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10/9/19 Nazis in American Consciousness Senior Scholars: Interwar Europe: • What do we know about Nazis? WorkinG Out Modernity • What shapes our image of Nazis? in the Midst of Crisis Fall 2019 Prof. Kenneth F. Ledford [email protected] 368-4144 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 1 10/9/19 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 2 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP • Powerful counter-voice to economic, political, and cultural Hitler, 1923 change – National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP – Founded January 5, 1919, by Anton Drexler – Party Member 7: • Adolf Hitler of Braunau am Inn in Austria HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Early history of party gave no hint of great success • NSDAP began as inconspicuous member of vast array of – Its charismatic leader, Hitler, developed an ideology that was basis for racialist, nationalist, militarist groups that sprang up in Munich appeal to German people in early 1919 • Adopting tactic of legality after 1923, languished until Great – Founded January 5, 1919, by wood-turner Anton Drexler Depression – Hitler joined in September 1919 as party member 7 • Understanding of political developments 1929-33 crucial to understanding how NSDAP came to power HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 3 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Hitler born in Braunau am Inn in Austria – Son of lower civil servant, customs collector Alois Hitler on April 20, 1888 – Indifferent student, sought admission to art academy in Vienna but denied admission after failing admission exam several times – Lived dissolute life in Vienna 1907-13 – Absorbed antisemitism of Christian Social movement of mayor Karl Lueger – Struggled to support himself, rejecting, violently, appeals of organized working class – May 1913 moved to Munich to avoid military service HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • In August 1914, Hitler volunteered for Bavarian Army and • Initially, Hitler shared spotlight with other leaders entered service at front in France on October 23, 1914 – In 1921, formed Sturmabteilung (SA) under leadership of Captain Ernst – Served as message runner and rose to rank of corporal Röhm – Service in army was meritorious, not as valiant as he made it out to be – Heavily influenced by antisemitism of Dietrich Eckart and Julius • Won Iron Cross, First Class Streicher – October 14, 1918, hospitalized near Stettin, allegedly because of a gas – Heavily influenced by geo-racial teachings of Prof. Karl Haushofer of attack, but really because of PTSD University of Munich – December 1918 returned to Bavaria to guard POW camp, experienced – Fell into company of General Erich Ludendorff excitement of revolutionary events of April-May 1919 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 4 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Ernst Röhm HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Hitler and SA in 1926 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 5 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Gottfried Feder Dietrich Eckart Prof. Karl Haushofer HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 6 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Attempted famous Beer Hall Putsch on November 8-9, 1923 – Failed – Convicted of conspiracy to overthrow republic – Sentenced to 5 years Festungshaft in Landsberg Prison – Released after 9 months – While in prison, dictated his great ideological thesis Mein Kampf (My Struggle) to his secretary, Rudolf Hess – Developed his ideological blueprint to which he remained remarkably true for the rest of his career NSDAP Rally, Bürgerbräukeller, Munich HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Beer Hall Putsch, November 9, 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, November 9, 1923 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 7 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Beer Hall Putsch, Odeonsplatz and Feldherrnhalle HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Hitler and Ludendorff after trial 1924 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 8 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • National Socialist ideology – Anti-modern – Replace economics with biology as key to understanding existence – Stress on will – Lessons of World War I • Lebensraum and Volksgemeinschaft – Übermensch and Führerprinzip HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 9 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Key points of NSDAP Program: • Charismatic leader, der Führer, the leader – Restoration of German greatness through elimination of limits of – Organizing principle of Führerprinzip, based upon Führerbefehle Treaty of Versailles – Antisemitism, hostility to Jews as immutable bearers of modernism, capitalism, Marxism, and racial impurity – Opposition to capitalism and replacement of capitalist individualism by submission of interests of individual to greater good of racial community (Volksgemeinschaft) HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Two key concepts of “race” and “space” • Hitler drew 3 lessons from failure of Beer Hall Putsch – History is biological struggle of races organized as nations – Abandoned idea of Putsch for idea of achieving power through legal – Struggle is over space, meaning agriculturally productive land means – Agriculturally productive land in Europe viewed as existing in East • Did not entail abandonment of force – Populated by hated and inferior races – Party thus needed to diversify in both constituency and geography • Slavs and Jews, whom Hitler often equated – Both Party and SA had to be firmly subordinated to obedience to will • Ruled by Communists, whom he also equated with Jews of Führer HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 10 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP • But electoral progress slow during the years of stabilization of the Weimar Republic – May 1924 6.5% 32 deputies – December 1924 3.0% 14 deputies – May 1928 2.6% 12 deputies HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 11 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Patiently expanded organizational basis • February 28, 1925, President Friedrich Ebert died – To create “alternative culture,”, a “socio-moral environment” for – Hochverrat (High Treason) trial in Magdeburg members • 1926 – National Socialist German Student’s Association • 1926 – Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth) • 1928 – Lawyers’ Association • 1929 – National Socialist Union of School Pupils • 1929 – Medical Doctors, Teachers, other University-educated people HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 12 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Death of Ebert, 1925 • Presidential Election 1925 – First Election, March 29, 1925: 7 candidates, no majority • Karl Jarres, DVP and DNVP 10.4 MM • Otto Braun, SPD 7.8 MM • Wilhelm Marx, Zentrum 3.9 MM • Ernst Thälmann, KPD >2.0 MM HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 13 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Wilhelm Marx, Center Party, 1925 Otto Braun HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP • Presidential Election 1925 – Before runoff, Paul von Hindenburg persuaded by DNVP to become candidate of united right • First got permission from Wilhelm II in exile in Doorn – SPD backed Marx of Zentrum – KPD refused and ran Thälmann – Second Election April 26: • Hindenburg 14.6 MM 48.3% • Marx 13.7 MM 45.3% • Thälmann 1.9 MM 6.4% Ernst Thälmann HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 14 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Hindenburg Election Poster 1925 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 15 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Hindenburg, 78 when elected, favored keeping DNVP in • SPD won great electoral victory in May 1928 coalitions and SPD out – SPD returned to Reich government under Hermann Müller as Chancellor – Replaced a bourgeois bloc with a Grand Coalition – After Depression began, cooperation between SPD and Center-DDP- DVP broke down over how to cover budget deficit HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 16 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Hermann Müller (SPD), Chancellor 1928ß30 Müller Cabinet, 1928 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • DNVP under Hugenberg cooperated for NSDAP and Hitler for first time in Young Plan referendum in March 1930 • Failed, but campaign provided Hitler a platform for propaganda and respectability • NSDAP met greater success in state elections – Entered state government coalition in Thüringen in 1930 Alfred Hugenberg, Anti-Young Plan campaign HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 17 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP • Crushing budget question was how to pay for unemployment benefits during mass unemployment – Led to collapse of Müller government on March 27, 1930 – Replaced by “presidential” government led by Heinrich Brüning on March 28 – Brainchild of General Kurt von Schleicher SA as part of Harzburg Front, Anti-Young Plan campaign HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Heinrich Brüning Brüning in Reichstag 1932 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 18 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Unemployment 1929-32 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT Rise of NSDAP Rise of NSDAP Brüning Cabinet 1930 HISTORY DEPARTMENT HISTORY DEPARTMENT 19 10/9/19 Rise of NSDAP • July 1930,
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