DOCSLIB.ORG

The Promising Ability of Humulus Lupulus L. Iso–Acids Vs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Promising Ability of Humulus Lupulus L. Iso–Acids Vs molecules Review The Promising Ability of Humulus lupulus L. Iso-α-acids vs. Diabetes, Inflammation, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review Maria Ponticelli 1,* , Daniela Russo 1,2 , Immacolata Faraone 1,2 , Chiara Sinisgalli 1,2, Fabiana Labanca 1 , Ludovica Lela 1 and Luigi Milella 1,* 1 Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (I.F.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (L.L.) 2 Spinoff BioActiPlant s.r.l., Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (L.M.); Tel.: +39-0971-205-525 (L.M.) Abstract: For centuries, natural medicines have represented the only option for treating human diseases and, nowadays, plant phytochemicals are considered as promising compounds to treat or prevent chronic conditions. Among them, hop flowers (Humulus lupulus L.), typically used in brewing industries to give the typical aroma and flavor to beer, have attracted particular attention for their health promoting properties. Several in vivo/vitro studies and human interventional trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of these molecules on weight gain, lipid metabolism, glu- cose homeostasis, insulin sensitivities, and inflammation by acting on different targets. All these activities suggest a possible role of bitter hop acid in preventing metabolic syndrome and its re- Citation: Ponticelli, M.; Russo, D.; lated diseases. A systematic quest on PubMed and Scopus databases was performed to identify Faraone, I.; Sinisgalli, C.; Labanca, F.; pre-clinical and clinical studies focusing on this topic. This systematic review summarizes the results Lela, L.; Milella, L. The Promising obtained by different cell lines, animal models, and human interventional trials to propose iso-α- Ability of Humulus lupulus L. acids as medical nutrition therapy to treat or prevent metabolic syndrome and its related disorders Iso-α-acids vs. Diabetes, as diabetes, dislipidemia inflammation, etc. Inflammation, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Keywords: Humulus lupulus L.; iso-α-acids; reduced iso-α-acids; metabolic syndrome; PPAR receptors Molecules 2021, 26, 954. https:// doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040954 Academic Editor: Gilles Comte Received: 31 December 2020 1. Introduction Accepted: 4 February 2021 Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by a complex mosaic of Published: 11 February 2021 metabolic abnormalities, including visceral obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin re- sistance leading to type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular dis- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral eases. In the pathogenesis of MetS either acquired or genetic factors are involved, leading to with regard to jurisdictional claims in the rise of oxidative stress and a systemic inflammatory process. Indeed, systemic inflam- published maps and institutional affil- mation is a constant feature of metabolic syndrome since obesity is generally associated iations. with low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue resulting in the chronic activation of the innate immune system. The excess in macronutrients results in a dysregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines and cytokines from adipose tissue such as leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. 1 (MCP-1), and resistin [1]. These inflammatory mediators are not only limited to adipose Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. tissue but also reach the liver through the portal vein, and finally, other peripheral tissues, This article is an open access article like vascular tissues, where they can induce atherosclerosis, hypertension, and vascular distributed under the terms and insulin resistance [2]. According to the National Cholesterol Treatment Program Adult conditions of the Creative Commons Treatment Panel III (NCEP–ATP III), it is possible to diagnose MetS when three or more of Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the following criteria fulfilled: waist circumference over 35 inches for women or 40 inches creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ for men, fasting triglycerides level over 150 mg/dL, fasting HDL-C level less than 50 mg/dL 4.0/). Molecules 2021, 26, 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040954 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, 954 2 of 32 for women and 40 mg/dL for men, blood pressure over 130/85 mmHg, and fasting blood sugar over 100 mg/dL [3]. Due to the worldwide increase in obesity, MetS represent a serious public health prob- lem; thus, researchers have moved their attention to the study of this condition. Gener- ally, the common treatment of metabolic disorders consists of drastic dietary interventions based on the replacement of refined carbohydrates with proteins and fibers, the reduction of saturated fats, and the increment of poly-unsaturated oils. Diets are often associated with pharmacologic therapies leading to the decrease of obesity incidence, the treatment of dia- betes, and the reduction of heart disease by decreasing LDL cholesterol and reducing high blood pressure [4]. However, dietary interventions are difficult to implement in obese pa- tients, and different drugs have shown low efficacy and a high number of