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Seabed Fluid Flow: the Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More Information

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Seabed Fluid Flow: the Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More Information Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81950-3 - Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More information Index Pages containing dedicated sections and definitions are in bold. abalone (Haliotis sp.; archeogastropod) 30, 33, 35, 37, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, Ahnet Basin (Algeria) 305–6 262 57, 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 88, 92, 93, Aigion (Greece) 75, 230–2 abiogenic (inorganic) 4 99, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 120, earthquake 231–2 methane 87, 150, 151, 157–60, 161, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 153, fault 232 162, 190, 303, 325 165, 167–9, 174, 178, 193, 196, airgun (seismic source) 43, 105, 167, 184 petroleum 157–62 205, 206, 207, 221, 291, 313, 331, Alabama (USA) 123 abyssal 346, 357, 372 Alaska (USA) 103–6, 139, 238, 335, 356 crater 140–1 acoustic velocity (seismic velocity; vp)9, Alba field (UK North Sea) 210 hill 321 27, 99, 109, 166, 167, 169, 170, Alboran Sea 69 plain 70, 76, 79, 80, 84, 92, 120, 125, 172, 175, 177, 183, 185, 186, 187 Alboran mud diapir belt 69 126, 131, 134, 136, 141, 173, 275, acoustic void 51, 74, 94, 172, 175 alcohol 152 319, 321, 355, 357, 358 acoustic wave length (λ) 166, 167 (see alcyonarian (colonial anthozoan) 262 accretionary wedge (prism) 4, 138–9, 181, Equation 6.1) Aleutian margin (trench/subduction 197, 289, 317, 376, 377 acoustic wipeout (see acoustic blanking) zone) 106–7, 266, 267, 269, 297, Aleutian 311 93, 123, 172 307, 311 Banda Arc 94 Acropora sp. (coral) 259 ALF (airborne laser fluorosensor) 94, 380, Barbados 121–2, 182, 252–3, 273, 274, actinarian (sea anemone; order Actinaria) 381 282 27, 36, 39, 100, 249, 261, 262 algae 58, 155, 250, 255, 258, 274, 294, Cascadia 109, 111, 181, 184–6, 252, Bolocera tuediae 249 306, 307, 308, 309, 385 263, 366–7 Metridium senile 249 Halimeda sp. 94 Gulf of Cadiz 68 Urticina feline 249 Vaucheria dichterma 58 Hikurangi 97 adiabatic decompression 149 algal bloom 312 Makran 91, 92, 182, 187, 346 Adriatic Sea 72–4, 172, 174, 206–7, 275, algal boundstone 308, 309 Mediterranean Ridge 75, 76 329, 334 algal reef 73, 94 offshore Japan 101, 253 Adyar Estuary (India) 342 Algeria 305–6 Peru 119, 139 Aegean Almazan´ mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 South Shetland 118 back-arc basin 326 Alsek River (Alaska) 107, 206 Acharax sp. (Solemyid bivalve) 91, 272 Islands 328 Alsek Delta/River Instability Area acid/acidity 76, 96, 100, 144, 148, 149, micro-plate 74, 75 (Alaska) 107, 206, 357 152, 297 Sea 75, 262, 283, 325, 345 Alvin (submarine) 5, 98, 99, 118, 123, amino 152 Aeolian Islands (Italy) 325, 339 127, 131, 252, 255, 260, 317 pH 96, 100, 148 Panarea Island 325 alvinellid polychaetes 110, 261, 262 acorn worms (enteropneusts) 261 aerobic 124, 153, 263, 266, 284, 343 Alvinocaris sp. (shrimp) 274 attenuation (acoustic) 166–7 Aetoliko Lagoon (Greece) 75 Amazon river/fan (offshore Brazil) 120 acoustic blanking 17, 106, 123, 124, 167, AFEN (Atlantic Frontier Environmental Ambitle Island (Papua New Guinea) 259 172–8 Network) 386 amino acid 152 acoustic impedance (Z) 95, 172, 176, 183 Africa 69–72, 136 ammonia (NH3) 139, 149, 153, 259, 285, acoustic plume 24–5, 27, 43, 44, 54, 61, African Plate 67, 68, 74 383 65, 67, 77, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103, Algeria 305–6 ammonite (extinct subclass of 104, 105, 118, 132, 142, 193, 194, Angola 338, 379 cephalopods) 289 195, 231, 285, 331–2, 333, 340, South Africa 70, 140, 145, 237 ampeliscid amphipods 105 372, 379 West Africa 69–72, 136, 172–4, 244, Ampharetidae (polychaetes) acoustic scattering 177 272, 368 amphipods (crustaceans; order acoustic turbidity (seismic indicator of agriculture 150, 330, 342, 345, 347, 383 Amphipoda) 87, 100, 105, 192, gas) 8, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, ahermatypic coral 255–6, 307 261, 262, 274 442 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81950-3 - Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More information Index 443 Chirimedeia zotea 251 aquifer 57, 72, 88, 100, 101, 113, 120, 129, Astropecten irregularis (echinoderm) 249 Rhepoxynius sp. 251 134, 145, 150, 174, 193, 214, 217, Astryx permodesta (gastropod) 274 amplitude blanking (see also acoustic 218, 237, 244, 288, 308, 330, 360 Atalante Mud Volcano (offshore blanking) 172, 176 Aquifex (bacterium) 93 Barbados) 121–2, 245, 273, 275 Anadarko Basin (Oklahoma) 306 Arabian Gulf 88–91, 158, 193, 194, 197, Atlantic Ocean 47, 67, 93, 118, 141, 146, anaerobe 153, 263–4, 266, 284 206, 207, 234, 294, 311, 313, 330, 149, 255, 256, 259, 261, 272, 277, anaerobic oxidation of methane 91, 263–4, 369 278, 319, 326, 342, 343, 352, 355, 295, 297, 298, 300, 337 Arabian Plate 91 376, 385 anaerobic oxidisers of methane (AOM) Arabian Sea 92, 342, 343, 346 water 37, 68, 238, 257 263–5, 295 aragonite/aragonitic (CaCO3: mineral) Atlantic Margin anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) 264 44, 79, 99, 103, 110, 118, 260, 262, European 62–6, 136, 303, 383 Anarhychus lupus (wolf fish) 249 291–5, 297, 300, 302, 304, 308, US 126–7, 253, 330, 358, 361 Anastasya Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 309, 312, 313, 314, 316 Atlantic Plate 121 68 archaea (single-celled microbes; one of Atlantis 213 Anatolian Microplate 74 the three domains of living things: Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) 87, 374 Anaximander Mountains (Mediterranean archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) Atlantis Massif (Atlantic Ocean; see also Sea) 79, 272 4, 96, 153, 263–5, 288, 297, 300 Lost City) 72 Andean 119 Methanothrix sp. (now Methanosaeta atmosphere 1, 6, 58, 67, 85, 102, 116, 134, andesite/andesitic 96, 102, 148, 325 sp.) 300 203, 214, 236, 285, 308, 311, anemones (sea; order Actinaria) 27, 36, Thermococcus 96 323–8, 332, 338, 339, 341–4, 39, 46, 93, 96, 249, 253, 255, 261, archeogastropods 255 345–9, 350, 352, 354, 365, 375 283 Haliotis cracherodii 262 atmospheric methane 6, 58, 85, 103, 127, Bolocera tuediae 249 trochid 255 161, 187, 285, 288, 323, 345–9, Metridium senile 249 Arctic 45–9, 132, 238, 289, 311, 348, 350–3 Urticina feline 249 376 atmospheric pressure (Patmos) 72, 214–15, Angola 338, 379 Canada 289, 376 216, 235, 236, 240 anhydrite (CaSO4; mineral) 96, 98, 103, Ocean 207, 352, 376 atoll 141, 318–20 118, 147, 148, 307, 314–15, Arctica islandica (arcticid bivalve) 35, 248 attenuation (acoustic) 166–7 316–17, 318, 324 Area (The international waters under the Auger field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 chimney 103, 314–15 jurisdiction of the International Australasia 94–8 mound 316–17 Seabed Authority) 384 Australia 94, 254, 259, 302, 303, 304, 308, ankerite (Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2; mineral) area of active venting (AAV; Juan de Fuca 372, 381–2 68, 297, 300 Ridge) 316 Austalian Plate 94, 97 ANME (anaerobic methanotrophs) 264 Argentina 120 authigenic (formed in situ) annelid (phylum Annelida) 251 (see also Argentina silus (fish) 32 carbonate (which may/may not be polychaetes) Argentine Basin (South Atlantic Ocean) MDAC) 79, 112, 113, 115, 116, anoxia/anoxic 52, 75, 81, 83, 124, 136, 120, 136 120, 127, 183, 311, 312 148, 153, 154, 155, 252, 262, 265, argon (Ar) 103, 158, 320 clay 314 266, 269, 273, 277, 278, 289, 293, armour plating (of gas hydrate) 344 methane-derived authigenic carbonate 295, 298, 300, 301, 302, 342, 343, aromatic hydrocarbons 131, 155, 159, 220, (MDAC) 6, 15, 27, 32, 50, 62, 118, 371, 383 275 145, 161, 175, 195, 200, 249, Antarctic 118, 148, 274, 311, 350, 351, arsenic (As) 98, 310 290–307, 331, 369–70, 383 376 artesian 88, 113, 134 AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) 2, Antarctic Plate 118 arthropod (phylum Arthropoda – 69, 71, 234 Anthozoan (class within the phylum includes crustaceans, etc.) 261 Aveiro Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Cnidaria) 249 (see also sea Ascension Fault (offshore California) 113, awaruite (Ni3Fe; mineral) 150 anemone, coral and sea pen) 140 Axial Seamount (Juan de Fuca Ridge) anthracite 156 ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal 110–11, 142, 262, 329 anthropogenic 55, 259, 330, 331, 342, 345, Emissions Study) 110 Azerbaijan 1, 85–6, 122, 189, 196, 347, 350 Ashkelon (Israel) 79 198–200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, anticline/anticlinal 70, 94, 105, 109, 112, Ashmore Reef (Timor Sea) 303 234, 337 115, 117, 118, 122, 306 asphalt/tar 1, 2, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, Azeri field (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 Anvil Point (seeps; UK) 59 123, 124, 125, 155, 331, 334 azooxanthellate coral (see also ahermatypic AOM (anaerobic oxidisers of methane) mounds/mud volcanoes 116, 122, coral) 255 263–5, 295 125 Azores Islands 385 apatite(Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH);mineral) Astonomena southwardorum (nematode) Åsgard field (offshore Norway) 50, 301, 306, 319 249 51 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81950-3 - Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More information 444 Index Bach Ho oil field (offshore Vietnam) 157 Balearic Islands (Spain) 69 Berri oilfield (offshore Saudi Arabia) 88, back-arc Balkanides 81 89, 90 basin 98, 101, 102, 140, 148, 326 Baltic Sea 56–9, 284, 342, 343, 352, Beryl field (UK North Sea) 232 extension/spreading 7, 95, 97, 145, 386 Besshi-type mineral deposits 374 − 324, 374 Balmoral field (UK North Sea) 9 bicarbonate (HCO3 ; see volcanism 75, 76, 326 Banda Arc 94 hydrogencarbonate) backscatter (acoustic) 64, 65, 66, 110, 113, Bantry Bay (Ireland) 60 Big Sur (California) 114–15, 193, 194 132, 200 Baraza Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, bioactive compounds 383 bacteria (single-celled microbes; one of 68 biodiversity the three domains of living things: Barbados 203, 245, 246, 275, 278 species 31, 44, 99, 248, 249, 262, 275, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) accretionary wedge 121–2, 182, 252, 276–8, 279, 304, 384, 385 4, 56, 76, 78, 87, 92, 93, 96, 102, 273, 274, 282 global 286–7 158, 250, 251, 252, 261, 262, 264, trench 252 biofilm 297 266–74, 275, 277, 282, 285, 288, Barcley Canyon (offshore British biogenic 4, 151, 160, 162, 259, 294, 302, 289, 297, 301, 309, 324, 383 Columbia) 340 308, 385 (see also microbial Aquifex 93 Barents Sea 13, 45–7, 48, 49, 50, 52, 192, methane and thermogenic Beggiatoa sp.
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