Seabed Fluid Flow: the Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81950-3 - Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More information

Index

Pages containing dedicated sections and definitions are in bold. abalone (Haliotis sp.; archeogastropod) 30, 33, 35, 37, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, Ahnet Basin (Algeria) 305–6 262 57, 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 88, 92, 93, Aigion (Greece) 75, 230–2 abiogenic (inorganic) 4 99, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 120, earthquake 231–2 methane 87, 150, 151, 157–60, 161, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 153, fault 232 162, 190, 303, 325 165, 167–9, 174, 178, 193, 196, airgun (seismic source) 43, 105, 167, 184 petroleum 157–62 205, 206, 207, 221, 291, 313, 331, Alabama (USA) 123 abyssal 346, 357, 372 Alaska (USA) 103–6, 139, 238, 335, 356 crater 140–1 acoustic velocity (seismic velocity; vp)9, Alba field (UK North Sea) 210 hill 321 27, 99, 109, 166, 167, 169, 170, Alboran Sea 69 plain 70, 76, 79, 80, 84, 92, 120, 125, 172, 175, 177, 183, 185, 186, 187 Alboran mud diapir belt 69 126, 131, 134, 136, 141, 173, 275, acoustic void 51, 74, 94, 172, 175 alcohol 152 319, 321, 355, 357, 358 acoustic wave length (λ) 166, 167 (see alcyonarian (colonial anthozoan) 262 accretionary wedge (prism) 4, 138–9, 181, Equation 6.1) Aleutian margin (trench/subduction 197, 289, 317, 376, 377 acoustic wipeout (see acoustic blanking) zone) 106–7, 266, 267, 269, 297, Aleutian 311 93, 123, 172 307, 311 Banda Arc 94 Acropora sp. (coral) 259 ALF (airborne laser fluorosensor) 94, 380, Barbados 121–2, 182, 252–3, 273, 274, actinarian (sea anemone; order Actinaria) 381 282 27, 36, 39, 100, 249, 261, 262 algae 58, 155, 250, 255, 258, 274, 294, Cascadia 109, 111, 181, 184–6, 252, Bolocera tuediae 249 306, 307, 308, 309, 385 263, 366–7 Metridium senile 249 Halimeda sp. 94 Gulf of Cadiz 68 Urticina feline 249 Vaucheria dichterma 58 Hikurangi 97 adiabatic decompression 149 algal bloom 312 Makran 91, 92, 182, 187, 346 Adriatic Sea 72–4, 172, 174, 206–7, 275, algal boundstone 308, 309 Mediterranean Ridge 75, 76 329, 334 algal reef 73, 94 offshore Japan 101, 253 Adyar Estuary (India) 342 Algeria 305–6 Peru 119, 139 Aegean Almazan´ mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 South Shetland 118 back-arc basin 326 Alsek River (Alaska) 107, 206 Acharax sp. (Solemyid bivalve) 91, 272 Islands 328 Alsek Delta/River Instability Area acid/acidity 76, 96, 100, 144, 148, 149, micro-plate 74, 75 (Alaska) 107, 206, 357 152, 297 Sea 75, 262, 283, 325, 345 Alvin (submarine) 5, 98, 99, 118, 123, amino 152 Aeolian Islands (Italy) 325, 339 127, 131, 252, 255, 260, 317 pH 96, 100, 148 Panarea Island 325 alvinellid polychaetes 110, 261, 262 acorn worms (enteropneusts) 261 aerobic 124, 153, 263, 266, 284, 343 Alvinocaris sp. (shrimp) 274 attenuation (acoustic) 166–7 Aetoliko Lagoon (Greece) 75 Amazon river/fan (offshore Brazil) 120 acoustic blanking 17, 106, 123, 124, 167, AFEN (Atlantic Frontier Environmental Ambitle Island (Papua New Guinea) 259 172–8 Network) 386 amino acid 152 acoustic impedance (Z) 95, 172, 176, 183 Africa 69–72, 136 ammonia (NH3) 139, 149, 153, 259, 285, acoustic plume 24–5, 27, 43, 44, 54, 61, African Plate 67, 68, 74 383 65, 67, 77, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103, Algeria 305–6 ammonite (extinct subclass of 104, 105, 118, 132, 142, 193, 194, Angola 338, 379 cephalopods) 289 195, 231, 285, 331–2, 333, 340, South Africa 70, 140, 145, 237 ampeliscid amphipods 105 372, 379 West Africa 69–72, 136, 172–4, 244, Ampharetidae (polychaetes) acoustic scattering 177 272, 368 amphipods (crustaceans; order acoustic turbidity (seismic indicator of agriculture 150, 330, 342, 345, 347, 383 Amphipoda) 87, 100, 105, 192, gas) 8, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, ahermatypic coral 255–6, 307 261, 262, 274

442

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81950-3 - Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment Alan Judd and Martin Hovland Index More information

Index 443

Chirimedeia zotea 251 aquifer 57, 72, 88, 100, 101, 113, 120, 129, Astropecten irregularis (echinoderm) 249 Rhepoxynius sp. 251 134, 145, 150, 174, 193, 214, 217, Astryx permodesta (gastropod) 274 amplitude blanking (see also acoustic 218, 237, 244, 288, 308, 330, 360 Atalante Mud Volcano (offshore blanking) 172, 176 Aquifex (bacterium) 93 Barbados) 121–2, 245, 273, 275 Anadarko Basin (Oklahoma) 306 Arabian Gulf 88–91, 158, 193, 194, 197, Atlantic Ocean 47, 67, 93, 118, 141, 146, anaerobe 153, 263–4, 266, 284 206, 207, 234, 294, 311, 313, 330, 149, 255, 256, 259, 261, 272, 277, anaerobic oxidation of methane 91, 263–4, 369 278, 319, 326, 342, 343, 352, 355, 295, 297, 298, 300, 337 Arabian Plate 91 376, 385 anaerobic oxidisers of methane (AOM) Arabian Sea 92, 342, 343, 346 water 37, 68, 238, 257 263–5, 295 aragonite/aragonitic (CaCO3: mineral) Atlantic Margin anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) 264 44, 79, 99, 103, 110, 118, 260, 262, European 62–6, 136, 303, 383 Anarhychus lupus (wolf fish) 249 291–5, 297, 300, 302, 304, 308, US 126–7, 253, 330, 358, 361 Anastasya Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 309, 312, 313, 314, 316 Atlantic Plate 121 68 archaea (single-celled microbes; one of Atlantis 213 Anatolian Microplate 74 the three domains of living things: Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea) 87, 374 Anaximander Mountains (Mediterranean archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) Atlantis Massif (Atlantic Ocean; see also Sea) 79, 272 4, 96, 153, 263–5, 288, 297, 300 Lost City) 72 Andean 119 Methanothrix sp. (now Methanosaeta atmosphere 1, 6, 58, 67, 85, 102, 116, 134, andesite/andesitic 96, 102, 148, 325 sp.) 300 203, 214, 236, 285, 308, 311, anemones (sea; order Actinaria) 27, 36, Thermococcus 96 323–8, 332, 338, 339, 341–4, 39, 46, 93, 96, 249, 253, 255, 261, archeogastropods 255 345–9, 350, 352, 354, 365, 375 283 Haliotis cracherodii 262 atmospheric methane 6, 58, 85, 103, 127, Bolocera tuediae 249 trochid 255 161, 187, 285, 288, 323, 345–9, Metridium senile 249 Arctic 45–9, 132, 238, 289, 311, 348, 350–3 Urticina feline 249 376 atmospheric pressure (Patmos) 72, 214–15, Angola 338, 379 Canada 289, 376 216, 235, 236, 240 anhydrite (CaSO4; mineral) 96, 98, 103, Ocean 207, 352, 376 atoll 141, 318–20 118, 147, 148, 307, 314–15, Arctica islandica (arcticid bivalve) 35, 248 attenuation (acoustic) 166–7 316–17, 318, 324 Area (The international waters under the Auger field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 chimney 103, 314–15 jurisdiction of the International Australasia 94–8 mound 316–17 Seabed Authority) 384 Australia 94, 254, 259, 302, 303, 304, 308, ankerite (Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2; mineral) area of active venting (AAV; Juan de Fuca 372, 381–2 68, 297, 300 Ridge) 316 Austalian Plate 94, 97 ANME (anaerobic methanotrophs) 264 Argentina 120 authigenic (formed in situ) annelid (phylum Annelida) 251 (see also Argentina silus (fish) 32 carbonate (which may/may not be polychaetes) Argentine Basin (South Atlantic Ocean) MDAC) 79, 112, 113, 115, 116, anoxia/anoxic 52, 75, 81, 83, 124, 136, 120, 136 120, 127, 183, 311, 312 148, 153, 154, 155, 252, 262, 265, argon (Ar) 103, 158, 320 clay 314 266, 269, 273, 277, 278, 289, 293, armour plating (of gas hydrate) 344 methane-derived authigenic carbonate 295, 298, 300, 301, 302, 342, 343, aromatic hydrocarbons 131, 155, 159, 220, (MDAC) 6, 15, 27, 32, 50, 62, 118, 371, 383 275 145, 161, 175, 195, 200, 249, Antarctic 118, 148, 274, 311, 350, 351, arsenic (As) 98, 310 290–307, 331, 369–70, 383 376 artesian 88, 113, 134 AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) 2, Antarctic Plate 118 arthropod (phylum Arthropoda – 69, 71, 234 Anthozoan (class within the phylum includes crustaceans, etc.) 261 Aveiro Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Cnidaria) 249 (see also sea Ascension Fault (offshore California) 113, awaruite (Ni3Fe; mineral) 150 anemone, coral and sea pen) 140 Axial Seamount (Juan de Fuca Ridge) anthracite 156 ASHES (Axial Seamount Hydrothermal 110–11, 142, 262, 329 anthropogenic 55, 259, 330, 331, 342, 345, Emissions Study) 110 Azerbaijan 1, 85–6, 122, 189, 196, 347, 350 Ashkelon (Israel) 79 198–200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207, anticline/anticlinal 70, 94, 105, 109, 112, Ashmore Reef (Timor Sea) 303 234, 337 115, 117, 118, 122, 306 asphalt/tar 1, 2, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, Azeri field (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 Anvil Point (seeps; UK) 59 123, 124, 125, 155, 331, 334 azooxanthellate coral (see also ahermatypic AOM (anaerobic oxidisers of methane) mounds/mud volcanoes 116, 122, coral) 255 263–5, 295 125 Azores Islands 385 apatite(Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH);mineral) Astonomena southwardorum (nematode) Åsgard field (offshore Norway) 50, 301, 306, 319 249 51

444 Index

Bach Ho oil field (offshore Vietnam) 157 Balearic Islands (Spain) 69 Berri oilfield (offshore Saudi Arabia) 88, back-arc Balkanides 81 89, 90 basin 98, 101, 102, 140, 148, 326 Baltic Sea 56–9, 284, 342, 343, 352, Beryl field (UK North Sea) 232 extension/spreading 7, 95, 97, 145, 386 Besshi-type mineral deposits 374 − 324, 374 Balmoral field (UK North Sea) 9 bicarbonate (HCO3 ; see volcanism 75, 76, 326 Banda Arc 94 hydrogencarbonate) backscatter (acoustic) 64, 65, 66, 110, 113, Bantry Bay (Ireland) 60 Big Sur (California) 114–15, 193, 194 132, 200 Baraza Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, bioactive compounds 383 bacteria (single-celled microbes; one of 68 biodiversity the three domains of living things: Barbados 203, 245, 246, 275, 278 species 31, 44, 99, 248, 249, 262, 275, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes) accretionary wedge 121–2, 182, 252, 276–8, 279, 304, 384, 385 4, 56, 76, 78, 87, 92, 93, 96, 102, 273, 274, 282 global 286–7 158, 250, 251, 252, 261, 262, 264, trench 252 biofilm 297 266–74, 275, 277, 282, 285, 288, Barcley Canyon (offshore British biogenic 4, 151, 160, 162, 259, 294, 302, 289, 297, 301, 309, 324, 383 Columbia) 340 308, 385 (see also microbial Aquifex 93 Barents Sea 13, 45–7, 48, 49, 50, 52, 192, methane and thermogenic Beggiatoa sp. 35, 91, 96, 102, 113, 125, 238, 239, 273, 334, 352, 353 methane) 132, 193, 200, 249, 250, 251, 252, barium (Ba) 76, 107, 119, 148, 284, 299, methane 4, 151, 160, 162 258, 263, 264, 266, 267, 273, 274, 318, 325, 374 biogeochemical/biogeochemistry 92, 107, 275, 281, 282, 289, 298, 299, 301 barnacle (crustaceans; infraclass 126, 186, 341, 344 Desulfovibrio sp. 96 Cirripedia) 261 bioherm 27, 29, 248, 255, 259, 280, 290, fossil 288, 289, 297 Barra (Outer Hebrides, UK) 62 301, 302 Leucothrix sp. 253 baryte/barium sulphate (BaSO4; mineral) bioirrigation 107, 297 methanotrophic (methane-oxidising; 98, 103, 107, 119, 299, 306, 314, biological oxygen demand (BOD) 152 see also individual genera) 56, 87, 316, 322, 367 biomarker 154, 264, 289, 297, 298 102, 250, 252, 261, 269, 270, 272, basalt/basaltic (type of basic rock) 98, hopanoid 264 281, 282, 342 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 145, 146, biomass 100, 102, 120, 249, 250, 253, 254, Methylococcus capsulatus 383 147, 148, 149, 157, 158, 222, 288, 265, 268, 273, 276, 277, 279, 280, Spirochaeta sp. 96 303, 318, 319, 321, 325, 328 287, 288, 297, 325, 347, 374 sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) 69, basement 7, 58, 59, 119, 121, 132, 146, biopolymers 152 153, 261, 263–5, 295, 297, 342 157, 160, 178, 214, 382 bioproteins 374, 383 symbiotic 269, 270, 271–4, 277, 282, Bathymodiolus sp. (mytilid bivalve) 97, 99, biotechnology 355, 383 287, 289 252, 272 Boyle’s Law 233 Thioploca sp. 87, 91, 92, 266 Bay of Plenty (New Zealand) 283 bitumen (see also asphalt/tar) 155, 158, Thiothrix sp. 253, 266 beachrock 73, 294, 308 220 Thiotroph (see also individual genera) Bear Island Fan (Barents Sea/northeast bivalve (class Bivalvia of Phylum 102, 114, 250, 253, 263, 266, 272, Atlantic Ocean) 47, 50 Mollusca) 27, 31, 35, 36, 53, 69, 281, 282 Beaufort Sea 103, 348 70, 78, 97, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109, Thiovulum sp. 96 Beauvoisin (France) 289, 298 112, 118, 120, 122, 244, 248, 249, bacterial mat 27, 33, 35, 39, 40, 49, 58, 62, Becken Effekt 56, 165 250, 251, 252, 253, 261, 262, 269, 83, 84, 91, 95, 98, 102, 103, 107, Beggiatoa sp. (sulphur-oxidising 271–3, 275, 278, 279, 280, 281, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 119, 125, bacterium) 35, 91, 96, 102, 113, 282, 289, 299, 305 131, 132, 193, 200, 248, 249, 250, 125, 132, 193, 200, 249, 250, 251, Arcticid 251, 252, 253, 254, 262, 266–9, 252, 258, 263, 264, 266, 267, 273, Arctica islandica 35, 248 274, 277, 279, 280, 285, 301, 304, 274, 275, 281, 282, 289, 298, 299, clam (general) 79, 99, 101, 105, 107, 310 301 112–13, 114, 119, 120, 122, 125, bacterioplankton 251 Belfast Bay (Maine) 128, 129, 191, 195 250, 252, 253, 255, 271–3, 279, bacterivores 274, 276 Belgica Mounds (offshore Ireland) 64, 283, 299 Baffin Island/Shelf (E Canada) 131–2, 302, 303 lucinid (clams) 70, 125, 244, 271, 329, 349 Belgium 385 272–3, 278, 279, 289, 305 Bahamas 308, 311, 312, 313 Belize 259 Lucinoma sp. 249, 272 Bahrain 2, 88, 330 Bent Hill (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 315 Myrtea sp. 272 Baja California 105, 142 benthic fauna 3, 27, 28, 29, 36, 102, 249, mytilid (mussels) 119, 261, 269, 271, Baker Bank (offshore Texas) 258 250, 279, 336 272, 278, 279, 287 Bakhar Mud Volcano (Azerbaijan) 200, Benthodytes sp. (holothurian) 261 Bathymodiolus sp. 97, 99, 252, 272 201, 205 Bering Sea 103–5, 142, 192, 352 Mytilus edulis 282 Balder field (Norwegian North Sea) 211 Bermuda Triangle 372, 373–4 Tamu childressi 252

Index 445

solemyid (clams) 100, 113, 119, 271, blowout crater 46, 273, 299 brine 78, 79, 87, 124, 146, 147, 149, 182, 272, 278, 289 blowout pipe 174, 209, 210, 211 197, 202, 208, 223, 245, 252, 272, Acharax sp. 91, 272 blowout preventer (BOP) 363, 367, 368, 294, 311, 318, 374 Solemya sp. 272, 299 369 brine lake/pool 68, 78, 79, 80, 81, 87, 198, Symbiosis 271 BOD (biological oxygen demand) 152 252, 272, 294, 335 thyasirid (clams) 69, 97, 102, 271, 272, boiling 103, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 209, Nadir Brine Lake (Mediterranean 281 237, 260, 309, 316 Ridge) 78, 294 Conchocele bisecta 102, 272 boiling mud 84 brine seepage 68, 252, 294–5, 317 Maorithyas sp. 97 ‘boiling water’ 72, 86, 229, 238 bristle worms (see polychaete) Thyasira sp. 249, 278, 280, 281 Bolocera tuediae (sea anemone) 249 Britannia field (UK North Sea) 9 vesicomyid (clams) 100, 107, 112, 113, Bolshoi Mud Volcano (Lake Baikal) 87 British Columbia (Canada) 107–9, 114, 119, 120, 122, 125, 252, 261, Bonaccia gas field (Italian Adriatic Sea) 309–10, 312, 340, 356, 357 269, 271–2, 278, 279, 283 73 British Isles 59–66, 136, 257, 378, 386 Calyptogena sp. 70, 91, 97, 99, 100, Bonaparte Basin (Timor Sea) 94 brittle stars (ophiuroids) 261, 274 103, 112, 113, 118, 120, 122, 252, Bonin (Izu-Ogasawara) island arc 371 Brosme brosme (torsk; fish) 32, 33, 39, 281 253, 262, 271, 278, 299 Bonin Trench 100 brotulid fish (family Ophidiidae) 261 Black Sea 2, 81–5, 182, 183, 203, 245, 265, Bonjardim Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) Browse Basin (Timor Sea) 94 297, 299, 300, 302, 342, 347 68, 69 brucite – Mg(OH)2; mineral 149, 313 black smoker 96, 103, 274, 314, 315, boomer (seismic profiling system) 11, 17, Brunei 93, 344 324 19, 22, 23, 24, 40, 43, 51, 54, 90, BSR (bottom-simulating reflector) 51, 70, Blake Ridge (offshore South Carolina) 104, 168, 169 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 101, 102, 105, 126–37, 136, 181, 182, 183, 272, BOP (blow-out preventer) 363, 367, 368, 109, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120, 126, 288, 329, 338, 373 369 127, 174, 177, 182, 183–6, 333, Depression 127 Borneo 93, 343 334, 340, 358, 359, 361, 367, 376, Diapir 127, 358 botryoids/botryoidal 110, 291, 293, 302, 377 Blake Outer Ridge (offshore South 304 bubble 3, 6, 15, 21, 27, 31, 40, 52, 58, 60, Carolina) 184, 185 bottleneck depressions 106 70, 76, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 98, 102, blank zone (see also acoustic blanking) bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) 51, 70, 107, 110, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 172, 174, 177, 209 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 101, 102, 105, 142, 144, 147, 153, 166, 194, 198, Block NO1/9 – Tommeliten (Norwegian 109, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120, 126, 200, 209, 216–17, 219, 231, 235, North Sea) 3, 20, 25–9, 59, 60, 127, 174, 177, 182, 183–6, 333, 241, 242, 252, 255, 260, 262, 263, 191, 248, 264, 280, 290, 291, 301, 334, 340, 358, 359, 361, 367, 376, 272, 278, 280, 283, 285, 288, 309, 302, 332, 333 377 310, 329, 331–4, 336–41, 344, 345, Block NO24/9 – The Holene (Norwegian Boundary Bay (British Columbia) 108 348, 349, 356, 364, 365, 371, 372, North Sea) 14, 20, 33–5, 36, 248, Bounty Seamount (South Pacific Ocean) 279, 380, 381, 383 250 142 at sea surface 58, 72, 76, 82, 98, 100, Block NO25/7 (Norwegian North Sea) boxwork 308, 309 102, 112, 118, 131, 142, 230, 285, 14, 15, 20, 30–3, 34, 35, 206, 248 boundstone 308, 309, 310 329, 334, 339, 348, 364, 365, 383 Block NO26/8 (Norwegian North Sea) Brachyurans (infraorder of crustaceans; buoyancy of 219, 338, 339, 340 (see 20, 36,37 includes the true crabs) 261, 271 Equation 7.9) Block NO26/9 (Norwegian North Sea) Braemar pockmark (UK16/3, North Sea) dirty 339 20, 36, 38, 248 386 in sediments 58, 66, 109, 110, 120, Block UK15/25 (UK North Sea) 13, 20, Brandon vents (Rapa Nui hydrothermal 163–5, 166–9, 176, 178, 182, 40, 41–4, 59, 189, 191, 195, 238–9, field, East Pacific Rise) 317 206–7, 220–1, 228, 230, 233, 337 249, 281, 285, 291, 334, 353, 386 Bransfield Strait, Antarctica 118, 148 (see also gas void) Challenger pockmark 40, 43, 44 Brazil 120, 379 oily 339, 379, 380 Scanner pockmark 20, 40, 41, 42, 43, breccia/brecciation 77, 84, 86, 96, 97, 98, bubble boundary 221, 338, 339 44, 189, 190, 195, 249, 285, 99, 109, 140, 145, 180, 196, 197, bubble deposition 285–6 386 200, 202–4, 214, 225, 237, 291, bubble noise 332–3 Scotia pockmark 40, 43, 44 302, 359 bubble plume/stream 1, 42, 43, 51, 66, Block UK16/3 – Braemar pockmark (UK Brent Delta (Jurassic, North Sea) 135 102, 104, 109, 123, 125, 194, 195, North Sea) 386 bresiliid shrimp 96 220, 231, 242, 280, 282, 316, blowout (during drilling) 73, 108, 123, Bridgwater Bay (UK) 60 331–2, 333, 334, 336, 339, 364 178, 184, 225, 238, 275, 355, bright spot (seismic indicator of gas) 15, bubble size 43, 85, 102, 117, 167, 168, 362–6, 368, 369, 372, 384 16, 21, 27, 105, 111, 112, 124, 169, 181, 198, 200, 221, 230, 332–3, blowout (natural) 194, 302, 333–5, 337–8, 170–2, 173, 174, 176, 177, 186, 338, 339, 340, 341 344, 347, 352, 371–2 193, 366 bubblemarks 58, 89