adverse reactions. For these reasons, new safe and effective therapeutic strategies are demanded. In particular, several studies have described the beneficial effects of various natural extracts and active principles and their potential role in the improvement of MetS related diseases, as diabetes, dislipidemia, oxidative stress, etc. [5–8]. Moreover an increasing attention has been paid to bitter compounds able to exert their activity interacting with specific gastrointestinal receptors [9]. To the best of our knowledge, the effectiveness of bitter compound present in Humulus lupulus L. using a systematic approach have not been reported yet. Hop (Hu- mulus lupulus L.) is globally known since it is the brewing industry’s raw material. Hop’s female inflorescences, also called hop cones, contain resin glands capable of secreting a yellow resinous powder known as lupulin. It is rich in different active compounds that contribute to beer aroma and stability, and that can be classified as volatile oils, bitter acids, and polyphenols [10]. Several of these molecules have been demonstrated to exert differ- ent biological activities. In particular, during the last years, hop bitter acids have been demonstrated to be possible candidates for treating and/or preventing several human dis- orders, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases [11,12]. Due to the described effects, our attention was focused on metabolic syndrome-related diseases. Several studies have recently described the ability of iso-α-acid and reduced iso-α-acid to improve metabolic disorders by affecting body weight, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory mediators. This review analyzes, using a systematic approach, research papers available to date to make a comprehensive knowledge of the recent achievements in the field of hop bitter acid activity in preventing and treating obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, sys- temic inflammation, and atherosclerosis, starting from the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds. 2. Bitter Hop acid Chemistry Hop bitter acids (25% or even more of the dry weight of hop) are phloroglucinol derivatives consisting of two series of compounds: α-acids or humulones and β-acids or lupulones (Figure1). These two groups comprise three compounds whose chemical struc- ture differs in the side chains’ composition. In fact, the α-acids’ side chain may be derived from hydrophobic amino acids, leucine, valine, and isoleucine, for humulone/lupulone, cohumulone/colupulone, and adhumulone/adlupulone, respectively [13]. The amount of α-acids depends strongly on the hop variety and it reflects the quality of the raw ma- terial used in brewer industries. During beer production, α-acids are susceptible to an isomerization process, via an acyloin-type ring contraction, by boiling hops or hop ex- tract in aqueous wort medium at high pH. As a result, the most hydrophilic and bitter iso-α-acids are produced. Depending on the spatial arrangement of the tertiary alcohol function at C(4) and the prenyl side chain at C(5) it is possible to distinguish two di- astereomeric pairs of iso-α-acids: cis-iso-α-acids and trans-iso-α-acids. It is also possible to obtain these compounds in laboratory practices by boiling α-acids in the presence of a catalyst as divalent cations, in alkaline media or by irradiation, with UV light of an α-acids methanolic solution (photoisomerization acts in a stereoselective ways and exclusively forms trans-isomers) [14,15]. Molecules 2021, 26, 954 3 of 32 Figure 1. Representation of α-acids or humulones and β-acids or lupulones. With the isomerization process from the three main α-acids analogs, six stereoisomers of iso-α-acids are produced: cis-isohumulone and trans-isohumulone, cis-isocohumulone and trans-isocohumulone, cis-isoadhumulone and trans-isoadhumulone. The ratio between the two isomers is 68:32 in favor of the cis isomers, which are more stable (half-life ≈ 5 years) than trans-isomers (half-life ≈ 1 year) due to the lower steric impedance which exists be- tween the two large vicinal side chains. However, both isomers in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Variability of Hop Latent Viroid As Induced Upon Heat Treatment
    Virology 287, 349–358 (2001) doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1044, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector The Variability of Hop Latent Viroid as Induced upon Heat Treatment Jaroslav Matousˇek,* Josef Patzak,† Lidmila Orctova´,* Jo¨rg Schubert,‡ Luka´sˇ Vrba,* Gerhard Steger,§ and Detlev Riesner§,1 *Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisˇovska´31, 37005 Cˇ eske´Bude˘jovice, Czech Republic; †Department of Virology, Institute of Hop Research and Breeding, Kadanˇska´2525, 438 46 Zˇatec, Czech Republic; ‡Federal Centre for Breeding Research, Institute for Resistance Research and Pathogen Diagnostics, Theodor-Roemer-Weg 4, 06449 Aschersleben, Germany; and §Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universita¨t Du¨sseldorf, Universita¨tsstraße 1, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany Received March 28, 2001; returned to author for revision March 30, 2001; accepted June 11, 2001; published online August 2, 2001 We have previously shown that heat treatment of hop plants infected by hop latent viroid (HLVd) reduces viroid levels. Here we investigate whether such heat treatment leads to the accumulation of sequence variability in HLVd. We observed a negligible level of mutated variants in HLVd under standard cultivation conditions. In contrast, the heat treatment of hop led to HLVd degradation and, simultaneously, to a significant increase in sequence variations, as judged from temperature gradient–gel electrophoresis analysis and cDNA library screening by DNA heteroduplex analysis. Thirty-one cDNA clones (9.8%) were identified as deviating forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptomic Analysis of Native Versus Cultured Human and Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia Focused on Pharmacological Targets Short
