Pharmaceutical Biology 1388-0209/98/3601-0033$12.00 1998, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 33Ð43 © Swets & Zeitlinger

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR (MÉXICO)

R. Encarnación Dimayuga*, M. Virgen and N. Ochoa

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Departamento de Agronomía, A.P. 19-B, La Paz, B.C.S., 23080, México

ABSTRACT infectious diseases are an important problem that require resolution (Sistema Nacional Epidemológica, Ethanol extracts of 109 plants reported to be used in the 1995). This is reflected in the traditional medicine of traditional medicine of Baja California Sur (México) Baja California Sur where most of the plants are used were tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylo- coccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis, against infectious diseases. Since there is little scien- Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Of these, 64 tific information about the curative properties of were active against one or more test organisms. resources used in the popular medicine of this area, we decided to investigate plants used to treat infectious ail- ments in the traditional medicine of Baja California Sur INTRODUCTION for antimicrobial activity. The low cost and simple technique of agar diffusion Researchers increasingly turn their attention to folk bioassays is advantageous in the determination of the medicine for new drug leads. The discovery of new antibacterial activities of crude drugs. This classical

For personal use only. drugs useful against clinical diseases caused by bacte- method requires the substances tested be soluble in ria, yeast, fungi, and viruses is not uncommon among water, or can diffuse into agar. Accordingly, antibacte- higher plants (Sundar, 1996), and the potential for find- rial activity was determined using the agar diffusion ing useful chemotherapeutics from the medicinal plants method with filter paper discs (Rios et al., 1988; Encar- of Baja California Sur (México) is high. There is no nación & Keer, 1991). systematic research of the therapeutic claims reported in the traditional medicine of Baja California Sur. Most native plants of this area have not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The recent appearance of reports on the identifica- tion of different natural sources with antimicrobial Collection of Plant Materials

Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 activity is evidence of an ongoing effort in the field Plants reported as used in traditional medicine of Baja (Madubunji, 1995; Sundar, 1996). California Sur were collected from different locations in According to the World Health Organization, in the region (Encarnación & Contreras, 1992; Encar- 1996, infectious diseases were the main cause of death. nación & Agúndez, 1995). Each specimen was labeled, Annually, 17 million people, mostly children, died in numbered, annotated with the date of collection, the this manner (OMS, 1996). Considering the records of locality, and the medicinal use. A set of herbarium spec- the Health Secretary and Public Assistance of Mexico, imens were retained at the Agronomy Department of the Universidad Autónoma of Baja California Sur (México) for identification. Duplicate specimens were deposited Keywords: Baja California Sur, México, plant extracts, anti- at the herbarium of the Biology Institute, Universidad microbial activity, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans. Nacional Autónoma of México, México City.

Preparation of Extracts and Disks * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. To prepare initial extracts for biological testing, one

34 R. ENCARNACIÓN DIMAYUGA ET AL.

part (approx. 5 g) of dried material was macerated for the genus level and 104 to species. The results are in 8 days with about five parts (v/v) (approx. 15 ml) of the Appendix. During the investigation of traditional ethanol (three times). Since the purpose of our study medicine as practiced in Baja California Sur, Mexico, was qualitative determination, not quantitative, the the medicinal plants reported in the Appendix were col- weight and volume of the extracts were not recorded. lected from different localities, during different sea- However, the ratio between the amount of plant and the sons, and were shown by different informants during volume of the solvent was kept constant. The ethanol the interviews (Encarnación & Contreras, 1992; Encar- extracts were evaporated at temperatures р40¡C and nación & Agúndez, 1996). As can be seen in the 20 mg of the dry residue of each sample was again dis- Appendix, in some cases a plant with the same local solved in 1 ml of ethanol. Filter paper disks (7 mm name was collected two or three times and the samples diameter) were impregnated with 140 µl (2.8 mg) of were identified with different botanical names, as for each solution and dried at room temperature. “Manzanilla del Monte” identified as Perytile califor- nica (E-250) and P. aurea, showing different anti- Microorganisms microbial activities. Another example is represented by Four different laboratory bacteria and one yeast strain a plant named “Salvia real” or “Salvia” identified as were used; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Hyptis tephrodes (E-139) and H. laniflora (E-85), Streptococcus faecalis (Gram-positive), Escherichia which also show different antimicrobial activities. coli (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans (yeast). “Cardo” or “Chicalote” has been collected several times and this plant has been identified as Argemone Growth Medium chisosencis (E-142), A. gracilenta (E-57), and A. Screening was done on plates of peptone agar (15 to ochroleuca (E-289). These three samples have shown 20% agar, pH 7.0 to 7.4) sterilized for 15 min at 120¡C. different activities and consequently may have differ- Approximately 20 ml of this medium was added to ent components which can explain why a medicinal each 100 mm sterile petri dish. Incubations were per- plant reported with one or two common names can be formed for 24 h to control sterility. reported with different medicinal uses. The informants from different localities can give a Antibacterial Testing plant different common names. For that reason, a plant