446 Index

bubbleometer 125, 335–6 Monterey Bay/Canyon 112–14, 140, Mississippi (US Gulf of Mexico) 244 Bubbling Reefs (Danish Kattegat) 55, 56, 244, 269, 272, 273, 278, 295, 299, Monterey (offshore California) 112–14, 250, 291, 301, 386 340, 372 140 Buccinium undatum (gastropod) 249 Northern California 111–12, 251, 281 Navarinsky (Bering Sea) 105 Bulgaria 81, 305 Eel shelf and slope 111–12, 139, 281, Supsa (offshore Supsa River, Georgia; Bulimina sp. (forminifera) 275 299, 357, 362–3, 383 eastern Black Sea) 85 bulk density (ρbulk) 147, 196, 207, 214, Klamath Delta 111, 112, 230, 375 Zhemchung (Bering Sea) 105 215, 216, 240, 245, 316, 321 (see Obsidian Dome 98 Cape Aliki (Greece) 231 also Equation 7.5) Palos Verdes 262, 283 Cape Banza (Lake Tanganyika) 309 Bullwinkle oilfield (US Gulf of Mexico) Panoche Hills 289 Cape Comorin (India) 92 124 Santa Barbara Basin/Channel 2, Cape Fear Diapir (North Carolina) 182 buoyancy 132, 142, 181, 190, 215, 216, 115–17, 194, 234–5, 241, 251, 273, Cape Fear Slide (offshore North 219, 226–8, 320, 324, 369 281, 333, 336, 375 Carolina) 126, 127, 358–9 bubble/gas 153, 164, 217, 219, 220, California grey whales 105 cape hake (Merluccius capensis; fish) 383 223, 241, 320, 338, 339 (see also Callianassa subterranean (burrowing Cape Hatteras Slide (offshore North Equation 7.9) shrimp) 192 Carolina) 126 hydrate 276, 340 Calyptogena Canyon (offshore Makran Cape Henlopen (Delaware) 253–4 sediment 196, 216, 236–7, 240, 245, Coast, Pakistan) 91 Cape Lookout Bight (North Carolina) 246 (see also Equation 7.7) Calyptogena sp. (vesicomyid bivalve) 70, 126, 136, 234, 337, 348 rig/ship 329, 362, 365, 371, 372–4 91, 97, 99, 100, 103, 112, 113, 118, Cape Lookout Slide (offshore North buried pockmarks 17, 24, 73–4, 106, 238, 120, 122, 252, 253, 262, 271, 278, Carolina) 358–9 243 299 Cape Mendocino (California) 111 Burrard Inlet (British Columbia) 108 C. kilmeri 113 Cape Vagia (Rhodes, Greece) 209 Bush Hill (US Gulf of Mexico) 125, 188, C. pacifica 112, 113 capillary 219, 220, 309, 379 271, 276, 286 C. soyoae 99 (entry) pressure (Pcap) 219, 220, 221, Bushveld igneous complex (South Africa) Cambridge Fjord (Baffin Island, Canada) 223, 239, 241 (see also Equation 145 132, 329, 349 7.11) butane (C4H10; hydrocarbon gas) 27, 40, Camp Cup (Monterey Canyon) 113 failure 223 44, 84, 102, 103, 125, 157, 158, Campeche, Gulf of (southern Gulf of flow 233, 240, 244 160, 161, 180, 256, 295, 301, 316 Mexico) 123 migration 221, 228, 236 butyrate (CH3CH2CH2-COOH; a Campeche Knolls (Mexican Gulf of resistance 219 carboxylic acid) 152 Mexico) 125 Capitella sp. (polychaete) 251, 281 Buzdag Mud Volcano (Azerbaijani Canada 45, 375 Captain Soley 123 Caspian Sea) 86 Arctic 289, 376 carbohydrate 152 Baffin Island 131–2, 329, 349 carbon (C) 76, 84, 87, 101, 114, 122, 128, Cabos Blanco Slide (offshore Costa Rica) British Columbia 107–9, 309–10, 312, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161, 162, 119 340, 356, 357 186, 250, 263, 275, 281, 282, 285, Cabrillo Canyon (Monterey Canyon) Labrador 129–30 291, 295, 297, 300, 307, 349–50, 114 Newfoundland 131, 132, 238, 355, 374, 375 cadmium (Cd) 148, 325 383 dating (14C) 101, 115, 256, 294, 307 Cadiz, Gulf of (offshore Nova Scotia 7–8, 130, 248 organic 59, 84, 92, 96, 104, 118, 120, Morocco/Portugal/Spain) 67–9, Cancer pagarus (edible crab) 250 136, 154, 156, 160, 161, 186, 282, 181, 296, 297, 299, 301, 321 Cantarell oilfield (Mexican Gulf of 286, 330, 350 calcite (CaCO3; mineral) 44, 99, 103, 120, Mexico) 399 inert (graphite) 150, 156, 160, 349 223, 260, 291, 293, 295, 297, 300, Canyon 70, 97, 119, 136, 225, 244–5, 356 inorganic 160, 161, 282, 338 304, 309, 312–14, 321 Barcley (offshore British Columbia) TOC (total organic carbon) 59, 154, high-magnesium calcite 103, 109, 340 282 291–2, 293, 294–7, 300, 305 Cabrillo (offshore California) 114 carbon dioxide (CO2) 76, 84, 93, 96, 100, caldera 80, 96, 100, 110, 111, 198, 253, Calyptogena (offshore Pakistan) 91 104, 109, 125, 144, 148, 150, 153, 268, 283, 326, 329 Chiclayo (offshore Peru) 299 158, 160, 161, 180, 186, 202, 214, California 1, 98, 111–17, 234–5, 241, 251, Danube (northwest Black Sea) 245 225, 247, 257, 260, 271, 2294, 303, 273, 275, 278, 281, 333, 336, 375 Desoto Canyons (US Gulf of Mexico) 310, 313, 316, 320, 325, 326, 330, Baja California 105, 142 244 335, 338, 345, 350, 353 Big Sur 114–15, 194 Dnepr (Black Sea) 82, 265 carbon isotopes Gulf of California 117–18, 137, 299 Green (US Gulf of Mexico) 244, 307 12C 162 Malibu Point 117, 230 Kaoping (offshore Taiwan) 94 13C 162, 295, 297, 306 Mono Lake 311 Marble (British Columbia) 309–10 14C 101, 115, 162, 282, 295, 307

Index 447

ratio 12C:13C(13δ) 27, 40, 44, 57, 62, Karmt Shoals (Timor Sea) 94, 304 Central Black Sea Mud Volcanoes 83–4 73, 84, 88, 91, 94, 101, 102, 103, Logachev Mounds (Porcupine Bight, Central Graben (North Sea) 232 104, 107, 109, 114, 115, 122, 125, offshore Ireland) 302 Cerianthus lloydii (anthozoan: tube 149, 155, 160, 161, 162, 250, 263, Magellan Mounds (Porcupine Bight, anenome) 249 264, 269, 271, 273, 275, 278, 281, offshore Ireland) 64, 302–3 chalcopyrite (CuFeS2; mineral) 149, 314, 282, 290, 291, 294, 295, 297, 304, Sahul Shoals (Timor Sea) 94 315 305, 306, 311, 316, 335, 338, 340, carbonate compensation depth (CCD) 99, Challenger pockmark (UK15/25, North 343, 381 279, 314 Sea) 40, 43, 44 carbon monoxide (CO) 160, 325, 326 carbonatite (carbonate igneous rock) 311 Challi field (Australian Timor Sea) 95 carbonate 27, 31, 44, 62, 64, 68, 70, 72, Carcinus maenus (green crab) 282 Chamorro Seamount (southwest Pacific) 78, 79, 88, 94, 97, 101, 107, 109, Cardiff Bay (UK) 60 99 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, Caribbean Sea 120–2, 140, 218, 368, 372 Champagne Pool (Taupo Volcanic Zone) 122, 132, 141, 177, 183, 244, 248, Caribbean Plate 118, 121 311 249, 253, 255, 289, 290–314, 318, carnivore 274 Chandragup Mud Volcano (Pakistan) 92, 319, 343–4, 358, 381 carnivorous sponge 273 199 faroush 88, 90, 294 Cladorhiza sp. 46, 122, 273 channel sands 210, 364, 368 fossil 304–7 Carolinas (North and South; USA) 126, Chatham Island (Trinidad) 122, 204 hydrocarbon-derived authigenic 234, 284, 330, 358 Chek Lap Kok airport (Hong Kong) 93 carbonate (HCDAC) 307 Carpinteria (California) 115, 116 Chekka (Lebanon) 330 methane-derived (MDAC) 6, 15, 27, Cascadia Margin 109–11, 181, 376 chemoherm 255, 337 32, 50, 62, 114, 118, 145, 161, 175, accretionary wedge/subduction zone chemosynthesis 2, 4, 96, 125, 193, 250, 195, 200, 249, 290–307, 331, 349, 109, 111, 181, 184–6, 252, 263, 255, 261, 269, 273–4, 277, 280–3, 369–70, 383 366–7 285, 286, 287, 290 normal marine 88, 114, 124, 161, 290 Hydrate Ridge 109–10, 180, 182–5, Chennai (India) 342 carbonate cement 36, 64, 73, 88, 94, 250, 252, 263–4, 297, 332, 334, 336, Cheirimedeia zotea (amphipod) 251 290, 291, 293, 296, 301, 304, 305, 337, 338, 340, 366, 376 Chesapeake Bay (eastern USA) 127–8, 306, 386 casing (steel tube lining a well) 16, 163, 178 carbonate chimney/column 6, 68–9, 83, 363–4, 367–8, 371 Chiclayo Canyon (offshore Peru) 299 97, 99, 101, 103, 112, 114, 149, Caspian Sea 85–6, 140, 159, 198, 201, Chikishlyar-type mud volcanoes 204–5, 250, 262, 265, 296, 297, 299–301, 203, 337, 356, 368, 380 240, 246, 336 302, 305, 307, 309, 313, 314, 382 Southern Caspian Basin 85–6, 197, Chile 118, 183, 278 carbonate minerals – see aragonite, calcite, 237, 245 chimney 1, 3 dolomite and ikaite cavern 39–40, 102, 249, 326 acoustic 25, 30, 87, 176, 178 ankerite – Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 68, CCD (carbonate compensation depth) 99, anhydrite 314–15, 316 297, 300 279, 314 baryte 299, 316 aragonite – CaCO3 44, 79, 99, 103, 110, Cedros (Trinidad) 204 carbonate 6, 68–9, 83, 97, 99, 101, 103, 118, 260, 262, 291–2, 293, 294–5, Cellulose 152, 155 112, 114, 149, 250, 262, 265, 296, 297, 300, 302, 304, 308, 309, 312, Cement (Oklahoma) 306–7 297, 299–301, 302, 305, 307, 309, 313, 314, 316 Cenozoic 313, 314, 382 calcite – CaCO3 44, 99, 103, 120, 223, Pleistocene 10, 59, 93, 94, 104, 123, dolomite 68 260, 291, 293, 295, 297, 300, 304, 129, 135, 151, 192, 205, 209, 211, gas 4, 27, 62, 80, 95, 111, 168, 170, 171, 309, 312–14, 321 231, 237, 357, 368 178, 182, 206, 209, 212, 221, 224, dolomite – CaMg(CO3)2 68, 69, 291–2, Recent (or Holocene) 7, 45, 56, 57, 59, 240, 241, 244, 303 293, 295–6, 300, 304, 318–19 72, 76, 79, 81, 88, 93, 99, 104, 106, hydrothermal 3, 6, 72, 95–6, 97, 103, high-magnesium calcite 103, 109, 111, 115, 128, 129, 135, 161, 193, 118, 142, 262, 274, 299, 309, 314, 291–2, 293, 294–7, 300, 305 229, 231, 289, 294, 299, 349, 354, 315, 316, 317, 324 ikaite – CaCO3.6H2O 311 357 China (Peoples Republic of) 93, 99, 361 microbial 290 Tertiary 7, 10, 16, 22, 43, 44, 50, 59, 60, Chirag Mud Volcano (Azerbaijani carbonate mound/reef 60, 61, 64, 68, 79, 66, 93, 94, 104, 105, 107, 115, 123, Caspian Sea) 201 94–5, 175, 248, 259, 290, 294, 129, 131, 136, 159, 207, 210, 211, Chirag field (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 302–4, 305, 306, 307, 344, 381 212, 213, 241, 303, 307, 382 86 Ashmore Reef (Timor Sea) 303 Quaternary (Pleistocene and Holocene) Chirikov Basin (Bering Sea) 103–4, 105 Belgica Mounds (Porcupine Bight, 19, 31, 45, 51, 52, 59, 60, 66, 80, Chironomidae (insects) 87 offshore Ireland) 64, 302, 303 81, 94, 97, 104, 105, 107, 114, 121, chirp (seismic profiling system) 53, 99, Heywood Shoals (Timor Sea) 94, 304 159, 299, 323, 350, 353, 354, 365 169 Hovland Mounds (Porcupine Bight, Central Adriatic Depression 74 chiton (class Polyplacophora of phylum offshore Ireland) 65, 303 Central America 118–19 Mollusca) 113

448 Index

chloride 84, 121, 185, 310 columnar disturbance 15, 19, 21, 30, 37, crab (brachyurans) 27, 36, 72, 76, 96, 110, depletion 185 39, 51, 170, 172 250, 251, 259, 261, 262, 271, 274, chlorine (Cl) 144, 202, 317 compression 279, 282 chlorine isotope (37Cl) 317 of gas 216, 219, 220, 225, 230, 233, 240 Cancer pagarus (edible crab) 250 chlorite (clay mineral) 97, 147, 301, 315 of sediment (soil) 107, 140, 216, 223, Carcinus maenus (green crab) 282 chocolate mousse 131 233, 235, 370 Galatheid 99, 100, 113, 119, 252, 255 Chonelasma sp. (sponge) 46 tectonic 67, 68, 94, 97, 111, 113, 122, Pagarus sp. (hermit crab) 249, 250 chromatography 21, 27, 105, 380 140, 150, 181, 197, 214, 215, 232, Crangon communis (shrimp) 251 Cibeles Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 245 Crater Lake (Oregon) 268 ciliates (protists) 223, 262 Complex Mound (US Gulf of Mexico) Cretaceous (Mesozoic) 7, 50, 51, 81, 107, Cladorhiza sp. (sponge) 46, 122, 273 205 113, 126, 132, 140, 159, 212, 256, clam (see under bivalve) Conchocele sp. (thyasirid bivalve) 102, 272 289, 303 Clam Flat (Monterey Canyon) 113–14 Concle Sands (UK) 229 Crimea Peninsula (Ukraine) 81, 83, 84, Clamfield (Monterey Canyon) 113 concrete gravity platform 363 265 Clarion-Clipperton area (Pacific Ocean) condensate 25, 118, 155 Croatia 72 319 Congo Basin (offshore West Africa) 70, crustacean (subphylum Crustacea; see also Clathrate Gun Hypothesis 323, 350 264, 338 barnacle, crab, isopod, krill, clathrate (see also hydrate) 179, 350 Congo Fan (offshore West Africa) 70 lobster, ostracod, shrimp, squat Cleft Segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 324 Conical Seamount (Pacific Ocean) 98, lobster) 30, 31, 36, 47, 105, 250, climate 178, 293, 294, 323 149, 150, 198 251, 252, 261, 274–5, 282, 283 climate change 6, 323, 345, 350–3, 354 connate water 150, 202, 214 CT scan (X-ray computer-aided palaeoclimate 309 Connemara field (offshore Ireland) 62, tomography) 57, 164, 166, 169 Cloacaspis (trilobite) 289 303 CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) Co-Axial Segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) conservation 375, 385–6 106, 334 324 Consub (submarine) 9 current (contour) 136 coal/coal-bearing 7, 8, 59, 81, 108, 136, contour current 136 current (water) 8, 11, 19, 27, 52, 60, 61, 155, 156, 159, 161, 162, 235, 298, contourite 126, 136 65, 67, 81, 91, 104, 105, 110, 126, 347, 348, 375 Cook Inlet (Alaska) 1103 135, 136, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247, Coal Oil Point (California) 115–16, 375 Cook Islands 319 257, 259, 278, 285, 294, 308, 313, Coal Pit Formation 11, 43, 238 Coondapur (India) 92 319, 327, 331, 332, 339, 360, 369, cobalt (Co) 319 Cooper field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 380 cobalt-rich crusts 384 copepods (crustaceans: subclass current (turbidity) 131, 136, 205, 340, Cocos Plate 118, 140, 142 Copepoda) 122, 257, 261, 274 355 cod (Gadus morhua) 46, 249, 251, 281 copper (Cu) 87, 97, 148, 149, 314, 315, Cyanea capillata (jellyfish) 285 Codling Fault (Irish Sea) 60, 61 319, 325, 374 cyanobacteria (photosynthesising Cognac field (US Gulf of Mexico) 381–2 DCZ (deep copper zone) 315 bacteria) 308, 309, 312 cohesion (c) 215, 216, 222, 225 coral 72, 83, 88, 119, 255–60, 274 (see also cycloalkanes (CnH2n; also known as cohesionless (sediments/soils without soft coral, stony coral) naphthenes) 156, 158 cohesion) 30, 88, 104, 234 Acropora sp. 259 cyclops (crustacean: copepod) 87 cohesive (sediments/soils with cohesion) ahermatypic 255–6, 307 Cyclops Mud Volcano (offshore 36, 39, 67, 88, 126, 226, 242, 370 cold-water (see deep-water) Barbados) 121 cold seep communities 4, 68, 79, 81, 91, debris 64 99, 100, 109, 112, 113, 114, 118, deep-water (cold-water) 49, 53, 64, 66, Damon Mound (Texas) 307 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 139, 145, 69, 120, 255–8, 290, 302, 305, 383, Damon Salt Diapir (Texas) 307 195, 200, 251, 252–3, 255, 265, 384, 385 Dansgaard–Oeschger events 351 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, octocoral 261, 305 Danube, river 81, 342 278–80, 283, 287, 290, 304, 305, reef 141, 255–60, 305, 307, 320, 343–4, Danube Canyon (northwest Black Sea) 307, 331 383, 386 245 fossil 288–9 reef protection 386 Danube pro-delta (northwest Black Sea) cold-water coral – see deep-water coral rugose 305 81 collapse depression 68, 106, 191, 206, tropical 141, 255, 258, 259–60 Darwin Mounds (offshore UK) 64–6, 236 Corinth, Gulf of (Greece) 75, 76, 244 384, 385 collapse structure 66–7, 84, 208 Cornea field (Australian Timor Sea) 95 Dashgil Mud Volcano (Azerbaijan) 198, Colombia 118, 199, 218 corrosion/corrosive 99, 148, 314, 371 205 colonists 46, 273, 274, 283 Coryphaenoides rupestris (roundnose dating 54 columbellid gastropods (family grenadier; fish) 384 carbon (14C) 101, 115, 256, 294, 307 Columbellidae) 113 Costa Rica 118–19, 142, 181 uranium: thorium (U:Th) 101

