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Somali Çatişmasinda Klan Kimliğinin Önemi

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Somali Çatişmasinda Klan Kimliğinin Önemi T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI SOMALİ ÇATIŞMASINDA KLAN KİMLİĞİNİN ÖNEMİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ HANA HAMOUD ALI ANKARA-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI SOMALİ ÇATIŞMASINDA KLAN KİMLİĞİNİN ÖNEMİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hana HAMOUD ALI Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Feryal TURAN ANKARA-2019 i EK-4 TÜRİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI HANA HAMOUD ALİ SOMALİ ÇATIŞMASINDA KLAN KİMLİĞİNİN ÖNEMİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. FeryalTURAN Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı _ k.hc.,.&��---�-·�� �rtf..,.�.�.... ���·······�� ..... frcı . .. �ç. ......k¼ .�ı:-�... '.Eckr.::\. Ankara-2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Prof. Dr. Feryal TURAN danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Somali Çatışmasında Klan Kimliğinin Önemi(Ankara, 2019)” adlı dönem projesindeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. Tarih: Adı-Soyadı veİmza 2 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde bir buçuk yıl boyunca değerli bilgilerini bizlerle paylaşan, kullandığı her kelimenin hayatıma kattığı önemini asla unutmayacağım saygıdeğer danışman hocam; Prof. Dr. Feryal TURAN’a çalışmam boyunca benden bir an olsun yardımlarını esirgemeyen arkadaşlarım ve çalışma süresince tüm zorlukları benimle göğüsleyen ve hayatımın her evresinde bana destek olan değerli aileme sozsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım Hana HAMOUD ALI i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................. i KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ............................................................................................ v ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ .................................................................................................... vi TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................. vii BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1.1. İçerik / Çalışmanın Arka Planı ............................................................................... 2 1.2. Problem .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3. Çalışmanın Amacı .................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Çalışmanın Önemi ................................................................................................. 8 1.5. Araştırmanın Metodolojisi ................................................................................... 10 1.7. Veri Toplama Teknikleri ................................................................................... 12 1.7.1.Araştırma Planı .......................................................................................... 13 1.7.2. Katılımcılar ............................................................................................... 13 1.7.3. Araştırma Araçları .................................................................................... 14 1.7.4. Veri Toplama Prosedürü ........................................................................... 14 1.7.5. Veri Analizi .............................................................................................. 15 1.6. Sınırlılıklar ........................................................................................................... 16 1.8. Etik Değerlendirme .............................................................................................. 17 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM SOMALİ’DE ÇATIŞMA VE TEORİK YAKLAŞIMLAR 2.1. Güncel Çatışmalar ................................................................................................ 18 2.2.Realist Grup Çatışması Teorisi ............................................................................. 21 2.3.Toplumsal Kimlik Teorisi ..................................................................................... 24 2.4. Kontrol EdilemeyenÇatışma Teorisi.................................................................... 25 2.5.Somali’deki Durum ............................................................................................... 30 2.5.1. Sivil Kayıplar ve Mogadişu’nun Güvenliği .............................................. 31 ii ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SOMALİ’DEKİ ÇATIŞMA HAKKINDA GENEL VE TARİHSEL PERSPEKTİFLER 3.1.Sömürge Öncesi Toplumsal ve İdari Yapı ............................................................ 35 3.2 Kolonial Dönemi ................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Bağımsızlık Sonrası Dönem ................................................................................ 40 3.4. Demokrasi Dönemi (1960-1969) ......................................................................... 41 3.5.Askeri Rejim (1969-1991) .................................................................................... 45 3.6. Devletin Çöküşü (1991) ....................................................................................... 50 3.7. Somali Çatışmasında Askeri Diktatörler / Savaş Ağaları .................................... 52 3.8. Somali: Klan ve Devlet Siyaseti .......................................................................... 56 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SOMALİ TOPLUMU VE KLAN SİSTEMİ 4.1. Somali’deki Klan Bileşimi ................................................................................... 58 4.2. Somali’de Akrabalık ............................................................................................ 62 4.3. Azınlık Klanları ................................................................................................... 63 4.4. Klan Koruması ..................................................................................................... 65 4.4.1. Güncel Çatışmada Klan Koruması ........................................................... 65 4.4.2.Somali’de Soydaşlık ve Hısımlık .............................................................. 66 4.4.3. Kan Bağları ............................................................................................... 68 4.4.4. Heer Sözleşmeleri ve Geleneksel Çatışma Çözümü ................................. 69 4.5.Somali’deki Silahlanmış Klan Grupları ................................................................ 72 BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM ÖNCEKİ BARIŞ ÇABALARI VE BAŞARISIZ OLMA NEDENLERİ 5.1.Somali Çatışmasında Barış Çabaları ..................................................................... 75 5.1.1.Cibuti Barış Konferansı (1991) ................................................................. 75 5.1.2.Addis Ababa Barış Konferansı (1993) ...................................................... 78 5.1.3.Kahire Barış Konferansı (1997) ................................................................. 86 5.1.4.Arta Barış Konferansı (2000) .................................................................... 87 5.1.5.Mbagathi Barış Konferansı (2004) ............................................................ 89 iii ALTINCI BÖLÜM SOMALİ’DE ÇATIŞMA BULGULAR 6.1. Modern Somali'de Klanlarin Yeri Ve Rolü ......................................................... 93 6.2. Somali Çatışmasının Klan İle İlgili Nedenleri ..................................................... 96 6.2.1.Somali’de Klan Kimliğinin Önemi ............................................................ 96 6.2.2. Klancılık Ve Siyasi Kurumlar ................................................................ 100 6.2.3. Klancılık Ve Güvenlik Güçleri (Realistic -group conflict theory) ......... 102 6.2.4. Klancılık ve Ulusal Yanlış Tanıtma ....................................................... 104 6.2.5. Okuma Yazma Bilmeyenlerin Etkisi ...................................................... 106 6.2.6. Radikal İslamcılık ................................................................................... 108 6.3. Somali Çatışmasının Diğer Anlatıları ................................................................ 109 6.3.1.Sömürge Mirası ....................................................................................... 109 6.3.2. Ekonomik Eşitsizlik ................................................................................ 112 6.3.3 Otoriterlik ve Kötü Yönetim .................................................................... 113 6.3.4. Kıtlık ve Çevresel faktörler .................................................................... 114 6.3.5. Etiyopya Faktörü .................................................................................... 115 6.3.6. Kenya Faktörü ........................................................................................ 116 6.4. Bugünkü Somali Ve Çatışmanın Dönüşümü ..................................................... 117 6.5. Klan sistemi ve Devlet birlikte kullanılabilir mi? .............................................. 118 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 120 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 124 ÖZET ............................................................................................................................ 138 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................
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