q) ft Oi rt O "3 < I H- rt O T3 H- r( O 0) sourc poce 3 (t) ?T (t) 3 3 3 C-|C|C|C|C| H- O - < 3 W Z ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ HD3Z ft n cn -^02 rt M uQ C| O ' H- 3 H- *-* (t> -, g W O >. O 03 ft M MMMMM MMMMM MM ~-JOOOO Q) O H- M (t) e rt W o G C O rt l-i M 3 O OOOOM OMOOO MOOOO MOOOM OMMMO MOMOO n- cr o CL3 H-(t> 00 *»*»COCnO MMU>VO*» M OrHOO OOOrHO OOrHOO OOOi-Hi-H OOrHOO OrHOOrH OOOOO OOOOO OrHOOi I OOOOrH inOi-Hi-HCM \D\D\OCQO\ pocent 2 CQ CQ CQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ mrn fO m m source ------wwwww uwwww wuwuw Eb Em Em Em Em oooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo E X 3 11 ...... >. ..>...... |_| ...... MM ...... C x V ...... M* ..M.« ...... M ...... MM ..... O u 1 r-H£> coin -I a §5 ^ro O5 roro CM^CTi OVO i-H CMOOini l^ rooMn ^a 2 22 ror^roooin ooominoo CM^OOVOCM c^) ro ro ro ro o. E ro CM ro ro ro CM 00 r-l CM CO CMrOCMOO-. 0000000000 in in ^ in in i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l i Ii-Hi li li-H i-Hi-Hi li-Hi-H 1 ll ll ll ll I 1 ll ll 11 ll I 1 ll ll ll ll I 1 ll ll ll ll I i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l i-Hi-Hi-li-li-l 2222 2Z222 22222 22222 22222 2Z2Z2 22Z22 2222Z 22Z2Z 222Z2 OrHVOOO roinoooo^ OOI-ICMOOO ca (TiOCMrH OOCCMOCM H CNCNCNOO i li KNi IO CMCMCMCMCM m VOLD in m inininmin irivoinvoin Lninininir) I ro oo room « I E ~ I " i-HOOOO(Ti i-HOCMCMCM i iroOi-HCM ininmi-Hin roroooro CMrHOi-HCM igi (U mi 1 OCKTiOO cMnrooocr\ OOOOVOi IOO inrocMOO Oi ii iinrH inroincMCM ooorocM corn in i 10 r~ooooo icMrorocM >x>i i rorooo Oi IrHOO i IrHCMOi I OOOCNM i-HOi-Hi-li-l OrHOi-HCM OOrHOO MOOOO i-HCMOOO i-HCOOO 1 1 1 OOi ICN1VO CM ro^ in >X) Mi) i-Hi-Hi-li-l r-li-Hi-Hi-li-l CM CM CM CM CN i-Hi IrHCMCM CMCMCMCMCM I 2CQCQCQ CQCQCQOQCC CQCQCQOQCQ CQCCCQCCOQ 1 Kj^WWW WWUWU UWWWW WWWWW EHEnEnEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEHEH EnEnEnEH IWWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWW !(...... ISSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SS SS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS CM CM CM CM CM i CDCNCNCN^>C ^o^or^cNco ^oroininvD ^^^ovcr^CD i-ncNCNf^oco ^Dr^cocDf~H ^D^O^^^DCO ^"^CNCDCO cocNincNCTv 1 i Ii IOOO OOOi IO OOOOO OOOOi I i Ii Ii IOO i lOOi Ii I iHOOi IO OOi liHO i Ii IOOO OOOO | VDCOOOCN CTiOiHiHCN 1 CNCNnn iHCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN 1 1 fli PH fl, (li fl, CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM P-i PM P-i ioooo< 00000 oooou ooooo oouoo I s - O U inn inn . 122 2 2 22 222 2 2 2 2 <#l nonco I nncNOMn OOrHrHCNrH CNrocNnn cTinncocN nnncNin ti a E W I rH I 3 I < COCTiOi ICO I VD, ICNi ICTi cocOi iOi i ncricNncN CNCNCNCNCN CNI II^CNCN i ii ii ICNCN f I a1 in m in ^ '*'*ininin vD^ininin ininininin Lnin^Lnin in'3"*LnLn ^j-vDininin a V) 122222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222 COVDCNf^VD ininr--i i^ ocoonco inonr^in i IO^COCN in co co i in nvovDCNO incNcon I...... CN'd'VDVDO vor^no invDinmin ininininin ininvDinin i | CNCOCN'd'n CNCO'3< ^CCN nooncN nccni i ! inconinin ccnvDcoo COnHCOCNn ! i line. ii i inoinom incNOino i nn i iinono < ini ino | COCOCTiOOVD CN^CNCOVC VDCTiCOOCTi [ OOGOVD cTiocNnco cor^cccocTi omcNOi i ^noon | CNi lOOnH i IOi Ii Ii I OOOOO OOOOO Oi ICNi InH Oi Ir-IOO CNOOCNO i |Oi ICNnH Oi IOOO OOnHi I 1 ^CCCi Ii ICN \ f£ S SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS PL, PL, PL, < PL, <; CM PL, PL, CM CM CM CM PL, CM CM PMCMPMPMCM LO cor*-«3*i ICN «3*LOmcom CT»CN^CN^ r^r^r^ccco cocococrio 001 too CNm^r*-! t CNCN^COCO COLOO\ ii t » ICN O OOOOO OOOCO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOi I r-li li Ir-(i I r-IOOOr-1 i Ir-IOOO OOOOO OO i ICNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CO WWWW MM >H>H>H>H>H >H>H>(>H>H >H>H>(>H>H JH2222 22 CM ISis < SSSSS O OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OCOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OO E >, 3 S tf, E e .co . .m OLD . o -1 JD S. E CN .CNCNV CNmiTKTi . OOmOCNCN r-1 -CTiCGCN IT) . .rHr-l z & 22222 22222 22 iminrom iDmmmm mmmmm mmmmm mmmmm mmoovocN cNmmmm mmmrom mmmmm mmmmm mmmroin a E CO Q £ s oor~-oooc. m-^cNrH^> oo^ooooo OOOOLDOC i IrHCNCTii I (TiCNlTlOOCN r-IOLT)'*CN mCNr-I^CN [-- «*, iinr-- rH r-Hi li li li I i Ir-Hi Ir-|iH i 11 11 I rH i I i li Ir-li Ir-1 r-l r-li li |r-1 I li IrHi li I i I r-11 I rH i I 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22 CNLDmrHin cNmcNmi i CNccr-^i'i i CNLDLDI ic mcNcocNCTi comr-crio oocriooi too LTli ICNr-tLT) CNrHOCNCN c H LOlOi I^-O CTiCTiOCN"* r-r-r-coco -I r-ICN O OOfHOi I r-Ir-Ir-lrHO OOrHr-IO OOOOO COOOO OOOOO CNi li Ir-IO r-11 ICNfNi I i IrH i I CNLOOOi ICN CNCNOOLO^O f-i li ICNm r} KWKK WW >H >H>H>H>H>H >H>H>H>(>H X2222 22 EH EH H EH EH EH EH EH EnEnEHEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEHEnEn EnEHEHEnEH EnEHEHEnEH EnEHEnEnEn CO CO CO CO CO cococococo cococococo««m cococococoOQOQ«OQ cococococo cococococo- cococococo- - cococococo- .... cococococo. . _ _ . sss sssss jrjISISISIS SSISSIS *E! *E! *E! «E! 2£ y ST'ST'ST; y sssss sssss O, O, O, O, p., O, O, O, p., Oi OMOrHC^co rrrrTjr^vo I-HCMI-HCOCO iHcoooco rrr^i-HT^o cMininocM OOOOO OOOOO i-HOOOO OOi-HiHO OOOOiH OOOi-HO OOOi-HiH OOOOO n r^cococoo comcorrin invovococo CTKTIOOO rHCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO i-Hi-Hi-Hi-HiH i-Hi-Hi-Hi-HiH i-Hi-HCMCMCM WWW CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd >H>H>^>H>H >H>H>H>H>H 5H>H>H>H>H pocent 222 222Z2 22222 22222 22222 22222 JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJ source 1-31-31-3DDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD OOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO -o mum nsity 0) 3 O U s s i 00 -i jo N. S E 05 . Hen .TTCO it ^ X CO COVOCMCOCM CO o- C 3 I i 2 222 2 2 2 222 2 cocoo incocoinco cricocoiHco mvoincom inr-covoco m^rotnco iHinmcom cocricocom 5 *- vocoi-H in^rcocom cricomcMm mvor^c^m mvominm COCT»^CMO coc^mmm a. £ CO < CMinO^TCM OrTiHiHCM nHCOOinO CM COlflCOiHCN cococor^vo cocMf^ino ^ CMCM OIHCMCMCM cM^r^rinvo r^c^c^c^o IHCOOCMCM comminm CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO i-Hi-HrH CdCdCd CdCdCdWW CdKWCdCd CdWCdCdCd WHHHH CdCdCdCdW >H>H>H>H>H >H>H>H>H>H 222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJ JJJJJ DpD DpDDD DDppD DpDDD DDpDD pDDpp DDDDD pDppp ppppp ppppp I en IT-en tr-en EnEHEnEnEn EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEHEnEn EnEHEnEnEn EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEHEn EnEnEnEn I |SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS I p-i 5^ -i n S E £* 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222 incom^rcM oovoooc"! omvococM CM^fGCOCM oo in'* in CM CTiVOiHCMCTi OiHCMCOCO COOOCMOCTi OCOCMCMiH CT>CT>OOCM OOVOVOCM vommvovo minvovoin mminvoin ^mmvo^c mmvcvcvc vcvcvcvcvc Lninvovom incTiooom CMOMnmco oococrio VOCMCOCMOO OI^CMCTi oocMi imm CMOVDCOO CMn^o^co ^r^cMOi i r^cMoocMco oomcovoin oo in ^r m E - in iHcococoin rooooo OCOCOCM^T coo^rmiH CMLOCOCMCM inomcMo oomcM Sfc :=> 5 OOiHiHiHin CMCOOM^CO cMOC"*inoc ooorococM ^ncoinoiH m in CM in CM OC^HCM iHOOOO CMOOOO OOiHOO CMO>HOO iHOrHiHCM iHOOOiH iHCMOO ! iHiHCOCOCO in oo oo oo oo iHCMCMCMCM CMCO-^fin j CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCO CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCMCM I i | fMtHfMfMfM ><><><>H5H 5H>H>HjH>H ouooo oooou ooooo ouooo DDDDp DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDDD DDDD s sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss s sss sssss sssss ss o O OrHOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOO.H OiHOOO r-HOOr-lrH Or-HOOO OOOOrH OOOOO r-HO n}< ^^^D^DOO O^r IHr ICM OO^^DOOr I r ICMOOUOU3 OOOOOr Ir-1 CMCM^"^1 ^1 ^DOOOOOCM ^"^"^unr^ r~-r~-Or-IrH CM CMCMCMCMCM CM r-1 r Ir-Ir Ir Ir-1 i li ICMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CNCMCMOO i Ir-Ir-1 r-li I ...... ^EHE-tEH EH EH EH EH EH ^EnEnEHEH EH EH EH EH EH ^^^^^ EHEHEHEH ...... u U UUUUU UCnP-iPMpLi PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, CM CM PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, PL, £H « U UUUUU UUUU< UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UU o E >, v 3 t; 3 - s a ? 3: O U ^ ...... ,U3 ...... 0 S 3 E ~j-. . oo . .^< . .r icMr « CM^Dr i . oo . .r~-CM . . .LOLD . .OM^> r-CM^1 . .unoo . . .00 «oo O U I Z Z Z Z ZZ Z Z Z Z Z C/5 ^oooor oo CMoo LO r~-cx\ooooo^ r~-^D ^j1 un i i r~-r IOCMO rH^o^iHr^ uor-ICMOOOO O^OOCMI ICM uooor~-ocr i OOLO^DLO ooouooooo o^* ooocrocMr~- LOoo^cMtH cccMrHoouo r-r~-o^r ICN CMOOCMOM/I r~-^Dr~->^>cM T-HP~-OOO^D r~-oor~-LOuo OOCM z zz'zzz zz'zz'z' z'zzz'z z'zz'zz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zz CM ^j"r loooooo r~-o^^DCMoo LOVC^OOOO nj oo LOOCCMT-HCM cr.^cooco'* ununcoo^ oo or~-r ir~-oo r ir ICMOLO r~-ocLOoc CT-.OOCMOOOO ^^uncrir i unc^criOOr i oooooor-t-H r~-or~~uooo ^DOOOCMO *J"^D ^J< LO^OOOCM M'LOLOCMO OOOOOCMi I CM r-H ^T OO LO unLOO^HCM OOCM^OO r-H OO r-H r-H CM OOOr-HOCM LOr-HUOLnr-l LOO O*» ^^OOC^^^^t i ^C^^OCt iP^ COLO*^J*OCOC CM^T^OCC^C CMP^^CLOO1 LO^^'^LOr^ OOr lOO^COC ^CoOLO^^^^ CMOOO"^OCM OO^C Q o uno"*' LD uotn^Dr-o^ o^r if IT-HOO oorrr~-o"n i CMOOOOUO^ ooo~.or ICM CMCMUOUOLD >^>oooOr too ^^j"^^^ oooor ir ICM oo^j1 CM CMCMCMCMCM CM tH rHHHrHrH rHrHCMCMCM CMCMCMCMCM CMCMCM rHrHH rHrH S - ...... c^E-i^fH CH^^EHEH ^^^9^^ ^ £H E^ E-EH E^ EH &H EH EH EHE-EH ...... UD UUUUUPDDDD UP-CDKKW&:LiC^C1' KKWUKP^P-,&,f1iC- KKWpabjP-,P,DJPHPL, WWMWWPL, Cu fX p, PL, O,wwwww PL, P-i &, PL, KKWUU|X O, PL, EH E-< uuuuuEHEHEnEHEH uuyuu uy cococococo cococooo COOOO OCOOO OO zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzooo ooooo QQOOQ OOO ooooo ooooo' ooooo.... ooooo..... ooooo ooooo. . oonnn_ ^3^3^^^nnnnn nnnno,_3,_3,-3,_3,-3 nnn,_3,-3,_3 OJU1M MMMMM MMM MMMOVO MMMMM OtOMMM MIOIOMM IOMOIOO OOMMM MMOOIO MMMMO OOIOOIO MIOOIOM OOM VOM-J-J*» -JMOOU1OO OtOOOtO OOU1U1MOO VOCTiOO-J-J MCTiUlOOO U1U1MMM £iOOK>MM OOO*»OVO OOOO U1OOU1OO tOtOOOOO MOIOMIO IOOOOU1M U1U1O vD(_nMo^t_n -o-otoioto -ooooi 't_n s^votoc^^j UIOOMOOUO M*»MM*» OU1OMOO MUOU1MO MMMU1M MMOOGJO OOOMOO*- ^w,^,-.^- ~- , _ MCTiOOOOO MMOOU1VO OOMCTiOOCTi MMCTi " ^ VOCTiOOOUl Ul-JMOOO OOU1VOOOU1 U1M-J*»U1 -JOOCTiOOVO £»OOM*»O Ul-JMOOM OOOO£»-JVO IOU1OO unOM_no^o^ o^^^o^o^o^ o^o^o^o^o^ cnt_n0^o^o^ o^unt_nt_no^ OM_nt_no^o^ OM_HO>O^O^ o^OM_no^un t_no^OM_nt_n o^t_nt_n OOhJtOOM OO*»OtOCTl COOOtOOOO OOQOOOMOO OOOOOOOO MtOCTiMOO MU1U1VOOO M*»OOOOtO VOU1VOVOM 00*»OOMM U1MVOVOOO IO*»tOU1tO 000000~JO MOOOO MOO~J zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzz OOtOOOO O-JMOOO COU1VO~JtO 1OOVOU1O VOM*»OOO OOOVOOOO MOO~JC»vr) ootot_n*^joo i *»£*vDt£*oo ooooi 'voc^ 30*^^00^ c^i 't^i 't_n oc^ooooco i 'O^-otovo t_nvot_ni *oo vocn^^o ->ji 'oo ras;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; S;S;S;MS; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s; MMMMM M MM M M M M Cn 3 MIOCOtOM OJOOOOOOOO *»OJMOOOO OOOOIOU1IO OOtOOO*»OO OOOMOOOJ MOOOOCTi** *»OOJ" '^ IOU1~JtOO UJOOOJOJOO >P»OOOOOU1 OOOO~JU1VD OOOOOOOO J tOOOVOOOOO OOOOOMM U1OOC Z ZZZZZ Z Z ZZ Z Z ZZ ZZ Z I | O U1£i£i' £» ... (jj> *»£» £»£» £»£» (jj OOUlOO* £»U>» ... (j\* £i. O 3 3 OOOCTi* OO« ... 00« ~J~J- *»VO« -JCTi' *i IOU1OO* VOU1« ... o« OO« ff 0) Cu IO« ^i. OJ...... (jj. . (jj ji. OJOJOO OOOO« . OO" ... . GO" OO « . *»OOOO OOOO* .... 3 OO. IO« ..... ~J. IO U1« OOM OIO- IO« . £» O CTi*»IO U1M- ... j," O 33 333 333 33 3 33 333 33 ...... 3 ...<.... a c < 3 OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOO * 8 "g ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOO 28 ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oooon" " 1-31-31-31-31-3nnnnn 1-31-31-31-31-3nnnnn 1-31-31-3nnn «5 MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MM OOOOIO IOIOIOIOIO MMMMM MMM P U1U1U1U1U1 U1*»*»it»OO OO~JCTiU1 iC^^iCkOOOO OOMMMM MMMOOO CTiCTiU"IOOOO OVOOO~JU1 OOOOO OMOOO MMMMO OOOMM MOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOM OMOOO OOO ^. VOMOOU1OO MMOMM M£»-JMO MOOVOCTi~J MU1OMM UlCTiMMOO CTiU1M*»M OOOCTiVOVO MMOO £ X ? 33333 33333 3 333 333 3 33333 33333 33333 33 3 33333 333 roD>rou>!> cncncnenen coenenenen enenencoen cncnco'enen enenen'enen enenencoen coenenenen enenenenco enenenenen enenen i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 ^i-3i-3h3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-31-31-3»-31-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 i-3i-3i-3 EHEHEHEHEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EHEHEHEHEH 1 C/3C/3C/3C/3C/3 C/3C/3C/3C/3W wwwaiai wwwaiai a>o>a>a>a> wwwwai wwwaiai ~~ "" «;<;&.&. (TifSrHrHfS fSfSf^fSfS OOVOO(TiCN OO-^TrHC^fS inOOrHCSOO (TiOOrHinin inOO-sroOOO OCNrHC^(Ti IrHOOOrH OOOOrH OOOOO rHOOrHrH OOrHOrH OOOOrH OOrHrHO OOrHOO OOOOO rHrHrHOO IOCNOOOOOO oooo^o*^ ^ ^ ^ ^in t^t^oocho i loooo*^*^ t^t^'^inin int^t^oooo ooc^c^i )< i IfSCNfSfSfS rHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHCS CSCNfSfSfS OJCNfSfSfS CSfSfSfSfS CSCNfSOOOO »»U UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU C « lOOOOO OOOOU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU I1 122222 2222Q QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ lOOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO -a 1 o 9 if C O U I -r- .(Ti VD .mr~ CNOOVDrHOO .o .o -J x> I .... S E I .00 «oo sj" "OOfS si'oo'3'ooin .00 «oo I I I I T; i 3 I O C I o-s £' C I o U I I I I I 22 2222 22 2222 c/3 < CNOOOOOOOO rHrHOOOOoO OOt^rHOOO OOOOrOrHf^ OOrHt^OOfS rHOOOOOOOO (TlCNinOOOO OOOOVDOOrH OOfSOOVDrH £ o> \ rH CM rHrH rH fSrHinoocs r^oomr^c^ OOin'3'rHisD voooocsoo "a* "a* in in in ooinmom rHin(TlOOfS oocsor-fs 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 I CSOOOOrHCTl OOVDOVDrH | OOOOOrHCTl fSOOOOOVD OOOrHVDin inoinfsin oinrHoocs OOrHOOOOCTl (TiOOOOrHrH rH-^TrHoOO OOVDCNfSfS VD in in in in in VD in in in | rHrHOOCN'«3< rHVDOOin KTnnoJ'3'in OO OOOOrH c^^rHOooo oofsinr^cs ooomoocs timgin UTC> ooooo-sr in CNinfSrHO inrHCSOOrH I rHCSOOrHO (TirHinVDO rHOOVDCS CSrHOOOO rHCN-sJ'OOfS inoCNrHO OOOOVDOO OOrHOrHO OinrHfSfS OOfSOOOCS OOinCNOrH 1 i ooinot^oo C^fSrHOO OOVDChOOO C^VDCfM^DVD VDC^fSOOr- 1 CNrHOOO OOOrHfS rHrHrHOO OOOrHrH rHOOrHrH rHrHOrHO OiHOrHrH r~r~ocoo CN'3'^< '3"3' si'inLnmm int^ooooch c^c^OrHrH rHrHrHCNCS CNfSfSfSfS CSCNCNfSfS CNfSfSfSfS CNfSOOOOOO 2!