Index 449

Dattilo Island (near Panarea Island, Italy) Denmark 52–5, 250, 282, 290, 291, 299, Discovery Deep (Red Sea) 87 DCZ (deep copper zone) 315 308, 347, 375, 385, 386 disturbed seabed 13, 50, 242 Dead Sea 1, 2, 311, 313 density (ρ) 147, 172, 196, 198, 212, divers/diving 55, 58, 59, 75, 81, 90, 116, decarboxylation (fermentation) 153 214–17, 219, 222, 226–8, 236, 245, 117, 164, 230, 279, 331, 333, 339, decomposition (of gas hydrate) 182, 340, 320–1 372 350, 360, 361, 370, 372, 384 bulk (ρbulk) 147, 178, 196, 207, 214, Dnepr Canyon (Black Sea) 82, 265 decomposition (of organic matter) 56, 58, 215, 216, 240, 243, 245, 316, 321 dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2; mineral) 68, 69, 92, 104, 106, 128, 149, 152, 284, (see also Equation 7.5) 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 300, 304, 309, 316, 344, 349, 386 gas (ρgas) 216, 219, 240, 320, 366 318, 319 deep biosphere 1, 154, 287–8, 351 inversion 207, 216, 236, 240, 245, 246, dome (see seabed doming and deep copper zone (DCZ) 315 360 intra-sedimentary doming) Deep-Earth Gas Hypothesis 159–60 methane 163, 216, 219 Dos Cuadras field (offshore California) Deep Hot Biosphere 160, 288 pockmark 8, 10–11, 18, 19, 24, 33, 43, 116, 364 Deep Portuguese Margin field 68, 69 88, 97, 104, 195, 231, 238 Downing Basin (offshore Newfoundland) Deep Rover (submarine) 268 water (ρwater) 215, 219, 240, 285, 320, 131 Deep Sea Drilling Programme (DSDP) 338, 340, 341, 366, 372 Drake Passage (Antarctica) 118 91, 126, 146, 180, 183 Derugin Basin (Okhotsk Sea) 284, 299 Draugen field (offshore Norway) 50 Leg 11 183 DESMOS (hydrothermal site, east drilling Site 570 180 Manus Basin) 96 DSDP/ODP/IODP 95, 99, 101, 109, deep-sea fan (see fan) Desoto Canyon (US Gulf of Mexico) 244 118, 126, 127, 145, 148, 149, 151, deep-water basins 86, 135, 208, 379 Desulfovibrio sp. (bacterium) 96 183–4, 186, 205, 288, 316, 266, deep-water construction 367 detrivore 152, 277 367 deep-water coral 49, 53, 64, 66, 69, 120, deuterium (2H) 84, 162, 381 (see also hazards 6, 107, 237–8, 362–9, 372 (see 255–8, 290, 302, 305, 383, 384, hydrogen) also geohazards) 385 Devonian (Palaeozoic) 8, 59, 81, 289, 305 hydrate 367, 371, 375–8 Lophelia pertusa 51, 53, 64, 65, 69, dewatering 67, 101, 106, 113, 129, 180, petroleum exploration/production 1, 255–8, 302 182, 212, 258 8, 37, 73, 75, 107, 115, 156, 178, Madrepora oculata 64, 69, 256 dew-point 221 223, 260, 335, 355, 362–8, 372, Norwegian 255–8, 305, 383, 385, 386 Diakopto (Greece) 231 381, 384 degassing 67, 78, 101, 106, 112, 120, 138, diapir site investigation 9, 91, 108, 172, 144, 159, 205, 230, 294, 325 diapirism/sediment buoyancy 216, 225 Delaware (USA) 254–5 226, 227, 236–7, 238, 240, 245–6, other 141, 159, 163, 328 Dellwood Knolls (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 360 drilling fluid (mud) 59, 156, 223, 362–4, 138 mud (including clay and shale) 4, 51, 367, 368, 371 Delta 59, 66, 135, 136, 197, 206, 353, 355, 52, 54, 55, 67–9, 76–7, 84, 91–2, dropstone, glacial 176, 192 356, 360, 361 93, 94, 97, 101, 112, 119, 120, 121, DSDP (Deep Sea Drilling Program) 91, Alsek (Alaska) 107, 206, 357 122, 172, 183, 195–8, 200–1, 202, 126, 146, 180, 184 Amazon (submarine delta; Brazil) 120 205, 207–8, 209, 212, 213, 214, Leg 11 184 Brent (Jurassic; North Sea) 135 215, 216, 218, 223, 228, 230, 245, Site 570 180 Cambridge Fjord (Baffin Island, 296, 360 dunite (type of ultramafic rock) 98 Canada) 132 salt 3, 25, 27, 28, 57, 59, 60, 123, 126, Dutch North Sea 60, 192 Fraser (British Columbia) 107–9, 357 127, 182, 197, 208, 218, 223–4, Dvurechenskii Mud Volcano (Sorokin Helike (Greece) 233 225, 241, 289, 304, 317–18, 358–9 Trough, Black Sea) 84 Huang Ho (People’s Republic of serpentinite 144 dyke China) 99 shallow 73–4, 172, 174, 206–7, 208, igneous 138, 140, 145, 306, 325 Klamath (California) 111, 112, 230, 236–7, 246 clastic/sedimentary 140, 201, 209–11, 374 diatomaceous ooze 72 212, 213, 240 Mekong (Vietnam) 93 diatreme 4, 190, 196, 208–9, 228, 240, Mississippi (USA) 106, 123, 124, 135, 244–6 earthquake 58, 59, 69, 73–4, 75–6, 104, 198, 206, 207, 236, 357, 364 sedimentary 209, 225–6, 240, 263 106, 108, 110, 111, 112, 117, 131, Niger (Nigeria) 69–70, 135, 174 volcanic 208–9, 240 189, 194, 211, 212, 223, 228–33, Nile (Egypt) 79–81, 135 DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) 282, 234, 237, 240, 241, 244, 326, 335, Orinoco (Venezuela) 118 338 355, 360, 362, 373 Selenga (Lake Baikal) 86 diffusion (of gas) 126, 181, 182, 219, 220, East Cameron (licence block, US Gulf of Ur-Frisia (Pleistocene; North Sea) 135 241, 266, 284, 320, 337, 339, 344, Mexico) 124 Yangtse (People’s Republic of China) 346, 354 East Cape (New Zealand) 97 99 dimethylsulphide (DMS; (CH3)2S) 153 East Caribbean island arc 140

450 Index

East China Sea 99 methane 122, 253, 282 5.6 151 East Flower Garden Bank (US Gulf of sulphur 114, 271–2, 278, 282, 298 5.7 153 Mexico) 258 energy 5.8 153 East Manus Basin (Papua New Guinea) acoustic 166, 167, 169, 175–8 5.9 156 95 Gibbs free energy 266 5.10 156 East Pacific Rise (east Pacific Ocean) 1, kinetic 144, 189, 200, 204, 216, 225–6, 5.11 160 117, 141, 142, 158–9, 268, 274, 228, 233, 235, 246, 294 5.12 162 277, 317, 324, 327, 343 metabolic 107, 125, 153, 252, 262, 263, 5.13 162 Eastern Caribbean Arc 140 266, 269, 273, 281, 282, 283, 285, 6.1 166 Eastern Mediterranean Sea 74–81, 272, 286–7, 327, 350 6.2 172 295 resource – hydrate 6, 101, 126, 375–6 7.1 214, 215, 350 Echinoderm (sea urchin; class resource – petroleum 158, 160, 345, 7.2 214, 215, 222, 235, 236, 366 Echinoidea) 72, 249, 261, 274, 279 375 7.3 215, 226, 236, 350 Astropecten irregularis 261 solar 4, 151, 379 7.4 215, 225, 236, 357, 359, 370 echo sounder 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 23, 25, 27, 30, thermal 110, 328–9, 379 7.5 215 43, 61, 65, 75, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, engineering 190, 207, 355, 370 7.6 216, 359 101, 102, 104, 110, 118, 132, 167, England (UK) 59, 229, 235, 315, 330, 342, 7.7 216 331, 332, 172, 373 374 7.8 217, 218 fish-finding echo sounder 61 enhanced reflection (seismic indicator of 7.9 219, 236 multibeam echo sounder (MBES) 2, gas) 15, 17, 21, 53, 124, 169, 172, 7.10 221 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 40, 41, 174, 221 7.11 221, 223, 233, 236 50, 52, 61, 64, 68, 71, 80, 82, 83, Ensenada San Simon´ (Spain) 66, 266, 267 7.12 221, 222, 226, 360, 366 373, 381 enteropneusts (acorn worms; 7.13 222, 233, 236 parametric echo sounder 44, 84, 332, hemichordates – class 7.14 222, 363 333 Enteropneusta) 261 7.15 225 Eckernforde¨ Bay (Germany) 56–8, 153, environment/environmental 107, 202, 7.16 226 164, 165, 166, 169, 178, 193, 194, 275, 286, 287, 298, 318, 320, 362, 7.17 226 244, 246, 263, 264, 330, 348 375, 383–6 7.18 233 ectosymbiosys 273 assessment/protection 62, 384–6 8.1 263, 295, 297, 298, 301 Ecuador 140, 260, 332 freshwater and lacustrine 128, 155, 284, 8.2 266 Edmond hydrothermal field (Indian 298 8.3 266 Ocean) 93 geological 86, 97, 120, 145, 148, 155–6, 9.1 293 Eel Margin/Shelf (offshore California) 197, 206, 210, 288, 289 9.2 293 111–12, 361 marine 1, 2, 6, 115, 123, 134, 150, 151, 9.3 293 Eel River/Delta (California) 111, 112, 155, 179, 183, 247, 260, 262, 263, 9.4 295 383 268, 269, 271, 275, 276, 277, 278, 9.5 295 Eel River Basin (offshore California) 111, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 298, 9.6 295 139, 297, 299, 357 309, 317, 323, 335, 337, 341, 343, 9.7 298 eelpout (Zoarces vivaparus) 253 347, 349, 354, 355, 371, 384–6 10.1 339 Eemian (Quaternary interglacial interval; pressure/stress 4, 179, 214–15, 222, 10.2 339 Sangamon in North America) 54 223, 239, 245, 350, 369 10.3 339 El Pilar Mud Volcano (offshore Barbados) seabed 4, 10, 108, 124, 125, 134, 152, 10.4 339 122 153–4, 190, 210, 214, 243, 276, 10.5 348 Elaiona Bay (Greece) 76, 244 288, 294, 298, 300, 355, 357 Equatorial Guinea 382 Elbe, river (Germany) 342 EPSP (Environmental Protection and Eratosthenes Seamount (Mediterranean Ellef Ringnes Island (Canada) 289 Safety Panel) 183–4, 185 Sea) 79,80 Elm Mud Volcano (Caspian Sea) 86 Eocene (Tertiary) 65, 94, 136, 140, 145, Eratini (Greece) 231 Ekofisk field (Norwegian North Sea) 25, 211, 305, 353 Erin Bay (Trinidad) 122 384 epifauna 249, 250, 262, 274, 281, 282 erosion 8, 27, 40, 73, 100, 104, 105, 120, Emerald Basin (Scotian Shelf) 7–8 EPSP (Environmental Protection and 127, 132, 141, 188, 191, 192, 193, Emma field (Italian Adriatic Sea) 73 Safety Panel) 183–4, 185 195, 242, 244, 245, 291, 300, 301, Endeavour Ridge (Cascadia Margin) 146 equation 352, 359, 360, 363 Endeavour Segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 5.1 149 eruption 6 315, 317, 329 5.2 150 gas 58, 73, 98, 145, 209, 333–5, 368 endosymbionts 5.3 150 mud volcano 122, 196, 198, 200, 202–5, zooxanthellae 255 5.4 150 225, 232, 234, 333, 336, 337, 347, endosymbiosis 193, 249, 269–72 5.5 150 352, 355

Index 451

volcano 96, 110, 142, 145, 148, 158, Congo (offshore Congo) 70 San Gregorio (offshore California) 113, 208–9, 234, 237, 268–9, 279, 328, Danube (NW Black Sea) 81 140 333, 345, 371–2 Indus (offshore Pakistan) 91–2 Tanakura (Japan) 99 Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge) 138, 158, Laurentian (offshore E Canada) 131, fauna 27, 31, 34, 35, 36, 44, 46, 49, 65, 72, 316, 317 252, 269, 278, 355 87, 95, 97, 100, 107, 112, 113, 114, Escarpia sp. (siboglinid tubeworm) 70 Mississippi (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 118, 119, 122, 125, 131, 140, 235, Estrella oilfield (offshore Equatorial Monterey (offshore California) 269 248–89, 300, 304, 305, 349, 359, Guinea) 382–3 Niger (offshore Nigeria) 69–70 385 estuary 60, 135, 341–2 Nile (offshore Egypt) 79–81, 301, benthic 3, 27, 28, 29, 36, 102, 249, 250, Adyar (India) 342 307 279, 336 Danube (Romania) 342 North Sea (offshore Norway) 358 cold (inc. hydrate) seep-related 3, 27, Elbe 342 Orange River (offshore 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 46, Great Bay (New Hampshire) 330 Namibia/South Africa) 70 87, 91, 97, 99, 100, 102, 107, 112, Mersey (UK) 60 Faro Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 113, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 125, Plym (UK) 60 faroush (carbonate) 88, 90, 294 131, 193, 248–53, 262–83, 300, Tamar (UK) 60 fatty acid 152, 264 336, 349 Tees (UK) 60 fault 49, 52, 64, 65, 69, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, epi- 249, 250, 262, 274, 281 Thames (UK) 59, 60, 135 84, 87, 91–2, 94–5, 97, 100, 104, fossil 121, 288–9, 305 Tyne (UK) 342 109, 115, 117, 119, 120, 123, 135, hydrothermal vent-related 2, 3, 72, 87, ethane (C2H6; hydrocarbon gas) 27, 40, 145, 158, 159, 170, 173, 175, 178, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 103, 110, 140, 44, 68, 84, 85, 96, 102, 103, 105, 181, 182, 190, 197, 200, 206, 212, 142, 248, 251, 255, 256, 259, 109, 116, 120, 123, 125, 131, 132, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 223–5, 260–2, 263, 265–6, 268, 269–71, 158, 160, 161, 180, 202, 281, 295, 230, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 283, 285, 301, 380, 381 245, 257, 302–3, 304, 306, 356, 286, 287, 299, 324, 327, 359 ethanol (C2H6O) 152 362, 364, 376 infauna 124, 249, 250, 251, 269, 275, Eugene Island (licence block, US Gulf of active 69, 73–4, 97, 101, 103, 112, 119, 281 Mexico) 124 218, 334 macro- 69, 72, 87, 91, 96, 99, 100, 112, euglenoid (protists) 273 compressional 97 122, 125, 193, 249, 250, 251, 256, euphausiid (see krill) concentric/ring 204, 209 261, 262, 269, 273, 274–5, 276, Eurasian Plate 67, 74, 91, 94, 100 extensional (inc. graben-related) 80, 98, 280, 281, 282, 289, 349 eustatic sea level 134, 236, 350, 351 107, 138, 207, 211, 289 meio- 96, 99, 122, 273, 275, 276 evaporation 85, 293, 294, 308, 310, 312, detachment 119 micro- 249, 250, 262–9 317, 329 growth 80 nekton 33, 36, 248, 273 evaporate 87, 202, 208, 272, 306, 308, 318 intersecting 76, 80, 197, 216, 225 planktonic 27, 33, 87, 105, 248, 257, event (mega) plume 285, 324–5, 328, 329, mud diapir-volcano-associated 78–9, 276, 279, 284 333, 334, 347, 352 84, 93, 124, 127, 204, 207, 216, SGD-related 253–5, 259, 263, 266, exploration 40, 69, 95, 111, 115, 122, 123, 225, 245 276, 330 132, 154, 247, 287, 323, 326 normal 79, 119, 129, 359 sessile 27, 33, 248, 301 drilling 8, 37, 73, 75, 87, 178, 200, polygonal 129, 211–12, 213, 258 fayalite (Fe2SiO4; olivine mineral) 362–6 salt-related 26–7, 60, 78, 80, 123, 124, 149–50 mineral 314 125, 218, 289, 318 feldspar (group of minerals) 299, 301 petroleum (oil and gas) 6, 16, 41, 62, strike-slip 61, 67 Feni Drift (northwest Atlantic) 136 70, 93, 107, 123, 134, 157, 160, transform 95, 113, 140, 141, 277, Fennoscandian Shield 58 178, 331, 332, 335, 355, 362–3, 303 fermentation 153, 161 374, 376, 378–83 subduction-related/thrust 112, 119, ferromanganese nodules 290, 319–21 Explorer Plate (east Pacific Ocean) 109 121, 139, 253, 306 Fick’s First Law 219 Explorer Ridge (Juan de Fuca Plate) 278 Aigion (Greece) 232 Figge Maar (German North Sea) 335, EXPLOS (TV sled) 106 Ascension (offshore California) 113, 364 explosive decompression 225, 226, 240, 140 Fiji 268 246 Codling (Irish Sea) 60, 61 Finland 385 Exuma Island (eastern Bahama Bank) 308 Little Salmon (offshore California) 112 Finneidfjord (Norway) 356–7 Monterey Bay (offshore California) Slide 357–8 Faroe–Shetland Basin 140 113, 140 Firth of Forth (UK) 59, 60 Fan (continental rise sediment Øygarden (offshore Norway) 232 Fischer–Tropsch reaction 150, 157, accumulations) 136, 197, 236 Posolskiy (Lake Baikal) 87 158 Amazon (offshore Brazil) 120 San Andreas (California) 113, 140 FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation) Bear Island (offshore Norway) 47, 50 San Clemente (offshore California) 299 264, 265