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/766865; this version posted September 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Transcriptomic analysis of native versus cultured human and mouse dorsal root ganglia focused on pharmacological targets Short title: Comparative transcriptomics of acutely dissected versus cultured DRGs Andi Wangzhou1, Lisa A. McIlvried2, Candler Paige1, Paulino Barragan-Iglesias1, Carolyn A. Guzman1, Gregory Dussor1, Pradipta R. Ray1,#, Robert W. Gereau IV2, # and Theodore J. Price1, # 1The University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, 800 W Campbell Rd. Richardson, TX, 75080, USA 2Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine # corresponding authors [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected] Funding: NIH grants T32DA007261 (LM); NS065926 and NS102161 (TJP); NS106953 and NS042595 (RWG). The authors declare no conflicts of interest Author Contributions Conceived of the Project: PRR, RWG IV and TJP Performed Experiments: AW, LAM, CP, PB-I Supervised Experiments: GD, RWG IV, TJP Analyzed Data: AW, LAM, CP, CAG, PRR Supervised Bioinformatics Analysis: PRR Drew Figures: AW, PRR Wrote and Edited Manuscript: AW, LAM, CP, GD, PRR, RWG IV, TJP All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/766865; this version posted September 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Genera Cannabis and Humulus Share the Same Pair of Well- Differentiated Sex Chromosomes
    Research Plant genera Cannabis and Humulus share the same pair of well- differentiated sex chromosomes Djivan Prentout1 , Natasa Stajner2, Andreja Cerenak3, Theo Tricou1 , Celine Brochier-Armanet1, Jernej * * Jakse2 , Jos Kafer¨ 1 and Gabriel A. B. Marais1,4 1Laboratoire de Biometrie´ et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Universite´ de Lyon, Universite´ Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne F-69622, France; 2Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; 3Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Zalskega Tabora 2, Zalec SI-3310, Slovenia; 4LEAF- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1349-017, Portugal Summary Author for correspondence: We recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented Djivan Prentout so far in plants (12–28 Myr old). Based on the estimated age, we predicted that it should be Email: [email protected] shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known also to possess XY chromosomes. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of an F1 family of H. lupulus to identify and study Received: 19 February 2021 the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX-DETECTOR. Accepted: 29 April 2021 We identified 265 sex-linked genes in H. lupulus, which preferentially mapped to the C. sativa X chromosome. Using phylogenies of sex-linked genes, we showed that a region of the New Phytologist (2021) sex chromosomes had already stopped recombining in an ancestor of both species. Further- doi: 10.1111/nph.17456 more, as in C. sativa, Y-linked gene expression reduction is correlated to the position on the X chromosome, and highly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Growing Area, Plant Age, and Virus Infection on the Contents of Hop Secondary Metabolites
    Czech J. Food Sci. Vol. 30, 2012, No. 6: 541–547 Influence of Growing Area, Plant Age, and Virus Infection on the Contents of Hop Secondary Metabolites Lukáš JELÍNEK, Monika DOLEČKOVÁ, Marcel KARABÍN, Tereza HUDCOVÁ, Blanka KOTLÍKOVÁ and Pavel DOSTÁLEK Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Abstract Jelínek L., Dolečková M., Karabin M., Hudcová T., Kotlíková B., Dostálek P. (2012): Influence of growing area, plant age, and virus infection on the contents of hop secondary metabolites. Czech J. Food Sci., 30: 541–547. Hops and hop products (pellets and extracts) belong to the major raw materials employed in brewing industry. Many effects such as the growing area, hop plant age, and virus infection influence the contents of the brewing-important hop secondary metabolites (α- and β-bitter acids, essential oils, and polyphenols). The clones of the Czech cultivars Saaz and German cv. Taurus were used in this work and compared with the aim to investigate the influence of the effects mentioned on the contents of hop secondary metabolites. Keywords: Humulus lupulus; hop plant age; polyphenols; essential oils; α- bitter acids; β-bitter acids The external conditions such as the growing In recent years, the effort of many scientists area, virus infection, and cultivar age have very has been to investigate the influence of the virus strong impacts on the yield of hop cone second- infection on the contents of hop secondary me- ary metabolites commonly employed in brewing tabolites, mainly BA. They found out that many (bitter acids, essential oils, and polyphenols).