-C »»U UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUCJUU lOOOOO OOOOU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU fT1 fT1 M M M 1 2:2:22:2 2222Q QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ QQQQQ rqrqrq ^ ^ rq rq rq C_(C_|C_|C-(C-( zenen co co co CO CO CO CO CO racocoraco racoco» >»>> >>>» >»» >»» on« CD CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 03D303ZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ^ ») MMNJ MOMNJN) MMOOO ONJMMO OOMMO OOMMO MMMMM MOMMNJ CTiOOO O^JOMO 01 it*N>OJU1 OJNJNJMNJ NJNJO1 OO ~JMOO UINJ^JNJVO OOOlCTiOO OOUIONJ^J ~Jit^VO 0000 00 OUOJOJOJOJ OJoaOJouoj ooojojoooj N300O1 oioooooo OOit^OOUOJ OOVOVO^J ~JO1OOOO MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM j-j| 'MMM MMMMM MMNJ MNJMMNJ NJMNJMM MNJNJMM MMMMM MNJMMM NJNJNJNJM MMNJNJNJ NJNJMMNJ oovovo £" O1VOM M^JNJOlOl LnMOOUKTi CTiMO NJNJNJNJO OOO^JO OOOOOOVO^J VOMOO OS LnaiOJOJO NJ^VO sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss ffS? E - M M M M M M MM M M NJ CALIFOI MM OO 4* * 1 1 OOOOOO OJOUOJ^NJ NJMOUOONJ MOJNJOOOU WOUOOMOU MNJNJWOO MNJNJOOOO OOOOOOOOOO OONJOOOOOO NJNJOO CTiNJM OOOOU1 OOVOOJMtn VOOI^JOOO OOOOM <»M S 03 T3 03 T3 T3 'O ITS T3 13 03 090)030303 03^030303 " cnoen 2 * rl.. fji i fjr- 1 < LJ MM fj 3 3 ^N ^*H 51 lT3O3'TdO3O3 D3T3 roTJTJ O3 O3 IT3 'XJ 'TJ 03 (33 O3 03 03 en en en = li zenen *8§ 2 wraw RJMMWCO coraracora COMMWCO conn» »»> »>» »>» >»» orara a O3O3O3 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD CO O3O3O3O3O) O3O303ZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ NJtONJ MMMMM M 00 NJ tOMNJNJNJ NJNJMMM MMMMM M MNJM s? OJOJO t^OJNJOO OOO~J OOO OMOOM OMMOO OMOOO OOOOO OMOOM OOMOO OOOOO MOMOO OOO NJMNJMNJ OOOOCTiUl O1OOM f a- 3 o 333 3233 33233 3 333 33332 33332 33 32 33333 33333 333 c OOO en en en en en en en en en en en en tn en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en tn en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en en 33SS2 33333 33333 33333 3^ >»» JO JOJO JO JOJO JO JO JO JO JO JOJJ35CIJOJO JOD3 5° WtOtOtOtO tOtOtONitO tOtOMtOtO tOh-'h-'l-'h-1 OMOtOK-'h-' H *^ (jl'-JO^ NJ O^O^ kO^O ^"1 h 'Ul £^UJ£^ I ' NJ v 3 tOO^O^ H""O^ "*O tO*^O tO O OJUH >^r 'LTI ^OOO '\Jl(Jl £* ^JO^ O^Qr ' >^O^^O ^2^Q OO OJOJOO r ' ^JUl'^J -^ O NJ^O kD'^-J ^^ NJl ' Ji-O U)tO~JtOCO tOtOCOWh-' ^CO^LntO >(i| 'tt^OCO VDtOtOtOtO tOOh-' (a.'t^ OU>~J~JO VDVDOOOO U1O1 ^J COCOO^WLTI ^jcoLncoto toi 'coco^ to4^^joo cokowot-n wcoi >oi ' i '^Dto-^J^ otococoo Lncocooto cot ' 2 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 252322 Z2 tO MtOtOh-'M h-'tOtOh-'l-' tO h-1 M MtO tOtOfOH-'l-' tOtOtOMh-1 H-'tOtOtOtO tOtOIOtOlO Mh-'h-'l-'h-' h-'h-'h-'l-'l ' MtO tO JtOtOCO^J CO>^t 'OM-T1 OCOLTICOOJ ^^tO>-J COO^ LOLOkta>^J ^>j ^>JOJLOOJOJ LOtOtOk^*t^ ^JCOLTILTICO ^O"*J'*O'*J'*>J O^t ' ^>J LT1-*J J tO O OM 't-TICQk^ t 'LOi.no^H"1 >£* O 30 ^J'>Q LOH^LOCO O *t^l 1 \ 1 \ 'H 1 H-3 V^^O *t^ *t^ COLnLn(_TlO^ kD^DCOO^O^ ~O^Q -JCOCOUX-O ~JOJ Q s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s:s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s:s:s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s:s: s;s;s:s;s: s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s:s:s; s;s; ' q tO h-1 tO h-' h-' h-1 h-' h-1 ! ' h-1 JOo M > CO >ta,> . . . CO* £* ...... | CO f-" ...... (J^. y;,...... Q 3 D rr H- c 2 fl> IOU>tOU>U> *iU> g ^ ototOLno o.ta.1 '~ji ' OLni 'Oto OMJI^JII 'to oiotoi 'K-1 toaiuxnh-1 ta.toto^ui OLnto^oto uito ...... M. MM" . M' « « ... M" . . . M M* M" MMMM <$ M M« MM* M < | 03 1303DOO13 13000313^ 0013*^0 0300000013 0300OOO hd 0300000000 OOOODOOOOO ^13^1313 ^3^13^13 1303 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 ^^ 1313131313 >»» »!>» ;>»» >!»'» 35> »» MM ^ s JOJ050JOJO JOJO»JOJO JOJO»JO» »JO»JOJO JOJOJOJOJO JOJOJOJOJO 0303 I-1 H-'l-'l-'l 'I-1 h-'l-'l-'l-'l-' H-'l-'l-' UitOtOIOtO tOIOtOtOtO (OtOtOtOtO Mh-'l-'l-'K-' KJ h-' tOtO O OOMOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOO OOMOO OOOOO OMMh-'O OMOOO OOOOM OO Ul IO I 3 33333 33333 33333 33333 333 3 33333 33333 33 en cnenencnen encncncnen enencnencn enencnenen encnenencn enencncnen encnenencn enenencncn enenenenen enen i-31-31-3 H (-3 QC-iCjdjCi CjCjQCjdj 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333> MMMMM MMMMM ..... MMMMM MM UJUJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ NJMMMM MMMMM M NJ NJNJNJNJN) >t»NJNJNJN5 MMOOU1if» MM-~JO1U1 UJUJUJNJNJ O~JNJNJM MMMMM OOOOOO'iO'i NJNJMMVO VOCTiUHJIUl OOOOO NJMNJMO MOMMO NJOONJNJ OOMOM MMMMO MOOMO MOMOO OONJNJO OOMO o NJMMNJO MOif»OUl >t»MN5M>t» MMOOU1 U"l >f» >t» N5 <_n NJ M U"> U"l it* U1U1OMM UJMNJOO UJOOLTIM U1UJOM _ - NJOOO^O^UJ mrOL£*in 3 ONJLHOI ' i^^^ojo i 'cni *uio mi "N)^i^ 01 *cjiooj ^NJOI »o otsj^ui^ i 'NJWOJNJ MMNJOOl OOVO-JO " "3 CjooocnNJv^ ooocno^o^ mooo^o^*^ c.nojt^votjo OOI^NJ>^NJ oov^t^NJOJ NJ^JOOOO ,t»Ji(jJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ Ji,t»U!U!U! LJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJU! UJUJUJUJUJ NJNJMMM MMNJMM MMMMNJ NJNJMNJM NJWNJNJM MNJNJMM MMMMM COMOOMM MM~JO^-~J UHJINJUIO^ VOVOU1MM UJMCTiMOO MMMMCX5 MMOCX5CX5 UIUIOOVOO1! -JOOO^OOOl LT1NJOONJ O 3 ^ MM M M M /O C- S. 2 I- > I O 3 rr C (\> QJ U!U!U>>t»U! N5NJUJUJUJ UJUJUJNJUJ UJUJUJUJN.1 UJUJUJUJNJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJUJUJUJUJ UJNJUJNJN5 NJNJOOUJ g JJ ...... a- 01 'oovo ^^-Joooooo uj^»uj^jLn i 'NJO-JOO NJ^-JI 'LTIUJ I^VONJN) ...... ,... M IH MM .... M . M. MM- M« MMM« M. MM . M MMMMM MMMM- M MM. MM M« M« MM« M« « MMM» < MM « M ««M MMM<« ... <^ <^ MM* MM M« M« t)03OO03 03 OJ13 id 13 1313CB1313 13^3130003 0300130013 OSCBOOOOIJ 0300000300 1313131313 1313131313 1301303 I C-iCjCjCjCj 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333> >»» »» GGGGG GGGGG >»» >»» >»» »»> >»» - - - MMMMM MMMMM MM UJUJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ MMMMM MMMMM M N> NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJNJM D UJNJMMM MMCX5U1UJ MO~-JO^it» UJUJNJNJNJ 1£><31NJMM MMMMO O~J~JO^O^ NJMMMOO OOU1U"IU1>t» J^J^tOCX5 W OOMOO MMOOO OOMOM MOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OMOOO OMMMO OMOOO OOOO NJOONJOO ~-JONJMV£) OOUKTIOO 33333 3333 33333 3333 33333 33333 33333 33333 33333 3333 wwwaicn a>cna>crto> oioiaicnw cocnoicnw I EnEHEHEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEHEn EHEnEnEHEH EnEnEHEHEH EHEHEnEnEH EnEnEnEnEH EnEHEnEnEn EH£HEH } U3U3U3U3C/3 cncncncnc/3 cococococo cowwcoco wcocowco cococococo coc/3tnc/3cfl cococococo cncncncflcn cococo CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM &j CM &j CM CM CM &j CM CM CM CM I I . . . . . |SSSSS sssss sssss sss I 1 rHOOCNrHO rHrHrHrHrH 1 OrHrHCN"* I^OOOrHCN rHi KNCNCO COOOO( I rHrHr-KNCN rHrHrHrHrH rHi KNCNCN CNCNCNCO I i uuuuu Dq>H>H><>H '^^^^^ >4>4>H>4>4 >4 >H >4 JH ...... pocent J22222 " jJiJUJ JJ.J.J.J JJJJO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOC source 1 ppppp PPPPPT-OTT-O PPPPPI^ITTTT) PPPPPTT^i^< PPPPP- - - - - PPPPP- . - - ~ PPPPP..... ppppp..... pppr.. i CM PL, CM CM OQ CM CQ CM CM CM CQ CQ CM CQ CQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQCQCQCQCQ CQO-i&jp o E >, V 3 S K« s § C M» > «M MM>» k- X »J > «M «M MMMM MH . 0403040404 papao4papa papapapapa papapapapq papapapapa 'OrHrHrHOO rHCNOOOO OCNCNOrH OOVHOO COCNOOOO) CN'd'LncJMn CNCOrHCNO) ^COCOfOOO 01 ICO^COCOCN COCOCOCOCO 'd'CNCOCOCO COCOfOf '*cococo'* 'd'cocococo cococococo cococororo coco'*'* i i i ..... i ..... C/3 .c ^ in LT> in ro in CNCNCNCNCN CNCOCNLOin £> o. E a, i jsssss sssss I r^rH^*LO^* CNrHLO^*^^ COrHrH^OCO COVOr*-O'^r's'' ^*LOO^^HOO O^OOO^OOOO 00000^0^00 OOC000000'\ 0000OOP**CO 00COB'00 I...... I IDOMDCOi I t^CN^Oi 100 ^O^*0MO^* ^Oi It^OOO i lO^OCNi I i li I' li li I i li li li ti I i li li I* li I i |LO» I^OOO i ICOt^i I I rHrHrHrHCN rHCNrHCNrH rHCNrHrHCN rH(NrHrH I I 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2222 ' ococNOom mooooLn OOCOCNCOCN E s i 2? o Q 2 1 UUUUU W>H^>H>H >H>H>H><>H >4fH>4>4>H ...... _>H >4 >4 >H ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oooo I PPPPP PppPP ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp pppp 68 69 cncn cncncncncn _ ...... > 1 MP3 MMMMM MMMGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG GGGGG G h3"T3 trJi3 hdh3 hd ^d^dTJOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO o| * 1 o 1 g ._ 1 5 U)U) NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJNJNJNJ § U)U)l 'I 'O VDVOVD^DVD OOOOLTILnX* I 'OOOVD UIUIUIUIU) UIUIUIUIU) -! i NJNJ NJNJMOO MMOOO MMOOO MOMOM MMOOM OMOOO OONJMO NJNJNJNJNJ NJNJOOO o! NJNJ MMNJX»X» OOMVDONJ UlOCTiOO VDU1OMVD U)OVDOO~J ~JU)~JX»X» MOMO>M U)U)U)U)U) UT, ? 1 MO UIOOUIUI MNJU) N) X»U1OMM OU)UIU)O OMX»tOU) NJtOUlOO UINJNJMM UINJNJVDN) CT\U)U)UIM OOX»u>MOO ^^1 § ic 3 IH 5 UlU) UlMUlUlU) OUINJOO NJUIMUltO °! 10 S U)U1 OMNJNJNJ UIOMU1UI U)U>UlNJM urj " '" 1 U)U1 NJUIVOOIU) MX»MOO o! 1 i ' i 9 U1LO U)U)U)U)U) U)U)U)U)U) UIUIUIUIU) UIUIUIUIU) U)U)U)U)U) x» i 0000 OOUIOOOOOO U)OO~JOOU) U)X»X»^j^J OO^JOOOOUI MMMMM Mj r~ H OOOO OOUIOOOOOO VDOOUlONJ MU)U)U)U) MUIMOO k| £B NJM M^JNJNJNJ VDNJXiUlNJ OOOOOOU1CT\ CT\U1MO>OO CT\X»NJU)CT\ X»| 'U)U)U1 OK)NJOO MOMMO u>| B U" zz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz zzzzz ^! i i -! MM MMMMM MMNJMM MMMNJNJ MNJMMM NJNJNJNJtO NJMNJNJNJ MMNJMM MMMMM MMNJNJNJ K> VD^O '^JOOVDVDVD ~JVDMOOU1 CT\VDVDMM OOMOOOO^J MMMMM MVDX»MM VDUIM^JVO VDVDVDVDVD VOVOMMM MI__ j *l 5" Summaryof * 1 3 OOOO OOX»000000 ~JOO~JVDO> X»00~J~J~J OOOOVOOOUI OOOOVOOOOO OOOOU10000 OOi 10 U)NJ NJOMU1M NJOOOOUI NJO^JNJNJ ^JCTiNJVDO CTiVDOVOCTi VOOVDVOOO OONJUIOOVO ^10 5,1 > s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; ?l f 1 M 1 ^ """ 5 1 O MM M IsJMM M MMMMM MM ? « U)CTi VOX»O£»OO UlUIUI^JOO UIM NJNJNJNJNJ NJMU1NJNJ ONJNJU1U) NJNJNJNJNJ 10to 1 Z* - 3- 1 M 1 > 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 0 ' 1 O 3 1 3 1 rt earthquakesforContinued1978 1 H- S ' 1 3 3C us ' ' c VI 3 ' 1 0> i a E i Q. UIU)U)U)X» U)U)U)U)U) UltOUlUlU) U)U)U)U)U) UIUIUIUIU) U)U)X*U>U> UIUIUIUIU) -! 3o" r-iS. Ot ' U)OONJO> OOMU1OO NJUIOOOOM NJOOMNJU) NJMO>MVD MMU)U)U) ^! £° OOOO CO >T) CO CO 03 TiOOOOOO'D rJ'TJ^OOOO CO 03 CO CO'Tl 0000000000 OO'TJOOOOOO S'J'XJCOCOCO CO j i i 5'? MMM< i i 5 x <. M. MM Uigin^ -JMMMO MCOMCOM OJOJOJOJOJ UJOJUJOJU) OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJWOJOJ LOLOOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ uicowuio --JCO^JCOCO cr 1 ST ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ Z22ZZ ZZ2ZZ ZZ2ZZ ZZZ2Z 2ZZZZ zzzzz ZZ2 I MMMMM MMMMH Summa MMMMM cococooooo cocooococo oococooooo oococococo cococoooco COU3COI MCOCOOM MOWOOOO MMOOU) ljJ(jJCO-~J MMMMH-1 -J-J-J-JW MCO*»I OOOMM MMMMM MMMMM MMOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO 000 I LnLnWMfO MMMOO OOOOO OOvr>^D^D ^D^D^D^D^D ^DCOCOCOCO -JlJlOJ^D *"U *"U *"U *^ ^ 'TJ ^ *TJ *T^ *T^ *T^ *T^ *"U *lj *T^ *T^ *lj *"U *T^ *^3 *T^ *T^ *T3 *^ *^ 'TJ *^ *"0 *T^ *T^ 1313 13 1 cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncn i IZ RRRR Q^Q §§§QQ ^^ §§§§§ §R§^ RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR RRRRR tOtOtOtO tOtOtOtOtO tOtOMMM MMMMM MM MMMOO OOVOOOOO 00-J-J-J-J OOMM MOOOO tOOOOO OtOtOMM MMOOO OOtOtOM MMMOO tOtOfOtOM OOtOMM MOOOO tOCTitOtOO tOOJOOOCO tOMOOJVO OJUJtO**tO tOMMMO-i tOMtOCTitO U1OJOO OJU1MOU1 tOOJMfOtO MOJUl^tO OJOJUlOtO OUJ**UlM MOJU1OO OOJOO 00-JMCTiCTi (J100OO>tO OOOOVO-JtO CTiUJMCTiOO OOOOVOVOM C '§' 1 'OU1SJO OmtOUIUl OJOOJOJM OtOMOtO H ~ V^OJtOt ' O^^^^'~JC^ >t* *»O >t* CO >C* ~-Ot *>t*~-0 *P* ~-0*»OtO--Jt ' OOO*iLnM^>C^ OOOO^OC^ OO*t*~-OO *P*t 'OJ tO*»O OOOOLHC^ * 3 £*»t*UJUJ UJUJUJUJtt* UJUJUJ>t*>t* ^(jOOJtt^kt^ LOOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ oo'^i'^i kC^oooooJM* oOkt^oji *o O'-oc^i 'M* >c^>c^LnLnoo '-oo^o^o^'~J ~-o--o--oo--o M*ooM''~J OJCTiVOOfO _ _ _ _ VDMOVOtO OJCTi^VOOO MOU1U100 OtOOJMCTi -JCTitOOCTi VOtOtOOOtO CTiUlUlOOCTi OOOOCOM MQO-jOtO OWCTiOOO OUlOJOtO OOO-JVOO OU1MO-J OcTi-JOOO UIUIOO-JOJ U100OJ~JOO 2;2i2;2; s^s^ss 2i2;s;2;2; s^sss sss^s sssss ssisss 2!2!2!2!2; sss^s; sissss ^ M "d ^ o tOtO to M MM M OJ NJtO MM §j 3 1S oo^^o **OLnLn^nto o>c^oito(-n o^ototo Ln^ntoONO ^oooo^^o ov^ooto^ toojotoc^ **otototo**o Lntoootoc^ Z,., I Ml > .t^...... p^. . . j u! ...... OQ...... to« n D ft D 2 C (D Oi OJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJMW** (jJOJtOUJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJCO****OJ OJOJOJOJOJ OOOJMVO M**COO>M OOtOVOOtO -JOVOVOtO tOMOONM tOOOCOOO tOMMUltO OOJCTiOOl OCTiUltOO tOMmtOOJ CO 03 03 TJ T) 03 03 T) 03 03 T) T) 03 03 00 T) 03 CO 03 T) T) 03 T) 03 T) 03 03 03 T) T) T) 03 03 T) 03 03 03 00 03 03 T) T) 03 T) T) 03 T) 03 T) ...... M- . ... . M« ...... M« MM ...... M. M» . ... MM MM- ...... |_|« M< ...... M« M' ...... MM MM...... ^...... < I 0303COT) T)O03T)03 03T)T)0303 OOTJMCOCO T)T)03T)CO T)030303T) T)T)0303T) D3D3D3D3D3 COTJTJCOT) TJCOTJCOT) - o ^ nnnnoooo nnnnnooooo nnnnnooooo nnnnnooooo nnnnnooooo ooooonnnnn nnnnnooooo ooooonnnnn nnnnnooooo ooooonnnnn ^-° s tOtOtOtO tOtOtOtOtO tOtOMMM MMMMM MMMM o 0000-JO> UlljJOJOO OO^XTiUl Ul*i*iOJM MMOOVO VOVOVOOOOO 00-J-J MOOM OMOOO OMOOO OOMMO OOOOO OOMOM OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OOMOO MtOMcTiOO CTiOJtOOUl *>tOO>MQO <3M/ltOOJM Uim*«.00cri tOMMMOO CTiUltOOO** tOMOOOUl T)T)ST)D> »D>T)T) T)T)T)T)I> T)T)T)D>I> S>D>T)T)T) SSSS SSSSS SS2S2 32 SS SSS2S 3S SS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS 2SSSS enenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenentnen enenenenen encnenenen enenenenen CO COtOtOtOtO COtOtOtOtO CfltOtOtOtO COtOtOCfltO COtOtOtOtO COtOCOtOtO tntOtOtOCO tOtntOtOCO CH (It CM CM CM Ot CM CM P-i CM (l,CMCMCliCM pMCM&iCMCM D-i Oi D-i P-i CM fL, CM CM CM CM SSSSS EEEEE SSSSS EEESE E SEE EEEEE ESSSS SEES EEEEE CN cNooooOrH oomooinoo oovDinvor^ QO COOrHVDVD CN CNfOrO CNCNCNCNCN CNfl EH EHEHEH» >»» >»» >»» >»» »UUU UUUUU UUUUU UUUUU u uuuoo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oowww wtawwia Knawiaia (aaaaa O OOO2Z 22322 22222 22222 22222 22OOO OOOOO QQQQQ OQQQQ -o CM CMCQCMPuCG CM CC CM CM CM CMCMCMCMCM (GCGCQCCCM CQCMPnCQU o E >. 3 .C c > >M M «»M M > M>MMM M .MMM +- MMM>M M «MMM O U CM CMffiCMCMffi PQCQCCCCCM CCCMCMffiffi _ 53- C C/5 f. _ 2 moomoocri inminmm t) a E g CM J < U cNir^oomo ovoomm oooomcrio 00 QOrHtnoOOO QOVDr^CNCTi CTiOM^CTiOO QOQOQOVDVD VDVDQOQOQO rHCNOOO^ rOVOVO^O r^QOOOOOQO iH rHCNiHrHrH iHiHrHCNrH CNCNiHCNrH CNrHrHCNCN iH I li |i li I 2 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 CN cNr~u~>cNU~> mfirocTvm fir-ILDCNCN minimum mcNCNom oooomoor^ ^i< in OVDVDOCN rooor^Lnvo rHtnoom^i< oooor^r^ O CNrHOOO rHCNOrHrH rHrHrHOO OrHrHOO CNCNrHOO rHOCNrHrH rHrHOOO OOrHrHCN OrHOOrH rO^VDCTiCTv EH uuoooEHEH>» ooooo>»» ooooo»>» ooooo>»» ooooo»»> ouuuu>UUUU UUUUUuuuuu UUUUUuuuuu UUUUUuuuuu 8 OO222 22222 22222 22222 22222 2QQQQ OOOPO QOOOO C 72 ocncn» OC> nooo GGCGC >»» ^^2:2:2 ^ NjNjKiraH rarata OJNJMM MMMN) M MMM MM NJM MM MM M MMM MMMM OJOMMU1 UlUlOOOJ MWxDVDVD VDOOMvDU) MOUIJ^^D MOJ^D^D~J J^OOMMM OOOMM MMM OMMOM MOOMO OOMMM MMMOM MMOMO OMOOM MMOMO MOOOOJOO OOO!7i U1MMOOO (TiOOMMM MOJQOOM O^OO^JO^D OOOJCTiUKTi OJ(TiOOOO(Ti U1MOJ C <= ~JOOMUI>»^ MOOOJUl^O H = MU1M U>U1U)OU) OOOMM MMMMM MU1MOU1 OJU1OJM 3 UlOJOO Ul^DMMO MMUl^O OMOJCTiM MOMMJ^ M^JVDMVD MOCTiUKTi OOOOOOOJ OOOOO OMOOO OOJMH*M OOOOO OOMMO OOJOOOJ J^OOOO OOU1OJOJOJ OJOJU1U1OJ o- OOJOJMOJ -JOOOO M-JMOU1 MOJOOCTi 5" 2:22:2:2: Z2ZZ2 22ZZZ ZZZ2Z ZZ22Z 222Z2 22ZZZ Z2222 MMMMM MMM UlUlUlUlUl OOO MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM OVDMMM OJMOOMOO UlMOOCTiit^ MO^DCTi^D !TiOO~JMM ^JOOMOO ~JOOOJOU1 MOJU1OOJ sssss sssss: sssss: 2| 3 H c: OJMMMM MM MM M OJM M MMM MM M M' C/5 uicnuioui ouicncnui omaiuiui ouimoui UIMMUI^ ocncncncn 1^1^ 1^1^. *.