452 Index

fish 22, 23, 27, 36, 39, 46, 72, 75, 78, 89, Florida Bay (Florida) 259 lake/lacustrine 86–7, 155, 189, 348 102, 131, 166, 231, 249–50, 251, Florida Escarpment (groundwater) seeps hydrate-associated 187 252, 253, 254, 261, 273, 274, 276, (US Gulf of Mexico) 125–6, 218, ice-rafting 246–7 279, 281, 282, 283, 289, 312, 340, 244, 251, 255, 266, 318, 329, 330 polynya 349 383, 384 Florida Keys (USA) 259 river 326 Argentine (Argentina silus)32 Florida Platform (offshore USA) 126 seep/spring 2, 5, 76, 88, 129, 132, 145, brotulid fish (family Ophidiidae) 261 Florida Strait (USA) 311, 312 193, 244, 254, 263, 312, 323, cape hake (Merluccius capensis) 383 flowline 182, 371 329–30, 334, 374 (see also cod (Gadus morhua) 46, 249, 251, 281 fluidisation 145, 208, 209, 211, 216, 226, submarine groundwater eelpout (Zoarces vivaparus) 253 227, 237, 240, 242, 246, 247 (see discharge) hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) 249 also Equation 7.16) wetland 347 ling (Molva molva) 39, 249, 280 fluorapatite ((Ca5(PO4)3F); mineral) 318 Frolikha Bay (Lake Baikal) 87 Norway haddock (Sebastes vivaparus) fluvial 10, 66, 107, 229 fumarole 145, 158 32, 249 foraminifera 69, 94, 249, 257, 273, 275, rattail (grenadier; Macroudae sp.) 261 291, 305 gabbro/gabbroic (type of ultra-basic ray (superorder Batoidea) 78, 251 Bulimina sp. 275 rock) 149, 157 rockfish (Sebastes elongates) 251 Numulites sp. 305 Gades Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides fore-arc 98, 101, 313, 314 Gadus morhua (cod; fish) 46, 249, 251, 281 rupestris) 384 fore-arc basin 97, 105, 111, 139–40, 148, Galapagos Rift (east Pacific Ocean) 4, 117, skate (family Rajidae) 261 289, 326 251, 260–1, 271 slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis) 251 formate (or methanoate; HCOO−) 152, galatheid crabs (family Galatheidae) 99, torsk (Brosme brosme) 32, 33, 39, 281 153 100, 113, 119, 252, 255 wolf fish (Anarhychus lupus) 249 forsterite (Mg2SiO4; olivine mineral) Galicia (Spain) 66–7 fish otoliths (ear bone) 249–50 149–50 gamma ray 369 fishermen/fishing 54, 66, 72, 73, 74, 75, Fort Walton Beach (Florida) 123 Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico) 205, 258, 81, 88, 101, 112, 129, 229, 231, Forth-Harding field (UK North Sea) 210 299, 369 246, 255, 256, 258, 286, 290, 328, Forties field (UK North Sea) 8, 9, 15, 22, gas (see also individual gases CO2, ethane, 330, 334, 340, 355, 369, 373, 374, 372 H2S, methane, etc.) 382, 383, 384, 385 fossil 305, 306, 386 blanking – see acoustic turbidity fish-finding echo sounder/sonar 61, 102, bacteria/bacterial mat 288, 289, 297 brightening 27, 120, 169 (see also bright 331 biomarker 297 spot and enhanced reflection) fjord 49–50, 60, 135, 256, 257, 269, 356 carbonate 299–300, 304–7 bubbles 3, 6, 15, 21, 27, 31, 40, 52, 58, Cambridge Fjord (Baffin Island, fauna 121, 288–9, 305 60, 70, 76, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 98, Canada) 132, 329, 349 methane 347–8 102, 107, 110, 126, 128, 129, 131, Finneidfjord (Norway) 356–7 microfossil 205, 304, 310 132, 142, 144, 147, 153, 166, 194, Ikka Fjord (Greenland) 311, 312 pockmark (see also buried pockmark) 198, 200, 209, 216–17, 219, 231, Loch Eribol (UK) 60 247 235, 241, 242, 252, 255, 260, 262, Loch Etive (UK) 60 seep/seep community 288–9, 298, 304, 263, 272, 278, 280, 283, 285, 288, Lyngenfjord (Norway) 49–50, 51, 52 305 309, 310, 329, 331–4, 336–41, 344, flagellate 251, 273 water 150 345, 348, 349, 356, 364, 365, 371, Flags Formation (Quaternary, North Sea) foundation (of offshore structures) 365, 372, 279, 380, 381, 383 10 368, 370 chimney 4, 27, 62, 80, 95, 111, 168, Flammability 362, 366 fractionation (of methane) 41, 123, 162 170, 171, 178, 182, 206, 209, 212, Flandrian (Quaternary) 193 fracture pressure (Pf) 222, 363 (see also 221, 224, 240, 241, 244, 303 flare (intense acoustic (gas) plume) 82, 84, Equation 7.14) column 91, 172, 221, 222, 363, 366 101, 102, 103 framboidal pyrite 291, 298, 300, 306 (see compressibility 216, 219, 220, 225, 230, Zonenshayn Flares 102 also pyrite) 233, 240 flat spot (seismic indicator of gas) 170, framboidal haematite 69, 297 density (ρgas) 216, 219, 240, 320, 366 172, 173, 176, 366 Franklin Seamount (offshore Papua New drainage pile 370 Flemish Bight (North Sea) 60 Guinea) 95–6 exsolution 165, 214, 216, 220, 221, 225, floc/flocculent (bacterial matter) 96, Fraser Delta (British Columbia) 107–9, 245 268–9, 275, 285, 324 357 fields (listed under Petroleum fields) flora (plants) 28, 75, 135, 151, 152, 156, Fraser River (British Columbia) 107, 108, front 17, 37, 62, 108, 128, 153, 168, 178 248, 250, 251, 258, 306, 309, 330, 357 hydrate 1, 2, 4, 6, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 385, 386 freak sandwave 60–2, 64, 65, 206, 244 67, 68, 69, 70, 76–7, 81, 82, 84, 86, Flores (Indonesia) 94, 175 Fredrikshavn (Denmark) 52 87, 91, 92, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, Florida (USA) 123, 124, 255, 278, 330 freshwater 128, 134, 150, 154, 263, 342 105, 109, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120,

Index 453

121, 122, 124, 125, 126–7, 139, turrid (family Turridae) 253, 255 340, 350, 351, 352 (see also 147, 163, 174, 175, 176, 177, whelk (neogastropod) 261 Pleistocene and Weichselian) 178–88, 197, 200, 201, 236, 237, gas–water interface 172, 173, 176, 222 dropstone 176, 192 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 247, 252, Gelendzhik Mud Volcano (Mediterranean last glacial maximum (LGM) 135, 250, 262, 263, 264, 276, 295, 311, 323, Ridge) 76, 202, 245 352 333, 334, 335, 344, 345, 346, 347, geochemical/geochemistry 9, 18, 50, 68, sediment 7, 10, 56, 57, 58, 131, 192, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 151, 154, 157, 193, 256, 257, 287, 358 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 319, 323, 325, 362, 377, 381, 382 global 362, 367–8, 370–1, 372, 373, 374, Geodia sp. (sponge) 46, 274 carbon cycle 6, 87, 307, 323, 349–50, 375–6, 377–8, 384 (for further geohazard 6, 86, 178, 355, 356 354 details see under hydrate) active faults 69, 73–4, 97, 101, 103, 112, climate change 6, 323, 345, 350–3, 354 overpressure (of gas; Pgo) 67, 209, 218, 119, 218, 334 warming 68, 188, 350, 352, 353 221, 222, 233, 238, 246, 247, 332, gas-induced buoyancy loss 329, 362, GLORIA (Geological Long-Range 353, 362, 366, 368 (see also 365, 371, 372–4 Inclined ASDIC; a long-range Equation 7.12b and overpressure) hydrate as a drilling hazard 183–4, 185, side-scan sonar) 76, 121, 141 pressure (Pgas) 97, 203, 209, 214, 221, 367–8 glycerol (C3H8O3; a sugar alcohol) 152 222, 301, 302, 363, 366, 371 (see hydrate-induced slope instability 361 glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers also Equation 7.12a) hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 366 (see also (GDGTs) 264 seep 1–6, 9–10, 25, 27–8, 40, 43–4, 45, entries under hydrogen sulphide) glycol ((CH 2 )n(OH)2; a dihidric acid) 46, 51, 52, 53–6, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, increased sediment (soil) 368, 371 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, compressibility 370 (see also Godavari River (India) 93 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, sediment compressibility) Godzilla hydrothermal chimney (Juan de 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, reduced sediment (soil) strength 215, Fuca Ridge) 5, 6, 315 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 216, 225–6, 230, 240, 357, 370 (see gold (Au) 97, 310 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, also entries under shear strength, Goleta (California) 115 115–17,118, 123, 134, 135, 126, and Equations 7.4 and 7.13) Gorda Plate (east Pacific Ocean) 109, 111 127, 131,, 163, 168, 174, 182, 189, seismic (earthquake) activity 228–33 Gorda Ridge (east Pacific Ocean) 138, 190, 193, 194, 197, 200, 206, 207, (see also entries under earthquake) 277, 316, 324 208, 219, 220, 228, 241, 250, 251, shallow gas 73, 108, 123, 178, 184, 225, graben (down-faulted block) 78, 80, 97 258, 275, 282, 291, 301, 302, 317, 238, 275, 355, 362–6, 368, 369, Central (North Sea) 232 323, 331–41, 344, 347, 348, 349, 372, 384 Grimsey (offshore Iceland) 316 355, 364, 373, 374–5, 383 shallow water flow (SWF) 368–9 Rhine (Germany) 159 void 21, 23, 120, 127–8, 163–5, 166, slope failure/instability 355–62 (see also Viking (North Sea) 36, 218, 232 169, 216, 222, 228, 241, 370 entries under slope failure/ Whakatane (New Zealand) 98 gassy/gas charged sediment (shallow gas) instability) Grand Banks, Newfoundland 129, 131, 17, 27, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, geopolymer 154 238, 374, 383 60, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 81, Georgia (Republic of) 81, 85, 337 Grand Banks Earthquake (offshore 82, 84, 91, 92, 93, 108, 112, 120, Georgia Strait (British Columbia) Newfoundland) 131 124, 127, 128, 131, 165, 167, 169, 107 Grand Isle (licence block, US Gulf of 170, 176, 183, 204, 207, 230, 231, geothermal 98, 145, 158, 160, 161, 190, Mexico) 124 233, 234, 235, 256, 302, 337, 357, 290, 347, 374 Graneledon sp. (octopus) 261 362, 364, 370, 373, 382 geothermal gradient 93, 118, 145, 146, granite/granitic (type of acid rock) 8, 66, gastropod (class Gastropoda of phylum 154, 156, 159, 180, 181, 352 113, 136, 157, 222, 288, 315 Mollusca) 27, 78, 96, 99, 112, 113, Germany 56, 153, 165, 166, 193, 194, 244, graphite (C; mineral) 150, 156, 160, 349 119, 249, 251, 252, 253, 261, 274, 246, 263, 332, 376, 385 gravity (g) 214, 215, 217–18, 219, 226, 279, 283, 289, 299, 308 Gharniarigh-Tapeh Mud Volcano (Iran) 236, 240 Archeogastropods 255 199 core 9, 14, 40, 66, 69, 86, 105, 108 Haliotis cracherodii 262 GHSZ (gas hydrate stability zone) 68, 82, infragravity waves 235 trochid 255 119, 128, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, platforms 237, 363, 370, 384 Astryx permodesta 274 186, 188, 288, 340, 350, 352, 358, survey 132, 178, 379 Buccinium undatum 249 361, 377 Great Bahama Bank 312 columbellid (family Columbellidae) Gibraltar Strait (Mediterranean Sea) 67, Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 259 113 69, 385 Great Bay Estuary (New Hampshire) 330 limpet (family Acmaeidae) 110, 113, Ginsburg Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) Great Lakes (Canada/USA) 129 (see also 119, 255, 261, 262, 274 67, 68 Lake Michigan and Lake Superior) Neogastropod 255 glacial (ice age) 59, 115, 120, 134, 135, Greater Ekofisk (Norwegian North Sea) Neptunea sp. 112 136, 192, 236, 237, 256, 307, 334, 25

454 Index

Greece 75–6, 230, 233, 335 guyot 141, 142, 318–19 Heteromastus filiformis (polychaete) 281 Green Canyon area (Gulf of Mexico) 244, gypsum (CaSO4.2H20; mineral) 88, 103, Heywood Shoals (Australian Timor Sea) 307 299, 306, 316, 317 94, 304 greenhouse gas 202, 345, 350, 353 HF2 hydrothermal site (offshore Papua Greenland 311, 312, 350, 385 Habitats Directive (European New Guinea) 96 Greenland Sea 357 Commission) 6, 385, 386 HF3 hydrothermal site (offshore Papua Grenada (Eastern Caribbean) 140, 371 Haemoglobin 271 New Guinea) 96 grenadier (or rattail; deepwater fish; haematite (Fe2O3; mineral) 69, 297 High Island area (US Gulf of Mexico) family Macrouridae) 261 hafnium (Hf) 321 364, 380 Grimsey Island (Iceland) 316 hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) 249 High Seas Marine Protected Area graben 316 Hainan (People’s Republic of China) 93 (HSMPA) 386 Grønnedal-Ika igneous complex Halibut Channel (offshore High Seas Network of Marine Protected (Greenland) 311 Newfoundland) 130 Areas 386 groundwater 4, 57, 150, 159, 190, 214, Halimeda sp. (reef-forming alga) 94 highly reflective seabed 27, 382 229, 237–8, 294, 305, 308, 322, Haliotis cracherodii (abalone; high-magnesium calcite (mineral) 103, 347, 369 archeogastropod) 262 109, 291–2, 293, 294–7, 300, 305 (see also submarine groundwater halite (rock salt – NaCl; mineral) 216, Hikurangi Margin (offshore New discharge) 317, 318 Zealand) 97 gryphon (mud volcano feature) 79, 198, halophytic vegetation 308 Hingol Island (offshore Pakistan) 91 199, 200, 201, 202, 280, 356 Haltenpipe gas pipeline (offshore hitchhiker 285, 286, 339, 374 Gryphon field (UK North Sea) 210, 211 Norway) 16, 256, 383 Holene (NO24/9; Norwegian North Sea) Gualdalquivir Diapiric Ridge field (Gulf Haltenpipe Reef Cluster (HRC; offshore 14, 20, 33–5, 36, 248, 250 of Cadiz) 68 Norway) 53, 256 Holocene (or Recent; Quaternary) 7, 45, Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) Hancock Seamount (Pacific Ocean) 142 56, 57, 59, 72, 76, 79, 81, 88, 93, 118–19, 158, 264, 266, 278, 299, Hardground 62, 76, 88, 90, 244, 249, 250, 99, 104, 106, 111, 115, 128, 129, 317 290, 307 135, 161, 193, 229, 231, 289, 294, Gulf of Hatsushima cold seep site (Japan) 99 299, 349, 354, 357 Alaska (northeast Pacific Ocean) 103, Hatteras Abyssal Plain (Atlantic Ocean) holothuria (sea cucumber) 100, 255, 259, 105–6 358 262, 283, 284 Arabian (Persian) 88–91, 158, 193, 194, Hawaiian Islands (USA) 141, 142, 148, Benthodytes sp. 261 197, 206, 207, 234, 294, 311, 313, 262, 319, 325 Homarus vulgaris (common lobster) 250 330, 369 Hawaiian-Emperor chain (Pacific Ocean) Hong Kong 93 Cadiz (offshore Morocco/Portugal/ 141 Hook Ridge (Bransfield Strait, Spain) 67–9, 181, 296, 297, 299, Hakon˚ Mosby Mud Volcano (HMMV; Antarctica) 118, 148 301, 321 offshore Norway) 47, 49, 50, 181, hopanoids (biomarker) 264 California (Mexico) 117–18, 137, 299 197, 200, 236, 245, 253, 254, 338, Hopen Island (Barents Sea) 45 Campeche (Mexico) 123 344 Hormuz Strait (Arabian Gulf) 91–2, 346 Corinth (Greece) 75, 76, 244 heat flow 49, 87, 120, 121, 127, 158, 159, hot spring 111, 145, 158, 248, 319 Kastela (Croatia) 72, 329 181, 182, 329, 384 Hovland Mounds (offshore Ireland) 65, Kavala (Greece) 75 heavy metal 87 303 Kutch (India) 92 Hebrides (islands, UK) 60, 62 HRDZ (hydrocarbon-related diagenetic Maine (USA) 128–9, 190, 191, 193 Hecate Strait (British Columbia) 107 zone) 94, 382 Mexico 1, 115, 122–6, 157, 159, 176, Heidrun field (offshore Norway) 53, 383 Huang Ho River (People’s Republic of 182, 183, 188, 202, 204, 205, 218, Helike Delta (Greece) 233 China) 99 244, 245, 252, 253, 258, 264, 271, helium (He) 59, 76, 103, 157, 158, 159, Huldra field (offshore Norway) 20, 62 272, 273, 274–5, 276, 278, 285, 160, 311, 320 Humboldt Slide (offshore California) 111, 286, 295, 299, 304, 307, 330, 362, 3He 148, 158, 325, 327 357 364, 367, 368, 369, 376, 378, 379, 3He:heat ratio 110 hydrate (gas) 1, 2, 4, 6, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 380 mantle-derived (juvenile) 157, 158, 52, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76–7, 81, 82, 84, Patras (Greece) 75, 231–2 159, 325 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 97, 101, 102, St Lawrence (east Canada) 130 Hellenic Trench system (Mediterranean 103, 105, 109, 111, 114, 118, 119, Suez (north Red Sea) 1 Sea) 76, 79, 262 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126–7, Gullfaks (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 20, Hellenic Volcanic Arc (Mediterranean 139, 147, 163, 174, 175, 176, 177, 36–41, 43, 102, 171, 191, 215, 249, Sea) 76 178–88, 197, 200, 201, 236, 237, 291, 363, 370 Henry’s Law 233 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 247, 252, Guneshli field (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) Hesiocaeca methanicola (the ‘ice worm’; 262, 263, 264, 276, 295, 311, 323, 86 polychaete) 275 333, 334, 335, 344, 345, 346, 347,

Index 455

348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 200, 201, 202, 207, 215, 217, 219, minerals/mineralization 3, 6, 76, 95, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 220, 224, 225, 240, 241, 260, 264, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 118, 140, 145, 362, 367–8, 370–1, 372, 373, 374, 275, 288, 306, 307, 309, 317, 335, 149, 298, 307–8, 309, 311, 314–8, 375–6, 377–8, 384 355, 362, 375, 376, 378, 279, 382, 319, 320, 321, 355, 374, 384 climate change role 345, 346, 347, 348, 383, 384 (further details listed under ocean spreading 45, 87, 93, 109, 110, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354 oil) 118, 138, 139–40, 145, 148, 208, resource 101, 127, 355, 374, 375–6 mantle-derived hydrocarbons 159, 160 262, 277, 290, 314, 315, 316, 317, sampled 49, 68, 69, 70, 77, 82, 84, 86, hydrofracturing 145, 222, 237 318, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 374, 87, 101, 102, 109, 111, 125, 126, hydrogen (H) 96, 102, 103, 143, 144, 145, 385 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 201, 340, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, petroleum generation 87, 98, 118, 158, 376 159, 179, 180, 266, 288, 303, 314, 325 seabed 125, 181, 187–8, 244, 276, 340 325, 326, 327 plume 76, 77, 96, 98, 110, 145, 149, stability zone (GHSZ) 68, 82, 119, 128, deuterium (2H) 84, 162, 381 158, 268, 285, 323–9, 331, 350 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 188, hydrogen:carbon ratio (H:C) 155 reaction zone 146, 147–9 288, 340, 350, 352, 358, 361, 377 hydrogen:deuterium ratio 381 recharge zone 142, 146–7 - Hydrate Ridge (offshore Oregon) 109–10, hydrogencarbonate (HCO3 ; also known salt 87, 317–8 180, 182–5, 252, 263–4, 297, 332, as bicarbonate) 264, 282, 293, 297, seamount 142, 145, 262, 278, 324, 325, 334, 336, 337, 338, 340, 366, 376 311 326, 329 hydraulic 224, 301, 316 hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 15, 72, 75, 81, sediment-capped 118, 138, 149, 158, connection 46, 215, 242, 366, 368 92, 99, 100, 109, 113, 114, 120, 315–6, 325 fracturing 209, 222, 223 125, 132, 144, 145, 148, 160, 180, serpentinite-associated 72, 142–3, 144, gradient 218 252, 257, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, 149–50, 158, 162, 288, 326 head 66, 200, 244, 259 271, 281, 283, 295, 298, 301, 313, shallow water 76, 96, 100, 261–2, 277, pumping 176, 177, 234 318, 326, 327, 335, 366, 383 283, 325, 326, 328, 339 theory 256, 257 as a drilling hazard 366 volcanic 75, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, hydrocarbon-derived authigenic hydrogen-oxidising species 93 110, 140, 148, 262, 278, 290, 319, carbonate (HCDAC) 307 hydrolysis 152, 160 324, 325, 326, 328 hydrocarbon-related diagenetic zones hydroplastic/plastic deformation 51, 122, hydrothermal locations (HRDZ) 94, 382 207, 225–6, 240, 245, 246 Ambitle Island (Papua New Guinea) hydrocarbon 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 25, 27, 36, 40, hydrostatic pressure (Phydro) 90, 101, 148, 259 51, 53, 68, 84, 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 176, 178, 214–5, 216, 221, 222, Axial Seamount (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 99, 103, 105, 106, 113, 114, 116, 225, 226, 233, 235, 236, 237, 241, 110–11, 142, 262, 329 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 318, 338, 350, 351, 352, 364, 366, Cape Banza (Lake Tanganyika) 309 132, 140, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 370 Chamorro (west Pacific Ocean) 99 157, 158, 159, 172, 183, 184, 189, hydrothermal 1, 45, 72, 75, 76, 86, 87, 93, Champagne Pool (Taupo Volcanic 202, 203, 217, 219, 220, 228, 237, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 109, Zone) 311 240, 244, 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 110, 118, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, Cleft Segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 256, 257, 259, 264, 266, 271, 274, 145–9, 157–9, 161, 181, 218, 237, 324 275, 276, 279, 295, 299, 301, 302, 240, 248, 255, 259, 260–2, 263, Co-Axial Segment (Juan de Fuca 304, 306, 307, 321, 322, 335, 348, 269, 277, 279, 290, 314–8, 319, Ridge) 324 355, 366, 367, 371, 375, 376, 381, 320, 321, 323, 331, 333, 345, 347, Conical Seamount (west Pacific Ocean) 383 (see also coal, methane, ethane, 348, 352, 369, 384, 385 98, 149, 150, 198 etc.) chimney 3, 6, 72, 95–6, 97, 103, 118, DESMOS (Eastern Manus Basin, abiogenic 157, 160 142, 262, 274, 299, 309, 314, 315, offshore Papua New Guinea) 96 aliphatic 259 316, 317, 324 East Pacific Rise (E Pacific Ocean) 1, aromatic 131, 155, 159, 220, 275 fauna 2, 3, 72, 87, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 117, 141, 142, 158–9, 268, 274, gas 21, 27, 40, 51, 53, 68, 84, 99, 102, 103, 110, 140, 142, 248, 251, 255, 277, 317, 324, 327, 343 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 114, 116, 256, 259, 260–2, 263, 265–6, 268, Edmond (Indian Ocean) 93 118, 123, 124, 125, 149, 150, 155, 269–71, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, Endeavour Segment (Juan de Fuca 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 171, 180, 283, 285, 286, 287, 299, 324, 327, Ridge) 315, 317, 329 186, 202, 207, 208, 217, 257, 264, 359 Escanaba Trough (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 295, 301, 316, 325, 335, 348, 380, fluid 3, 4, 69, 76, 87, 96, 98, 100, 103, 138, 158, 316, 317 381 (see also methane, ethane, etc.) 110, 118, 140, 142, 144, 146–50, Explorer Ridge (Juan de Fuca Plate) oil 2, 36, 56, 59, 62, 69, 73, 86, 88, 89, 158, 190, 214, 216, 237, 261, 262, 278 90, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125, 285, 299, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, Frolikha Bay (Lake Baikal) 87 131, 132, 134, 155–7, 158, 160, 318, 323–6, 338, 341, 351, 374 Galapagos Rift (E Pacific Ocean) 4, 161, 162, 170, 192, 195, 197, 198, intrusion-related systems 140, 144, 237 117, 251, 260–1, 271