For personal use only. All tests were done by placing the disks, impregnated may be collected several times, but after taxonomical with the ethanol crude extracts, on the agar surface pre- identification, all the samples were identified as the same viously inoculated with a sterile hyssop containing a species, as for example “Salvavida”, “Hierbabuena de suspension of each type of microorganism. The sus- Castilla”, “Valeriana”, and “Poleo Silvestre”, identified pension was inoculated in 5 ml of nutrient agar liquid as Lippia alba (E-155, E-184, E-194, E-196). The four (Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms) or samples of this plant showed different activities. The 5 ml of Sabouraud liquid (yeast), and incubated for 24 amount of secondary metabolites in a plant can vary with h at 37¡C. The growth and purity of each suspension the season, the part of the plant, and the type of the soil were verified by using a Gram stain procedure. Stan- (Anand & Nityanand, 1984; Tyler et al., 1988). This can dard discs of chloramphenicol (30 mg/disk), ery- explain the differences in the results from the same plant

Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 thromycin (15 mg/disk) and nalidixic acid (30 mg/disk) material collected at different locations and times. were used as reference (positive) controls. A disk As can be seen from the Appendix, the antimicrobial treated with ethanol used for the preparation of plant screening was performed on a sample of the branch, the extracts served as a negative control. The plates were whole plant, or the aerial part of the plant, because we incubated at 37¡C for 24 h and the diameter of the took the plant part an informant indicated he used. zones of inhibition around each disc measured and It was not always possible to collect adequate recorded at the end of the incubation period. amounts of material for screening and herbarium spec- imens during the interviews. Consequently, the amounts used for extraction were not recorded but the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ratio between the amount of the plant and the volume of the solvent was always the same. Since the purpose The antimicrobial activity of 109 plants used in tradi- of the screening was qualitative, the results summa- tional medicine of Baja California Sur (México) were rized in the Appendix meet the objective of the present tested. From this group of plants, 5 were identified to investigation. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS 35

Most of the extracts were active against Gram-pos- REFERENCES itive microorganisms. Among these, 51 (46.8%) were active against S. aureus, 50 (45.9%) against B. subtilis, Anand N, Nityanand S (1984): Integrated approach to devel- and 19 (17.4%) against S. faecalis. Three extracts opment of new drugs from plants and indigenous reme- dies. In: Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Christensen SB, Kofod H, (2.8%) were active against E. coli (Gram-negative) and eds., Natural Products and Drug Development. Alfred 6 (5.5%) against C. albicans (yeast). Benzon Symposium 20, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, p. 83. In the Appendix, it can be seen that 88 (80.7%) Encarnación R, Keer GS (1991): Antimicrobial screening of plants are used in traditional medicine against different medicinal plants from Baja California Sur, México. J complaints that could be produced by microorganisms, Ethnopharmacol 31:181Ð192. such as fever, bronchitis, stomachache, achne, cystitis, Encarnación R, Contreras G (1992): Medicina Tradicional de B.C.S. Revista Médica del IMSS 30: 297Ð308 urethritis, etc. From this group of plants, 64 (58.7%) Encarnación R, Agúndez J (1995): Medicina Tradicional de were active or slightly active against one or more of the B.C.S. Revista Mexicana Cien Farm 26: 25Ð24. microorganisms used in this bioassay. Madubunji II (1995): Antimicrobial activities of the con- These results clearly show a good correlation stituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Int J Pharmacog 33: between traditional medicine and the antimicrobial 232Ð237. OMS (1996): Organización Mundial de la Salud. Informe screening results. The present study will serve as a sobre la Salud en el mundo. Combatir las enfermedades guide to help us select plants with antimicrobial activ- promover el desarrollo. Resumen de Orientación. Sadag, ity for further work on the isolation and characteriza- Francia, pp. 1Ð12. tion of active components. Rios JL, Recio MC, Villar A (1988): Screening methods for natural products with antimicrobial activity; a review of the literature. J Ethnopharmacol 23: 127Ð149. Secretaria de Salud y Asistencia Pública. Sistema Nacional ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS de vigilancia Epidemiologica (1995): Vigilancia Epi- demiologica Semana 42, México. EPI-1–95. We wish to thank UABCS and CONACYT (F500ÐN9306) Sundar RK (1996): Antibacterial activity of some medicinal for research support. We also thank Ing. Jorge Agúndez from plants of Papua New Guinea. Int J Pharmacog 34: the Department of Agronomy, UABCS, and the group (O. 223Ð225. Tellez, F. Ramos, J.L. Villa Señor, M. Sousa and T.P. Tyler VE, Brady LR, Robbers JE (1988): Pharmacognosy, 9th Ramamoorthy) of the Botanical Department of the Biological ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p. 7.

