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Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Atlanta, Georgia

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Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Atlanta, Georgia National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Atlanta, Georgia ChattattbocheelUver NdticftiilSfecreation Area Cultural Resources Southeast Region Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Historic Resource Study February 2007 written by Marti Gerdes and Scott Messer additional material by Tommy Jones edited by Jody Cook and Tommy Jones The historic resource study presented here exists in two formats. A traditional, printed version is available for study at the park, the Southeast Regional Office of the NPS (SERO), and at a variety of other repositories. For more widespread access, this historic resource study also exists in a web- based format through the web site of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more information. Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 404.562.3117 Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area 1978 Island Ford Parkway Atlanta, GA 30350-3400 http://www.nps.gov/chat About the cover: The front cover shows a photograph of Jones Bridge taken in 2006 by Tommy H. Jones. The rear cover shows a collection of images including, top left, a view of Roswell Mill, courtesy of Roswell Historical Society; center right and left, three historic postcard views of the river from the collection of Jody Cook; and, bottom, a view of the James Power House, from the Vanishing Georgia Collection, Georgia Department of Archives and History. Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Historic Resource Study Table of Contents Foreword - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ix Introduction Study Purpose and Scope - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Physical Description - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Historical Overview - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Historic Contexts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Historic Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Chapter One: The River Before 1860 American Indians During the Historic Period - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 The Creek - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 The Cherokee - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Early White Settlement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 Transportation- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Roads and Trails - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Ferries - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Bridges- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Railroads- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Agricultural Development - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Farmers and Planters - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Agricultural Production - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Industrial Development - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 Grist Mills - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Industrial Mills - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 Chapter Two: The River After 1860 The Atlanta Campaign- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 The Damage Is Done- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 Reconstruction and a New South - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Agriculture - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Labor Relations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Agricultural Production - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Transportation- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Industry - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Roswell Manufacturing Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49 Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 Marietta Paper Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 National Park Service v Akers or Banner Mill - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 The City of Atlanta- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 The 20th Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Transportation in the New Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Bridges and Ferries - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54 Roads - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 Interstate Highways - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 Agriculture in the 20th Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 Industry in the 20th Century - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 Roswell Manufacturing Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Hydroelectric Power - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Morgan Falls - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Buford Dam - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Suburban Development - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 Recreation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63 Island Ford Lodge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 Summer Camps and Retreats - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 Modern-Day Outdoor Pursuits - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 The River Today - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65 Chapter Three: Associated Historic Properties Fish Weirs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69 Roads - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 71 Bridges- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72 Settles Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 72 Jones Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73 Rogers Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 Roswell Road Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 U.S. 41 Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Little’s Ferry Bridge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Farms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Hyde Farm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 George A. Power House - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 Rogers Historic District- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 Mills - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 Roswell Manufacturing Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83 Laurel Mills - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85 Marietta Paper Company - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86 Akers or Banner Mill - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Residences - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Allenbrook- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 The Collins-Yardum House - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Island Ford Lodge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 Other Historic Structures- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 Chimneys and Piers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 Gold Branch Terraces - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 Roswell Railroad - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 Scribner Cemetery - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 Civil War Resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -100 Johnston’s River Line- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -100 Civil War Rifle Pits - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -103 vi Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area Historic Resource Study Chapter Four: Cultural Landscapes, Ethnographic Resources, Archeology, and Museum Collections Cultural Landscapes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -105 Ethnographic Resources - - - - - - - - - - - -.
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