456 Index

hydrothermal locations (cont.) Piip Volcano (NW Pacific Ocean) 103, ilmenite (FeTiO3; mineral) 321 Grimsey Island (Iceland) 316 142, 158, 262, 316 India 92–3, 342, 375, 393 Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) Rainbow (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 149, Indian Ocean 91, 93, 141, 256, 261, 277, 118–19, 158, 264, 266, 278, 299, 376, 385 319, 321, 326, 342, 343, 376 317 Red Volcano (E Pacific Ocean) 142, 262 Indonesia 94, 172, 175, 259 Hancock Seamount (Hawaiin Islands) Roman Ruins (PACMANUS) 96 Indus Fan (offshore Pakistan) 91–2 142 Santorini Island (Aegean Sea) 76, 326 Inferno Crater (New Zealand) 310 HF2 (Manus Basin, offshore Papua Satanic Mills (PACMANUS) 96 infragravity wave 235 New Guinea) 96 Snowcap (PACMANUS) 96 infrared 185, 329, 330, 379 HF3 (Manus Basin, offshore Papua Susu Knolls (eastern Manus Basin, interglacial 115, 307, 350, 351 New Guinea) 96 offshore Papua New Guinea) 96 Intra-plate settings 4, 134, 135, 137, Hook Ridge (Bransfield Strait, TAG (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 315, 374 140–2, 148, 325 Antarctica) 118, 148 Vienna Woods (Manus Basin, offshore intra-sedimentary doming 17, 73, 169, Kagoshima Bay (Japan) 100, 261, 269, Papua New Guinea) 96, 286 172, 174, 186, 242 283 Whale Island (New Zealand) 283 IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Kairei (Indian Ocean) 93, 261 White Island (New Zealand) 98 Program) 183–4 Kermadec Arc (SW Pacific Ocean) 98, Woodlark Spreading Centre (west EPSP (Environmental Protection and 140, 326, 328 Pacific) 139 Safety Panel) 183–4, 185 Kos Island (Aegean Sea) 76 Worm Garden (Manus Basin, offshore Ionian Sea 75 Kraternaya Bight (Kuril Islands) 261, Papua New Guinea) 96 Iran 189, 199 283 hydroxyarchaeol 264 Ireland 62, 65, 302, 303, 306, 385 Lesbos Island (Aegean Sea) 76 hyperbolic reflections 15, 17, 62, 192 Irian Jaya (Indonesia) 202 Logatchev (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 149, Irish Sea 59, 60, 61, 168, 284, 286, 386 317, 385 Iberico´ Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 296 iron (Fe) 69, 70, 87, 139, 148, 150, 153, Loihi (off Hawaii) 141, 142, 148, 262, Ibiza (Spain) 69 260, 262, 263, 272, 298, 300, 306, 324, 325 ice 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 338, 374 Lost City (Atlantic Ocean) 72, 142, furrow/gouge/ploughmark/scour (by oxidation 266 149, 150, 288, 313, 326 ice, iceberg, or ice sheet) 11, 15, island arc 138, 139, 140, 148, 321, 325, Lucky Strike (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 18, 45–6, 47, 51, 60, 104, 105, 130, 326 256, 385 131, 132, 178, 192, 238, 239, 247 East Caribbean 140 Luhanga (Lake Tanganyika) 309 rafting 246–7 Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) 371 MacDonald Seamount (Pacific Ocean) sea ice 192, 348, 351, 252, 353 Kermadec Arc 98, 140, 326, 328 142 ice age (glacial period) 59, 115, 120, 134, Mariana 98, 99, 140, 313, 314, 324, 326, Mariana Arc (southwest Pacific Ocean) 135, 136, 192, 236, 237, 256, 307, 328 98, 99, 140, 313, 314, 324, 326, 334, 340, 350, 351, 352 (see also Sanghihe 321 328 Pleistocene and Weichselian) isocubanite (CuFe2S3; mineral) 315, 316 Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea) ice streamthroughs 86 isopod (crustacean: order Isopoda) 142, 262 ice worm(Hesiocaeca methanicola Synidotea angulata 251 Matupi Harbour (Papua New Guinea) (polychaete) 275 isostasy 59, 291 96, 283, 325, 328 iceberg 11, 15, 45, 47, 130, 131, 142, 237, isotope (see under carbon, chlorine, Methana Island (Aegean Sea) 238, 247 hydrogen, radon, strontium) 76 furrow/gouge/ploughmark/scour (by Israel 79 Middle Valley (Juan de Fuca Ridge) iceberg, ice, or ice sheet) 11, 15, Italy 196, 198, 202, 289, 298, 304, 325, 138, 315, 316, 317 18, 45–6, 47, 51, 60, 104, 105, 130, 339, 374 Milos Island (Aegean Sea) 76, 77, 262, 131, 132, 178, 192, 238, 239, 247 Ivanhoe field (UK North Sea) 9 283 iceberg pit 130, 247 Ixtoc blowout (Mexican Gulf of Mexico) New Ireland Spreading Centre (west Iceland 72, 158, 209, 316, 328, 329, 374, 123, 275 Pacific) 139 385 Izu Peninsula (Japan) 100, 234 Nisiros Island (Aegean Sea) igneous 4, 93, 102, 138, 145, 148, 157, Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Island Arc 371 North Fiji (Fiji Islands) 268 160, 178, 198, 209, 222, 311, 326, PACMANUS (Eastern Manus Basin, 329, 348 J. Storm II (oil rig) 364 offshore Papua New Guinea) 96, activity 72, 137, 140–2, 144, 145, 158, Jabiru field (Australian Timor Sea) 95 97, 148 159, 324, 326 Jabuka Trough (Adriatic Sea) 73–4 Palos Verdes Peninsula (California) volcano 197, 209 jack-up rigs 363, 364 262, 283 ikaite (CaCO3.6H2O; mineral) 311, 312 Jaco Scarp (offshore Costa Rica) 119, 142 Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) Ikka Fjord (Greenland) 311, 312 Jaco Seamount (offshore Costa Rica) 142 325 illite (clay-like mica mineral) 97, 150 Jago (submarine) 43, 83, 249, 265

Index 457

Japan 99–101, 118, 205, 211, 229, 230, Khamamdag Mud Volcano (Azerbaijan) Latakia (Syria) 2 233, 234, 237, 261, 269, 283, 330, 202 Laurentian Channel (Canada) 130 343, 371, 275, 376 Kick ’em Jenny Submarine Volcano Laurentian Fan (offshore E. Canada) 131, Japan Sea 99, 272 (offshore Grenada) 120, 140, 372 252, 269, 278, 355 Japan Trench 100, 253, 278 Kidd Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 67 lava 102, 138, 142, 148, 202, 209, 261, Jasper Seamount (east Pacific Ocean) 142 Kimmeridge Clay (Jurassic) 43, 44, 59, 324, 328–9 jellybabies (jelly-like chimneys) 265, 300 212, 213 Lebanon 330 jellyfish (phylumCnidaria) 285 kinorhyncha (phylum of spiny crown lecithin (chemical additive for drilling Cyanea sp. 285 worms) 122 mud) 367 Johnson Sea Link (submarine) 123, 254 Klamath Delta (California) 111, 112, 230, Leipzig Mud Volcano (Mediterranean Joillet field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 357 Ridge) 76 joints (discontinuities in rock/sediment) Kleppe Senior Formation 9, 10, 13, 32, 37 Leptonemella aphanothecae (nematode) 90, 148, 150, 182, 219 Kodiak Shelf (offshore Alaska) 103 250 Juan de Fuca hydrothermal plume 285 kolobovnik (Lake Baikal ice features) 86 Lesbos Island (Aegean Sea) 76 Juan de Fuca Plate (offshore Oregon) 109 Korea 99 Leucothrix sp. (bacterium) 253 Juan de Fuca Ridge (east Pacific Ocean) 5, Kornev Mud Volcano (central Black Sea) Levinsenia gracilis (polychaete) 249 6, 109, 110, 138, 158, 262, 277, 83 LGM (last glacial maximum) 135, 250, 315, 316, 317, 324, 329 Kos Island (Aegean Sea) 76 352 Axial Seamount 110–11, 142, 262, 329 Kraternaya Bight (Kuril Islands) 261, 283 lignin (constituent of woody material) Cleft Segment 324 krill (euphausiid crustaceans; order 152, 154, 155 Co-Axial Segment 324 Euphausiacea) 38, 46, 248, 250, lignite (brown coal) 59, 136, 156, 172 Explorer Ridge 278 275 limpet (gastropods; family Acmaeidae) Dellwood Knolls 138 Krishna River (India) 93 110, 113, 119, 255, 261, 262, 274 Middle Valley 138, 315, 316, 317 Kristin field (offshore Norway) 50, 53, Lottia limatula 274 juvenile water 150 256 patellacean 113 juveniles (organisms) 105, 249, 284 Kuril Trench 100 ling (Molva molva; fish) 39, 249, 280 Jurassic (Mesozoic) 43, 50, 51, 52, 59, 107, Kuril Islands (Japan/Russia) 102, 103, lipid (water-insoluble organic compound) 135, 159, 197, 213, 289, 298, 303 261, 283 152, 154, 155, 158 Kuroko-type mineral deposits 374 liquefaction 100, 104, 106, 112, 206, 211, Kagoshima Bay (Japan) 100, 261, 269, Kutch, Gulf of (India) 92 226, 229, 230, 234, 237, 240, 356, 283 357, 360 Kairei vent field (Indian Ocean) 93, 261 La Goleta seep (offshore California) 375 lithification 216, 222, 240, 309 Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Pacific La Goleta field (offshore California) 375 Little Bahama Bank 313 coast) 101, 103, 158, 202 Labrador (Canada) 129–30 Little Salmon Fault (offshore California) kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4; clay mineral) Current 130 112 301, 316 Shelf 129–30 lobster (crustaceans; family Nephropidae) Kaoping Canyon (offshore Taiwan) 94 Læsø (Denmark) 291 72, 274 (see also squat lobster) Kastela, Gulf of (Croatia) 72, 329 LaHave Basin (Scotian Shelf) 7, 8 common (Homarus vulgaris) 250 Karlsefni Trough (Labrador Shelf, LaHave Clay 7, 8, 10 Norwegian (Nephrops norvegicus)36 Canada) 130 lakes 189, 191, 235, 284, 348–9, 357 Loch Eribol (UK) 60 Karmt Shoals (Australian Timor Sea) 94, brine lakes 80–1, 335 (see also Nadir Loch Etive (UK) 60 304 Brine lake) Logachev Mounds (offshore Ireland) Karst 309 tar lakes (Trinidad) 120–1 302 Karwar (India) 92 Lake Baikal (Russia) 86–7, 182, 273, 285, Logatchev hydrothermal vents Kattegat 52–6, 250, 275, 281, 282, 290, 348–9 (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 149, 317, 291, 292, 297, 299, 301, 347, 386 Lake Michigan (USA) 129 385 Kavala, Gulf of (Greece) 75 Lake Superior (Canada/USA) 129, 130, Logging-while-drilling (LWD) 185 Kazakov Mud Volcano (Sorokin Trough, 212, 254–5 Loihi Seamount (offshore Hawaii) 141, Black Sea) 84 Lake Tanganyika (East Africa) 309 142, 148, 262, 324, 325 Kerch Peninsula (Ukraine) 83, 203, 205 Lake Van (Turkey) 310–11 Lokbatan Mud Volcano (Azerbaijan) Kermadec Arc (southwest Pacific Ocean) Lambay Deep (Irish Sea) 60 203 98, 140, 326, 328 Lamellibrachia sp. (siboglinid tubeworms) Lokbatan-type mud volcano 202–4, 205, kerogen (insoluble amorphous organic 118, 251, 252, 270, 271, 278 225, 226, 240, 246, 333, 336, 347, remains) 154, 155, 156, 160, 162, Laptev Sea (Russian arctic) 311, 348 352 220 Larson Seamounts (E Pacific) 142 Lophelia pertusa (cold-water coral; stony Kerynites River (Greece) 232 last glacial maximum (LGM) 135, 250, coral) 51, 53, 64, 65, 69, 255–8, keyhole 220, 221, 224 352 302

458 Index

Lost City (serpentinite-related vents, magnetite (Fe3O4; mineral) 149 Matupi Harbour (Papua New Guinea) 96, Atlantic Ocean) 72, 142, 149, 150, Mahanadi River (India) 93 283, 325, 328 288, 313, 326 Maidstone Mud Volcano (Mediterranean MBES (multi-beam echo sounder) 2, 10, Lottia limatula (limpet) 274 Ridge) 77, 245 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 40, 41, 50, Louiseville guyot chain (sw Pacific Ocean) Maikopian Clay (Oligocene–Lower 52, 61, 64, 68, 71, 80, 82, 83, 373, 142 Miocene) 83 381 Louisiana (USA) 123, 251, 258 Maine, Gulf of (USA) 128–9, 190, 193 MDAC (methane-derived authigenic shelf/slope 123, 251, 258, 304, 381 Makarov Bank (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) carbonate) 6, 15, 27, 31, 32, 33, lucinid bivalves (Lucinidae; clams) 70, 203, 336, 337 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 50, 125, 244, 271, 272–3, 278, 279, Makran Accretionary Wedge (offshore 52, 54, 56, 62, 65, 69, 77, 79, 84, 289, 305 Pakistan) 91, 92, 182, 187, 346 88, 91, 95, 97, 101, 103, 109, 111, Lucinoma sp. 249, 272 Makran Coast (Pakistan) 91–2, 199, 112, 113, 114, 118, 122, 127, 132, Myrtea sp. 272 204 145, 161, 175, 177, 193, 195, 197, Lucinoma sp. (lucinid bivalve) 249, 272 Malacca Strait (Indonesia/Malaysia) 236 200, 237, 241, 249, 258, 264, 265, Lucky Strike hydrothermal vents Malan Island (Pakistan) 91, 204 273, 274, 277, 281, 283, 290–307, (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 256, 385 Malaysia 93, 370 310, 320, 322, 331, 349, 369–70, Luhanga hydrothermal field (Lake maldanid polychaetes 253 383, 386 Tanganyika) 309 Malibu Point (California) 117, 230 Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) 369 Luzon Arc 93 Mallik well (Canada) 376 Mediterranean Sea 2, 67, 69, 75, 76, 142, LWD (logging-while-drilling) 185 Malyshev Mud Volcano (central Black 246, 256, 294, 326, 329 Lyngenfjord (Norway) 49–50, 51, 52 Sea) 83 Eastern Mediterranean Sea 74–81, 272, Lyopsetta exilis (slender sole; fish) 251 Mandovi River (India) 342 295 Mangalore (India) 92 Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) maar 208, 209 manganese (Mn) 70, 87, 96, 139, 148, 158, 67 Figge Maar (German North Sea) 335, 268, 319, 323, 325, 329, 338 Mediterranean Ridge 75, 76–9, 182, 202, 364 ferromanganese nodules 290, 319–21 205, 246, 264 MacDonald Seamount (Pacific Ocean) Mn and Fe-Mn oxide/hydroxide 99, meiofauna 96, 99, 122, 273, 275, 276 142 153, 314, 321, 319 Mekong Delta (Vietnam) 93 Machar field (UK North Sea) 20, 59, 60 oxidation 266 mercury (Hg) 98, 262 macrofauna 69, 72, 87, 91, 96, 99, 100, mantle 98, 111, 137, 141, 145, 150, 157, Merluccius capensis (cape hake; fish) 383 112, 122, 125, 193, 249, 250, 251, 158, 159, 160, 198, 303, 320, 321 Mersey Estuary (UK) 60 256, 261, 262, 269, 273, 274–5, mantle-derived fluids/volatiles 158, Mesozoic 11, 45, 50, 51, 52, 94, 105, 276, 280, 281, 282, 289, 349 159, 160, 214, 310, 322 123 Macroudae sp. (rattail or grenadier; fish) mantle-derived (juvenile) helium 157, Cretaceous 7, 50, 51, 81, 107, 113, 126, 261 158, 159, 325 132, 140, 159, 212, 256, 289, 303 Madrepora sp. (cold-water coral; stony mantle-derived hydrocarbons 159, 160 Jurassic 43, 50, 51, 52, 59, 107, 135, coral) 64, 69, 256 mantle-derived methane 111, 157, 159, 197, 213, 289, 298, 303 mafic 158–9, 160, 288 Triassic 46, 67, 68, 107, 123, 159, 239 minerals (e.g. olivine and pyroxene) mantle-derived peridotite 72, 143, 148, Messinian (Miocene) 80 158 157, 214, 288, 313 Messolongi Lagoon (Greece) 75 rock (e.g. basalt) 146, 160 Manus Basin (Papua New Guinea) 95, 96, metal 6, 87, 145, 148, 149, 314, 315, 319, Magellan Mounds (offshore Ireland) 64, 140, 145, 148, 286 320, 321, 355, 375, 384 302–3 Maorithyas sp. (Thyasirid bivalve) 97 metal sulphides 6, 97, 118, 148, 149, 263, Magellan Strait (Chile) 118 Marble Canyon (British Columbia) 314–6, 317, 374, 384 Mageneitas River (Greece) 231 309–10 chalcopyrite (CuFeS2; mineral) 149, magma/magmatic 76, 98, 125, 137, 142, Marenzelleria viridis (polychaete) 254 314, 315 144–5, 148, 149, 150, 157, 158, Mariana Arc (SW Pacific Ocean) 98, 99, pyrite (FeS2; mineral) 68, 103, 126, 159, 160, 209, 237, 316, 324, 325, 140, 313, 314, 324, 326, 328 262, 263, 264, 291, 298, 300, 306, 326 Mariana Trench (SW Pacific Ocean) 98, 314, 316, 318 andesitic (intermediate) 148 99, 142 pyrrhotite (FeS; mineral) 118, 314, basaltic (basic) 137, 138, 147, 148 Marine Protected Area (MPA) 303, 385 315, 316 phreatomagmatic 209 Marion Lake (Australia) 308 sphalerite (ZnS; mineral) 149, 314 rhyolitic (acidic) 148 Mars 247 metal-bearing fluids 87, 96, 208, 262, 314, magnesium hydroxide (see Brucite) Mars field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 315, 316, 317, 318, 327, 374 magnetic Marsili Seamount (offshore Italy) 142, metalliferous deposits 6, 87, 97, 149, 290, anomaly 102 262 314, 315, 316, 317, 327, 374 survey 132 Martinique (Eastern Caribbean) 140 metagabbro (metamorphosed gabbro) 98