For personal use only. Institute of the Universidad Autónoma of México (UNAM) for the identification of the specimens. We are very grateful to Mark Roman of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of Accepted: October 2, 1997 the University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A. for sup- plying the microorganism strains. We are also very grateful to Dr. Fred Williams and Dr. Ellis Glazier for their assistance. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 36 R. ENCARNACIÓN DIMAYUGA ET AL. ues Table contin Table a,b vity ϪϪϪ ϪϪϪ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ th hildbir , he pion ate c ate gs us”, headac betes, , sting of scor yes, to acceler s of the le he he ac engthen teeth, y, “tetan y, kac asites, dia s, ear ysenter , par he ection in the e ay hac e oubles, and pimples elding, skin ulcer elding, , inf rhea, d vousness, bac vousness, h ulcer t ect gums, to str he te tr ar rhea, cough, xic xic hac itis osta rhea and pain in animals) en, ner tism, sting of “lopon” or e, stomac e, , diar , stomac tion, diar ses after g , pr ethr he oubles , pimples, skin ulcer , to disinf ua der hildr he essur oblems, w For personal use only. he h tr hac t hor ever lad ted to be ted to be yac t pr ea paena sp. and sting r , f t, rheuma oduces diar por por Cystitis, ur Gall b For sting of poisonous animal For (Pr blood pr Re War Hear colic in c cold or menstr Colic or stomac To tr To Scor Stomac Tonsilitis kidne Medicinal Use Bite of poisonous snak Toothac A CALIFORNIA SUR. AJ OM B t Re t Stomac ower t ar ar hes hes hes hes hes hes hes hes hes ial par ial P ves, fl ves, Whole plant Whole Branc Branc Branc Branc Branc Whole plant Whole Lea Aer Aer Branc Branc Plant P Tested Branc Branc AL PLANTS FR Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 sh) (Pur L. a v. (E-216) v. ay. (E-97) ay. L.(E-134) or y (E-218) Ca v. Link.) v. e nica ulosus A.Gr ar or ellus c eus (Ca olia lausum olia randifl CEAE br a ACEAE . (E-49) hamomilla dif CEAE oodson. (E-159) br bsinthium CTIVITY OF MEDICIN inosa sp. (E -80) CEAE gia g ACEAE ia c ar ppus spin h. (E-186) pa edulis gee) Standle one calif ia acutif her Specimen) ay) W ay) y Name CEAE icar . (E-268) ACARDIA eene) Hall (E-240) costemma c telea cor tr ande k. Sc plopa yptoste ouc OBIAL A DC subsp. sca Ha ASTERA Artemisia a (Roxb) R. Br Ma (A.Gr Sar Jac Poir gla Vallesia APOCIN Plumer (E-211) (Gr Ma Encelia f Cosmos sulphur (E-145) ASCLEPIAD Cr APIA vulg Foeniculum Mill (E-156) Spondias Beloper Benth. (E-177b) Famil Plant Name (V ACANTHA AN Cytocar (Br vado) , ANTIMICR ote rón ra hitl hitl lanco or ojo (Culti , güir xuc xuc iosa be inio ote yote ta vel Aleman vel uelo r uelo del monte uelo cimar odig Cola de z Pr Tala Güir Xacalo Blanco Ota Cacalo Manzanilla Incienso Avig Cla Hinojo, anison Cir o Rama ceniza APPENDIX. Local Name Ramajo b Cir cir ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS 37 ues Table contin Table a,b Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪ vity ϪϪϪ ϪϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪ ϩϩ obial Acti ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ Antimicr ϩϩϩϩ a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ , g eins, gs or lung , and do bies, icose v y , lood f ar s, cough , v tism, hes in the le he w spider ysenter ounds, sca , d tify the b ting colics asps, cough, tonsilitis, or k wido s, skin ulcer ever y , f lose w lac tion of intestine , to stop amp and ac , to f tion rhea, rheuma he he omote ea e, b e, hial asthma h ulcer ever amma kac , diar oubles tion, cr amma onc oubles hest ac rhea, f h tr ounds, to c , bac , c t tr cula engthen teeth, toothac lister d infl he he pion, bees and or w asites, br oubles and pr hac , hear culosis, infl itis, stones in kidne ounds, stomac ected w y, bites of snak y, asites (taenias sp.) tion, str , Stomac he rhea h tr , par tor ethr he he and diar s s, mouth b hac cula y and cough y , par For personal use only. hac hac he ama eal diseases eal diseases, cir i, umbilical cor oduce diar vomiting Cure stomac Stomac or stomac Vener Medicinal Use cough, cold Skin ulcer vener Cystitis, ur tonsilitis, tuber Stomac Skin ulcer Dysenter Headac Cough Wounds or inf Wounds antiinfl and stings of scor colds, cir fung Bruises, stomac Pr For poison, headac For t Dysenter k Pneumonia, w t ar hes hes hes hes, gum hes ial par ves wer wer Seeds Flo Whole plant Whole Plant P Tested Whole plant Whole Branc Branc Flo Lea Whole plant Whole Branc Fruit Whole plant Whole Aer Stem, bar Branc Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 k. Branc Lic L. (E-215) Weber (E-233) Weber v. (E-165) v. Benth. (E-250) Nutt. (E-256) Ca ium (L.) Cass. (E-209) HBK. (E-131) is Jacp. (E-192) L. (E-115) nica Rose. (E-66) ta. hinensis olia ficinale sp. (E-246) ata. CEAE umar or antha CEAE CEAE ea CEAE eana tula . (E-164) licif . (E-346) e. (E-185) e. sp. (E-231) hu. Bip. (E-176) gee psella CEAE a hindsiana a fi her Specimen) y Name hea odor Ca ityle calif ytile aur axacum of . Blak f escentia ala ouc Schneider Xanthium str Tagetes pa Tagetes Tagetes micr Tagetes Tagetes Famil Plant Name (V BUXA Simmondsia. c Tar AVICENNIA nitida Avicennia Pluc Pectis hank Pectis D.C. Sc Per Per Brande (Benth). Engler (E-136) Burser BIGNONIA Cr Trixis peninsular Trixis S.F Lepidium nitidium BURSERA Burser BRASSICA Af ado ojo ued) te te hitl hitl r a ojo polón rander Guisa Xempazuc Anís Xempazuc Local Name Jojoba o tecotoma Mangle r Diente de león Candelón Table (contin Table Par Manzanilla del monte Copal, copal color Cualtecoma Santa Lucía Lentejilla Copalquín Mostaza 38 R. ENCARNACIÓN DIMAYUGA ET AL. ues Table contin Table a,b ϪϪ vity ϪϪϪ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ tion, , itis, ethr amma ash e bite rhea, e, , , e, he essur ppetite ouble ay, snak ay, ystitis, ur omiting f essur y stones, t tr betes, diar yeac uf itis, gum infl age a age , e lood pr le ethr , hear rhoids, c lood pr unc titis, dia , to stop v ray, b ray, ysis in animals, to w ray, kidne ray, e, encour e, pa al he itis, b s, cancer asites ol ystitis, ur paena sp., sting r , he h ac , sting ethr essur tion, hemor omiting ve, c ve, ever e and sting , cold oduce par bor e, ulcer e, , boils or carb holester lood pr , a , stomac uises, par ever he ystitis, ur , b he ol c tism, f essur he , br , c lood tism, it is poisonous, dandr yac he omit itis he hac th to concei , “lopon” or Scor ac oubles, f ethr omiting t, headac , cough with v lood pr e animals, pr For personal use only. oa he h tr tism he iliz hildbir , stomac ic ulcer ysis, rheuma rhea with b rhea and v e thr amed gums al asites, to contr he or ear bies, rheuma Medicinal Use Sting of bee b wounds, Stomac after c par ster To Sting of poisonous snak Fever infl wounds, kidne wounds, measles, v cough, headac Ra Diar Gastr Toothac rheuma Headac cystitis, ur cystitis, Sor Par diar uit ower ower t Ac t, fl t, fr t t t ar hes hes hes hes ial par ial par ial par ial par ial par ves ves Plant P Tested Root Aer Aer plant Whole Aer Aer Branc Branc Branc Aer Branc Lea Whole plant Whole Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 avón) avón) elm.) gee) (Eng elm.