    [Show full text]
  • Hops – a Guide for New Growers 2017
    Hops – a guide for new growers 2017 growers new – a guide for Hops Hops a guide for new growers FIRST EDITION 2017 first edition 2017 Author: Kevin Dodds www.dpi.nsw.gov.au Hops a guide for new growers Kevin Dodds Development Officer – Temperate Fruits NSW Department of Primary industries ©NSW Department of Primary Industries 2017 Published by NSW Department of Primary Industries, a part of NSW Department of Industry, Skills and Regional Development You may copy, distribute, display, download and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute NSW Department of Industry, Skills and Regional Development as the owner. However, you must obtain permission if you wish to charge others for access to the publication (other than at cost); include the publication advertising or a product for sale; modify the publication; or republish the publication on a website. You may freely link to the publication on a departmental website. First published March 2017 ISBN print: 978‑1‑76058‑007‑0 web: 978‑1‑76058‑008‑7 Always read the label Users of agricultural chemical products must always read the Job number 14293 label and any permit before using the product and strictly comply with the directions on the label and the conditions of Author any permit. Users are not absolved from any compliance with Kevin Dodds, Development Officer Temperate Fruits the directions on the label or the conditions of the permit NSW Department of Primary Industries by reason of any statement made or omitted to be made in 64 Fitzroy Street TUMUT NSW 2720 this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Evolution and Deorphanization of Bitter Taste Receptors in a Vampire Bat
    Integrative Zoology 2020; 0: 1–11 doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12509 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Molecular evolution and deorphanization of bitter taste receptors in a vampire bat Qin LU,1 Hengwu JIAO,1 Yi WANG,1 Ngawang NORBU2 and Huabin ZHAO1,2 1Department of Ecology, Tibetan Centre for Ecology and Conservation at WHU-TU, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China and 2Research Center for Ecology, College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China Abstract Bats represent the largest dietary radiation in a single mammalian order, and have become an emerging model group for studying dietary evolution. Taste receptor genes have proven to be molecular signatures of dietary diversification in bats. For example, all 3 extant species of vampire bats have lost many bitter taste receptor genes (Tas2rs) in association with their dietary shift from insectivory to sanguivory. Indeed, only 8 full-length Tas2rs were identified from the high-quality genome of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). However, it is presently unknown whether these bitter receptors are functional, since the sense of taste is less important in vampire bats, which have an extremely narrow diet and rely on other senses for acquiring food. Here, we applied a molecular evolutionary analysis of Tas2rs in the common vampire bat compared with non-vampire bats. Furthermore, we provided the first attempt to deorphanize all bitter receptors of the vampire bat using a cell-based assay. We found that all Tas2r genes in the vampire bat have a level of selective pressure similar to that in non-vampire bats, suggesting that this species must have retained some bitter taste functions.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Origin of Hops: Genetic Variability, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Ecological Plasticity of Humulus (Cannabaceae)
    ON THE ORIGIN OF HOPS: GENETIC VARIABILITY, PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS, AND ECOLOGICAL PLASTICITY OF HUMULUS (CANNABACEAE) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY MAY 2014 By Jeffrey R. Boutain DISSERTATION COMMITTEE: Will C. McClatchey, Chairperson Mark D. Merlin Sterling C. Keeley Clifford W. Morden Stacy Jørgensen Copyright © 2014 by Jeffrey R. Boutain ii This dissertation is dedicated to my family tree. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of individuals to whom I am indebted in many customs. First and foremost, I thank my committee members for their contribution, patience, persistence, and motivation that helped me complete this dissertation. Specifically, thank you Dr. Will McClatchey for the opportunity to study in a botany program with you as my advisor and especially the encouragement to surf plant genomes. Also with great gratitude, thank you Dr. Sterling Keeley for the opportunity to work on much of this dissertation in your molecular phylogenetics and systematics lab. In addition, thank you Dr. Mark Merlin for numerous brainstorming sessions as well as your guidance and expert perspective on the Cannabaceae. Also, thank you Dr. Cliff Morden for the opportunity to work in your lab where the beginnings of this molecular research took place. Thank you Dr. Jianchu Xu for welcoming me into your lab group at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the opportunity to study the Yunnan hop. In many ways, major contributions towards the completion of this dissertation have come from my family, and I thank you for your unconditional encouragement, love, and support.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Collecting Expedition for Wild Hops in Colorado October 1 to 5, 2019
    14 October 2019 Plant Collecting Expedition for Wild Hops in Colorado October 1 to 5, 2019 Fig. 1 (L-R) Scott Dorsch, Shaun Townsend, and Kim Hummer, participants on the expedition. Areas collected: Golden vicinity, Deer Creek, Carbondale vicinity, Clear Creek Canyon, Buckhorn Canyon, LaPorte, and Taft Hill Road, Ft. Collins. 1 14 October 2019 Executive Summary From to 1 to 5 October 2019, Dr. Scott Dorsch, O’Dell Brewing Company, Dr. Shaun Townsend, Hop Breeder, Oregon State University, and Kim Hummer, Research Leader USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository, collaborated on an expedition to collect hop genetic resources in mountain canyon regions of western Colorado. Permission for collection was obtained from private lands for collection. Import Permits were obtained from the Oregon Department of Agriculture to bring germplasm (seeds and cuttings) into Oregon. The target species was Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus from roadside mountain gorges. Between October 1 - 4, about 800 miles were driven through western Colorado. The expedition obtained 28 accessions with 25 seed samples from Carbondale vicinity, Clear Creek, Deer Creek, Golden vicinity, Buckhorn Canyon, LaPorte, Taft Road, In addition, 13 voucher specimens were collected for deposit at the US National Arboretum, Washington, D.C. Some of the associated plants included Salix monticola, Fraxinus americana, Seriphidum arbusculum Nattall, Parthenocissus quinquefolia Planchon, Prunus virginiana, Rosa sp. Clematis lingusticifolia Nuttall ex Torrey & Gray. After establishment, plant and seed accessions will be preserved at and distributed for research from, the USDA ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Morphological, molecular and taxonomic evaluation of this germplasm will be conducted after plant establishment.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,347,934 B2 Shekdar Et Al
    USOO9347934B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,347,934 B2 Shekdar et al. (45) Date of Patent: May 24, 2016 (54) ASSAYS FOR IDENTIFYING COMPOUNDS 2008, OO38739 A1 2/2008 Li et al. THAT MODULATE BITTERTASTE 2008/0167286 A1* 7/2008 Gopalakrishnan et al. ........................ 514,21016 (71) Applicants: CHROMOCELL CORPORATION, 2010/01298.33 A1* 5/2010 Brune et al. ................. 435/721 North Brunswick, NJ (US); KRAFT FOODS GROUP BRANDS LLC, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS Northfield, IL (US) CN 1341632 A 3, 2002 CN 101583717 A 11, 2009 (72) Inventors: Kambiz Shekdar, New York, NY (US); CN 101828.111 A 9, 2010 Purvi Manoj Shah, Bridgewater, NJ WO WO-0038536 A2 7, 2000 WO WO-2004O29087 4/2004 (US); Joseph Gunnet, Flemington, NJ WO WO-2006053771 A2 5, 2006 (US); Jane V. Leland, Wilmette, IL WO WO-2007002026 A2 1/2007 (US); Peter H. Brown, Glenview, IL WO WO-2008057470 5, 2008 (US); Louise Slade, Morris Plains, NJ WO WO-2008119.195 A1 10, 2008 (US) WO WO-20081191.96 10, 2008 WO WO-20081191.97 10, 2008 (73) Assignees: Chromocell Corporation, North W WSi. A2 1929 Brunswick, NJ (US); Kraft Foods WO WO-2010O886.33 8, 2010 Group Brands LLC, Northfield, IL WO WO-2010O99983 A1 9, 2010 (US) WO WO-2013022947 2, 2013 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Bachmanov et al., Taste Receptor Genes, 2007, 27:389-414.* Behrens et al., Structural Requirements for Bitter Taste Receptor (21) Appl.