Index 459

meteor 192 266, 272, 273, 275, 278, 280, 281, methanogenesis 4, 126, 134, 135, 136, 151, meteoric water 150, 190, 202, 214, 294, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 153–60, 162, 178, 193, 216, 263, 295, 305 298, 299, 300, 305, 311, 331, 332, 330, 337, 341, 342, 343, 348, 350 meteorite 150, 157, 159, 247 334, 335, 338, 341, 345, 347, 348, methanogen 153, 154, 263, 264, 287, 342, Methana Island (Aegean Sea) 76 349, 350, 352, 366, 374, 375, 383 343 methane (CH4) 2, 4, 6, 52, 81, 101, 125, sensor (METS) 114, 332 methanol (CH4O) 152, 153, 368, 371 127, 144, 145, 153–7, 219, 220, thermogenic 40, 41, 57, 59, 94, 103, Methanosaeta sp. (methanogenic Archaea) 252, 287, 288, 304, 321, 322, 355, 104, 114, 121, 125, 149, 151, 300 363, 372 154–7, 161, 162, 214, 263, 303, Methanothrix sp. (now Methanosaeta) 300 abiogenic (inorganic) 87, 150, 151, 311, 316, 325, 335, 349, 351, 362 methanotrophic (methane-oxidising) 107, 157–60, 161, 162, 190, 303, 325 methane in pore water/sediment 15, 27, 122, 250, 251, 253, 263–5, 272, atmospheric 6, 58, 85, 103, 127, 161, 37, 40, 44, 49, 50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 273, 274, 277, 278, 282, 283, 285, 187, 285, 288, 323, 345–9, 350–3 59, 65, 84, 87, 90, 92, 93, 99, 102, 343, 350 biogenic (derived from organic matter) 103, 104, 105, 108, 113, 114, 115, methanotrophic bacteria 4, 151, 160, 162 120, 121, 123, 126, 128, 131, 135, (methane-oxidising; see also carbon isotope ratio (13δC) of 40, 57, 139, 151, 153, 154, 168, 178, 181, individual genera – listed under 91, 104, 161, 162, 250, 263, 264, 183, 186, 193, 196, 206, 214, 216, bacteria) 56, 87, 102, 250, 252, 271, 278, 281, 282, 291, 295, 295, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223, 240, 261, 269, 270, 272, 281, 282, 342 316, 335, 343 241, 246, 252, 253, 256, 264, 271, METI Well (gas hydrate prospecting density of 163, 216, 219 279, 280, 291, 293, 299, 301, 305, well) 101 fossil 347–8 313, 337, 343, 344, 381 methylamine (CH3NH2) 153 ﬂux through the seabed 49, 58, 72, 81, methane in the water column 25, 44, 46, Methylococcus capsulatus (bacterium) 383 85, 122, 126, 132, 181–2, 235, 252, 49, 56, 58, 70, 76, 79, 81, 85, 92, Metridium senile (sea anemone) 249 263, 270, 307, 313, 335, 337–8, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, METS methane sensor 114, 332 344, 345, 347, 349, 353, 354, 373 109, 115, 118, 119, 145, 159, 163, Mexico, Gulf of 1, 115, 122–6, 157, 159, ﬂux to the atmosphere 6, 58, 81, 86, 182, 193, 195, 256, 257, 272, 284, 176, 182, 183, 188, 202, 204, 205, 103, 116, 338, 340, 342–4, 345–7, 285, 286, 316, 326, 327, 332, 334, 218, 244, 245, 252, 253, 258, 264, 348, 349, 352, 354, 365, 374 338–45, 346–9, 352, 353, 354, 380, 271, 272, 273, 274–5, 276, 278, fractionation of 41, 123, 162 382 285, 286, 295, 299, 304, 307, 330, generation of 4, 126, 134, 135, 136, 151, methane from mud volcanoes 47, 49, 78, 362, 364, 367, 368, 369, 376, 378, 153–60, 162, 178, 193, 216, 263, 79, 81, 84, 92, 97, 122, 181–2, 202, 379, 380 330, 337, 341, 342, 343, 348, 350 214, 252, 335, 338, 341, 344, 347, micrite /micritic 293, 294, 298, 301, 302 hydrate (see under hydrate) 348, 353 microbes 4, 6, 151, 154, 155, 178, 257, hydrothermal 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 110, methane-derived authigenic carbonate 261, 262–9, 271, 273, 274, 275, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 158, 162, (MDAC) 6, 15, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 277, 280, 282, 285, 297, 298, 300, 285, 314, 323, 324, 325, 326, 341, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 50, 52, 301, 307, 309, 339, 350, 374, 383 345, 347, 350, 351, 352, 54, 56, 62, 65, 69, 77, 79, 84, 88, archaea 4, 96, 153, 263–5, 288, 297, 300 oxidation/utilisation 56, 87, 126, 153, 91, 95, 97, 101, 103, 109, 111, 112, bacteria 4, 56, 76, 78, 87, 92, 93, 96, 154, 186, 193, 263, 266, 269, 270, 113, 114, 118, 122, 127, 132, 145, 102, 158, 250, 251, 252, 261, 262, 271, 272, 280, 282, 284, 285, 286, 161, 175, 177, 193, 195, 197, 200, 264, 266–74, 275, 277, 282, 285, 290, 300, 307, 311, 327, 331, 337, 237, 241, 249, 258, 264, 265, 273, 288, 289, 297, 301, 309, 324, 383 338, 341, 342, 343, 345, 349, 354, 274, 277, 281, 283, 290–307, 310, methanogen 288 384 320, 322, 331, 349, 369–70, 383, methanotroph 285 mantle-derived (primordial) 111, 157, 386 thiotrophs 102, 114, 250, 253, 263, 264, 158–9, 160, 288 methanotrophic (methane-oxidising) 107, 266, 270, 272, 274, 278, 281, 282, microbial (generated by microbes) 41, 122, 250, 251, 253, 263–5, 272, 283 (see also individual species: 56, 57, 67, 87, 91, 93, 101, 102, 273, 274, 277, 278, 282, 283, 285, Beggiatoa sp., Thioploca sp., 103, 106, 109, 114, 124, 125, 134, 343, 350 Thiothrix sp., Thiovulum sp. 135, 136, 151, 153–4, 156, 160, methane-oxidising (methanotrophic) microbial carbonate 290 161, 162, 178, 193, 206, 214, 238, bacteria (see also individual microbialite 308–11, 312 240, 246, 263, 311, 335, 342, 347, genera) 56, 87, 102, 162, 250, 252, microfauna 249, 250, 262–9 348, 351, 353 261, 263, 269, 270, 272, 281, 282, micro-plates (listed under plates) seep 6, 21, 25, 44, 52, 58, 66, 67, 70, 73, 342 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1, 72, 137, 142, 146, 82, 85, 92, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, methane-rich brine 78, 79, 87, 208, 359 158, 256, 274, 277, 313, 314, 316, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, methane-rich plume 46, 49, 70, 92, 98, 326, 328, 344, 385 120, 122, 135, 151, 182, 193, 195, 107, 109, 145, 159, 182, 326, 327, mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) 148, 244, 250, 251, 257, 259, 263, 264, 332, 334, 338, 346 325

460 Index

Middle Valley (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 138, Molva molva (ling: fish) 39, 249, 280 mud ridge 77, 196 315, 316, 317 monazite (Ce, La, Nd, Th) PO4; mineral) mud volcano – general (see also shallow Midgard field (offshore Norway) 50 301 mud volcano) 2, 4, 6, 45, 51, 60, migration 4, 8, 41, 44, 60, 93, 159, 163, Monferrato (Italy) 289, 304 70, 73, , 81, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 97, 182, 196, 189, 197, 212, 214, 216, Mongolia 86 101, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123, 124, 240, 241, 244, 245, 263, 304, 339, Monilifera (former sub-phylum of 125, 139, 140, 143, 181, 189, 190, 352, 360, 383, 384 pogonophores; now siboglinid 191, 195–205, 209, 213, 214, 225, capillary 221, 223, 228, 236 tubeworms) 269 226, 228, 232, 237, 239, 245–6, fluid 44, 49, 62, 68, 70, 79, 82, 94, 119, Mono Lake (California) 311 252–3, 259, 275, 279, 280, 299, 121, 124, 140, 174, 175, 176, 181, monosaccharide 152 323, 331, 333, 335–6, 337, 338, 183, 206, 207, 213, 214, 215, monsoon 91, 92, 343 341, 345, 346, 347, 348, 352, 355, 216–26, 233, 237, 239, 240, 245, Monte Norte seamount (west 356, 367, 369, 376 247, 360 Mediterranean Sea) 69 activity types 202–5 gas 9, 22, 27, 60, 73, 94, 162, 163, 165, Monterey Bay (California) 112–14, 140, asphalt 116, 122, 125 170, 176, 182, 183, 186, 216, 219, 244, 269, 272, 273, 278, 295, 299, eruption 122, 196, 198, 200, 202–5, 223, 225, 240, 241, 245, 311 340, 372 225, 232, 234, 333, 336, 337, 347, tertiary 217 Monterey Bay Fault (offshore California) 352, 355 pathway 10, 52, 60, 64, 65, 93, 94, 95, 113, 140 gryphon 79, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 97, 100, 115, 119, 123, 126, 139, Monterey Canyon (offshore California) 280, 356 145, 158, 214, 217, 220, 223, 224, 112–14, 140 salse 79, 191, 198, 199, 200, 210, 202, 225, 228, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, Monterey Fan (offshore California) 269 280 243, 244, 247, 291, 301, 302, 305, Monterey Formation 113, 115 serpentinite 98–9 306, 322, 334, 335, 347, 358, 365, MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) 148, 325 mud volcano areas/belts/groups 370, 378 Morecambe Bay (UK) 229 Azerbaijan/Southern Caspian Basin petroleum 56, 140, 159, 219, 220, 241 Morocco 67, 306 85–6, 207, 234, 245 primary 157, 217 Moscow Mud Volcano (Mediterranean Barbados accretionary wedge 121–2, secondary 217 Ridge) 76, 77, 245 245, 252, 273 Mikkel field (offshore Norway) 50, Moscow State University Mud Volcano Central Black Sea 83–4 364 (MSU; central Black Sea) 83 Deep Portuguese Margin field (Gulf of Milano Mud Volcano (Mediterranean mound Cadiz) 68, 69 Ridge) 77, 79, 205 anhydrite 316–17 Gualdalquivir Diapiric Ridge (Gulf of Milford Haven Mud Volcano carbonate (see carbonate mound) Cadiz) 68 (Mediterranean Ridge) 76 Darwin 64–6, 384, 385 Gulf of Cadiz (E. Atlantic Ocean) 67–9 Miocene (Tertiary) 65, 68, 83, 87, 111, Mount Manon Mud Volcano (offshore Mediterranean Ridge 115, 120, 123, 136, 207, 208, 211, Barbados) 121 (E. Mediterranean Sea) 76–9 289, 298, 304 Møre Basin (offshore Norway) 140, 237 Nile Delta 80–1, 279 Milos Island (Aegean Sea) 76, 77, 262, MPA (Marine Protected Area) 303, 385 Sorokin trough (Black Sea) 83, 84, 85, 283 Mt Mazama (volcano: Oregon) 268 95, 245 minerals/mineralization (see under Mt Crushmore (Monterey Canyon, Spanish-Moroccan field (Gulf of individual minerals) offshore California) 113 Cadiz) 67, 69 hydrothermal-related 3, 6, 76, 95, 96, Mt Sakurajima (volcano; Japan) 100 Taiwan 93–4 97, 98, 99, 103, 118, 140, 145, 149, Muck (Island; UK) 60 TASYO field (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 298, 307–8, 309, 311, 314–18, 319, mud breccia (or olistostrome) 77, 84, 86, mud volcanoes 320, 321, 355, 374, 384 97, 98, 196, 197, 200, 202–4, 214, Almazan´ (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Mir (submarine) 103, 316 225 Anastasya (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Mississippi (State, USA) 123 mud diapir (includes clay and shale Atalante (offshore Barbados) Canyon (US Gulf of Mexico) 244 diapirs) 4, 51, 52, 54, 55, 67–9, Aveiro (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Delta (Louisiana) 106, 123, 124, 135, 76–7, 84, 91–2, 93, 94, 97, 101, Bakhar (Azerbaijan) 200, 201, 205 198, 206, 207, 236, 357, 364 112, 119, 120, 121, 122, 172, 183, Baraza (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 68 Fan (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 195–8, 200–1, 202, 205, 207–8, Bolshoi (Lake Baikal) 87 River (USA) 207, 235, 236, 251, 368 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, Bonjardim (Gulf of Cadiz) 68, 69 Mittelgrund (Eckernforde¨ Bay, Germany) 223, 228, 230, 245, 296, 360 (see Buzdag (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 57, 58 also shallow mud diapir) Chandragup (Pakistan) 92, 199 Moho (the Mohoroviciˇ cˇ discontinuity) mud lump 124, 186, 206, 236 Chatham Island (offshore Trinidad) 159 mud mound 124, 196, 200 (see also 122, 204 mollusc (see bivalve, chiton, and carbonate mud mound) Chikishlyar-type 204–5, 240, 246, 336 gastropod) mud pie 77, 121, 122, 196 Chirag (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 201

Index 461

Cibeles (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 TASYO (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 nekton 33, 36, 248, 273 Complex Mound (US Gulf of Mexico) Toronto (Mediterranean Ridge) 77 nematode (Phylum Nematoda) 87, 96, 99, 205 Tredmar (central Black Sea) 84 122, 152, 249, 250, 273, 274, 275, Cyclops (offshore Barbados) 121 TTR (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 281, 282, 283 Dashgil (Azerbaijan) 198, 205 Volcano A (offshore Barbados) 121 Astonomena southwardorum 249 Dvurechenskii (DMV; Sorokin Volcano F (offshore Barbados) 121 Leptonemella aphanothecae 250 Trough, Black Sea) 84 Volcano J (offshore Barbados) 121 Neogene (Tertiary) 76, 97, 113, 175 El Pilar (offshore Barbados) 122 Yuma (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 68 Neogastropod 255 Elm (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 Yuzhmorgeologiya (central Black Sea) nephelometer 70 Faro (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 83 Nephrops norwegicus (Norwegian lobster) Gades (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 multibeam echo sounder (MBES) 2, 10, 36 Gelendzhik (Mediterranean Ridge) 76, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 40, 41, 50, Nephtys sp. (polychaete) 281 202, 245 52, 61, 64, 68, 71, 80, 82, 83, 373, Neptunea sp. (gastropod) 112 Gharniarigh-Tapeh (Iran) 199 381 neptunian dykes 306 Ginsburg (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 68 Mumbai (India) 92 Netherlands 9, 60, 192, 385 Hakon˚ Mosby (HMMV; offshore Munida sarsi (squat lobster) 38 neural networks 170, 178 Norway) 47, 49, 50, 181, 197, 200, Murray Ridge (Indian Ocean) 91 New Britain Island (Papua New Guinea) 236, 245, 253, 254, 338, 344 muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2; clay 95–7, 325 Hingol Island (Makran Coast, mineral) 310 New Britain Trench 95 Pakistan) 91 mussels (see also mytilid bivalves) 70, 79, New Ireland Spreading Centre (west Iberico´ (Gulf of Cadiz) 296 97, 99, 105, 125, 251, 252, 255, Pacific Ocean) 139 Kazakov (Sorokin Trough, Black Sea) 271, 272, 278, 282, 283, 306, 383 New Jersey (USA) 151, 359, 361 84 mussel farming 67, 383 New Jersey continental slope (offshore Khamamdag (Azerbaijan) 202 MWD (measurement-while-drilling) 369 USA) 361 Kidd (Gulf of Cadiz) 67 Myojin-Sho submarine Volcano (offshore New Millennium Observatory Network Kornev (central Black Sea) 83 Japan) 371 (NeMO; Axial Seamount) 111 Leipzig (Mediterranean Ridge) 76 Myrtea sp. (lucinid bivalve) 272 New York Bight (USA) 246 Lokbatan (Azerbaijan) 203 mysid (opossum shrimps) 251 New Zealand 97–8, 188, 199, 203, 283, Lokbatan-type 202–4, 205, 225, 226, mytilid bivalves (Mytilidae; mussels) 119, 299, 310, 325, 374 240, 246, 333, 336, 347, 352 261, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 287 Newfoundland (Canada) 132, 355 Maidstone (Mediterranean Ridge) 77, Bathymodiolus sp. 97, 99, 252, 272 Newfoundland Grand Banks 129, 131, 245 Mytilus edulis 282 238, 374, 383 Makarov Bank (Azerbaijani Caspian Mytilus edulis (common mussel; mytlid nickel (Ni) 150, 319 Sea) 203, 336, 337 bivalve) 282 Ni-Fe alloys 150 Malan Island (Makran Coast, Pakistan) Myxine glutinosa (hagfish) 249 Nicoya Slump (offshore Costa Rica) 119 91, 204 Niger Delta (Nigeria) 69–70, 135, 174 Malyshev (central Black Sea) 83 Nadir Brine Lake (Mediterranean Ridge) Niger Fan (offshore Nigeria) 69–70 Milano (Mediterranean Ridge) 77, 79, 78, 294 Nigeria 174, 176, 183, 202, 209, 246 205 Nam Con Son sedimentary basin Nikolaiika Bay (Greece) 232 Milford Haven (Mediterranean Ridge) (offshore Vietnam) 93 Nile Delta (Egypt) 79–81, 135 76 Nameless Seamount (Gulf of Cadiz) 321 Nile Fan (offshore Egypt) 79–81, 301, Moscow (Mediterranean Ridge) 76, 77, Namibia 70, 72, 313, 383 307 245 Nankai Trough (offshore Japan) 100, 101, Nisiros Island (Aegean Sea) 76 Moscow State University (MSU; 253, 278, 299, 376 Niue Island (atoll; south Pacific Ocean) central Black Sea) 83 Napoli Mud Volcano (Mediterranean 319 Mount Manon (offshore Barbados) 121 Ridge) 77, 78, 79, 205, 294 Njord field (offshore Norway) 50 Napoli (Mediterranean Ridge) 77, 78, napthenes (CnH2n; also known as nodule 79, 205, 294 cycloalkanes) 156, 158 ferromanganese 290, 319–21 Olenin (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Nares Abyssal Plain (Atlantic Ocean) 173 noise (sound) 142, 204, 225, 232, 260, 333 Pipoca (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Natura 2000 (EU network of nature Nome (Alaska) 104 Rabat (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 68 conservation sites) 385–6 Nordic Basin (offshore Norway) 253 Ribeiro (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Nautile (submarine) 78, 100, 119, Norne field (offshore Norway) 50 Schugin-type 205, 246 122 North American Plate 103, 106, 109, 111, St Petersburg (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Navarin Basin (offshore Alaska) 103, 113 Student (Gulf of Cadiz) 67 104–5 North Carolina (USA) 126, 234, 284 Stvor (Mediterranean Ridge) 77 Navarinsky Canyon (offshore Alaska) 105 North Fiji hydrothermal vents (Fiji Tarsis (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Nazca Plate (E Pacific Ocean) 119 Islands) 268