(E-239) . (E-340) (E-267) i. ande (L.) (Ruíz and P Lundell. (E-158) L. (E-220) Eng x ta CEAE ae (Br ak. (E-172) Weber evei evei vii pr by (E-273) . (E-138) P. Mill. P. ta . (E-225) ACEAE sp. (E-326) ACEAE aeco CEAE CEAE gina ne ia elo gee VULA holla ia dioica ia shr eus thurber eus gummosus. OL fer ACEAE her Specimen) y Name ande . (E-178) ms. (E-304) CT haef ouc Famil Plant Name (V CA Mamillar Gibson and Acv Stenocer str Wilcoxia Britt and Rose Opuntia c Opuntia big CELASTRA Sc Stenocer K. Br Schult. (E-91) Irwin & Bar COMMELIN Tradescantia commelnoidea Tradescantia Cercidium pr Cercidium Har Senna villosa CAESALPIN Cassia emar R. Br CRASSULA Bryophyllum CONV Ipomea pes-ca aca güenza tr vo vo ver ued) ea aca, ma gría tr rillo rillo ea or ya dulce ya a ibe hi güenza, sin Local Name Table (contin Table Pitallita, viejitos Pitha Raja ma Cholla Cer Hierba del cuer Pitha Ver Palo br Palo Vic Palo z Palo Bruja Tripa de aur Tripa ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS 39 ues Table contin Table a,b vity ϩ Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪϪ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ s s, e he th, ual colics hac h ulcer oblems pion and bee maliz rhea, he y pr hildbir yac ray educe th, to nor oubles, ns, stomac eal disseases, skin ulcer ur oduces diar h tr , to r hildbir ener ts, pr ever , cough, bod e c y, colic after c y, ounds ar , f sp. and sting ounds, b or , stomac eal diseases, kidne , cold h, w he opsy ounds, v s, w lister in the mouth, stomac ysenter ener paena xpulsion of placenta, menstr hac ydr t h betes he d itis, b Scor omiting bscess in the tooth, sting of scor amed w oa hac astr ounds, v us and e s, stomac e thr ysis in animals, w tion, it isused bef tion, a asites al n skin ua ounds, dia eins, g , sor bor ur stulas, skin ulcer tion of the stomac uises, infl For personal use only. ition h ulcer he tion , fi rhoids, w oken bones oken , cough with v utr rhea lean the uter amma asites, stomac cula icose v betes, par ected w oduce par p will b oduce a Medicinal Use Diar Headac infl Maln Burns, br Pr Hemor Stomac dia and br sa to c pr Par inf Fever Sting of “lopon” or var Cancer Cir the menstr t hes anc ial par t ar hes hes hes hes ves, br ves, Plant P Tested Branc Whole plant Whole plant Whole Branc Stem Branc Fruit, aer Fruit, Lea Whole plant Whole Whole plant Whole plant Whole Branc Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 L. pus L. (E-237) osioides. is L. (E-179) nica i ocar CEAE or h (E-251) ta yana . (E-199) CEAE unis ACEAE cla sp. (E-248) CEAE .Dietr x Spac .e us esculentus her Specimen) y Name osia palmer us comm ats.(E-217) ats.(E-217) ACEAE ACEAE ypha comonduana g& Rollins (E-241) opha cunea enb iplex bar iplex ouc Famil Plant Name (V S. W Tephr FAB Melilotus CUCURBIT Cucumis dipsaceus Enr Ricin Wig macr Pedilanthus Jatr CHENOPODIA Atr Benth. D Euphorbia calif Benth. (E-160) Benth. (E-113) Rose and Goldman. (E-170) EUPHORBIA Acal (E-137) Chenopodium ambr CYPERA Cyper Millsp. (E-150) ERICACEAE peninsular Arbutus ued) alleta yote o a illa oño ote eme a tacor Local Name Table (contin Table San Isidr Trébol Trébol Melón co Higuer Candelilla, Canelilla Galletilla ó g Sanalotodo