* * J^UIJi^ 4^* ^^4^ 3- ni -O OJOO 00(Ti« U10J~J ^^JUICTi >»^' ~JMM I s *.*. ^^. MM OOJ« OJOJOJOJOJ MMOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJ^ 3 X. OOOOM^J OO^DMOJ MCTiOOJUl OOM« OM UIMOOO^ ~JOMOO-J -JJ^CTiMOJ O^JOOOM HC rC 3C HM £C 3^0 CO CO CdCOCOCOCO C0C0CGCOOCJ CO^COCO^d COCdCOCOCO O o 5'r+ MMMM M<« 3 3 c < I 000 OCdCdCOtB tBD3D3COO CO^OCdDfl CdCdDStBCD DBCBDBCdCO OCdDSCdCd source pocen DZ2ZO Qtntn>l> C^QQCJQ QQQ33 333» qa> woooo nraracc GGGGG GGG» >»^>^ >»» 2:22:22 22 - - - -^^aa tr'trl 222 222KK 22222 n 1-31-3. . KjKjrarara nnn OJMM OJMMM MM M M MMM MM MM MM MM M MMM MMMM OOU3 MOMMU1 Ul^VDOM OOJ^D^D^D ^DOOMOOOJ MO^Ji^O MOJOOOO^J J^OOMMM OOMOO MOO MOOOM OOOMO MMOOO OOMOO OMMMO MOMOO OOMMM OJMOOJOO MM^D OOOOJMM ~J(T>U1O>** OMOJOJOJ J^OJOi^M OOOMMM MUIO^DOO U100MOO 33332 222 33333 33333 33333 33232 333 3 23333 33323 K 33 is 33 in 222 enenenenen en en en enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen enenenenen t-31-31-31-31-3 __. . . __. . , . .____ 22>» »222 33223 222^^ nj ^^^ rq n]n]M]n]n] GGGG GGGGG GD>D>I>D> I> D> hd *Td *id *id ^d D> It" I> ;>I>U)3>3> D>D>S>MM MMP3MM MMRJMP] 2222 22222 2KjKjKjKj KjKjJdWJd V/QWft W^W ?d?dSdCOCO COCOCOCOCO 03C003COCO 22222 MMMM P3MMMP3 M tOMMM MMM tOtOtOM M MM OJtOtO tOtOfOtOM MM tOtO NJtOMMM MM OJtOtOtON) OOOCTiOJ OJtOM*»OJ M^lJa.OJCT> MOJOJtOOO CT>OJMVDOO ^J^JJa.M^l ^JOtOU1>t» OJMVOVOU1 Ja.tOOJOJtO OUIOJOJNJ OOOM OtOOOO OMMOO OMOMO MOMOO tOOtOOM MMMOM MMtOOM tOMOOtO MOOOM tOMCTiOOM U1OJOJ^JCT> O JCT>VQtO OJJa.uiM^J MUlOJUltO tOUlOCOGO CT>MMOCT> OUlUltOM OMCT>CT>U1 OJOJtOUl Ja.UiOOO MJa.UlOJa. tOtOUlOJJa. Ja.tOtOJa.Ul OJMOMJa. tOtOUlUlOJ OUlJa.UlOJ OOOJtOO OJMtOtOJa. O CTJa-tOJa- i^o^^OtO ^1 'vDVDCTI OJvjDCnUiOJ ^OOOJtO^ I 'tOCTiOJ^ VDJa.1 'Ul^ ^^VDI '^1 UlCTitOI 'OJ OOOOOOl 'I ' 3 ^ oc 5 c = UltOMO OJMJa.Ja.O JaOMtOJa. uiOMMJa. MOJJa.Ja.ui OUlOJtOM Oja.OtOO MUlJa.UlOJ OMJa.[OJa. OMtOOJOJ OJOJVDM UitOJa.Ja.tO Ja.OJUl(j>tO ^JO>tOooJa. Ja.tOM^O OOCTiOUIOJ MOJtO^JJa. Ul*^JGOtO OM'*^1^OM* OOOJa.*^J| ' vDJa-*^JOtO h-'^DOJtOCT^ J^VOOJa.vO UltOVDtO^ ^sj| 1| 1| I | 1| 1| 1| 1|_I ^j| 1| 1| 1| I | 1| <| 1| 1| I | 1| 1| 1| 1| I |_i| 1| 1| 1|_I OVDVDVD O>OJOOJ VDJa.OJOOCTi OJCTiOJOJOJ OJtOOJOJOO OJOJJa.uiJ>. OJMJa.OJOJ *»OJOJ*»Ja. OJOJOOJOJ Ja.fO*»OJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OOOJM^J OU1U1MCT> tOvjDJa.OjOJ OJOtOUIQO UI^J^J^IOJ Ja.OJOJJa.Ul OJ^ltOtOtO OOOJOJOJ OOOJJa.OJtO »"cr 2222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 UlUIUlUl ^JOOOO Ja.tOM^JM ^JOOtOOJ MU1OMM MMJa.MOO Ja.*»ooJa.to Ja.MtOOJV£> MOJ*MM tOO>OJMtO OJMOOM O>tOOJUl O>O>MiyDcri Ja.tOOJtOM MO^JtOJa. OJ\£)OOOOOJ OJOOOOtOtO tOOJtOtOVjD OV£>tOJa.M OOtOOOJOJ 9 o MMM MOJ MtO M MM MOJJa.MM M MtO Ja. M MMM OJ ^ 3^ "O VJDOOOOOVO OVO1 'OJ*^J I '*^JJa-tOO VDOVjD*^Jh-* VDOOtOVD*^J Ulh-*CT\VDOJ U1VJ3VOVOVO i i I n o i rr 3 H- n> ^ a, * OJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ OJOJOJOJOJ q OJOOM Ja.OOOtO MOOJJa.O OMJa.MO> tOOOJJa.M MOOOJO tOM^JtOM MOJMOO Ja.MUlOOJ tOtOO>^JOJ ECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECtEECEC ECECECECEC n c ...... MM' « " M' ' M- ..... M» « M 3 s'i-f . . . ^ *-^^« » »222 22222 222^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ nj ^ ^ 1-3 ^ Q Q Q Q Q = ° GGGG GGGGG D3 D>J"It"!> D>D;' tTdhd tTd tid tTdD>D;'D> D> D>3:>'I>D> D>D>D>MM MMMMM MMMP3M S>D>D>I>D> g S 2222 22222 KjKjKjKjKj Kj Kj S) 5d S) V S3 Jd S) S) WWpd S) S) ?d CO CO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO 22222 MMMM MMMMM ...... MMMM MMM OJtOtOtOM M MM OJtOtO tOtOtOtOM MM tOtO tOtOMMM MM OJtOtOtOtO o tOtOOJa.fO M^JJa.tOUl OOJtOtO^J O>tOM00^1 ^JO>Ja.O^J ^JOtOJa.Ja. OJMVJDOOU1 Ja.fOtOtOtO OJa.OJtOtO MOMO OMOMO OOOOO OOOOO OOOOO MOOOO OOMMO OOMOO MOOOM MOOOO Ja.MOOOOJ ^JOJOJVJDOO tO^JCO-OJa. OJ(T\UlOJV£> M^jM^JtO tOUltOOOO O>MMtO 2222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22222 ' ECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC ECECECECEC h3h3h3h3encncncn encnenenen------encnenenen encnenenen. _ . . encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen encnenenen EH£H totococacn c/itototoca coco EEffiEE EEffiEE EE S SSSS SSSSS SSSSS ESS S SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSSS SSSS S2 M,OOrOM, OOLDOOM, CN CNCNCNCNOO M, M, M.M, M.CNCNOOOO OO M,M,rH M,M,M,CNCN W CdWKCdCd >H>H>H>H>H >H EHEHE-IEH EHEHEHEHEH EHEHEHEHE-I ... ., pocent 2 22222 JJJJJ " L5 CM CM CM (X CM ft CM CM CM CM CM CM CX, CM PMCMP-IEHEH EnEnEHEnEn EH£* source D DDDDD DDDDD bbpbb DCdtdCdCd EdCdCdCdCd HCdCdCdCd CdWCdCJO OOUUO UO EKffiEE EEffiEE EEffiEE 1^ .IS > «M >M -1-11-1 > «M > «MM> «M . > > M » > > M «M MM "MM M -M «M .MMM «M «M .M M "MM |l . «M M .MM .M . . M .M ...... M. EEEffiE EEffiEE EE M,M,CNOM, CNCNVOMO CNCNOOMM OOOOCOCN M.M, -J £> 35 E oo oooo-sroooo oooooooooo oooooooooo oooonoo-sr oooooooooo oooooo-sroo oooonoooo oooooooooo oooooooo^- oooo a E !2!S!2!2!2 !2!2 CN OOOOVOCNOO CNOOCNOLO CNOCNOOM fsJOOOOOOO OGO-sTOOOO CNr~LOM LO VOVOLOLOLO LOLOVOLOLO LOLOLOVOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO VOLOLOLOVO LOLOLOLOLO flLOLOLOLO VOVOLOLOr- LOLO LO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLO M MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MM ooro(Nvor~~ cNLOoor~~LO LOooor-m OOoOCN-sTM (TiCNCNCNoO =? r- M, M,M,M,M,M, M,M,M,M,M, M,M,M,CNM, M,M, M,M,M,M, I M, or-vocTioo OOOOLOCTICN LOLOM.CNOO ooovoM,r~~ cNM,r~~ovo ooovor~cN r-vo LOO>OOOCN M.OOOM.O (NJOOOOLOM OOO'sJ'COVO "TVOr^VOLO ^ sJ'COr^CN COOOOOCNCO sJ'MOOOOn OOM Ic! LOCNLOMO MMCNLOOO -JTCNMLOLO ^TLOOMCN LOM'sTM-JT LO-^LOOLO CN-sTOCNM "sTOOMCNLO CNCN-sTLOOO MO ooLOMr~vo MOOOOLO (\jOMOLO MCNMMCN -STOOCNMM OOOLOMOO OMOOOOO -=rCN a>r~MfocN oovor~~MO C>OOMOOCN CNVOoOMr~~ OOf")LOO>CN CNCN M OOMOCN MOCNCNM MOOOM MCNCNCNCN OMOMCN MCNMOM OMOCNM OOCNCNM CNCNMOCN OO CNOOOOOO MOOLOLOLO OOCOLOMOO O>L CNCNCNOOOO M M MM MMCNCNCN CNCNoOMM MMMCNCN CN CdCdCdCdCd >H>H>H>H>H >H EHEHEHEHEH EnEHEH.. - ...... 22222 CMOifXCMP-i CMCMfXPnCM CMCMCMCMP-i^** aaaenvCMCMCMEnEn EnEHEnEHEn EH> DDDIDD DDDDD CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd CdCdCdCdCd HCdCdUCJ UCJCJUU UO sC'SC'SC'SCsC COtOCOCOtO tOtOtOCOCO tOtOtOCOCO COCOtOOO OOOOO O2 EHEH&-I wwcfl wwwwcfl wcnwww wcnwww wwwww wen EEK EEEEK KEEKE ffiEEEE EKEEffi EE 22222 SSS^S 2S222 2S22S csjcoro ro^frHCOrH ro^frncrio rHroTfrHvo *Jl rHTj r~~ocsi tnunvocsicN ror~~cococo cyiootncsi TfrHrnr^co coco rorHtncocsi rootncoco Tfcricyiocyi otntncsio rHrH (HrHrHCSJCSl CSJCS1CS1CNCS] CSlrOrO rH (HCS1CS1CS1CN CNCN rHCNCSlrHCN CSJCSlrHCS] CSJCMCSJCSJCSJ rO rHCN .JMEH >» >»» >»» >»UU UUUUU UU ooo ooooo ooooo oooww wuwww ww www<;<; uouoo owwupLi Jl 222 22222 22222 222QQ QQQQQ QQ OOO22 2QQQQ KEE EEEEE KEEEK KEEEE EEEEE EE OOOOO OOOOO DOOOD DDDOD E >, 3 ti 3 E f2 M > .MMM M .M> > » > M> » M _C MM M > «M M C O uI EEE EKKKK EEEKE EEEEK EEKEK EE OO OO OOOOO DOOOD DDDOD orocsi csjrorOrHro CNrovorotn CNTJ"TJ .01 . -in CMCN . .VD ro «TJ< TrTj" . .TJ< C/5 orHror~~vD cooioocri oocnor~~ tntntntntn tnintntntn r^tntntn^J1 Tj"Tj !2!2!2!23: rococo rHCNtnvDun tnocsirHtn cscorHcnco CNCSIOICNO uno vomrHCNro ^rr~~tnrHcri tnco^j-rncyi rHOO ^TjiVDTjiO LncsiCSlO'* OCSlOrHO CNCSlrOCSlrH CSlrO vDtntn LnunTfunLn LnuninvDtn vDLntntriLn tntnun LnLntntnLn tnLninLntn LnLnLntntn rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH 222 22222 22222 22222 22222 22 22222 22222 22222 22222 _u ovor~~ csjoCNrHun ro^rHtrir^ vDtninrovD csirovorotn voro vOrH"*oco tnvorHcyio unvDCsiOrH rnoocyicM IE cororo TjiTjiTfcsiro csirorovoro vororororo roro^jrocs CNCO ovovotncsj o^ccriorH tnoicriOrH rHrHrHOirH rHrHrH rHrHCSlrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrHrHrHrH rHrH rocovDcsivo cor~~tnoo = c csroinroro omcsjtncN .§>c H votnco r~~r~~csoro vocrirHOCsi OCNVDVDTJ< tnoo CSJTJTOCNCN rHrHrotnTj" ^rcNrHro^r rHCNCN^rrH tntn rorocsroro rHinrHrHtn ro^rcNtNin tncsitncN^J1 cNVDrH rocsicncoro rocsjr-ir~~co rHrncsirHTj" ^frocsioro coo CMOO rHOOrHCN rHOrHOO CMOOCMO rHCMOrHrH rHO rHOCSJOrH rHrHOOO CNrHrHrHO rHrHrHOrH r~~rHro tnvDr~~csicsi rococooicri oooi rocsitncricsi roovooico Tfcricyioo otntncsio rHrH rHrHrHCSJCS] CNCNCNCSICS] CN rHCSJCSJCSJCSJ CS1CS1 rHCMCMrHCM CMCNrHCM CNCNCNCNrO rO rHCM >» >»» >»» >uuuu uuuuu uu ooo ooooo ooooo owwww wwwww ww wwwcC< uyyoo OwwiaK 222 22222 22222 2QQQQ QQQQQ QQ OOO22 2QQQQ 3 ZZZOO OCnj^3> »33C_| > OOOOO OtdO'TJ hd hd!P|>l> raS rac w > WGG K .....^ ^^i-Si-S .1-3.i-S^dO^l^ ...... JOWVZ 3? oz w Z ooz Sp QB f^ "^ MM NJM MWMtO IxJMtONJM NO M to to -J tOO45.M(7i ~J45.OVOUJ UJ*»V045.45. OU) Mvo M uivoto M OOMMO MOMMNJ tOOOMM MM oto O M M OOO 1 45. U) 45. NJ 0>-J45. Z ZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZZ zz ZZ Z Z Z 2ZZ . M MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM O 1 '1 '( '1 'I ' 1 '1 '1 '1 '1 ' 1 '1 '1 '1 '1 ' <£><£> 0000 -j -J -J 000000 i1 M IvJUJMUJUJ NJUJMUJUJ UJOMUJM 00 0000 M 00 0 000000 ve <£> -JUJtOtOM MU)45,U)UJ tvJNJ-JUJVD NJO 45. Ul 45. to Ul U)t045. U) OUJUJUKTi UJMCOMM -J(T>45.UJ45. 000 0000 1 45. U)U) UJU) to w U) u»tow a- r . . U) 45.UJU1U145. -JOMtO-J VDOOOOOCTi MM U1U» 0 M to O OOOOO OUCflOO OODOO cncn OO < C_4 cncn< MM ...... » M . s' ff M MMMM H. . . M . . . M M . M MM n * < O OOOOO OOCflOO OOOOO cncn OO o Q cncncn C? S ^J g ZZZOO OCn>3> »33Q Q 3 "d 8 3 OOOOO Otdc3>hd ^O^OJfS51 we G WGG 5 K <^ <^ <^'^ |-3 i-S^OOH^/O /d/d^/dZ hd !d oz O Z ooz ...... 1-3...... w MM tOM MU)M|\J tOMtONOM to M U) to to D -J ) 'O45.) 'Ul ^JOJOVDU) CO 45. 00 45. 45. OU) M 45. 45.VDM 5 g" M OOOOO OOOOO OOOMO OO OO M o 0 OOO 0 UltOOOUKTi UIOOVDUJ45. 45.tOOOMVD 00 Ul 0 to to -OMOO C >a »d *d>^d = 1 3 33333 33333 33333 33 33 3 3 3 333 1 0 33333 33333 33333 OO OO W w ra OOO cn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncn cncn cn cn cn cncncn 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-31-31-31-31-3 1-3^31-31-31-3 "-3^3 O O 2 2 2 O cn co rarao OOOMM CCCCG ;>»» OO< «i-3h3^d 22222 ...... ^ K KKKKK n M NJ M MNJNJ NJM OJOJ NJMM NJNJNJM MMNJMM NJMMM NJNJMMM (JIM CDNJO^J-^J NJGJU1MO MCOOOM MOOJOMJ1 ) ^MCOCOU) NJM MMO MMOMM MMNJMO NJMMMNJ MOMMM MOMMO NJMOONJ NJMOOO 0>t* ONJ COOU) ONJMNJO COMNJOU) COOCnCHNJ wojoj *»OMu>t-n j^NjcnoJoj M«J ocnwoo CDUICDONJ u>cn ONJO oocnoo MOUIONJ OO^OINJ OO1 M MOU1NJ NJNJU) U> oocooo NJCDVD NJNJCOOO ONJOJNJNJ MMMOJO O*»U1U>M COOJU) U>U>U>U>U> OJOJOJOJOJ OJCOOJOJU) OJ^COOJU) OOit^OJCOU) U)U)U)OJU) COOJCOOJU) H COM NJONJ MNJ*>.OO V£>NJV£>NJ^J *>.O(J1MM OCOOOCDNO OJOMMU) K -JO ^JCOOO U)V£>OJCD^J (JIMCOCONJ OCDMOM CO-^JOOoj O MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM -J--J MMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM OM *>.O(J1 OUXTiOO M MMM M M ONJ.I* oocnoo cnocnocn OIOOINJO NJMOOO OOIONJOI OIOMOINJ NJUINJMOI cn^* cncn it^- en- cour ^« en cn« cnOJ. ^un« *»u> O MNJ» -^JO (Ti« (Ti« V£>(J1« O« en u>« -JVD* o-^j- ^CD ,t* en u> *>.,£* 3 S NJNJ OJ^OJCHOJ OJ^MMCH cr p- OJ--J cncou) > OTCOO CDCDCDCDCD COOTCDCDCD OCDCDCDO OCDOOro CDOCDOTQ CDCDCDCDCD ncDOTCDCD c 3 s? 5' ...... |_|» M MM« M ..(-( .... n x ...... M . . . <; . NJU) M NJ M NJNJ NJM U>NJ NJMM NJNJNJM M NJMM NJMMM NJNJMMM (JIM MNJOOM OOM MOMOO MOOOO OOOOO OOOOO OMOOO OOOOO OOMMO -JMCD-J-^J SS SSS SSSSS SSSSS 33333 33333 33333 33333 MM wen cncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn cncncncncn EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH EH ww WWW UWUUU WU CJCJUCJ p., p., p., p., p., p., Oi P-i P-i P-i OiP-iP-i uu w WWW 3 SSSS S o sssss sssss ss ss sss ss sss Localtime PUI< oo CNLOVOVO OOO"NrH^*^* CO{ "CNLOOO ^*LO^* rHCN r- OOrHLO OOrHOO rHiH rHOOO OOOOO rHOrHOO OOO oo o OOO HDate sfCN VOVO oo LOCNr- CNiHCN CNCN 00 rHCN CNrHCNrH rHrH rH CNCN 220QOQOQ pQQiCc;2iJ EnEnCJ 1-JEH p | 2 PH P i Hypocenternum i » C3OC3OO OUC3OC3 C3C3C3 h> o 5 c S = L_J 0 u » EH EH EH EH CQ >J h> ^ 5 jy iHVOOOLOiH CNCTi CTiO 00 vovor- s 1 Oi V EH s»^ as O U C 2 Q 2 M M 2 M o- *** 2 st g 0 5 O 0 N >< OKLAHC PENNSYL^ C u fo RHODEH u 5 O v*> u LOiHOCTiiH 00 rH LOLO LOLO 1 OO^J*" (LOLO LOLOLOLOLO LOLOLO LOLO o E rHOrH x: ^^ 2 iH CN EH 1 rHCNCNi (i I i (rHi (rHrH i (rHrH EH rH 2 D Of >J " 0 0 O o* C3 55 W 55 5 555 K' rt ooo OrHOOO o PO^OVOOOLO r r "^*o^oo rH^*o^ VOrH r- ^CNCN C rHCNiHiHLO oor- ^CTiLOOO VOOCTiOCN LOVOCNCNVO r-LOLO CNLO oo CNOOCN 60 vooovovocri vovor-vovo vooocrv VOVO r-i rHrHO g ^ r-oo CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCNCNCN CNCNCN r-r- r- OOOOOO i (i (i (rHi ( i (rHi (rHi ( rHi (i ( ! 22222 22 2222 22222 22222 222 22 2 222 LOVOOVOCN CTiO r-oooo VO^J voLor-vocri VOOOOCNLO crii WOOLO LOCTVLO 00 VO or- oo LOCTiOOiHO r-vo rHLOCNr- LOcriocNrH VOOOCNLOLO r-ooin CTiCNCN I-c o - CN^o-HiH CNCN LOrHCNrH CNLOCN OOCNO^O OOOOO oo ^< rH OOCNCN 5 3 .5 ooLor-cNr- OOCN OrHCTiCN Lor-LOOLO oocTioooo CNLOO OMT) .» 5 g LOLO OOrHrHOO rH LO TJ< LOCNi (OLO rHCNi ( OOCN CNOOLO o £ r-^^rHoo 00 LO VOOOOO VOLOCTlCNCN VOLOOrHOO Oi (CN VOCTi CN OOVOCN OrHOCNO OrH OCNOO rHOOrHrH OrHCNOCN OOrH OrH rH OOCN LOCN cri r-oooo ^1*1 (vovooo ^j*Lnoooo(T\ LOOOOO VOVO OO CNrHCN CNCN rHCN CNrHCNrH rHrH 1 ( CNCN 1 i 203030303 03Pipei2i-J E-iE-iCJ rtJWWCdW W&4&4DD UyW DO u s M MM M U) N)U>N)M M , M MrooJto M roro M ~J (Tiro MOO MN)OOO OOMOO 0 OOMMM MfsJ MOOMM MOOOM MM ON) OJMUI^J^J MUlfsjOOJ U> N)OON)U100 00 MO OU) N) M MU1M IVJ OJ>t> 3 -.