462 Index

North Pennine Orefield (UK) 315, 374 Obturata (vestimentifera; former offshore basin screening 379 North Sea 8–44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, sub-phylum of pogonophores; offshore site investigation/survey 8, 21, 73, 106, 135, 136, 159, 170 171, now siboglinid tubeworms) 269 25, 41, 59, 75, 90, 97, 108, 172, 172, 174, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, Obsidian Dome Volcano (California) 98 208, 224, 225, 362, 363, 366, 372, 195, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 217, ocean 382 218, 224, 228, 232, 234, 238, 240, Arctic 207, 352, 376 oil 2, 36, 56, 59, 62, 69, 73, 86, 88, 89, 90, 241, 245, 248–50, 264, 272, 273, Atlantic 47, 67, 93, 118, 141, 146, 149, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125, 131, 274, 275, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 255, 256, 259, 261, 272, 277, 278, 132, 134, 155–7, 158, 160, 161, 286, 290–1, 3–1, 307, 333, 334, 319, 326, 342, 343, 352, 355, 376, 162, 170, 192, 195, 197, 198, 200, 335, 337, 342, 344, 352, 365, 368, 385 201, 202, 207, 215, 217, 219, 220, 369, 372, 373, 374, 381, 383, Indian 91, 93, 141, 256, 261, 277, 319, 224, 225, 240, 241, 260, 264, 275, 384 321, 326, 342, 343, 376 288, 306, 307, 309, 317, 335, 355, Fan 358 Pacific 93, 98, 102, 117, 118, 138, 140, 362, 375, 376, 378, 279, 382, 383, Norton Sound (Alaska) 103–4 141, 142, 198, 256, 261, 270, 272, 384 Norway 21, 49–50, 51, 53, 54, 140, 145, 277, 278, 279, 319, 321, 325, 326, exploration/prospecting (listed under 183, 186, 207, 218, 237, 255, 256, 343, 352, 376 petroleum exploration) 269, 306, 356, 364, 366, 370, 383, ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) 332 field (listed under petroleum fields) 385, 386 Ocean Drilling Program (see ODP) industry 1, 6, 9, 44, 59, 62, 115, 123, Norway haddock (Sebastes vivaparus; fish) ocean methane paradox 343 157, 192, 234, 243, 251, 347, 348, 32, 249 ocean spreading 1, 4, 45, 72, 87, 95, 117, 349, 355, 366, 378 Norwegian deep-water corals 255–8, 305, 118, 137–8, 141, 148, 158, 160, pollution 1, 4, 115, 123, 251, 362, 386 208, 218, 239, 261, 262, 269, 277, 375 Norwegian continental shelf 256, 386 290, 324, 325, 326, 327, 352 seep 1, 85, 87, 88, 93, 115–17, 123, 124, Norwegian continental slope 264 octocoral (Anthozoa subclass Alcyonaria) 125, 131–2, 158, 190, 197, 200, Norwegian lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) 261, 305 218, 219, 241, 251, 253, 275, 307, 36 sea pen (order Pennatulacea) 27 331, 339, 355, 364, 374–5, 378–83 Norwegian margin 350, 357 (individual genera listed under sea slick 1, 85, 93, 115, 123, 124, 125, 131, Norwegian North Sea 16, 333, 369, pen) 218, 331, 335, 378–80 384 octopus (Octopoda) oily bubble 339, 379, 380 Block NO1/9 – Tommeliten Graneledon sp. 261 Okhotsk Sea 101–3, 174, 177, 182, 272, (Norwegian North Sea) 3, 20, Oder Bight (German Baltic Sea) 343 280, 284, 299, 340, 348, 352 25–9, 59, 60, 191, 248, 264, 280, Oder, river (Germany) 343 Oklahoma (USA) 306 290, 291, 301, 302, 332, 333 ODP (Ocean Drilling Program): 77, 96, Olenin Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Block NO24/9 – The Holene 98, 119, 151, 183–6, 215, 288, 317, Oligobrachia sp. (siboglinid tubeworms) (Norwegian North Sea) 14, 20, 334, 366, 367 253 33–5, 36, 248, 250 Leg 141 (Chile Triple Junction) 183 Oligocene (Tertiary) 51, 65, 83, 121, 126, Block NO25/7 (Norwegian North Sea) Leg 146 (Hydrate Ridge) 109, 180, 184, 136, 211, 298 14, 15, 20, 30–3, 34, 35, 206, 248 185–6, 340, 366, 367 oligochaete (subclass of annelids; phylum Block NO26/8 (Norwegian North Sea) Leg 160 (Mediterranean Ridge) 205 Annelida) 87, 250 20, 36,37 Leg 164 (Blake Ridge) 126, 127, 184, Olistostrome (mud breccia ) 77, 84, 86, 97, Block NO26/9 (Norwegian North Sea) 186 98, 196, 197, 200, 202–4, 214, 225 20, 36, 38, 248 Leg 168 (Endeavour Ridge) 146 olivine (mineral group – see also fayalite Norwegian Sea 50–2, 65, 178, 181, 206, Leg 169 (Middle Valley) 315 and forsterite) 150, 158 207, 238, 245, 357, 365, 368 Leg 170 (Costa Rica margin) 118 Oman 158 Norwegian Trench (Norwegian North Leg 193 (Manus Basin) 95, 145, 148 Oman anyssal plain 92 Sea) 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, Leg 204 (Hydrate Ridge) 109, 184, opisthosoma (of siboglinid tubeworms) 36, 37, 38, 52, 54, 60, 238, 243, 185 270–1 248, 250, 381 Leg 206 (Cocos Plate) 141 opossum shrimps (mysids) 251 Nova Scotia (Canada) 7–8, 130, 248 Site 395 (Leg 109, Atlantic Ocean) 146 Orange River/Fan (offshore Nowlin Knolls (Gulf of Mexico) 124 Site 684 (Leg 112, Peru Margin) 299 Namibia/South Africa) 70 NR-1 (submarine) 123 Site 808 (Leg 131, Nankai Trough) 101 Ordovician (Palaeozoic) 8, 289 Numulites sp. (foraminifera) 305 Site 889 (Leg 146, Cascadia Margin) ore 6, 87, 96, 149, 314, 315, 316, 374, nutrient 1, 6 105, 120, 235, 254, 255, 257, 340 375 259, 261, 275, 276, 278, 284–6, Site 892 (Leg 146, Cascadia Margin) Oregon (USA) 109, 111, 118, 184, 251, 287, 309, 326, 330 109, 184, 185, 252 268, 278, 281, 299, 334, 342, 359 Site 995 (Leg 164, Blake Ridge) 186 Oregon (Cascadia) Subduction Zone 109, OBS (ocean bottom seismometer) 332 Site 996 (Leg 164, Blake Ridge) 127 111, 181, 184–6, 252, 263, 366–7

Index 463

organic 4, 45, 56, 72, 151–3, 154, 157, Pacific Plate 97, 99, 100, 103, 106, 109, permeability (K) 145, 150, 157, 174, 178, 158, 217, 253, 263, 270, 275, 277, 113 181, 182, 209, 212, 215, 217, 218, 278, 297, 304, 337 PACMANUS (hydrothermal site) 96, 97, 220, 223, 224, 233, 236, 237, 238, carbon 59, 84, 92, 96, 104, 118, 120, 148 243, 316, 364 128, 136, 144, 154, 156, 160, 161, Pagarus sp. (hermit crab) 249, 250 Permian (Palaeozoic) 306 186, 282, 286, 330, 350 pagoda structures 172–4, 175 Persian Gulf (see Arabian Gulf) matter 4, 58, 66, 67, 86, 93, 96, 106, Paita (Peru) 119, 279, 299 Perth (Western Australia) 254 108, 115, 120, 122, 126, 128, 132, palaemonid shrimps 100 Peru 119–20, 138, 299 135, 136, 144, 147, 149, 151–3, Palaeocene (Tertiary) 51, 81, 136, 140, Peru Accretionary Wedge 139 154, 156, 207, 230, 251, 253, 261, 145, 207, 212, 237, 247, 256, 289, Peru Trench 119, 269, 278, 279 263, 269, 271, 273, 274, 275, 283, 353 Perviata (former subphylum of 284, 285, 291, 293, 297, 316, 342, Palaeozoic (see also Devonian, Ordovician, pogonophores; now siboglinid 343, 344, 349 Permian) 66, 128, 308 tubeworms) 269 organic-rich sediment 59, 60, 72, 81, 92, Paleohori Bay (Greece) 76 petroleum 1, 3, 4, 7, 36, 43, 59, 81, 90, 94, 104, 113, 117, 120, 136, 152, 159, Palos Verdes Peninsula (California) 262, 97, 98, 107, 111, 114, 115, 118, 197, 206, 214, 246, 293, 311, 347, 283 120, 123, 124, 131, 312, 134, 135, 353, 360 Panama 146 151–62, 202, 212, 214, 217, 220, Orinoco Delta (Venezuela) 118 Panama City gas seeps area (US Gulf of 221, 223, 240, 258, 259, 260, 278, Ormen Lange field (offshore Norway) Mexico) 124 294, 299, 303, 306, 331, 340, 349, 186, 358 Panarea Island (Italy) 325 355, 368, 374, 375, 376, 378, 381, Ortona (Italy) 74 Pandalus jordani (shrimp) 251 382, 383, 384 Oseberg field (Norway North Sea) 62 Pangea (super-continent) 123 abiogenic 157–62 Oseberg kitchen 36 Panoche Hills (California) 289 drilling (exploration/production) 1, 8, Oslo (Norway) 9, 385 Papua New Guinea 95, 283, 286, 359 37, 73, 75, 107, 115, 156, 178, 223, OSPAR convention 385 parametric echo sounder 44, 84, 332, 333 260, 335, 355, 362–8, 372, 381, ostracod (crustaceans) 87 Paramphinome jeffreysii (polychaete) 249 384 Otago (New Zealand) 97 Paramushir Island (Kuril Islands, Russian exploration/prospecting (oil and gas) otoliths (fish ear bones) 250–1 Pacific) 101, 102 6, 16, 41, 62, 70, 93, 107, 123, 134, Ovacik springs (Turkey) 329 Parrita Scarps (offshore Costa Rica) 119, 157, 160, 178, 331, 332, 335, 355, overpressure (Pover) 67, 92, 127, 148, 163, 142 362–3, 374, 376, 378–83 172, 176, 196, 209, 215–16, 218, particulate matter 70, 131, 234, 246, 273, fields (general) 8, 9, 50, 52, 59, 88, 157, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 233, 338 158, 210 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, patellacean limpets 113 generation 73, 97, 98, 136, 154–6, 247, 315, 316, 317, 332, 353, 360, pathogen 383 157–8, 159, 217 362, 363, 366, 368 (see also Patras, Gulf of (Greece) 75, 231–2 hydrothermal-associated 87, 98, 118, Equations 7.6, 7.12b, and 7.17) Pavillion Lake (British Columbia) 158, 325 oxic/anoxic (redox) boundary 81, 83, 252, 309–10, 312 industry/companies 1, 18, 86, 93, 115, 298, 300, 301, 323 (see also peat 16, 59, 66, 81, 104, 135, 156, 169, 347 132, 136, 156, 157, 163, 349, 355, oxylimnion) Pechora Sea (Russian Arctic) 207, 208, 383 oxygen (O) 96, 103, 107, 152, 153, 154, 238, 312 migration 56, 90, 156–7, 159, 190, 158, 241, 255, 266, 268, 271, 273, PeeDee Belemnite (PDB) 162 217 275, 276, 280, 284, 293, 297, 298, Peleponnesos (Greece) 75, 230 seep 1, 2, 4, 90, 111, 115, 120, 190, 248, 301, 306, 308, 311, 338, 343, Pennatula phosphorea (sea pen) 249 251, 253, 304, 323, 331–3, 383 383 Penobscott Bay (Maine) 128 petroleum fields (includes gas and oil BOD (biological oxygen demand) 152 pentane (C5H12; hydrocarbon gas) 27, 40, fields) 8, 9, 50, 52, 59, 88, 157, isotopes 88, 109, 114, 149, 295, 305 44, 118, 125, 259, 295 158, 210 minimum zone (OMZ) 92, 273, 287 percolation theory 220 Alba (UK North Sea) 210 O:C ratio 155 peridotite (ultramafic rock type typically Auger (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 Oxylimnion (oxic–anoxic boundary) 301 derived from the mantle) 149, 150, Azeri (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 (see also oxic/anoxic boundary) 157, 198, 314 Åsgard (offshore Norway) 50, 51 Øygarden Fault Zone (offshore Norway) mantle-derived peridotite 72, 143, 148, Bach Ho (Vietnam) 157 232 157, 214, 288, 313 Balder (Norwegian North Sea) 211 serpentinization of 98, 144, 149, 313, Balmoral (UK North Sea) 9 Pacific Ocean 93, 98, 102, 117, 118, 138, 326 Berri (Saudi Arabian Arabian Gulf) 88, 140, 141, 142, 198, 256, 261, 270, permafrost 24, 86, 181, 207, 208, 237, 89, 90 272, 277, 278, 279, 319, 321, 325, 238, 240, 334, 348, 351, 352, Beryl (UK North Sea) 232 326, 343, 352, 376 353 Bonaccia (Italian Adriatic Sea) 73

464 Index

petroleum fields (cont.) Tommeliten (Norwegian North Sea) plants (flora) 28, 75, 135, 151, 152, 156, Britannia (UK North Sea) 9 20, 25, 27 (see also Tommeliten 248, 250, 251, 258, 306, 309, 330, Bullwinkle (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 seeps) 385, 386 Cantarell (Mexican Gulf of Mexico) Troll (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 10, 11, plastic/hydroplastic deformation 51, 122, 399 20, 370 207, 225–6, 240, 245, 246 Cement (Oklahoma) 306–7 Vancouver (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 plate boundary/margin 4, 67, 91, 97, 118, Challi (Australian Timor Sea) 95 Veslefrikk (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 138, 139, 140, 145 Chirag (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 20, 62, 307 plate convergence/subduction 1, 75, Cognac (US Gulf of Mexico) 381–2 Vest (Italian Adriatic Sea) 73 76, 91, 94, 97, 99, 108, 119, 137, Connemara (offshore Ireland) 62, 303 Zuluf (Saudi Arabian Arabian Gulf) 138–9, 140, 144, 148, 157, 158, Cooper (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 88, 89 181, 197, 198, 215, 252–3, 325, Cornea (Australian Timor Sea) 95 pH (acidity/alkalinity) 96, 100, 148 332, 374, 376, 377 Dos Cuadros (offshore California) 116, Phakettia sp. (sponge) 46 plate divergence/ocean spreading 1, 4, 364 pharmaceutical uses 383 45, 72, 87, 95, 117, 118, 137–8, Draugen (offshore Norway) 50 phase separation 146–9, 314, 317 141, 145, 148, 158, 160, 208, 218, Ekofisk (Norwegian North Sea) 25, 384 Philippine Sea Plate 100 239, 261, 262, 269, 277, 290, 324, Emma (Italian Adriatic Sea) 73 Phoenician 79 325, 326, 327, 352 Estrella (offshore Equatorial Guinea) Phoenix Micro-plate 118 transform 113, 134, 137, 140 382–3 phosphate 148, 284, 285, 283, 297, 301, plate tectonics 1, 4, 134, 136–43 Forth-Harding (UK North Sea) 210 311, 318–9, 321, 329, 330 plate tectonic setting Forties (UK North Sea) 8, 9, 15, 22, phosphate-rich waters 262, 319 back-arc 7, 75, 76, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 372 phosphorous (P) 262, 284 140, 145, 148, 324, 326, 374 Gryphon (UK North Sea) 210, 211 phosphorite 318 fore-arc 97, 98, 101, 105, 111, 139–40, Gullfaks (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 20, photosynthesis 4, 151, 152, 261, 269, 277, 148, 289, 313, 314, 326 36–7, 38, 171, 215, 363, 370 281, 283, 286, 287, 304, 343, 349 intra-plate 4, 134, 135, 137, 140–2, 148, Guneshli (Azerbaijani Caspian Sea) 86 phyllosilicate (minerals) 301 325 Heidrun (offshore Norway) 53, 383 phytoplankton 151, 152, 155, 281, 282, island arc 138, 139, 140, 148, 321, 325, Huldra field (offshore Norway) 20, 62 343 326 (see entries under individual Ivanhoe (UK North Sea) 9 Piip Submarine Volcano (NW Pacific island arcs: East Caribbean, Jabiru (Australian Timor Sea) 95 Ocean) 103, 142, 158, 262, 316 Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin), Joillet (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 pile anchor 370 Kermadec, Mariana and Kristin (offshore Norway) 50, 53, piled structures 370 Sanghihe) 256 piles plates (and micro-plates) La Goleta (offshore California) 375 gas drainage 370 Aegean 74, 74 Machar (UK North Sea) 20, 59, 60 pillow lava 261 African 67, 68, 74 Mars (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 pinger 25, 27, 30, 62, 168, 169, 174, 332 Anatolian 74 Midgard (offshore Norway) 50 pipeline 9, 10, 16, 22, 60, 81, 90, 192, 207, Antarctic 118 Mikkel (offshore Norway) 50, 364 243, 250, 256, 362, 367, 369, 370, Arabian 91 Njord (offshore Norway) 50 371, 386 Australian 94, 97 Norne (offshore Norway) 50 Haltenpipe (Norwegian Sea) 16, 256, Caribbean 118, 121 Ormen Lange (offshore Norway) 186, 383 Cocos 118, 140, 142 358 Piper field (UK North Sea) 9 Eurasian 67, 74, 91, 94, 100 Oseberg (Norwegian North Sea) 62 Pipoca Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) Explorer 109 Piper (UK North Sea) 9 68 Gorda 109, 111 Popeye (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 Pisces IV (submarine) 131, 132 Juan de Fuca 109 Ram-Powell (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 Pisces VII (submarine) 101 Nazca 119 Safaniya (Saudi Arabian Arabian Gulf) Pisces XI (submarine) 101 North American 103, 106, 109, 111, 90 piston core 8, 25, 27, 108, 115, 120, 125, 113 Schwedeneck (German Baltic Sea) 56, 131, 381, 382 Pacific 97, 99, 100, 103, 106, 109, 113 57 Pitcairn 141 Philippine Sea 100 Skua (Australian Timor Sea) 95 Pitch Lake (Trinidad) 122 Phoenix 118 Snorre (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 36 plankton 27, 33, 87, 105, 248, 257, 276, Scotia 118 Snøhvit (Norwegian Barents Sea) 45, 279, 284 Solomon Sea 95 47 bacterio- 251 South American 118, 119, 121 Statfjord (Norwegian North Sea) 36, phyto- 151, 152, 155, 281, 282, 343 South Shetland 118 170 zoo- 152, 155, 250, 283, 284, 285, 343, Platform Holly (offshore California) Tartan (UK North Sea) 9 349 375