Lig Ma Hierba del cáncer o Epaz Quer H. de la fístula. Madr 40 R. ENCARNACIÓN DIMAYUGA ET AL. ues Table contin Table a,b vity ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪ ϪϪϪ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩϩ ϩϩϩ , der ge, ge, ounds, lad gs rha , w f, deafness, f, ove all b uf ounds, itis, s, g ections, th, ent, cold hest, astr culosis, ies ker of the le ker ing y, g y, itis, dandr var aginal haemor aginal ine inf oubles, impr hildbir rage in w rage oblems oubles , astr eight, ulcer ounds, “sting of animals”, ethr h tr y pr lood suc h tr ysenter tion, v betes leed hitis, tuber tion, uter lose w us after c th, b onc tion of the o bor ystitis, ur tion, d rage, hemor t, to c , constipa eins, kidne rhea, stomac hild bir eet and dia oa tion, stomac amma tism, c ever ounds, nose b , diar , cough, br voiding a voiding lean the uter e thr tion of the left side c icose v he amma ar he aginal hemor aginal he and cough ns, a rhea, constipa rhea, f , sor tion, infl lose w hac betes, pimples, to lose w or bile amma ur ac he y, rheuma y, y infl bor , f , diar , diar leeding after c tor , dia ounds v he he ge, to c ge, ever he ge, a ge, s, b s, headac vitis, b , stomac , kidne For personal use only. , deafness, to c hac hac rha tism, bad smelling f amma ual colic hac rha ual colics, v he t pain or infl ac estion, w vousness, ear vousness, Medicinal Use Cancer haemor Hemor rheuma Conjuncti skin ulcer Stomac Vomiting Ear intestinal f menstr hear ner dig vomiting Antinfl stomac Tonsilitis abscess, toothac abscess, skin ulcer Stomac t Menstr t ar hes hes hes hes ial par ves ves Plant P Tested Branc Branc Aer plant Whole Branc Whole plant Whole Branc Lea Whole plant Whole Whole plant Whole Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 ay. (E-139) ay. L. (E-154) nicum Benth. or ta sh. (E-253) A. Gr Benth. (E-85) L.(E-190) raveolens a ficinalis Pur cula vifolia vifolia CEAE ta CEAE odes or on calif via CEAE L (E-207) us of phr wissi a CEAE in ia par CEAE CEAE er her Specimen) y Name . (E-200) gonium g cus de cus tuber ACEAE um le bm. (E-166) fer amer ouc Famil Plant Name (V FAGA Quer Goldman. (E-168) Quer Lie GERANIA Pelar Mentha spica Rosmar Hyptis lanifl LORANTHA Phoradendr LILIA Aloe v KRAMERIA Lif Nutt. (E-114) (E-235) LAMIA Hyptis te Kr LIN Lin dillo eal bar ued) gro gro oble o buena. Menta buena. anio de olor Local Name Table (contin Table Encino ne Encino r Ger Hierba Romer Toje de mezquite Toje Sábila Mesquitillo, ta Salvia, salvia r Linasa ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS 41 ues Table contin Table a,b ϪϪ ϪϪ vity ϪϪϪ ϩϩ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩϩ ϪϪϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩϩ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ , mouth y, inking venado”, , high ta ns, , he ur , bitter ysenter , b uise he hing educe he after dr t, br , r hac rhea, d oa he oduce hair ge, sting of “ma ge, , diar ection, headac e thr pion and bee gy and itc tion or headac he rha bor hac ns, sor eins, tonsilitis rhea rhea, f ur betes, to pr ounds, toothac tion, aller roin betes, a ound, skin inf y, w y, ama icose v y, sting of scor y, tify the teeth, stomac s, dia ar ounds, b or tion, stomac der tion and haemor oduces diar oubles, diar us, infl ge, v ge, ysenter asites, w bor ysenter h tr , d rha ttle ud ected w , par , constipa ttle , tetan en e void a void ounds, d ounds ever ever yes, ca tion of gums, f hildr