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Pdf 969.08 K DEEJ (2018) 7 (2) 11-22 Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal Journal homepage: http://deej.kashanu.ac.ir University of Kashan Temporal water balance of precipitation behavior in the sand dunes of Hares- Abad area, Sabzevar, Iran Chooghi Bairam Komaki 1, Mohamad Taghi Kashki2 Received: 27/12/2017 Accepted: 16/07/2018 Abstract With announcing of the condition of water balance in sand dunes, it is easily possible biological reclamation and sustainable management of arid lands. To this end, a survey with eight vertical profiles was conducted in the sand dunes near Hares-Abad, Sabzevar, Iran, taking into account the effective factors in water balance in the soil moisture control section. Considering the morphology of sand dunes, the measurements were concentrated on two kinds of sand dunes including affixed sand dune and an active one, where the samples were distributed well on the different slopes of the active dune (three samples each from both the windward slope and the leeward slope, and one sample from the crest of the dune, and a sample as control from the fixed sand dune). Monthly moisture variations in the soil moisture control section were measured by TDR (time-domain reflectometry sensors) over two water years from 2014 to 2016. Besides, evapotranspiration rate was also calculated by the equation of water balance based on temperature and precipitation data. The findings show that the sand dunes in the study area are classified as non-infiltrative; that is to say that excess water does not reach aquifer. Keywords: Moisture, Drought, Rainfall, Percolation, Evaporation. 1. Assistant Professor, department of Arid Zone Management, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, Iran, [email protected] 2. PhD Candidate, natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Mashhad, Iran DOI: 10.22052/jdee.2018.112114.1027 11 C.B., Komaki, M.T., Kashki / Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal (2018) 7 (2) 11-22 1. Introduction different water requirements(ChunWang and Arid lands cover about one-third of the Earth’s GuangSheng, 2001). continental surface and are expanding rapidly, In addition to annual precipitation, moisture due to climate change and land degradation content of the root zone is controlled by other (Dregne, 1991). Moreover, drought events and resources including groundwater, and air water scarcity in drylands are becoming a more humidity; they can play a significant role in the frequent environmental problem(Dong et al., supply of the water needed for plants in sand 2013). The water stored in sand dunes is an dunes. Additionally, land management systems important resource for plants in desert areas affect the moisture content in arid lands; water where it can be brought through the meteoric infiltration has a positive correlation with precipitation(Berndtsson et al., 1996; Wen et precipitation in all land uses; while there exists al., 2014). In semi-arid and arid regions, where a lag time in response to rainfall in deeper soil evapotranspiration is always higher than layer. Despite this lag time, moisture content of rainfall, information about water balance is the deep layers (80-120 cm) is stable(Niu et al., important(Pedram et al., 2017). Because of 2015). evapotranspiration in the revegetated sand Stabilization of sand dunes changes dunes and evaporation from bare sand dunes, hydrological characteristics of dunes; hydraulic water deficit is considered the main determinant conductivity is reduced in fixed dunes owing to of success in vegetation restoration and sand the changes in clay, silt and organic matter dune stabilization programs. In general, content resulting in lower infiltration rates in surveying the water balance in sand dunes can inactive dunes(Hugenholtz and Koenig, 2014). be acquired from weekly to yearly timescales. Biological crusts have also a great influence on The survey of water balance and the status of water regime in dunes. They can deter water the moisture regimes are important in infiltration, redistribute runoff and reduce determining soil hydrological groups. evaporation and wind erosion in dune systems Additionally, collecting information about the (Coppola et al., 2011). Their presence will effective parameters in water balance such as improve vegetation cover due to higher rainfall, infiltration, evapotranspiration and any volumes of fine particles as well as favorable moisture variations within soil profile will help microclimatic conditions(Yair et al., restoration programs, leading to the 1997).Morphology of dunes could also affect implementation of a sustainable land infiltration rate; as findings in the moisture and management. This information will also help