    [Show full text]
  • Hop Compounds: Extraction Techniques, Chemical Analyses, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, and Anticarcinogenic Effects
    nutrients Review Hop Compounds: Extraction Techniques, Chemical Analyses, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, and Anticarcinogenic Effects Maša Knez Hrnˇciˇc 1,†, Eva Španinger 2,†, Iztok Jože Košir 3, Željko Knez 1 and Urban Bren 2,* 1 Laboratory of Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] (M.K.H.); [email protected] (Ž.K.) 2 Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; [email protected] 3 Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega Tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-2-2294-421 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 7 December 2018; Accepted: 18 January 2019; Published: 24 January 2019 Abstract: Hop plants comprise a variety of natural compounds greatly differing in their structure and properties. A wide range of methods have been developed for their isolation and chemical analysis, as well as for determining their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antigenotoxic potentials. This contribution provides an overview of extraction and fractionation techniques of the most important hop compounds known for their health-promoting features. Although hops remain the principal ingredient for providing the taste, stability, and antimicrobial protection of beer, they have found applications in the pharmaceutical and other food industries as well. This review focuses on numerous health-promoting effects of hops raging from antioxidative, sedative, and anti-inflammatory potentials, over anticarcinogenic features to estrogenic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Chalcone Synthase Homologues from Humulus Lupulus: Some Enzymatic Properties and Expression
    BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 50 (1): 48-54, 2006 Chalcone synthase homologues from Humulus lupulus: some enzymatic properties and expression P. NOVÁK*,**, K. KROFTA*** and J. MATOUŠEK*,1 Institute of Plant Molecular Biology AS CR, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic* South Bohemian University, Biological Faculty, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic** Hop Research Institute, Kadaňská 2525, CZ-43846, Žatec, Czech Republic*** Abstract The enzymatic properties of four chalcone synthase homologues CHS_H1, VPS, CHS 2 and CHS 4 from Humulus lupulus L. were investigated after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. It was found that both VPS and CHS_H1 can utilize isovaleryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA as substrates producing compounds with positions in thin layer chromatography characteristic for phloroisovalerophenone and phloroisobutyrophenone. These reactions are accompanied by the formation of associated byproducts. The formation of naringenin chalcone can be catalyzed primarily by CHS_H1. Comparatively the ability of VPS to perform chalcone synthase reaction is very limited. Since only CHS_H1 has true chalcone synthase activity, this enzyme can be considered a key enzyme in prenylflavonoid biosynthesis. Both CHS 2 and CHS 4 utilize isovaleryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA as substrates, but the reactions were prematurely terminated. In comparison with VPS and CHS_H1, the optimum pH of CHS 2 was shifted to lower value. High expression of chalcone synthase-like genes were found in maturating hop cones of cultivars with high bitter acid content (Agnus, Magnum, Target) by Northern and Western blotting using probes specific for vps, chs_H1, chs 4 and polyspecific serum risen against recombinant protein CHS4, respectively. It was also found that these cultivars maintained expression of CHS homologues for a longer period of time during cone development in contrast to time- limited expression of CHS homologues in cultivars with low bitter acids content.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172, 5744–5869 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Anthony P Davenport2, Eamonn Kelly3, Neil Marrion3, John A Peters4, Helen E Benson5, Elena Faccenda5, Adam J Pawson5, Joanna L Sharman5, Christopher Southan5, Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, 2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, 3School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK, 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK, 5Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/bph.13348/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.
    [Show full text]