y, stomac y, essur tism, inf For personal use only. omiting t boils of the head and g tify the teeth, pr he , v ea rhea in ca or ac amma betes, haemor ected w ected e ected w w mastitis colic infl To tr To blood pr Dysenter dia Ear Ulcer Diar to calm c Measles, to a Inf Co f To Inf Medicinal Use cold and f Inf Measles, f Rheuma bad position of the bones, dia hes anc t t t ar hes hes hes hes hes hes hes ial par ial par ves, br ves, Branc Shoots Branc Branc Branc Lea Whole plant Whole Aer Branc Branc Aer Plant P Tested Whole plant Whole Branc .) Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 . (E-180) . (E-229) illd gee (Benth.) (Sesse & Moc Rose. (E-128) a Mill. (E-174) ay. (E-121) ay. Robison. (E-129) olia ta. (L.) W L. (E-219) Brande L (E-210) opter a geei geei ba A. Gr uticosus CEAE or pa L (E-52) CEAE ACEAE CEAE hisosensis CEAE a aculea ande nesiana vifl CEAE via coccinea ar W. (E-142) W. gnia macr AGIN . (E-161) her Specimen) y Name TYNIA VACEA a par TACEAE AVERA . D mentier ouc MIR Pssidium guaja Mimosa xantii Mimosa br HBK Seen. (E-90) NYCT MORINGA Par Lysiloma candida Lysiloma Mirabilis jala Mirabilis Boerhaa PAP c Argemone Desmanthus fr G.B Decne MIMOSA Acacia f MAR Proboscidea altheaf Proboscidea Famil Plant Name (V MALPHIGIA Masca MAL Malv Niedenzu. (E-108) , ambe blo ued) hicalote ato. lanca, lanco ama lanco a b ho Sambesar yabo yabo avilla avilla do o c tanel, mantenene Gua Celosa Uña de g Guajilote Palo b Palo Mar Moc Car Dai b Vinor Espuela del dia Local Name malva de castilla malva Ma Table (contin Table Malv gallineta 42 R. ENCARNACIÓN DIMAYUGA ET AL. ues Table contin Table a,b Ϫ ϩϩϩ vity ϪϪϪ ϩϩ obial Acti ϪϪϪϪ ϪϪϪϪ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Antimicr ϩϩϩϩ a b c d e ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩϩϩ Ϫ ϩϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩ ϩϩϩ , , he p t eins bas, cold e, ve, to slee ve, ti rhea, icose v ar oblems, headac vousness, hear vousness, as, amoe t pr en, diar hildr oblems, v he and g ounds, ner ples, hear ate cases of measles ate , cough, cold laxa hac ounds, der pr he lad uises w hac ns, w ur lood ation, sting of poisonous snak ation, us, br y and b vousness, slee vousness, tion and colics in c tism, to acceler tion espir tion, b , colics, stomac omiting e, tetan e, bor tion, stomac tify the b xic ever , a or amma rhea, cough itis, kidne uises and cold essur e, f e, ho-pneumonia amma eakness, ner , to f ethr he and v , br yes, constipa onc , louse eins, rheuma he essur For personal use only. , w hac he h infl lood pr tion , br titis, diar ted to be he , cold ed v , cough, to ease r ac ected e por osta Medicinal Use Chest ac Cold Fever ulcer Re Pr Pneumonia, tonsilitis palpita Bruises and infl Inf stomac High b Bruise Stomac Cystitis, ur Ear blood pr toothac hes t anc ar hes hes hes hes hes hes hes , br wer wer Plant P Tested Branc Leaf Branc Whole plant Whole Whole plant Whole Branc Whole plant Whole Flo Branc Branc Branc Whole plant Whole Branc Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 . (E-189) . (E-57)) s. (E-243) s.(E-148) er eet. (E-289 Desv onhston eene er ood & Standl.) ats. (E-171) Sw Gr ylla (L) P ta . I.M. J (L.) P S. W S. L. (E-72) L (E-149) ioph a ens. (W Jacq. (E-204) Jacq. oleuca Passini. (E-167) Passini. HBK. (E-119) yr br pense CEAE hr x. (E-193) (E-141) racilenta. otina hott (E-79) antium itum ACEAE pis pectina CEAE gunae oa edulís CEAE ina gla hinensis raveolens ole her Specimen) y Name augh.