§ o> 2. c "E Ss ^ U1 U)MU) U) ON) «. "3 OO^J000M ' ^>P*N)^I ' U1 IVJ^J U)M £*£*£*>£*>£* £*£*£* »^ £* ^ ^^^ OJ OJOJ OOO OOOO^OOM OOOOOO H -J OOCTi (TiMOJOOO ~J~J~J~JOJ ON) "^ VOU1 cr MMMMM MMMMM M MMMMM MM MMMMM MMMMM MM s MOMMM MOMMO ivj IVJIVJIVJIVJNJ 00 MM MMMMM MMMMM OO 0000 O~JOOO O^DOOUl 0 Mro roroMroM rororororo v£>^ § w 00 ^^J^J^JO -J 0101 aiwo^M ooorooo a £* ^JtsJ OJL71VOVOOJ OOOOOOOOJ N)N> s;s;s;s;s; sissies; s; s;s;s;s;s! s; sis; s;s;s;s;s; s;s;s;s;s; s;s; s;s; OJ |vj IvJIvJIvJLn )NIHSVM M M MM ;3NN3,L !! s; O MU)^U1~J ~J VIRGIf OM **ai K a 1-3 0 1-3 M 2 X a IIs* JJv .... o 3 ^ O M s Z W a S % <§ <««^> a i>« £* OJ>t>txO^OJ IVJ 01 U) UN o-3 rS 0 ^JIVJ^JOOU) 00 OOOJ OJlDOlDi ' OOLTIOJ^JO U>U1 aicTi OOOOO OOOOO O OOOOO < CG GGGGG GGGGG OO n o 5' 2 s ** f7 a >< s \^J V^ ^ tjtljM *? ^^,^2^1 «^ t-1 = 5' c tf Q. i, OOOOO OOOOO s; s;s;s;s;s; GG GGGGG GGGGa OO cncn X D Cj2222 2 c-i3 a> oz a ,-3P3...... M MM M M M MlvJUIN) M IVJIVJ M OJM DateH O (TiM^DMUl OMvJ OOO OOMMM OMOOO O OMOOM 0 OO OMOOO OMMOM 00 00 Localtime M ai>&. (TiUI o 22222 22232 2 22222 2 22 22223 2222 22 22 33222 22222 W 22 22223 22222 nn nn cncncncncn cncncncncn cn cncncncncn cncn i-3 i-3i-3i-3i-3i-3 1-31-3 Table I. Summary of U.S. earthquakes for 797S--Continued Origin time Magnitude Local time Dale Depth Maximum Hypocenter (tin) (UTC) Lat Lon* (km) mb MS ML or Date Hour hi mm s mbLg WYOMING Continued OCT. 2 13 59 10.7 44.74 N. 110.78 W. 3.5G III OCT. 2 06 A.M. MST OCT. 2 23 55 42.6 44.71 N. 110.80 W. 3. 6G IV OCT. 2 04 P.M. MST NOV. 11 20 46 20.8 44.39 N. 110.25 W. 3.2G II NOV. 11 01 P.M. MST Network Operations ALASKA EARTHQUAKES, 1978 NOAA Alaska Tsunami Warning Center at Pal mer, Alaska, permit real-time mutual data By Larry Gedney exchange with both the USGS and NOAA. Geophysical Institute Cooperative data .acquisition and analysis University of Alaska also is performed with the Lament Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 Geophysical Observatory which operated seismic stations in the Shumagin region of During 1978, the Geophysical Insti the Aleutians. tute of the University of Alaska located 4,281 Alaskan earthquakes occurring within the boundaries of its existing Alaskan NORTHERN AND CENTRAL CALIFORNIA seismographic network. The results were EARTHQUAKES, 1978 presented in the series of publications, "Summary of Alaskan Earthquakes," prepared By Robert A. Uhrhammer quarterly by the Geophysical Institute. Seismographic Station Magnitudes of the individual earthquakes 475 Earth Sciences Building ranged from below 0 (in areas which are University of California, Berkeley heavily instrumented, such as the Fair Berkeley, California 94720 banks seismic zone) to magnitude 6.5. That largest event occurred southeast of Some 5,200 events were noted on sum Kodiak Island on April 12, 1978. The mary sheets and 1,220 teleseisms and 440 Institute's seismographic coverage does local earthquakes were analyzed during not permit the location of earthquakes in 1978. The Bulletin of the Seismographic either southeast Alaska or the Aleutians. Stations, Volume 48, Nos. 1 and 2 (McKen- zie and others, 1978), contains location Owing to various research and moni and magnitude information for 210 earth toring needs, there exists several iden quakes (3.0£ML<5.8) located in northern tifiable subnets of stations in the Geo and central California and adjoining physical Institute's seismographic cover regions. The epicentral locations are age. A 6-station subnet was operated in plotted in figure 26 (the numbers northeastern Alaska to evaluate seismic correspond to a list in the bulletin). hazards in the Brooks Range and adjacent areas where petroleum development and pro A plot of the cumulative number of duction activities are underway or earthquakes versus local Richter magnitude planned. A subnet around the Seward Pen (ML) is given in figure 27. The data set insula was established to evaluate hazards consists of 895 earthquakes ( 3 . 0 oYreno University Of California, Berkeley (\ Allures QWeed 029 NORTHERN CALIFORNIA \\^__J_ 4I. EARTHQUAKES \ °Bu.ney CfWe°verv,ll. JANUARY-DECEMBER 1978 ° A 0Reddmc 9 23 41* WDC O&Bonnlle A 10 15- x 1 MAGNITUDE 3O-34 3.5-3.9 > 40 Figure 26. Northern California earthquakes during 1978. earthquakes 3.0 Figure 28. Southern California earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 ML or greater during 1978. 89.4° W., felt in Dyersburg, striking, southwesterly dipping reverse Tennessee, MM V, mb = 3.5 (FVM). faulting was identified, near the station 20 September 1224 UTC, 38.6° N. , CRT of figure 30, through the use of com 90.3° W., felt in St. Louis, Mis posite focal mechanisms and vertical depth souri, MM IV, mb = 3.0 (BLA). profiles. 21 November 2331 UTC, 36.0° N., 89.9° W. , felt in Blytheville, Arkansas, m3Hz =2.3 (FVM). 5 December 0148 UTC, 38.6° N., KANSAS EARTHQUAKES, 1978 88.4° W., felt in West Salem, Illinois and neighboring five By Don W. Steeples counties, mb = 3.5 (FVM). Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66044 The Illinois earthquakes located between WSIL and BPIL exhibit focal depths During 1978, the Kansas Geological between 15 and 25 km, making them deeper Survey operated nine telemetered on the average than those in the Missis microearthquake seismograph stations (fig. sippi Embayment where the focal depths are 31) in eastern Kansas. Four additional usually less than 15 km. A microearth- stations were to be installed in northwest quake survey using portable seismographs Kansas and south-central Nebraska during was conducted near Ridgely, Tennessee by 1979. Station locations are given in Nicholson and Singh (1978). Northwest table 2. 85 87.5 A series of 16 microearthquakes 9.0 occurred within or near the Kansas borders between December 1, 1977 and the end of 1978 (fig. 32). Location parameters are given in table 3. Several of the microearthquake locations seem to trend along the Nemaha/Humboldt structure, indi 38.0 cating that parts of it are at least slightly active. The occurrence of microearthquakes 37.0 37.0 along the approximate trace of the Hum- boldt fault implies the possible occurrence in the past and future of larger earthquakes. Previously unknown felt reports from the 1867 so-called "Manhattan earthquake" (Modified Mercalli 36.0 - 36.0 Intensity VII) suggest that the epicenter may have been east of Manhattan near the known Humboldt fault trace (DuBois and Wilson, 1978) rather than "22 miles northwest of Manhattan" (Merriam, 1956). Several years of microearthquake data will be required in conjunction with historical 35.0 35.0 earthquake data to estimate the average 87.5 return period for the 1867-type earth Fiqure 29. Central Mississippi Valley quake . earthquakes during 1978 within a 4' x region cen- tered at 37.0' N. and 89.5' W. The series of felt earthquakes in the Manhattan vicinity in 1929 remain an enigma in regard to their structural source. Isoseismal patterns clearly indi cate that the epicenters were 20 to 40 km west of the trace of the Humboldt fault. It is expected that this question will be answered in the future by microearthquake record ing. The microearthquakes plotted in fig ure 32 in northwest Kansas and southwest Nebraska occurred between December 1, 1977 and September 30, 1978. The events are only located with an estimated accuracy of 20 to 25 km, but they all clearly lie on a structural trend known as the Central Kan sas Uplift in Kansas and as the Chadron and Cambridge Arch in Nebraska. On May 7, 1978 an event with mbLg = 3.9 (not shown in fig. 32) occurred on the Chadron Arch in western Nebraska. The seismicity pat tern of 1977-78, coupled with several his torical epicenters (Woollard, 1958) sug gests that some low to moderate level of tectonic activity is occurring along this whole structure in central and northwest Kansas and in western Nebraska. A long- 35.5 term trend of such tectonic movement is explicitly suggested by Stanley and Wayne (1972) on the basis of drainage and sedi . Central Mississippi Valley mentation patterns in the area during the earthquakes during 1978 Pleistocene Epoch and by present-day within a 1.5' x 1.5 region stream gradients and knickpoints on centered at 36.25' N. and several rivers that cross the structural 89.75' W. trend . 86 YfMtf I MBUS | MCA ~ ~T , pHIU,ps GTW I MAFISHALl , Kfl omimui i- -1 - -v- -- - L __ _ __I SA1IN! * I I EUSOTRTH I , MOflHiS __ ^ _I Ui*w , __ _ 1 __ , I---J-- I I Ti « i ,"MIIM f HiAMi I i i i i i I _ _ _ JMCMRSON ,MARIW -i^-l. U-i _-i_- 1 L__ J , i 01"" LD(BSO» > I "REM"' T"*"WY ^ ^ T_; -\ | S!OG*ICI I , I j I I i ms»r~ r «"sno" | - I L _ - J I I aw*" L.-L-.U-J- UORTOK I SIEVEKS SEWARD L Station operating Station funding approved Scale in kilometers Figure 31. Kansas Geological Survey seismograph network in 1978. Stations in Cloud, Saline, and Butler Counties did not begin operating until April, 1978. Stations shown by squares were to be added in 1979. KANSAS o Microearthquakes: December 1,1977-January 1,1979 Historical Earthquakes M M < VII, 1867-1978 Historical Earthquakes M M = VII, 1867, 1906 Faults Figure 32. Kansas earthquakes and the Humboldt Fault Zone that trends north- northeasterly across the State. The Central Kansas Uplift is associated with the faults that trend north-westerly in northwestern Kansas. 87 Table 2.--Station locations in Kansas operated seismograph stations and two radio-telemetry stations constitute Oklahoma's regional network. The instal Station Lat. Long. Elevation lation and maintenance of these stations (°N.) (°W.) (m) are being supported by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) (Luza, 1978). BEK 39.263 96.200 349 EMK 38.447 96.317 307 Each of the seven volunteer-operated HWK 39.802 95.497 320 seismograph stations consists of a Geotech LAK 39.046 95.205 326 S-13 short-period, vertical seismometer; a MLK 39.106 96.892 386 Sprengnether MEQ-800 B unit, including TCK 39.385 96.723 377 amplifier, filters, ink-recording unit and EDK 37.774 96.795 418 a clock; and a Kinemetrics time-signal SNK 38.953 97.603 407 radio receiver for high-frequency WWV time CNK 39.508 97.713 465 signals. Each radio-telemetry system con OBK 39.929 100.439 805 NNK 39.936 100.042 730 sists of one Geotech S-13 seismometer and one Emheiser Rand telemetry unit. Seismo graphs from the radio-telemetry stations are recorded at the Oklahoma Geophysical Table 3. Microearthquake locations in Kansas Observatory. In 1978, 35 Oklahoma earthquakes were Date Origin time Lat Long. * Depth Mag. located (fig. 34) by the Oklahoma (1978) (UTC) .) («W.) (km) (DUR) Geophysical Observatory staff. Magnitude values range from a low of 1.3 (m3Hz) in Okfuskee County to as high as 3.1 (m3Hz) Jan . 11 21 32 03. 88 38. 868 96. 201 0.41 1.6 Jan. 13 20 15 33. 39 40. 093 95. 700 5.00 1.7 in Le Flore County. The listing only Jan. 27 11 25 37. 65 39. 836 95. 974 9.03 2.4 represents those earthquakes that could be Feb. 3 00 25 47. 62 40. 032 100. 333 5.00 2.4 located by using three or more seismograph Apr . 14 23 27 38. 29 39. 814 96. 395 1.18 1.9 records. Only four earthquakes were May 20 01 53 43. 36 39. 998 100. 333 5.00 2.3 reported felt by people living in the May 22 04 28 35. 06 39. 135 96. 292 8.86 2.3 vicinity of the earthquake epicenters. Sep. 14 08 06 18. 59 40. 896 100. 367 5.00 2.2 These earthquakes include the March 9 Nov . 1 08 44 59. 88 39. 860 97. 349 5.00 1.6 earthquake in Love County, MM II (modified Dec . 4 23 06 14. 64 37. 340 98. 640 0.52 2.2 Mercalli intensity), the May 18 earthquake Dec . 4 23 06 23. 20 39. 138 100. 455 5.00 2.3 Dec . 10 13 41 02. 12 39. 477 93. 259 5.00 2.0 in Canadian County, MM I, and two earth quakes on May 19 in Canadian County, MM III and MM II. OKLAHOMA EARTHQUAKES, 1978 The 1978 earthquake epicentral data, which form a limited data set, when com By James E. Lawson, Jr. bined with previous earthquake data pro Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory duce some seismic trends worthy of discus University of Oklahoma sion. Five 1978 earthquakes, of which Leonard, Oklahoma three were felt, occurred near El Reno in Canadian County. This location is near and the site of the April 9, 1952 earthquake with the magnitude of 5.5 (mb") . Three Kenneth V. Luza additional earthquakes occurred northeast Oklahoma Geological Survey of El Reno in Logan County. These earth University of Oklahoma quakes, when combined with the historical Norman, Oklahoma 73019 earthquakes in this area, form a zone 30 km wide and 145 km long that crosses the The article below is a condensed ver Nemaha Uplift at a 30° angle. It is not sion of a paper by Lawson and Luza origi clear what this trend represents; however, nally published in Oklahoma Geology Notes, it is subparallel to a a regional vol. 39, June 1979. northeast-southwest structural grain in northeastern Oklahoma. In south-central A statewide network of 10 seismograph Oklahoma, there is a concentration of stations are recording seismological data earthquakes in the Wilson area, Carter and in Oklahoma (fig. 33). The Oklahoma Love Counties. This area has also been Geophys-ical Observatory station, TUL, has the site of numerous small earthquakes in been recording earthquake data since the past. The subsurface geology near December 1961. The Observatory, located Wilson consists of deformed, complexly near Leonard, Oklahoma, in southern Tulsa faulted Paleozoic rocks. Several 1978 County, operates seven seismometers, three epicenters as well as pre-1978 earthquake long-period and four short-period, which epicenters fall within and (or) along the are installed in a vault detached from the northern front of the Ouachita Mountains. main building. The seismic responses at Several of these epicenters are within 1 TUL are recorded on 11 paper-drum record or 2 km of known surface faulting. ers; 16 seismograms are recorded on 16-mm film. Seven semipermanent, volunteer- An HP-9825A desk-top computer system 88 A Radio telemetry field station; includes station abbreviation Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory Radio telemetry path Figure 33. Active seismograph stations in Oklahoma Earthquake intensity IV igure 34. Distribution of Oklahoma earthquakes during 1978. Numbers correspond to event numbers in table 4. is used to calculate local earthquake epi magnitude is derived from the following centers. A catalog containing date, ori expression: gin time, county, intensity, magnitude, location, focal depth, and references is m3Hz = log(A/T) - 1.63 + .871og (D), printed in page-size format. Table 4 con tains the 1978 Oklahoma earthquakes where A is the maximum center-to-peak displayed in a modified version of the vertical-ground-motion amplitude sustained regional earthquake catalog. for three or more cycles of Sg waves, near 3 hertz in frequency, measured in nanome There are several different scales ters; T is the period of the Sg waves used to report magnitude. Table 4 has measured in seconds; and D is the great- three magnitude scales which are mbLg circle distance from epicenter to station (Nuttli, 1973), m3Hz (Nuttli, 1973), and measured in kilometers. MDUR (Lawson, 1978). Each magnitude scale was established to accommodate specific Otto Nuttli's (1973) earthquake mag criteria, such as the distance from the nitude, mbLg, for seismograph stations epicenter, as well as the availability of located between 55.6 km and 445 km from certain seismic data. the epicenter, is derived from the follow ing equation: For earthquake epicenters located from 11 km to 222 km from a seismograph mbLg = log(A/T) - 1.09 + 0.901og(D). station, Otto Nuttli developed the m3Hz magnitude scale (Zollweg, 1974). This Where seismograph stations are located 89 between 445 km and 3,360 km from the epi in seconds, between the Pg-wave arrival center, mbLg is defined as time and the time the final coda amplitude decreases to twice the background-noise mbLg = log(A/T) - 3.10 + 1.661og(D), amplitude. If the Pn wave is the first arrival, the interval between the where A is the maximum center-to-peak earthquake-origin time and the decrease of vertical-ground-motion amplitude sustained the coda to twice the background-noise for three or more cycles of Sg waves, near amplitude is measured instead. 