temperature profiles of sand dunes after rainfall determine accurate timing of seeding, seedling in Tengger Desert in Northwestern China show transfer, and supplementary irrigation, and even the infiltration mainly occurs in flat sections, the utilization of the fixed sand dunes for explicitly in dune crests and interdune area. agricultural purposes. Therefore, based on the Rainfall alters temperature pattern of dunes water balance potential usage of sand dunes from horizontally layered to vertical form. needs to be assessed on a scientific basis. This Vegetation and soil texture also influence the may lead to effective establishment and status of water balance. Monitoring soil water production of plants in desert rangelands (Tsoar balance and aquifer recharge on the Hanford and Zohary, 1985). In other words, in Research Site in southwestern Washington, DC, considering rain use efficiency in sand dunes, for a six-year period (2004-2009) showed that acquiring knowledge about the spatiotemporal the rates of groundwater recharge or percolation distribution of water is necessary; this can varied from about zero in well-vegetated fine- greatly improve the procedure of plant textured soil to more than 86 mm per year in establishment and calculation of their water the barren and coarse-grained surfaces requirements(Rummel and Felix-Henningsen, (Rockhold et al., 2009). Water deficit in 2004; Rouhipour et al., 2008). In many cases, drylands might relate to air condition; as the re-vegetation and biological stabilization of studies of moisture balance using the sand dunes fail due to paying no attention to the Thornthwaite-Mather Model in Nebraska sand water balance. Additionally, plant species have dunes (Sridhar V. and Hubbard K. G, 2010) 12 C.B., Komaki, M.T., Kashki / Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal (2018) 7 (2) 11-22 showed that even though the annual rainfall Forestry and Rangeland Organization, through was about 420mm, water loss through planting drought-tolerant species or the evapotranspiration was 861mm, and the utilization of mechanical approaches such as evapotranspiration potential was 1214mm. windbreak and oil mulch. Irrigation operations There was a surplus of water in wet season have been carried out by tanker for some distant (December and March), while there was water areas where precipitation could not support shortage at the beginning of growing season in water requirements of plants. Some projects May, and this shortage prolongs until have failed due to neglecting water balance September and October; there, water deficit principles. In other words, in vegetation might be compensated by the upstream aquifer. restoration plans and biological stabilization of The horizontal variation of water balance in sand dunes, study of water balance is necessary. megadunes and lakes, and hydrologic cycle Better understanding of the sites, water regime might be controlled by topography and and vegetation response will improve the geomorphic features; firstly, vegetation strips conservation and restoration programs in on the leeward slope of the sand dunes reflect combatting desertification. the hydrological regime inside the sandy vadose For this reason, this research aims to zone. Then the leakage of wet sand sediments investigate the vertical variations of water and secondary salinized sediments indicate the balance in fixed and active sand dunes. The pattern of water movement. Thirdly, the results will be useful in restoration and groundwater seeps and the springs near the revegetation of sand dunes as well as in lakes in the sandy hills reflect the local groundwater recharge. effects(Dong et al., 2013). Based on the soil water balance theory, soil 2. Materials and Methods water dynamics and evapotranspiration (ET) of 2.1. Study Area Characteristics artificial sand-fixing Caragana microphylla and The study area (geographically on 36 46" N Caragana korshinskii shrubs with three and 57 with an altitude of 948m different densities were researched in Horqin above sea level is located in the sand dunes of sandy land during the growing season. Results Hares-Abad, about 5 km south of Sabzevar in showed that mean soil water content of three northeast of Iran. The project was conducted in shrub densities changed with time, different an area of 1000 square meters (100m×10 m). density caused spatial changes of soil water As the effect of prevailing winds, which blow content in the deep soil horizon, but brought from the east to the west, the sand dunes little influence on soil water temporal stretch from northeast to southwest, with a trends(Zhang et al., 2013). mild slope in the windward direction in the The active sand dunes and inactive ones in eastern
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