(E-169) ACEAE YPODIA globosa. us aur ACEAE us la ghum hale ACEAE illd) Sc ve and Le ve . phr ouc Famil Plant Name (V Argemone oc Argemone PIN Pin Argemone g Argemone PIPERA Piper aur ROSACEAE Prunus ser Enrh. supsp. vir var McV Rosa c Sor POL Cheilanthes m Ne PO Cynodon dactylon Condalia globosa RUT Casimir RUBIA Citr (W RHAMN Colubr Ho Ruta g o ez ued) a o esus, olpe ado pulín, cer gría lanco grito o ca te colmillo anja a ez ampión, azón de J ama pote b Local Name Pino piñoner Rama santa, Cer cor palo ne Rosa de castilla Zaca Flor de piedr Hierba del g palo santo Gr Sar Za Nar Palo color Palo Ruda Table (contin Table ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS 43 , ϩϩϩϩ Ϫ a,b ϪϪ ϪϪ vity ϪϪϪ ϪϪϪ Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪϪ ϪϪϪ ϩϩ obial Acti ϩϩϩϩ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Antimicr a b c d e Ϫ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩϩϩϩ Ϫ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩϩ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩϪ ϩϩ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩϪϪϪϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϪϪϪϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩϩ one of inhibition 15 to 20 mm in diameter; , z , ϩϩϩ he thism euma tion, after en eal diseases, bor yes, r . hildr ener vousness, headac vousness, tism, v osy ual colics, a pr asites, ner ection of the e , le Candida albicans e, menstr e, eakness, teeth in c osy itis, rheuma pr eins, inf rhea, par ; E, lose , w essur , le he ethr , skin ulcer , cough icose v hia coli lood tion ar ones of inhibition 10 to 15 mm in diameter; ic he or diar lood pr ficult to c ficult ever , v , z ystitis ur cula her tism, cold For personal use only. th, toothac ol b h ac he he y, c y, ϩϩ Esc xpel the placenta vous, f vous, , ; D Rheuma Headac childbir Medicinal Use Anemia, cold to contr Bruises, skin ulcer blood cir For poison, b For dif Wounds Stomac Ner Kidne Headac aecalis t t ar hes hes hes hes hes hes hes ial par k e To eptococcus f eptococcus Str Bar Branc Plant P Tested Branc Branc Whole plant Whole Branc Branc Branc Whole plant Whole Branc ; C, . Aer gee Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by Kainan University on 04/08/15 . ande estum . .K. (E-202) . Br one of inhibition less than 10 mm in diameter; ats (E-197) ats . Lam. (E-118) Bacillus subtilis T.S , z . cong , . H.B Rose. (E-105) CEAE ϩ ar nación 177b S. W S. i Geene f Don. (E-191) ; B lson. (E-162) .K.(E-198) CEAE ta sa eus CEAE L. (E-230) Car or H.B (Mill.) . (E-242) a ta emontii etr emontii v er hc CEAE ACEAE ACEAE a gutta own own her Specimen) y Name OPHULARIA ACEAE mania palmer ysalis phidelphica ouc one of inhibition: ZYGOPHYLA Guaicaum unijugum VIT vinif Vitis (E-184) (E-194) (E-196) mollis Vitex (E-155) Famil Plant Name (V Salix bonplandiana N.E.Br SCR Russelia r SALICA fr Populus (E-227) SOLAN fr Lycium STERCULIA Her VERBENACEAE Lippia alba Ph Solandr nudiscosta C.L. Hitc phylococcus aur e than 20 mm of diameter , no z umber: E-177b = Encar Sta Ϫ a rena rena a, e ued) esults: o estr ganisms: A, ganisms: buena de castilla, buena ta her specimen n iana, avida, avida, yacan utillo ading of r ra ra alamo Test or Test Gr Vouc Gua Table (contin Table Par Uv valer Local Name Poleo silv Sauce hierba Can Alamo a b c Basha Hierba de la cang Salv Hierba de la vibor tomate de vibor tomatillo Copa de or zone of inhibition mor zone