1 hertz in frequency, measured in nanome ters; T is the period of Sg waves measured The depth to the earthquake hypo- in seconds; and is the great-circle dis center is measured in kilometers. For tance from station to epicenter measured most Oklahoma earthquakes the focal depth in kilometers. is unknown. In almost all Oklahoma events, the stations are several times farther from the epicenter than the likely The MDUR magnitude scale was depth of the event. This makes the loca developed by Lawson (1978) for earthquakes tions indeterminate at depth, which usu in Oklahoma and adjacent areas. It is ally requires that the hypocenter depth be defined as restrained to an arbitrary 5 km for pur poses of computing latitude, longitude, MDUR = 1.861oq(DUR) - 1.49, and origin time. All available evidence indicates that no Oklahoma hypocenters where DUR is the duration or difference, have been deeper than 15 to 20 km. Table 4. Oklahoma earthquake catalog for 1978 Event Date Origin time Lat Long Depth Magnitudes County Intensity number (1978) (UTC) ( N.) ( W.) (km) 3Hz mbLg DUR (MM) 148 Jan. 8 04 16 33.56 36.971 97. 463 5.0 R 1.5 1.5 Kay 149 Jan . 8 10 19 17.65 35.824 97. 642 5.0 R 2.1 2.0 2.2 Log an 150 Feb. 10 06 42 02.39 34.712 96. 157 5.0 R 2.1 1.5 1.9 Coal _ 151 Feb. 14 01 09 38.64 35.777 97. 585 5.0 R 1.7 1.7 Logan 152 Feb. 21 11 12 48.11 34.535 99. 003 5.0 R 2.5 2.2 2.0 Tillman 153 Mar. 3 02 24 37.28 35.086 96. 278 5.0 R 2.5 2.1 2.4 Hughes 154 Mar. 5 14 46 50.48 34.699 95. 033 7.0 R 3.1 2.9 2.7 LeFlore 155 Mar. 9 06 30 50.82 34.010 97. 378 5.0 R 2.6 2.5 Love II 156 Apr . 2 21 32 48.08 34.635 96. 057 5.0 R 2.5 2.3 2.5 Atoka 157 Apr . 11 08 51 02.43 34.693 95. 681 5.0 R 1.7 1.8 Pittsburg 158 Apr . 13 03 43 50.76 34.351 96. 820 5.0 R 1.9 2.0 1.9 Johns ton 159 Apr . 19 14 20 54.06 36.088 96. 136 5.0 R 1.5 1.1 Tulsa 160 Apr . 20 08 13 04.00 34.586 95. 293 5.0 R 1.7 1.6 Coal 161 May 1 22 59 13.38 34.400 94. 673 5.0 R 2.1 2.2 2.2 McCurtain 162 May 4 04 35 52.89 35.588 96. 345 5.0 R 1. 3 1.5 Okf uskee 163 May 17 23 11 15.65 35.525 97. 910 5.0 R 2.1 2.3 2.0 Canadian I 164 May 18 00 19 22.43 35.502 97. 949 5. 0 R 2.5 2.7 2.6 Canad ian III 165 May 18 00 32 17.57 35.601 97. 828 5.0 R 2.2 2.1 2.1 Canad ian II 166 May 19 00 39 37.46 35.135 97. 503 5.0 R 1.7 2.0 1.9 McClain 167 May 19 06 27 32.70 36.002 97. 367 5.0 R 1.8 1.4 Logan 168 May 28 09 19 00.22 35. 213 96. 144 5.0 R 2.1 1.8 Hughes 169 June 22 05 10 15.54 35. 923 99. 089 5.0 R 2.0 2.2 Dewey 170 Auq . 3 00 35 37.09 36.689 100 .162 5.0 R 2.3 2.1 2.4 Beaver 171 Aug . 6 04 28 56.83 36.073 99. 935 5.0 R 3.0 2.2 2.6 Ellis 172 Aug. 8 12 07 48.69 34.127 97. 463 5.0 R 2.3 2.2 1.9 Carter 173 Aug . 26 14 57 51.99 34.178 97. 463 5.0 R 1.4 Carter 174 Sep. 8 05 16 06.60 36.155 95. 275 5.0 R 1.4 Mayes 175 Sep. 26 21 17 17.72 35.519 97. 866 5.0 R 2.2 2.2 2.2 Canadian 176 Sep. 27 01 56 03.81 35. 519 97. 843 5.0 R 2.2 2.1 2.2 Canad ian 177 Sep. 27 20 56 03.75 33.883 97. 477 5.0 R 2.4 1.9 Love 178 Dec. 8 11 18 53.92 34.676 96. 063 5.0 R 2.0 1.8 1.7 Atoka 179 Dec. 19 02 00 28. 87 35.086 95. 125 5.0 R 1.2 1.7 1.7 Haskell 180 Dec. 27 22 00 30.02 33.996 97. 512 5.0 R 2.0 1.9 Love 181 Dec. 28 05 30 32.43 34.080 97. 462 5.0 R 1.4 1.9 1.5 Love 182 Dec. 28 13 54 09.81 33.991 97. 456 5.0 R 1.9 2.1 1.9 Love The hypocenter is restrained (R) at an arbitrary depth of 5.0 km, except where indi- cated, for purposes of computing latitude, longitude, and origin time. on SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES The number of seismic stations operating in the region varied between 62 EARTHQUAKES. 1978 and 81. Figure 36 shows the station dis tribution (81) present at the end of 1978. By G. A. Bollinger Department of Geological Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Table 5. Southeastern United States earthquakes There were 25 earthquakes located in the southeastern United States during Date Origin time Lat. Long. Depth Mag. State 1978. Of these, seven had M _> 3 and/or (1978) (UTC) (°N.) (°W.) (km) (mbLg) felt were felt (table 5). Considerable microearthquake (M < 3) activity was Jan. 8 11 34 22.4 32. 78 88. 25 5 3.0 AL-MS reported near reservoTrs in South Carolina Feb. 25 03 53 27.7 36. 19 79. 30 8 2.2 NC and Georgia. Finally, some microearth Mar. 1 04 08 26.1 34. 49 86. 68 5 2.5 AL Mar. 17 18 26 34.5 36. 75 80. 74 7 2.8 VA quake occurrences, not in the vicinity of June 9 23 15 19.1 32. 09 88. 58 10 3.3 AL-MS reservoirs, were reported in Virginia. July 16 06 39 37.8 39. 93 76. 26 5 3.0 PA Figure 35 shows the spatial distribution Dec. 11 02 06 49.4 31. 90 88. 49 5 3.5 MS of the 1978 seismicity. A full data listing for all 1978 shocks was given in Southeastern United States Seismic Network Bulletins No. 2^ and 3_. Copies of those reports may be obtained by contacting the 88° 86* 84' 82* 78° 76° 74° 72° author. 88 Epicenter for o Single Eqke I I 1 I * Location of Multiple Figure 36. Southeastern United States seismic stations (solid cir cles) operating at the close of 1978. Numbers indicate Figure 35. Southeastern United States the number of closely-spaced earthquake epicenters during multiple stations at a given 1978. location. VIRGINIA EARTHQUAKES, 1978 stations; see fig. 38). Their HYP071 parameters are shown in table 6. For the By G. A. Bollinger remaining 15 nonlocatable events, 8 were Department of Geological Sciences in the Giles County area, 3 were in cen Virginia Polytechnic Institute tral Virginia, 1 was near North Anna, and and State University 3 were in Bath County. Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Installation of a 10-station seismic Table 6. Virginia earthquakes network in Virginia was completed in 1978. That network consists of two 5-station Date Origin time Lat Long. Depth Nag. clusters: One in the Giles County area of (1978) (UTC) ( N (km) (DUR) western Virginia and the other in the cen tral portion of the state. Additionally, 4-station subarrays, in the North Anna Jan. 28 23 13 23. 3 37. 230 80 .780 9 1.0 (central Virginia) and Bath County (north Mar. 17 18 26 34. 5 36. 748 80 ,741 7 2.8 central Virginia), were obtained from Vir May 10 04 19 12. 8 37. 403 80 .670 5 0.4 May 25 08 30 27. 0 37. 075 80 .817 1.0 ginia Electric and Power Company. By the June 9 04 42 48. 9 37. 747 81 .233 10 0.7 end of 1978, 16 of the 18 total stations June 22 06 42 29. 0 36. 798 82 .357 10 1.0 were operational (see fig. 37). July 28 08 39 40. 8 37. 343 80 .682 10 0.5 Aug . 30 02 19 38. 2 37. 293 80 .700 11 0.6 During this initial monitoring Sep. 14 19 37 06. 5 37. 495 81 .232 -0.3 Oct. 14 01 50 52. 8 37. 303 80 .562 -0.3 period, a total of 26 earthquakes (- Oct. 29 12 22 42. 6 38. 025 78 .102 12 0.6 0.9 Figure 37. Virginia Technical Seismic Network. Figure 38. Virginia earthquake epicenters during 1978. Solid circles represent earthquake epicenters and o en circles represent seismic stations. Miscellaneous Activities CRUSTAL MOVEMENT STUDIES calculating future elevation changes, and also to calculate recent vertical movement Vertical Control Surveys in the region which spans the San Andreas and Garlock faults. The 3-month, $1.5 By Sand ford R. Holdahl million, multiagency survey was coordi NOAA, National Ocean Survey nated by the National Geodetic Survey, National Geodetic Survey involved 18 leveling and 5 gravity teams Rockville, Maryland 20852 from the National Geodetic Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition, 20 Alaska leveling teams were provided by Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Ber- The results of four leveling surveys nardino, San Diego, and Ventura counties, carried out by the National Geodetic Sur Los Angeles City, the Los Angeles Water vey between Anchorage and Whittier, and Power Department, and the Metropolitan Alaska, combined with an analysis of sea Water District of Southern California in level measurements at Anchorage, indicate this cooperative effort. A joint report as much as 0.55 m of land uplift in the by the U.S. Geological Survey and the decade following the 1964 Prince William National Geodetic Survey is in prepara Sound earthquake. There is some indica tion . tion that the position of maximum uplift is migrating away from Anchorage toward Houston, Texas the Aleutian trench. The uplift occurs in a region which subsided as much as 1.9 m Leveling surveys in approximately 5- during the earthquake. The uplift is year intervals are being used to monitor decreasing exponentially since the time of subsidence in the Houston, Texas area. the 1964 earthquake, and seems to The maximum subsidence for the last inter represent postseismic deformation. The val, 1973-78, occurred approximately 25 km observations are most easily explained by from the center of Houston and amounted to creep along the down dip extension of the 43 cm. An area of approximately 2500 sq fault which ruptured in 1964. km has subsided more than 20 cm during this interval. In calculating the sub Imperial Valley, California sidence, the known rate of subsidence at the Galveston tide gauge was used to ini A releveling survey of the Imperial tialize the new set of heights; in addi Valley was cooperatively accomplished in tion, various points well outside Houston the winter of 1977-78 by local and federal were assumed to be stable during the agencies. The purpose of the survey was period . to detect the trend of natural vertical motion prior to the utilization of geo- Horizontal Control Surveys thermal resources in the Valley. The economically significant agricultural By Richard A. Snay development within the Imperial Valley NOAA, National Ocean Survey relies heavily on irrigation, and hence, National Geodetic Survey it is directly affected by subsidence or Rockville, Maryland 20852 tilting of the land. The continuation of the leveling program will measure the The National Geodetic Survey has impact of geothermal development on the recently observed fault monitoring net agricultural community. Existing data works in the Shelter Cove area of northern reveal that a maximum subsidence of 19 cm California and on the Tejon Ranch in the relative to Ocotillo occurred near the foothills of California's Tehachapi Moun south end of the Salton Sea for the 1972- tains. The Shelter Cove network straddles 77 time interval. A large area between part of the fault which ruptured during the Salton Sea and El Centro has subsided the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. more than 10 cm during the 5-year inter Analysis of the recent survey data, com val . bined with data from a 1930 network yields an estimate of N. 13.2° W. + 4.5° for Southern California the direction of maximum right-lateral shear strain through the area. The mean In early 1978, a massive 4,400 km shear strain rate in this direction is releveling survey of the Palmdale region 1.01 + 0.18 yrad/yr for the 1930-76 time of Southern California was bequn. The interval. objective of the project was to establish a time-homoaeneous reference network for The Tejon Ranch network spans two 93 branches of the Garlock fault where this Atmospheric Administration; however, none fault intersects the California aqueduct. were recorded on NOAA tide gauges. The network incorporates two interior net works which were established in 1964 and An earthquake on January 14 (mag. 6.6 1970, and have been repeatedly observed at MS) near the south coast of Honshu (34.8° one to three intervals. Network stations N., 139.3° E.) caused a tsunami which was positioned on one side of the Garlock recorded at four nearby stations. Maximum fault's southern branch have moved left- amplitudes were 70 cm at Oshima and 25 cm laterally relative to stations lying at Mera. approximately 500 m away on the opposite side, according to the following rates: On March 23, an earthquake (mag. 7.5 MS) in the Kuril Islands (44.9° N., 148.4° Time Interval Rate (mm/yr) E.) generated a tsunami which reached max imum amplitudes of 28 cm at Chichijima and 1964-68 1.7 + 0.5 Hanasaki and 25 cm at Yuzhno Kurilsk. 1968-72 1.7 + 0.6 1972-78 0.2 + 0.3 A second earthquake (mag. 7.6 MS) in the same area on March 24 (44.2° N., The report for each survey is avail 148.9° E.) also caused a minor tsunami able from the National Geodetic Survey, with maximum wave heights of 42 cm at National Ocean Survey, NOAA, Rockville, Hanasaki and 30 cm at Chichijima. Maryland 20852. The June 12 earthquake (mag. 7.7 MS) Gravity Surveys near the east coast of Honshu also caused a minor tsunami which was recorded with By William E. Strange the following representative maximum National Ocean Survey amplitudes; Hachinohe, 42 cm; Ayukawa, 34 National Geodetic Survey cm; Onahama and Ofunato, 30 cm; and Rockville, Maryland 20852 Kushiro, 25 cm. In conjunction with large scale The Mindanao earthquake (8.2° N., relevelinq surveys in southern California, 122.4° E. , mag. 6.9 MS) of June 14 caused the National Geodetic Survey established a a slight tsunami which was recorded at network of high-accuracy gravity stations Jolo with a maximum amplitude of 3 cm. for future monitoring. The network included 29 stations which were continu An earthquake (mag. 7.4 MS) on July ously interconnected during the period of 23 in the Taiwan region (22.3° N. , 121.5° the survey using helicopter transporta E.) caused a tsunami which reached a max tion. Measurements were made at 2180 imum amplitude of 8 cm at Ishigaki Shima. benchmarks along the level lines using multiple gravimeters to interconnect to The final tsunami of the year on the helicopter stations. Information on November 29 was generated by an earthquake this network is available from the (mag. 7.7 MS) near Oaxaca, Mexico, (16.0° National Geodetic Survey of the National N., 96.6° W.) and was recorded at Aca- Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20852. jutla, El Salvador, with a maximum ampli tude of 29 cm. TSUNAMIS PRINCIPAL EARTHQUAKES OF THE WORLD By Mark Spaeth National Oceanic and Atmospheric Table 7 lists principal world earth Administration quakes for 1978. The list has been National Weather Service included in this annual series since 1941. Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 It includes earthquakes of magnitude 6.8 or greater; those of smaller magnitude During 1978, seven tsunamis were that were locally destructive to life and reported to the National Oceanic and property; and events of unusual interest. Table 7.--Principal earthquakes of the world during 1978 Date Origin time Geographic Depth USGS Other (1978) (UTC) Coordinates (km) Magnitude Magnitude Region Remarks hr min sec Lat. (°) Long. (°) mb MS Jan. 14 03 24 39.0 34.81 N. 139.26 E. 14 6.2 6.6 Near south Twenty-one killed, 119 injured, and coast of 4 people reported missing. Damage Honshu, Japan at Yokohama and on Oshima. Tsunami recorded. Feb. 9 21 35 12.7 30.68 S. 177.36 E. 33 5.7 7.2 7.2MS(PAS) Kermadec 7.7MS(BRK) Islands Feb. 15 03 17 37.3 39.69 N. 39.79 E. 33 4.8 4.5 Turkey Twenty injured, 500 homes destroyed in the Erzincan area, and 25 homes were damaged at Pulumur. Feb. 22 06 07 37.0 14.25 N. 91.38 W. 100 5.7 Guatemala Two killed. Damage in the Coatepeque and Mirian areas. Mar. 7 02 48 47.6 32.01 N. 137.61 E 439 6.9 7.Omb(PAS) South of 6.9mb(BRK) Honshu, Japan Mar. 11 19 20 49.1 38.10 N. 16.03 E. 33 5.6 5.0 Southern Italy Two reported killed, several injured, and considerable damage in southwestern Italy. Mar. 16 02 00 00.5 29.93 N. 66.30 E. 33 5.3 5.9 Pakistan One killed and considerable damage in the Nushki area. Mar. 19 01 39 14.0 17.03 N. 99.74 W. 36 5.8 6.4 6.6MS(PAS) Guerrero, One killed, 25 injured, and damage Mex ico in Acapulco. Mar. 23 00 31 02.1 44.21 N. 148.97 E 46 6.1 6.8 6.5MS(PAS) Kuril Islands 6.6MS(BRK) Mar. 23 03 15 20.3 44.93 N. 148.44 E. 33 6.4 7.5 7.2MS(PAS) Kuril Islands Felt at Kurilsk and on Hokkaido, Japan. Tsunami recorded. Mar. 23 19 12 23.6 44.34 N. 149.74 E, 33 6.0 6.8 6.6MS(PAS) Kuril Islands 6.4MS(BRK) Mar. 24 19 47 50.7 44.24 N. 148.86 E, 33 6.5 7.6 7.5MS(PAS) Kuril Islands Felt at Kurilsk and on Hokkaido and 7.2MS(BRK) Honshu, Japan. Tsunami recorded. Mar. 24 21 05 48.2 42.84 N. 78.61 E. 33 6.2 7.1 Alma-Ata region Damage in northeastern Kirgiz SSR, USSR. Apr. 15 23 33 47.2 38.39 N. 15.07 E. 14 5.5 5.7 Sicily Five killed and 400 houses damaged. Table 1. Principal earthquakes of the world during 1978 Continued Date Origin time Geographic Depth USGS Other (1978) (UTC) Coordinates (km) Magnitude Magnitude Region Remarks hr min sec Lat. (°) Long. (°) mb MS May 26 23 58 22.0 24.27 N. 142.66 E, 33 5.8 6.8 6.8MS(PAS) Volcano Islands 6.5MS(BRK) reg ion June 12 08 14 26.4 38.19 N. 142.03 E, 44 6.8 7.7 7.5MS(PAS) Near east coast Twenty-two killed, 421 injured, and 7.2MS(BRK) of Honshu, extensive damage in the Sendai area, Japan June 14 12 32 33.9 8.25 N. 122.40 E, 24 6.1 6.9 6.6MS(PAS) Mindanao, Felt strongly at Zamboanga. 6.7MS(BRK) Philippine Islands June 17 15 11 33.5 17.10 S. 172.26 W. 33 6.6 7.0 7.2MS(BRK) Tonga Island region June 19 10 31 05.4 40.75 N. 23.22 E. 10 5.3 4. Greece One killed, 10 injured, and damage in the Thessaloniki area. «oJune 20 20 03 21.0 40.74 N. 23.23 E, 3 6.1 6.4 6.5MS(PAS) Greece Fifty killed, many injured and o 6.6MS(BRK) considerable damage in the Thessaloniki area. July 4 22 23 28.0 40.75 N. 23.06 E. 19 5.1 4. Greece One killed, 16 injured, and minor damage in the Thessaloniki area. July 23 14 42 36.9 22.28 N. 121.51 E, 17 6.5 7.4 6.9MS(PAS) Taiwan region Felt strongly on Taiwan. Tsunami recorded. 6.8MS(BRK) July 29 14 37 32.7 14.84 N. 91.02 W, 10 4.9 4.5 Guatemala Five killed, many injured, and considerable damage and landslides in the Putzun area. Aug. 3 18 11 17.1 26.51 S. 70.54 W, 58 6.3 7.0mb(PAS) Near coast of Thirteen injured and major damage 6.6mb(BRK) northern Chile in the Copiapo-Talta area. Aug. 23 00 38 32.2 10.20 N. 85.22 W, 56 5.7 7.0 6.6MS(PAS) Costa Rica Minor damage at Santa Cruz. Also 7.2MS(BRK) felt in southern Nicaragua. Sep. 16 15 35 56.6 33.39 N. 57.43 E. 33 6.5 7.4 7.8MS(BRK) Iran Estimated deaths of 15,000. Extensive damage in Tabas and surrounding areas. Nov. 1 19 48 28.0 39.35 N. 72.62 E. 40 6.2 6.8 6.8MS(PAS) Kirgiz SSR Felt in the Osh-Andizhan area and at Tashkent. Table 7.-Principal earthquakes of the world during 79/^-Continued Date Origin time Geographic Depth USGS Other (1978) (UTC) Coordinates (km) Magnitude Magnitude Region Remarks hr min sec Lat. (°) Long. (°) mb MS Nov. 4 22 29 22.1 11.23 S. 162.18 E. 33 5.8 6.9 6.8MS(PAS) Solomon Islands Felt on San Cristobal and 6.8MS(BRK) Guadalcanal. Nov. 5 22 02 07.1 11.13 S. 162.14 E. 33 6.3 7.1 7.4MS(PAS) Solomon Islands Felt strongly on San Cristobal and 7.4MS(BRK) at Honiara, Guadalcanal. Nov. 29 14 52 47.6 16.01 N. 96.59 W. 18 6.4 7.7 7.5MS(PAS) Oaxaca, Mexico Eight killed, many injured, and 7.9MS(BRK) extensive damage in the Mexico City area. One killed, several injured, and damage in the state of Oaxaca. Dec. 6 14 02 01.0 44.59 N. 146.58 E. 91 6.7 7.5mb(PAS) Kuril Damage in the southern Kuril 6.9mb(BRK) Islands and on Hokkaido, Japan. Dec. 12 11 44 16.0 7.33 N. 123.49 E. 33 6.2 6.9 6.8MS(PAS) Mindanao, Felt on Mindanao, Jolo, Negros, and 7.4MS(BRK) Philippine Panay. Islands Dec. 14 07 05 20.6 32.14 N. 49.65 E. 33 5.7 6.2 Western Iran Seventy-six killed, some injured, and considerable damage in the area of Izeh and Masjed-e-Soleyman. Dec. 23 11 23 12.0 23.25 N. 122.08 E. 33 6.6 7.0 6.7MS(PAS) Taiwan region Two killed and three injured at 6.8MS(BRK) Pingtung , Taiwan. Felt at Hong Kong and in the Ryuku Islands. Abbreviations used in Other Magnitude column: PAS California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; BRK University of California Berkeley. Strong-Motion Seismograph Data By Ronald L. Porcella and photographic reproductions of many of Seismic Engineering Branch the more significant accelerograms. The U.S. Geological Survey program reports also contain abstracts of Menlo Park, California 94025 recent reports, notes on strong-motion information sources and the availability of digitized data, and other information INTRODUCTION pertinent to the USGS and other strong- motion programs. The first engineering seismology pro gram in the United States was administered Strong-Motion event and strong-motion by the Seismological Field Survey of the data reports are periodically published Coast and Geodetic Survey (C&GS). This as USGS Open-file Reports and include the program was begun in 1931 and effectively results of digitization and routine anal remained the responsibility of the Seismo yses of strong-motion accelerograms that logical Field Survey (SFS) for more than contain peak accelerations greater than 40 years. During this period the SFS was 0.10 g or are related to a specific event, shifted from one acronymic agency to particular strong-motion station, or geo another, including C&GS, ESSA, NOS, NOAA, graphic group of stations. The minimum ERL, ESL, and finally, in 1973, USGS; soon acceleration level is based primarily on afterwards the SFS became the Seismic the current capability of the USGS to pro Engineering Branch of the USGS. In spite cess strong-motion records and may vary of these numerous high-level administra with both the degree of seismic activity tive changes, the program has retained a and number of personnel available at any distinct identity and its basic objectives given time. Although maximum acceleration and field-level operations have remained is not directly related to frequency con remarkably consonant throughout the years. tent or duration of strong-motion, the peak acceleration can be readily obtained The current program of strong-motion from an accelerogram and thus the value is instrumentation administered by the USGS commonly used as a general indicator of is supported by the National Science Foun the potential significance of the record. dation (Grant CA-114) in cooperation with Detailed information on the availability both private industry and education insti of digitized data from various sources is tutions, as well as numerous Federal, published regularly in Seismic Engineering State, and local agencies and organiza Program Reports. tions. The objectives of the program are to record strong ground motions and the The Strong-Motion Accelerograph response of representative types of Station List is periodically published as engineered structures during potentially a USGS Open-file Report and includes damaging earthquakes and to disseminate information on all of the accelerograph processed data and information about the stations in the western hemisphere known records, sites, and structures to external users in earthquake engineering research to the USGS. Because of the ever-changing and design practice and engineering nature of this information, it is impossi ble to have a complete list of all of the seismology. The dissemination of this stations in existence at any one time. information and data is achieved in vari Rather, the list is intended to provide ous ways . that community of persons interested in Preliminary earthquake reports and a strong-motion programs with a reasonably summary of recent accelerograph records complete indication of the current status are presented on a regular basis in of the various strong-motion networks. Seismic Engineering Program Reports 1 . Information presented in this list These summaries include a brief descrip includes the station name and geographic tion of the earthquake and strong-motion coordinates, site characteristics, type recording station, the results of routine and size of structure, location of instru seal ings of those records that contain ments, and the primary sources of data. peak accelerations greater than 0.05 cj, The current list contains information on approximately 1200 stations located in 38 ______states, Canada, the Caribbean, and throughout Central and South America. Copies of these reports are available A strong-motion information retrieval free on application to Rranch of Distribu- system (SMIRS) has been developed to pro- tion, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South vide up-to-date information about strong- Eads Street, Arlington, Va. 22202. motion records and the circumstances in 98 which they were recorded. The system is March 25, at 4:27 p.m. (local time) trig accessible through a data terminal (300 gered three accelerographs at Coyote Dam baud, half duplex). The system is opera located 18 km from the epicenter (Por- tional, but the information within it is cella, 1978a), a U.S. Army Corps of incomplete and needs to be verified. A Engineers (COE) facility approximately 175 user's manual is available (Converse, km northwest of San Francisco near the 1978). To retrieve information, dial town of Ukiah. The earthquake occurred (415) 329-8600 and place the telephone off the coast of northern California at a handset into the terminal. When the car depth of about 5 km and was felt in the rier light comes on press the "line-feed" Ukiah area; no damage was reported. The key and wait for the computer to respond instrumentation at Coyote Dam is owned by (two lines will be printed); type the fol the COE and operated by the USGS as part lowing : of the cooperative National Strong-Motion Network supported by the National Science enter your name SMIRS Foundat ion. Type the "enter" and "SMIRS" exactly Coyote Dam is an earthfill embankment as shown above, but replace your name approximately 1070 m long and 50 m high; with your own name. The word "enter" is the axis is aligned in a nearly north- five lowercase characters followed by one south direction. Accelerographs are space; your name is typed as one continu located at the center crest, center toe, ous character string and followed by one and south abutment, and are equipped with space; and "SMIRS" is five uppercase char horizontal starters; thus, the relatively acters. Type the carriage-return key and short trigger minus S-wave intervals then the line-feed key; then you will be (approximately 0.5 s) recorded at the given instructions. crest, toe, and abutment stations (fig. 39) are the result of the accelerographs ACCELEROGRAPH DATA triggering on horizontal ground motion perhaps 2 or 3 sec after the first P-wave Table 8 is a summary of the 95 arrival. Maximum accelerations recorded accelerograph records recovered, although at the crest, toe, and south abutment sta not necessarily recorded, during 1978. tions are 0.30 g, 0.34 g_, and 0.20 g, This value can be compared to a yearly respectively (fig. 39 and table 8). average of 188 records for the period 1972 to 1977 inclusive. This decrease in the In addition to the magnitude 4.6 reported number of accelerograms recovered earthquake, three smaller aftershocks pro in 1978 is largely due to State legisla duced minor records at Coyote Dam (table tion that has given responsibility to the 8). The maximum acceleration (0.11 cj) was California Division of Mines and Geology's recorded on the crest instrument. Addi Office of Strong-Motion Studies (OSMS) for tionally, the California Division of Mines dissemination of that organization's and Geology recovered several strong- strong-motion data; OSMS data are no motion records from stations located in longer routinely listed in Seismic the Willits-Ukiah area (Toppozada, 1978). Engineering Program Reports. SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA - AUGUST 13 The earthquakes (table 8) are listed in chronological order and include date, Eight accelerograms were recovered time (UTC), general location, geographic from strong-motion stations at Santa Bar coordinates, and magnitude. Information bara, Goleta, Cachuma Dam, and the Univer about the recording station consists of sity of California, Santa Barbara campus the name and location, owner, and geo (UCSB) in the days immediately following graphic coordinates. Record data include the August 13 earthquake (Porcella and S-wave minus trigger time and the orienta others, 1978c). The main event occurred tion, maximum acceleration, and duration at 3:54 p.m. (local time) and was assigned of strong-motion (greater than 0.10 cj) f° r magnitudes (ML) of 5.1 (California Insti each instrument component. Record data is tute of Technology), and 5.7 (University included only when one or more components of California, Berkeley). The hypocenter recorded at least 0.05 £ at ground sta was located offshore about 6 km south of tions or 0.10 cf at upper floors of Santa Barbara at a depth of 7 km (fig. buildings. The event information has been 40) . compiled principally from the Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, Strong-motion instruments that trig published by the Geological Survey. gered during the earthquake include triax- ial accelerographs located at crest and The following paragraphs summarize toe sites at Cachuma Dam, a U.S. Bureau the results of the most significant earth of Reclamation facility at an epicentral quakes from which strong-motion records distance of 34 km. A maximum horizontal were obtained in 1978. ground acceleration of 0.12 jg (fig. 41) was recorded at the crest in a southwest URIAH, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 25 direction, transverse to the axis of the embankment. A triaxial accelerograph A magnitude 4.6 (ML) earthquake on installed at the basement level of the QQ CREST 270° ; 5 SECONDS UP 180° 5 CENTIMETERS TOE 5 SECONDS 270° UP 180° _; ABUTMENT 5 SECONDS 270° UP 180° = Figure 39. Coyote Dam accelerograms from the Ukiah, California earthquake of 25 March 1978. Santa Barbara Courthouse recorded a max The California Division of Mines and imum horizontal ground acceleration of Geology strong-motion program (CSMIP) 0.21 q in the southwest direction (epicen- includes four sites in the Santa Barbara tral distance 6 km); the duration of area that produced records during the strong-motion (greater than 0.1 cj) was August 13 event (Porter, 1978). Three of approximately 1.3 sec. AdditionallyV this these sites are buildings instrumented by instrument recorded a small aftershock CSMIP in accordance with recently about 14 sec after triggering during the developed building instrumentation cri main shock (fig. 41). teria. The record from a nine-channel system installed at the three-story North The Southern California Edison (SCE) Hall building on the UCSB campus indicates Company recovered a strong-motion record peak horizontal accelerations of 0.44 g, from an SCE power facility on Glen Annie 0.66 g, and 0.99 g for the ground, third Road in Goleta; the triaxial recording floor, and roof levels, respectively. system (SMA-2) employs FM modulation on a Durations of strong (horizontal) motion four-track magnetic tape cassette. The (greater than 0.1 g) range from 2 sec at analog readout indicates a peak horizontal the ground level to approximately 9 sec at ground acceleration of 0.28 cj (north the roof level. Epicentral distance is direction). Epicentral distance is 19 km. about 13 km. 100 121°W 120°W mately 1.5 sec. Additionally, this 35°N instrument recorded a small aftershock about 17 sec after triggering during the main event; maximum acceleration is less than 0.05 cj. JENKINSVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA - FEBRUARY to NOVEMBER SANTA BARBARA Twenty-one earthquakes were recorded L between February and November 1978 at Mon- EPICENTER w ^^ Venture ticello Dam in north-central South Caro lina; the dam and reservoir are part of SANTA BARBARA CHA NNEL the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Power Facil ity operated by the South Carolina Elec tric and Gas Company (SCEG) and are located approximately 4 km northwest of jenkinsville, S.C. The reservoir covers CHANNEL ISLANDS an area of about 2750 hectares and has an average depth of about 25 m. Filling of the reservoir began in late December 1977 0 10 20 MILES and was accompanied by an abrupt increase in seismic activity (up to 100 events per day) recorded by a network of four seismo graphs operated by SCEG (Porcella, 1978b). Figure 40. Location map, Santa Barbara, Prior to filling of the reservoir, the California earthquake of 13 USGS seismograph station at Jenkinsville August 1978. had recorded one event about every six days. This increase in activity tapered off and then resumed abruptly in August The four-story Freitas Building in 1978. Two strong-motion accelerographs downtown Santa Barbara (epicentral dis were installed by the USGS in February tance 6 km) is instrumented with a nine- 1978 as a result of the first increase in channel remote-recording system; the seismic activity. One accelerograph was strong-motion record from the August 13 placed in an office building a few hundred event shows peak horizontal accelerations meters west of the power plant; the other of approximately 0.22 g, 0.30 g, and 0.67 instrument was installed on the south cj at the basement, second floor, and roof abutment of the largest of four embankment levels, respectively. Durations of sections. Thirteen records with peak strong-motion range from 0.5 sec at the accelerations greater than 0.05 cj have second floor to 7 sec at the roof level. been recovered from these two stations (table 8). The largest acceleration was The twelve-story Holiday Inn on Har recorded at the abutment site and suggests bor Boulevard in Ventura is instrumented a 0.253 g_ peak horizontal ground accelera with a twelve-channel remote-record ing tion in~ the "south" direction (fig. 42); system; accelerometers are located at the duration of strong-motion (greater ground, fourth floor, eighth floor, and than 0.1 g) is about 0.06 sec at roof levels. Maximum recorded accelera approximately 25 Hz. This record has been tion is less than 0.05 g at an epicentral attributed to a magnitude 2.7 event (depth distance of 40 km. 1.5 km) on August 27, 1978 at 10:23:08 UTC and contains the largest known recorded A CSMIP triaxial accelerograph at the acceleration from an earthquake in central Physical Plant station on the UCSB campus or eastern North America. Epicentral dis recorded a peak horizontal ground tance is about 1 km. The absence of acceleration of about 0.37 g in the south trigger minus S or S-P intervals on any of direction (epicentral distance 13 km). the 21 records indicates sources very near Duration of strong-motion was approxi the recording stations. mi 222° V-s-,-1 up COURTHOUSE h AFTERSHOCK 132° -5 cm- 340° up 12g 250° CACHUAAA DAAA CREST -5 SECONDS- CACHUAAA DAAA TOE 340° up .07g 250° Figure 41. Accelerograms from Santa Barbara Courthouse and Cachuma Dam, Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 August 1978. Component direction refers to direction of case acceleration for upward trace deflection on accelerogram. 102 MONTICELLO DAM, ABUTMENT STATION 27 August, 1023 UTC 27-31 August 0.25g 180° 180° UP UP 090° 090° 5CM 5 SECONDS j___i___i___i 31 August - 6 November 31 August - 6 November 180° 180° 0.22g UP UP 090° 090° 0.24g Figure 42. Selection of Monticello Dam accelerograms from the Jenkinsville, South Carolina earthquakes of February to November 1978. 103 Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978 Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s) 7 June 1977- Wahaula, Hawaii 19.33 N. ** 16 November 1977 Visitor Center 155.03 W. S. Hawaii (USGS) Epicenters and magnitudes unknown Note: Two additional records were obtained at Wahaula; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 g 9 June 1977- Pahala, Hawaii 19.20 N. 155 .05 10 November 1977 Kau Hospital 155.47 W. Up .02 S. Hawaii (USGS) 065 .03 Epicenters and magnitudes unknown Note: One additional record was obtained at Pahala; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 g 13 October 1977- Carbon Canyon Dam 33.91 N. 2 .9 ** 3 March 1978 Crest 117.84 W. S. California (ACOE) Epicenter and magnitude unknown 3 October 1977- Niland, Calif. 33.24 N. 1 .7 090 .11 1-peak 21 March 1978 Fire Station 115.51 W. Up .04 Imperial Valley (CDMG) 360 .04 Epicenter and magnitude unknown 4 November 1977- El Centre Array 2 32.92 N. - ** 20 March 1978 Keystone Rd . 115.37 W. Imperial Valley (USGS) Epicenters and magnitudes unknown Note: One additional record was obtained at Array 2; maximum acceleration less than 0. 05 g. 14 November 1977- El Centre Array 6 32.84 N. 2 .2 230 .14 1-peak 20 March 1978 Huston Rd. 115.49 W. Up - Imperial Valley (CDMG) 140 .21 0.3 Epicenters and magnitudes unknown 2 .1 230 .07 UP - 140 .17 1-peak 2 .1 1C 1C 2 .0 230 .04 Up - 140 .06 15 November 1977 El Centre Array 7 32.83 N. 1 .1 ** 1913 UTC Imp. Valley College 115.50 W. Imperial' Valley (USGS) 32.83N., 115. 47W. Magnitude 3.4 15 November 1977 El Centre Array 7 32.83 N. 1 .6 230 .05 2200 UTC Imp. Valley College 115.50 W. Up .03 Imperial Valley (USGS) 140 .06 Epicenter and magnitude unknown 15 November 1977- El Centre Array 9 32.79 N. - ** 23 March 1978 Commercial Ave. 115.55 W. Imperial Valley (USGS) Epicenter and magnitude unknown Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 1978 Continued Event Station name Station S-t 2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord . ( s) <2> (s) 11 December 1977 Bonds Corner, Calif. 32.693 N. - ** 0557 UTC Ground Level 115.338 W. Imperial Valley (USGS) 32.57N., 115. 32W. Magnitude 3.4 26 March 1978 Ukiah, Calif. 39.20 N. 270 .25 1.0 0027 UTC Coyote Dam, Crest 123.18 W. Up .14 0.3 N. California (ACOE)+ 180 .30 1.3 39.09N., 123. 34W. Magnitude 4.5 Ukiah, Calif. 39.20 N. 270 .34 1.1 Coyote Dam, Toe 123.18 W. Up .09 - (ACOE)+ 180 .22 1.2 Ukiah, Calif. 39.19 N. 270 .20 0.8 Coyote Dam, Abutment 123.18 W. Up .07 - (ACOE)+ 180 .11 1-peak 26 March 1978- Ukiah, Calif. 39.20 N. 270 .11 1-peak 27 March 1978 Coyote Dam, Crest 123.18 W. Up .04 - N. California ( ACOE ) 180 .07 - Epicenters and magnitudes unknown Note: Two additional aftershocks recorded at crest station and three aftershocks each recorded at abutment and toe stations Maximum acceleration less than 0 .05 g. 25 March 1977 Brawley Airport 32.99 N. 1.8 315 .06 _ 1544 UTC Ground Level 115.51 W. UP .02 - Imperial Valley (USGS) 225 .07 - 32.97N., 115. SOW. Magnitude 3.4 21 October 1977 Brawley Airport 32.99 N. ** 0612 UTC Ground Level 115.51 W. Imperial Valley (USGS) 32.90N., 115. SOW. Magnitude 4.3 24 February 1978- Jenkinsville, S.C. 34.30 N. 16 March 1978 Monticello Dam 81.33 W. Jenkinsville, S.C. (USGS) Epicenters and Abutment - 090 .05 - magnitudes unknown (Office) Up .03 - 360 .03 - _ * * - X * Shared abutment _ 180 .15 1-peak (Center crest) Up .10 1-peak 090 .07 - _ 180 .06 _ Up .06 - 090 .07 - * * * * 16 March 1978- Jenkinsville, S.C. 34.30 N. 3 May 1978 Monticello Dam 81.33 W. Jenkinsville, S.C. (USGS) Epicenters and Shared abutment 180 .06 magnitudes unknown (Center crest) UP .04 090 .09 Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s) Note: One additional (questionable) event was recorded; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 g. 20 March 1978- El Centro Array 2 32.92 N. 31 May 1978 Keystone Rd 115.37 W. Imperial Valley (USGS) Epicenter and magnitude unknown El Centro Array 9 32.79 N. Commercial Ave 115.55 W. (USGS) 2 May 1978 El Centro Array 4 32.86 N. 230 ,05 0617 UTC (a) Anderson Rd 115.43 W. Up 02 imperial Valley (USGS) 140 05 32.85N., 115.42W. Magnitude 3.2 El Centro Array 6 32.84 N. 2.7 Huston Rd 115.49 W. (CDMG)+ 2 May 1978 El Centro Array 4 32.86 N. 2.0* 230 ,03 0617 UTC (b) Anderson Rd 115.43 W. Up ,07 Imperial Valley (USGS) 140 ,05 Epicenter and magnitude unknown El Centro Array 6 32.84 N. 2.8* Huston Rd 115.49 W. (CDMG)+ 5 May 1978 Talkeetna, Alaska 62.30 N. 0533 UTC FAA-VOR 150.10 W. Central Alaska (USGS) + 63.14N., 150.85W. Magnitude 5.0 11 May 1978 Halls Valley 37.34 N. 1.1 1157 UTC Grant Ranch 121.71 W. San Jose , Calif. (CDMG)+ 37.38N., 121.76W. Magnitude 3.8 11 May 1978 Halls Valley 37.34 N. 1218 UTC Grant Ranch 121.71 W. San Jose, Calif. (CDMG) + 37.37N., 121.77W, Magnitude 3.7 12 May 1978 Talkeetna, Alaska 62.30 N. 1216 UTC FAA-VOR 150.10 W. Central Alaska (USGS) + 62.IN., 149.2W. Magnitude 5.0 4 June 1978 Carbon Canyon Dam 33.91 N. 0357 UTC (ACOE)+ 117.84 W. S. California 33.92N., 117.83W, Crest 1.8 ** Magnitude 3.6 Right Abutment 1.8 ** Diemer Filter Plant 33.91 N. (MWD)+ 117.82 W. Admin. Bldg. 1.8 Table 8. Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner) 1 coord.(s) (g) (s) Reservoir 1.8 * * Orange Co. Reservoir 33.94 N. 2.0 ** (MWD)+ 117.88 W. 13 August 1978 Cachuma Dam 34.59 N. 2254 UTC (USER) 119.98 W. Santa Barbara, Calif 34.37N., 119. 72W. Crest 2.1 340 .08 Up .02 - Magnitude 5.5 250 .12 1-peak Toe 2.1 340 .03 " Up .02 250 .07 Santa Barbara 34.424 N. 1.9 222 .21 1.3 Courthouse Basement 119.712 W. Up .07 (USGS) 132 .10 1-peak U.C. Santa Barbara 34.422 N. 3.0 180 .37 1.5 Physical Pfant 119.851 W. Up .14 1-peak (CDMG) 090 .31 1.5 U.C. Santa Barbara 34.416 N. 3.0 North Hall 119.846 W. (CDMG) Ground Floor (center) 360 .442.0 channel (1) Ground Floor (center) Up .Ill-peak channel (2) Ground floor (center) 090 .272.5 channel (3) Ground floor (end) 360 .38 2.0 channel (4) Third floor (center) 360 .645 channel ( 5 ) Third floor (cente) 090 .56 6 channel ( 6 ) Roof level (center) 180 .99 9 channel (7) Third floor (west end) 360 .595 channel ( 8 ) Third floor (east end) 360 .665 channel (9) Santa Barbara 34.424 N. 0.9 Freitas Bldg. 119.698 W. (CDMG) Roof level (center) 360 .30 5 channel (1) Second floor (center) 090 .301 channel (2) Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued Event Station name Station S-t2 Direct ion3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s) Basement (center) 090 .22.1 channel ( 3 ) Roo f 1 ev el ( cen te r ) 090 .67 7 channel (4) Roof level (west end) 360 .215 channel ( 5 ) Second Floor (center) 360 .171 channel (6) Second floor (west end) 360 .16 .5 channel (7) Basement (center) 360 .13 1-peak channel (8) Basement (center) Up .10 1-peak channel (9) Note: Acceleration and duration»data for UCSB (Physical Plant and North Hall) and Goleta (Freitas Bldg.) are approxi mations . Ventura, Calif. 34.276 N. - Holiday Inn 119.294 W. (CDMG) Note: Building is 12 stories above ground level and is instru mented with a 12-channel CRA-1 remote recording system. Accelerometers are located at ground, 4th floor, 8th floor, and roof levels. A vertical starter is located at ground level; a horizontal starter is located at the roof level. Goleta, Calif. 34.47 N. 2.4 090 .24 1.0 Glen Annie Rd 119.89 W. Up .08 (SCE) 360 .28 l.i Note: A small aftershock was recorded at U.C. Santa Barbara Physical Plant and Santa Barbara Courthouse. Maximum acceleration less than 0.05 cj. Two seismoscope records were recovered at UCSB and Santa Barbara Courthouse; maximum relative displacements are 4.06 and 3.42 cm, respectively. 27 August 1978 Jenkinsville, S.C. 34.30 N. 1023 UTC Monticello Dam 81.33 W. Jenkinsville, S.C. (USGS)-f 34.31N., 81.33 W. Magnitude 2.7 Shared abutment 180 .25 .06 (Center crest) Up .08 090 .20 .16 180 .08 Up .04 090 .06 31 August 1978- Jenkinsville, S.C. 34.30 N. 6 November 1978 Monticello Dam 81.33 W, Jenkinsville, S.C, (USGS) Epicenters and Table 8. Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during J978~Continued Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction Max accl Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s) magnitudes unknown Shared abutment 180 .06 (Center crest) Up .03 - 090 .06 - _ 180 .07 _ Up .03 - 090 .10 1-peak _ 180 .04 _ Up .03 - 090 .06 - * * _ 180 .05 _ Up .05 - 090 .12 1-peak _ 180 .08 _ Up .06 - 090 .09 - _ 180 .22 .1 Up .11 1-peak 090 .16 0.1 _ 180 .13 0.3 Up .17 0.2 090 .24 0.3 11 November 1977- Palm Springs North 33.92 N. 1.3 300 .12 1-peak 25 August 1978 Post Office 116.54 W. Up .03 - palm Springs, Calif. (USGS) 210 .07 - Epicenter and magnitude unknown 28 March 1978- Pahala, Hawaii 19.20 N. * * 27 August 1978 Kau Hospital 155.47 W. S. Hawaii (USGS) Epicenters and magnitudes unknown Honokaa, Hawaii 20.081 N. * * Fire Station 155.465 W. (USGS) Wahaula, Hawaii 19.33 N. 1.4 * * Visitor Center 155.03 W. (USGS) Note: Three additional records were obtained at Visitor center; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 g. 23 June 1978 Salton Sea 33.18 N. 0.9 315 .08 _ 0404 UTC National Wildlife 115.62 W. Up .03 - S. California Refuge 225 .02 - Epicenter and (USGS) magnitude unknown 15 August 1978- Santa Barbara 34.434 N. 1.7 * * 11 December 1978 Courthouse Basement 119.712 W. Santa Barbara, (USGS) Calif. Epicenter and magnitude unknown Table 8.--Summary of U.S. accelerograph records recovered during 7978 Continued w« _~ ~ ._._~ ._ _._ _ v ______._ ___ _ w ._._.___ _ _ M __ w ______M ______._ M ______M ______M ______,______M , Event Station name Station S-t2 Direction3 Max accl4 Duration5 (owner)1 coord.(s) (g) (s) __...._...... _...... ____..______.______..______.______._ «««««««««« ., 4 October 1978 Pine Flat Dam 36.83 N. - ** 1642 UTC Piedra, Calif. 119.33 W. Bishop, Calif. (ACOE)+ 37.53N., 118.66W. Magnitude 5.7 Note: One event recorded at stations located at the toe, downstream, and outlet tower levels 2 and 5; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 £. Buchanan Dam 37.22 N. - ** (ACOE)+ 119.98 W. Note: One event recorded at stations located at the crest, abutment, and outlet tower upper and lower levels; maximum acceleration less than 0.05 cj. XACOE - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CDMG - California Division of Mines and Geology MWD - Metropolitan Water District SCE - Southern California Edison USER - U.S. Bureau of Reclamation USGS - U.S. Geological Survey + - WWVB time code is incomplete or nonexistent; correlation of accelerogram with event is questionable. 2 S-wave minus trigger time. * Denotes S-P interval, that is, the earthquake occurred within the instrumental run-time of a previous event. 3Azimuthal direction of case acceleration for upward trace deflection on accelerogram (opposite direction to pendulum motion). Case acceleration for vertical component indicated as up or down. 4Unless otherwise noted, maximum acceleration recorded at ground or .basement level. ** Denotes maximum acceleration is less than 0.05 cj at ground stations or less than 0.10 cj at upper floors of buildings. 5Duration for which peaks of acceleration exceed 0.10 q. References Bath, Markus, 1966, Earthquake energy and Miller, R. K. and Felszeghy, S. F., 1978, magnitude, in Physics and Chemistry Engineering features of the Santa of the Earth~Volume 7: Oxford and Barbara earthquake of August 13, New York, Pergamon Press, p. 115-165. 1978: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and University of Bennett, J. H., Sherburne, R. W. , Cramer, California, Santa Barbara, UCSB-ME- C. H., Chesterman, C. W., and Chap 78-2, 140 p. man, R. H., 1979, Stephens Pass earthquakes: California Geology, v. Nicholson, C. and Singh, S., 1978, A 32, no. 2, p. 27-34. detailed microearthquake study of the New Madrid Fault Systems western Converse, A., 1978, Strong-motion informa Tennessee segment (abstract): Earth tion retrieval system user's manual: quake Notes, v. 49, p. 19. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 79-289, 51 p. Nuttli, 0. W. 1973, Seismic wave attenua tion and magnitude relations for DuBois, S. M., and Wilson, F. W., 1978, eastern North America: Journal of List of earthquake intensities for Geophysical Research, v. 78, no. 5, Kansas, 1867-1977: Kansas Geological p. 876-885. Survey, Environmental Geology Series 2, 56 p. Porcella, R. L., 1978a, Recent strong- motion records, in Seismic Engineer Gutenberg, B. and Richter, C. P., 1956, ing Program Report, January - April Magnitude and energy of earthquakes: 1978: Geological Survey Circular Annali di Geofisca, v. 9, no. 1, p. 785-A, p. 1-2. 1-15. Porcella, R. L., 1978b, Recent strong- Johnson, C. E., 1979, I. CEDAR - An motion records, in Seismic Engineer approach to computer automation of ing Program Report, May - August short-period local seismic networks, 1978: Geological Survey Circular Ph.D. Thesis, Division of Geological 785-C, p. 1. and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology. Porcella, R. L., 1978c, Recent strong- Lawson, J. E., Jr., 1978, A preliminary motion records, in Seismic Engineer duration magnitude scale for local ing Program Report, September and regional earthquakes recorded at December 1978: Geological Survey Oklahoma seismograph stations: Circular 785-C, p. 1. Oklahoma Geophysical Observatory Open-file Report, 14 p. Porcella, R. L., Maley, R. P., and Acosta, A. V., 1978, Strong-motion results Lee, W. H. K., Johnson, C. E., Heneyey, T. from the Santa Barbara, California L., and Yerkes, R. C., 1978, A pre earthquake of August 13, 1978, in liminary study of the Santa Barbara, Seismic Engineering Program Report, California earthquake of August 13, May - August 1978: Geological Survey 1978 and its major aftershocks: U.S. Circular 7R5-B, p. 8-10. Geological Survey Circular 797, 11 p. Porter, L. D., 1978, Compilation of Luza, K. V., 1978, Regional seismic and strong-motion records recovered from geologic evaluations of Nemaha the Santa Barbara earthquake of 13 Uplift: Oklahoma, Kansas, and August 1978: California Division of Nebraska, Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. Mines and Geology, Preliminary Report 38, p. 49-58. 22, 43 p. McKenzie, M. R., Miller, R. D., and Uhr- Richter, C. F., 1958, Elementary Seismol hammer, R. A., 1978, Bulletin of the ogy: San Francisco, Calif., W. H. Seismographic Stations, v. 48, nos. 1 Freeman and Co., Inc., 768 p. and 2, 83 p., January 1, 1978- December 31, 1978. Stanley, K. 0., and Wayne, W. J., 1972, Epeirogenic and climatic controls of Merriam, D. F., 1956, History of earth early Pleistocene fluvial sediment quakes in Kansas: Bulletin of the dispersal in Nebraska: Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, v. the Geological Society of America v. 46, no. 2, p. 87-96. 83, p. 3675-3690. Toppozada, T. R., 1978, Earthquakes in the Local Earthquakes and Teleseisms Willits-Ukiah area: California (SCARLET) Caltech - USGS Monthly Epi Division of Mines and Geology, Cali centers from March 1978 to January fornia Geology, June 1978, p. 146- 1979: Seismological Laboratory, 147. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Whitcomb, J. H., Alien, C. R., Blanchard, Technology. A. C., Fisher, S. A., Fuis, G. S., Hutton, L. K. , Jenkins, D. J., John Wood, H. O., and Neumann, F., 1931, Modi son, C. E., Reed, B. A., Richter K. fied Mercalli Intensity Scale of J., 1978, Southern California Array 1931: Bulletin of the Seismological for Research on Local Earthquakes and Society of America, v. 21, no. 4, p. Teleseisms (SCARLET) Caltech - USGS 277-283. Monthly Preliminary Epicenters for January 1977 to March 1978: Seismo- logical Laboratory, Division of Geo Woollard, G. P., 1958, Areas of tectonic logical and Planetary Sciences, Cali activity as indicated by earthquake fornia Institute of Technology. epicenters: American Geophysical Union. Trans., v. 39, p. 1135-1150. Whitcomb, J. H., Alien, C. R., Blanchard, A. C., Fisher, S. A., Fuis, G. S., Zollweg, James, 1974, A preliminary study German, P. T., Hutton, L. K., John of the seismicity of the central son, C. E., Lamanuzzi, V. D., Reed, United States: St. Louis University B. A., Richter, K. J., 1979, Southern unpublished undergraduate report, 15 California Array for Research on P- NGSDC PUBLICATIONS (SOLID EARTH) The publications listed below are available from the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center, NOAA/EDIS, (D61), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303. Please allow 4 weeks for receipt of the reports. Minimum charge per order is $3. SE-1 Catalog of Tsunamis in Alaska, March 1976...... $1.00 SE-2 Geodynamics International-9, June 1976...... 1.00 SE-3 Summary of earthquake Focal Mechanisms for the Western Pacific - Indonesian Region 1929-1973, March 1977, NTIS...... ** SE-4 Catalog of Tsunamis in Hawaii, March 1977...... 1.00 SE-5 Geodynamics International-10, April 1977...... 1.00 SE-6 Catalog of Seismograms and Strong-Motion Records, May 1977...... 2.00 SE-7 Directory of Seismograph Stations, July 1977, NTIS No. PB 271684/AS...... ** SE-8 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 2, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, the Pacific, August 1977, NTIS No. PB 271291/AS...... ** SE-9 Survey of Practice in Determining Magnitudes of Near Earthquakes, Part 1, North, Central, and South America, January 1978...... 2.00 SE-10 Geodynamics International-11, January 1978...... 2.00 SE-11 The Information Explosion and Its Consequences for Data Acquisition Documentation, and Processing, May 1978...... 1.00 SE-12 Geodynamics International-12, April 1978...... 2.00 SE-13 Bibliography of Statistical Aspects of Seismicity, August 1978...... 2.00 SE-14 Directory of U.S. Data Repositories Supporting the International Geodynamics Project, August 1978...... 2.00 SE-15 Geodynamics International-13, November 1978...... 2.00 SE-16 Geodynamics International-14, April 1979...... 2.00 SE-17 Annual Mean Values of Geomagnetic Components for Selected Observatories, 1940-73, June 1979...... 2.00 SE-18 Homogeneous Magnitude System of the Eurasion Continent: P Waves, August 1979...... ~...... 2.00 SE-19 Geodynamics International-15, August 1979...... 2.00 SE-20 Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice, September 1979, NTIS No. PB 80107196...... ** SE-21 Geomagnetic Observatories 1978, November 1979...... 3.00 SE-22 Historical Seismogram Filming Project: F,irst Progress Report, November 1979, NTIS No. PB 80146095...... /...... ** NGSDC-1 A Historical Summary of Earthquake Epicenters In and Near Alaska, April 1976...... 2.00 NGSDC-2 Final Report: An Analysis of Earthquake Intensities with Respect to Attenuation, Magnitude and Distance, August 1976...... 2.00 NGSDC-3 An Analysis of Earthquake Intensities and Recurrence Rates In and Near Alaska, October 1976...... 2.00 NGSDC-4 Reevaluation of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale for Earthquakes Using Distance as Determinant, January 1978...... 4.00 NGSDC Data Fact Sheet No. 1. Some Summary Geomagnetic Activity Data 1932-1976 (1977) ...... 1.00 Publication 40-1, Magnetism of the Earth...... 3.00 Magnetic Surveys - Serial 718, 1964...... 3.00 Magnetic Poles and the Compass - Serial 726, 1962...... 1.00 KGRD 2 Bibliography and Index to Literature on Manganese Nodules (1874-1975), September 1978, NTIS No. PB 257218...... ** KGRD 5 Earthquake Data File Summary, May 1976...... 1.00 KGRD 6 Catalog of Strong-Motion Seismograph Stations and Records, NTIS No. COM-74-10714...... ** KGRD 7 Catalog of Earthquake Photographs, December 1976...... 3.00 KGRD 8 Catalog of Digital Bathymetric Data for the United States Coastal Regions. ** KGRD 9 Catalog of Seismogram Archives, May 1977...... 1.00 KGRD 10 The Marine Geophysical Data Exchange Format - "MCD77," September 1977..... 1.00 KGRD 11 Summary of Digital Marine Geophysical Data Holdings (Bathymetric, Gravimetric, and Magnetic Data), September 1978...... 1.00 Proceedings of Marine Geology Data Management Workshop, May 22-24, 1978...... Free Principles Underlying the Interpretation of Seismograms, Special Publication No. 254 (1966)...... 4.00 Publication 41-1, Earthquake History of the United States, Revised Edition through 1970 (1973)...... 5.00 Earthquake History of the United States (1971-76 Supplement) 1979...... 2.25 Publication 41-2, Earthquake Investigation in the Western United States, 1931-1964 (1965)...... 3.00 United States Earthquakes (Annual report available from 1928 through 1976)...... ** United States Earthquakes, 1977 (Annual report available from 1928)...... **** Earthquake Data Services and Publications, October 1978...... Free Geomagnetism (Solid Earth) Data Services and Publications, October 1978...... Free Marine Geology and Geophysics Data Services and Publications, October 1978...... Free The Puget Sound, Washington, Earthquake of April 29, 1966...... 1.00 The Parkfield, California, Earthquake of June 27, 1966...... 1.00 The Fairbanks, Alaska, Earthquake of June 21, 1967...... 1.00 Tetrahedron Globe, 1976 (Q) - Earthquake Epicenters of the World...... *** Icosahedron Globe, 1977 (S) - Earthquake Epicenters of the World...... *** Icosahedron Globe, 1978 (N-N) - International Geomagnetic Reference Field...... *** Icosahedron Globe, 1979 (S) - International Geomagnetic Reference Field...... *** Volcanoes of the World map (L.D. Morris, T. Simkin, and H. Meyers) 1979...... 2.50## Terrestrial Heat Flow Data map, 1976...... 2.50## Geothermal Energy in the Western United States map, 1979...... Free Geothermal Energy in Alaska and Hawaii map, 1979...... Free Geopressured-Geothermal Energy in Reservoir Fluids of the Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin map, 1979...... Free Geothermal Energy Resources of the Western United States map, 1979...... Free Geothermal Resources of Idaho map, 1980...... Free# **Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. ***Price: 10 or more copies, $0.10 each; 2 to 9 copies; $1 total; 1 copy free. ****Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash ington, DC 20402. ##Available from NOAA, National Ocean Survey, (C44), 6501 Lafayette Ave., Riverdale, MD 20840. #For availability consult NGSDC.