Index 465

Pleistocene (Quaternary) 10, 59, 93, 94, fossil 247 pollution 1, 2, 4, 123, 235, 251, 259, 275, 104, 123, 129, 135, 151, 192, 205, formation 8, 9, 24, 25, 45, 58, 67, 69, 375, 379, 385 209, 211, 231, 237, 357, 368 75, 90, 104, 112, 115, 129, 131, polychaetes (bristle worms; class plumbing 4, 140, 198, 200, 224, 241, 280, 191, 192, 193, 207, 209, 226, 228, Polychaeta, of phylum Annelida) 289, 301, 305, 315, 334, 384 230, 232, 238–9, 242–4, 245, 246, 261 (see also serpulid) plume 247, 302, 338, 365, 369, 372–3 Capitella sp. 251, 281 acoustic 24–5, 27, 43, 44, 54, 61, 65, 67, giant 13, 41–4, 46–7, 48, 49, 70, 191, Hesiocaeca methanicola (the ‘ice worm’) 77, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 226, 238, 249, 333, 338 275 118, 132, 142, 193, 194, 195, 231, groundwater-associated 56–8, 76, 129, Hetermastus filiformis 281 285, 331–2, 333, 340, 372, 193, 214, 244 Levinsenia gracilis 249 379 size 8, 10–11, 19, 27, 30, 33, 36, 37, 40, Maldanid 253 bubble 1, 42, 43, 51, 66, 102, 104, 109, 43, 45, 46, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, Marenzelleria viridis 254 123, 125, 194, 195, 220, 231, 242, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 79, 81, 88, Nephtys sp. 281 280, 282, 316, 331–2, 333, 334, 90, 97, 104, 106, 114, 119, 120, Paramphinome jeffreysii 249 336, 339, 364 126, 1229, 130, 189, 190, 231, 256, Spiophanes kroyeri 249 event (mega) 285, 324–5, 328, 329, 333, 372, 373 Sternaspis sp. 281 334, 347, 352 unit pockmark 13, 15, 129, 30, 36, 37, polygonal faults 129, 211–2, 213, 258 flare 82, 84, 101, 102, 103 39, 43, 190, 191, 242, 256 Polymastia sp. (sponge) 46 freshwater 132, 329, 343 pockmark areas polymer 152, 154 hydrothermal 76, 77, 96, 98, 110, 145, Big Sur (offshore California) 114–15, polynya (ice-free area) 132, 329, 348, 348 149, 158, 268, 285, 323–9, 331, 193, 194 polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate) 350 Eckernforde¨ Bay (Germany) 56–8, 153, 152 methane-rich 46, 49, 70, 92, 98, 107, 164, 165, 166, 169, 178, 193, 194, Popcorn Ridge (east Pacific Ocean) 142 109, 144, 159, 182, 326, 327, 332, 244, 246, 263, 264, 330, 348 Popeye field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 334, 338, 346 Gulf of Maine (USA) 128–9, 190, 191, Porcupine Basin (northeast Atlantic sediment 22, 23, 62, 193, 194, 228, 231, 193 Ocean) 62, 64, 65, 302, 303 242, 254 Norwegian Trench (Norwegian North pore fluid 4, 90, 111, 113, 121, 122, 123, seep 42, 43, 44, 61, 70, 89, 90, 97, 118, Sea) 9, 36–41, 191, 238, 248, 250, 127, 145, 150, 154, 167, 172, 206, 206, 244, 286, 331, 332, 333, 338, 363 207, 212, 214–16, 223, 225, 226, 344, 345, 350, 356, 382 Scotian Shelf (offshore Nova Scotia, 229, 233, 237, 240, 241, 245, 284, sub-seabed 60, 62, 108, 109, 127, 168 Canada) 7–8, 9, 15, 129–30, 190, 299, 362, 363 (see also gas chimney) 248 pressure (Pfluid) 72, 73, 245, 252, 2267, Plym Estuary (UK) 60 Witch Ground Basin (UK North Sea) 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 200, 206, Pobiti Kamani (Bulgaria) 305 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18–25, 210, 214–15, 221, 223, 225, 228, pockmark 1, 2, 3, 7–44, 45–7, 49–50, 51, 41–4, 60, 62, 189, 191, 193, 195, 232, 233, 237, 242, 245, 308, 356, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 228, 232, 234, 238–9, 247, 249, 357, 359, 360–1, 364, 367, 369, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75–6, 281, 285, 334, 353, 372–3, 386 384 79, 80, 81, 82, 88–91, 92, 93, 94, pockmarks pore space/volume 39, 86, 101, 109, 147, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108–9, Braemar (UK16/3, North Sea) 386 150, 154, 156, 163, 164, 180, 181, 111–12, 114–15, 118, 119, 120, Challenger (UK15/25, North Sea) 40, 182, 185, 214–15, 217, 220, 221, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 136, 139, 43, 44 260, 291, 320 145, 169, 172, 174, 177, 182, 183, Scanner (UK15/25, North Sea) 20, 40, Pore throat 215, 220, 221, 233, 239, 244, 189, 190–5, 205, 206, 207, 209, 41, 42, 43, 44, 189, 190, 195, 249, 339 210, 213, 214, 223, 224, 225, 226, 285, 386 pore water 49, 51, 57, 65, 67, 73, 99, 100, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, Scotia (UK15/25, North Sea) 40, 43, 103, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 121, 238, 239, 240–5, 246, 247, 248–51, 44 123, 126, 127, 131, 129, 149, 150–1 252, 256, 257, 273, 274, 275, 280, Witch’s Hole (UK21/4, North Sea) 20, 152, 154, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 281, 290–1, 299, 303, 331, 335, 21, 22, 24–5, 372–3 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 346, 351, 357, 358, 359, 361, 363, pogonophore (former designation of 186, 214–15, 221, 228, 237, 241, 369, 370, 372–3, 386 siboglinid tubeworms) 269 244, 253, 254, 256, 257, 263, 282, activity 9, 13, 14, 22–4, 42, 43, 44, 73, Pohang (Korea) 99 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 297, 301, 75–6, 88, 89, 90, 91, 112, 115, Point Arena Basin (offshore California) 302, 306, 310, 311, 315, 320, 331, 128–9, 193, 194–5, 231, 232, 234, 359 337, 343, 344, 363, 366, 368, 371 243, 250–1, 334, 369 Point Conception (California) 115, 116 pressure (Pwater) 100, 104, 175, 221, buried 15, 17, 24, 73, 74, 238, 243 Point Fermin (California) 116 242 density 8, 10–11, 18, 19, 24, 33, 43, 88, Point St George (California) 111 Port Clarence (Alaska) 104 97, 104, 195, 231, 238 poiseuille flow 218, 225 Portugal 67, 296, 385

466 Index

Posidonia (sea grass) 75 pyrite (FeS2; mineral) 68, 103, 126, 262, algal 73, 94 Posolskiy Fault (Lake Baikal) 87 263, 264, 291, 298, 300, 306, 314, ‘Bubbling Reefs’ (Danish Kattegat) Poverty Bay (New Zealand) 97 316, 318 55,56, 250, 291, 301, 386 Pre-Cambrian 311 pyrrhotite (FeS; mineral) 118, 314, 315, carbonate mound/reef 60, 61, 64, 68, predator 251, 254, 273, 274, 275, 277, 316 79, 94–5, 175, 248, 259, 290, 294, 279, 282, 283 pyruvate (carboxylate anion of pyruvic 302–4, 305, 306, 307, 344, 381 pressure acid) 152 coral 141, 255–60, 305, 307, 320, atmospheric(Patmos) 72, 214–15, 216, 343–4, 383, 386 235, 236, 240 quartz (SiO2; mineral) 69, 223, 292, 301, deep-water (cold-water) 49, 53, 64, 66, capillary (Pcap) 219, 220, 221, 223, 239, 315, 317 69, 120, 255–8, 290, 302, 305, 383, 241 (see also Equation 7.11) Quaternary 19, 31, 45, 51, 52, 59, 60, 66, 384, 385 fluid (Pfluid) 72, 73, 245, 252, 2267, 171, 80, 81, 94, 97, 104, 105, 107, 114, Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 259 172, 173, 175, 176, 200, 206, 210, 121, 159, 299, 323, 350, 353, 354, Haltenpipe Reef Cluster (HRC; 214–15, 221, 223, 225, 228, 232, 365 (see also Flandrian, Holocene offshore Norway) 53, 256 233, 237, 242, 245, 308, 356, 357, (Recent), Pleistocene, Weichselian tropical 141, 255, 258, 259–60 359, 360–1, 364, 367, 369, 384 (Devensian)) remotely operated vehicle (ROV) 2, 9, 10, fracture (Pfrac) 222, 363 (see also Queen Charlotte Sound (British 13, 27, 28, 29, 30–3, 34, 35, 36, 39, Equation 7.14) Columbia) 107 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 57, 79, 83, 85, gas (Pgas) 97, 203, 209, 214, 221, 222, Quepos Slide (offshore Costa Rica) 119 90, 107, 112, 114, 115, 182, 206, 301, 302, 363, 366, 371 (see also 280, 285, 300, 301, 332, 336, 372, Equation 7.12a) Rabat Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 373 hydrostatic (Phydro) 90, 101, 148, 176, 68 resistivity (electrical) 9, 99, 185, 186, 369 178, 214–15, 216, 221, 222, 225, radar 74, 334, 379 Rhepoxynius sp. (amphipod) 251 226, 233, 235, 236, 237, 241, 318, European Radar Satellite 253 Rhine Graben (Germany) 159 338, 350, 351, 352, 364, 366, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 94, 379 Rhine, river (The Netherlands, Germany) 370 radioactive 59, 145, 264 135 over (Pover) 67, 92, 127, 148, 163, 172, radiolaria /radiolarian ooze 321 Rhodes (Greece) 209, 211 176, 196, 209, 215–16, 218, 221, radon (222Rn) 139, 22, 320, 329 rhyodacite 98, 148 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 233, 236, Rainbow hydrothermal field ria (drowned valley) 60, 135 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 149, 376, Baixas (Galicia, Spain) 66–7, 135 315, 316, 317, 332, 353, 360, 362, 385 Ribeiro Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 363, 366, 368 (see also Equations Ram-Powell field (US Gulf of Mexico) Ridge 7.6, 7.12b, and 7.17) 124 Blake (offshore South Carolina) pore water (Pwater) 100, 104, 175, 221, Rande Strait (Galicia, Spain) 267 126–37, 136, 181, 182, 183, 272, 242 (see also Equation 7.10) Ratnagiri (India) 92 288, 329, 338, 373 Pressure-while-drilling (PWD) 369 rattail (or grenadier; deepwater fish; Blake Outer (offshore South Carolina) primary producer 93, 257, 277, 286 family Macrouridae) 261 184, 185 primordial (mantle-derived) methane 111, ray (fish: superorder Batoidea) 78, 251 East Pacific Rise 1, 117, 141, 142, 157, 158–9, 160, 288 reaction zone (hydrothermal circulation 158–9, 268, 274, 277, 317, 324, Prinos Bay (Greece) 75 systems) 146, 147–9 327, 343 Prince Patrick Island (Arctic Canada) 289 Recent (or Holocene; Quaternary) 7, 45, Endeavour (east Pacific Ocean) 146 propane (C3H8+; hydrocarbon gas) 27, 56, 57, 59, 72, 76, 79, 81, 88, 93, Gorda (east Pacific) 138, 277, 316, 324 40, 44, 84, 85, 99, 102, 103, 105, 99, 104, 106, 111, 115, 128, 129, Gualdalquivir Diapiric Ridge (Gulf of 109, 115, 116, 123, 131, 158, 161, 135, 161, 193, 229, 231, 289, 294, Cadiz) 68 180, 202, 281, 295, 301, 380, 381 299, 349, 354, 357 Hook Ridge (offshore Antarctica) 118, Pual Ridge (offshore Papua New Guinea) recharge zone (hydrothermal circulation 148 96 systems) 142, 146–7 Hydrate (east Pacific Ocean) 109–10, Puerto Rico Trench 253 Red Sea 87–8, 158, 207–8, 374 180, 182–5, 252, 263–4, 297, 332, pulldown (seismic) 27, 169, 170, 174, Red Volcano (seamount; E Pacific Ocean) 334, 336, 337, 338, 340, 366, 376 177 142, 262 Juan de Fuca (east Pacific Ocean) 5, 6, pullup (seismic) 170, 175, 176, 177 Redfield composition 153 109, 110, 138, 158, 262, 277, 2315, pumice 98 Redondo Beach (California) 111 316, 317, 324, 329 Purisma Formation 113 redox (oxic/anoxic) boundary 81, 83, 252, Mediterranean (Mediterranean Sea) Puysegur Ridge (offshore New Zealand) 298, 300, 301, 323 75, 76–9, 182, 202, 205, 246, 264 97 reef 94, 116, 124, 136, 255, 258, 259, 260, Mid-Atlantic (Atlantic Ocean) 1, 72, PWD (Pressure-while-drilling) 369 290, 294, 304, 319, 320, 344, 381, 137, 142, 146, 158, 256, 274, 277, pycnocline 341 384, 385 313, 314, 316, 326, 328, 344, 385

Index 467

Murray (Arabian Sea) 91 Roman Ruins vent site (PACMANUS, Damon Mound (Texas) 307 Popcorn (east Pacific) 142 offshore Papua New Guinea) 96 Machar field (UK North Sea) 20, 59, Pual (offshore Papua New Guinea) Romania 202 60 96 ROPOS (ROV) 107 Messinian 80 Puysegur (offshore New Zealand) 97 Roseway Banks (offshore Nova Scotia) 7, Schwedeneck field (German Baltic Sea) Smooth (Monterey Canyon) 113 8 56 Southern Ritchie (offshore New Roseway Basin (offshore Nova Scotia) 7, Tommeliten field (Norwegian North Zealand) 188 8 Sea) 3, 25, 26–7 Sula (Norwegian Sea) 256, 383, 385 roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides San Andreas Fault (California) 113, 140 Wyville-Thomson (northeast Atlantic rupestris; fish) 384 San Clemente Basin (offshore California) Ocean) 64, 65 ROV (remotely operated vehicle) 2, 9, 10, 299 Riftia sp. (siboglinid tubeworm) 271 13, 27, 28, 29, 30–3, 34, 35, 36, 39, San Clemente Fault (offshore California) Rimicaris sp. (shrimp) 261, 274 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 57, 79, 83, 85, 299 ring-shaped depression 68, 129 90, 107, 112, 114, 115, 182, 206, San Fernando (California) 117, 230 river 67, 70, 134–5, 136, 150, 236, 246, 280, 285, 300, 301, 332, 336, 372, San Gregorio Fault (offshore California) 254, 326, 329, 330, 341–2, 343, 373 113, 140 352, 353, 356, 360 Rovinj seeps (offshore Croatia) 72, 73 San Simon´ (Spain) 66, 266, 267 Alsek (Alaska) 107, 206 Russia/Russian 47, 81, 83, 86, 101, 103, sand intrusion 209–11, 240, 368 Amazon (Brazil) 120 157, 202, 238, 265, 316 sand volcano 65, 196, 211–12, 229–30, Danube (eastern Europe) 81, Ryuku Trench (offshore Japan) 101, 205 240 342 sandwave 10, 60–2, 64, 65, 357 Eel (California) 111, 112, 383 Sable Island Bank (offshore Nova Scotia) Sanghihe Island Arc (west Pacific Ocean) Elbe (northwest Europe) 342 131 321 Fraser (British Columbia) 107, 108, SAC (Special Areas for Conservation) Santa Barbara (California) 2, 115, 357 385 375 Godavari (India) 93 Sackett Bank (US Gulf of Mexico) 258 Basin (California) 111, 273 Huang Ho (People’s Republic of Safaniya field (Saudi Arabian Arabian Channel (California) 2, 115–17, 194, China) 99 Gulf) 90 234–5, 241, 251, 281, 333, 334, Kerynites (Greece) 232 safety 183–4, 340, 361, 365, 366, 371 336, 375, 383–4 Klamath (California) 111 Sagami Bay (Japan) 99–100, 278 Santa Cruz Mountains (California) 113 Krishna (India) 93 Saganu Trough (W Pacific Ocean) 253 Santa Monica Basin (California) 116 Mageneitas (Greece) 231 Sahara 305–6, 384 Santorini Island (Aegean Sea) 76, 326 Mahanadi (India) 93 Sahul Shoals (Australian Timor Sea) 94 sapropel 156 Mandovi (India) 342 Sakhalin Island (Russian Pacific coast) SAR (synthetic aperture radar) 94, 379 Mississippi (southern USA) 207, 235, 101–2, 103 Satanic Mills vents (PACMANUS, 236, 251, 368 salina 308, 310 offshore Papua New Guinea) 96 Oder (central Europe) 343 salmon fodder 383 Sawu Sea (Indonesia) 94 Orange (Namibia/South Africa) 70 salse (mud volcano feature) 79, 191, 198, Scanner pockmark (UK15/25, North Rhine (The Netherlands, Germany) 199, 200, 210, 202, 280 Sea) 20, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 189, 135 salt (NaCl) 68, 125, 127, 134, 147, 182, 190, 195, 249, 285, 386 Selenga (Mongolia/Russia) 86 216, 223, 240, 258, 307, 317–18, scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) Supsa (Georgia) 85 329, 342 164, 292, 296 Susquehanna (eastern USA) 127 deposit 123, 208, 299, 317–18 scavenger 273, 274, 277, 279, 282, 283, Thames (UK) 59, 60, 135 hydrothermal 87, 317–18 339 Tyne (UK) 342 marsh 78, 298 Schugin-type mud volcano 205, 246 Volga (Russia) 85 mine 317 Schwedeneck field (German Baltic Sea) Yangtze (People’s Republic of China) movement (diapirism etc.) 80, 123, 124, 56, 57 99, 361 172, 223, 317–18, 359 SCI (Sites of Conservation Interest) 386 Yesilirmak (Turkey) 81 structure (diapir, dome, nappe, ridge, Sclerolinum sp. (siboglinid tubeworms) Yukon (Alaska) 104 stock etc.) 3, 25, 27, 28, 56, 57, 59, 253 Robert Bank Failure Complex (Fraser 60, 68, 80, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, Scotia pockmark (UK15/25, North Sea) Delta, British Columbia) 357 178, 182, 197, 208, 218, 223–4, 40, 43, 44 Rockall Trough (northwest Atlantic 225, 241, 245, 252, 258, 289, 304, Scotia Sea (southeast Atlantic Ocean) Ocean) 62, 64, 65, 275, 302, 303, 307, 317–18, 358–9, 360 118 378 tectonics 122, 124, 359 Scotia Plate 118 rockfish (Sebastes elongatus, fish) 251 Blake Ridge (offshore South Carolina) Scotian Shelf (east Canada) 3, 7–8,9,10, Roman 1, 2, 325, 374 127, 358 129, 130, 248

468 Index

Scotland (UK)/Scottish 60, 62, 238, 266, sea anemone (order Actinaria) 27, 36, 39, Chamorro (west Pacific Ocean) 99 305, 384 100, 249, 261, 262 Conical (west Pacific Ocean) 98, 149, Scott Inlet (Baffin Island, Canada) 131–2 Bolocera tuediae 249 150, 198 Scott Trough (offshore Baffin Island, Metridium senile 249 Eratosthenes (east Mediterranean Sea) Canada) 132 Urticina feline 249 79,80 SEA (UK’s Strategic Environmental sea cucumber (holothurian; Class Franklin (offshore Papua New Guinea) Assessment programme) 12, 14, Holothuroidea) 100, 255, 259, 95–6 22, 40, 41, 42, 195, 386 262, 283, 284 Hancock (Hawaiian Islands) 142 Sea Benthodytes sp. 261 Jaco (offshore Costa Rica) 142 Adriatic 72–4, 172, 174, 206–7, 275, sea ice 192, 348, 351, 252, 353 Jasper (E Pacific Ocean) 142 329, 334 sea level 33, 76, 103, 104, 108, 113, 122, Larson (E Pacific Ocean) 142 Aegean 75, 262, 283, 325, 345 134, 139, 141, 148, 198, 204, 209, Loihi (Hawaiian Islands) 141, 142, 148, Alboran 69 214, 215, 319, 338, 356, 373 262, 324, 325 Arabian 92, 342, 343, 346 change (rise/fall) 68, 128, 134, 135, MacDonald (Pacific Ocean) 142 Baltic 56–9, 284, 342, 343, 352, 386 136, 188, 236, 284, 304, 350, 351, Marsili (Tyrrhenian Sea) 142, 262 Barents 13, 45–7, 48, 49, 50, 52, 192, 352 Monte Norte (west Mediterranean 238, 239, 273, 334, 352, 353 eustatic (global) 134, 236, 350, Sea) 69 Beaufort 103, 348 351 Nameless (Gulf of Cadiz) 321 Bering 103–5, 142, 192, 352 former 59, 68, 70, 85, 134, 135, 236, Piip Submarine Volcano (northwest Black 2, 81–5, 1182, 183, 203, 245, 265, 304, 307 Pacific Ocean) 297, 299, 300, 302, 342, 347 set-up 104 Red Volcano (east Pacific Ocean) 142, Caribbean 120–2, 140, 218, 368, 372 sea pen (order Pennatulacea) 27 262 Caspian 85–6, 140, 159, 198, 201, 203, Pennatula phosphorea 249 Teahitia (south Pacific Ocean) 142 337, 356, 368, 380 Virgularia mirabilis 249 seawater 1, 4, 9, 25, 46, 49, 76, 78, 887, 96, Dead 1, 2, 311, 313 sea surface 6, 15, 27, 58, 72, 74, 76, 82, 85, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 116, 121, East China 99 87, 93, 98, 100, 102, 112, 116, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 132, 142, Greenland 357 123, 125, 131, 140, 142, 180, 204, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, Ionian 75 207, 214, 215, 222, 230, 234, 235, 153, 154, 161, 16, 166, 167, 168, Irish 59, 60, 61, 168, 284, 286, 240, 252, 253, 284, 285, 304, 329, 181, 187, 188, 208, 209, 215, 231, 386 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 344, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 266, 269, Japan 88, 272 345, 348, 349, 354, 364, 365, 272, 275, 276, 279, 282, 291, 293, Laptev 311, 348 378–9, 382, 383 204, 295, 297, 299, 300, 301, 308, Mediterranean 2, 67, 69, 74-81, 142, bubbles at sea surface 58, 72, 76, 82, 98, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 246, 256, 272, 294, 295, 326, 329 100, 102, 112, 118, 131, 142, 230, 321, 323, 324, 325, 329, 330, 335, North 8–44, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 285, 329, 334, 339, 348, 364, 365, 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 352, 353, 73, 106, 135, 136, 159, 170 171, 383 361, 381 172, 174, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, sea urchin (class Echinoidea) 72, 249, 261, seawater-rock interaction 76, 317 195, 206, 207, 210, 211, 212, 217, 274, 279 Sebastes elongates (rockfish; fish) 251 218, 224, 228, 232, 234, 238, 240, Astropecten irregularis 261 Sebastes vivaparus (Norway haddock; fish) 241, 245, 248–50, 264, 272, 273, seabed dome /doming 15, 19, 25, 27, 30, 32, 249 274, 275, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 31, 49–50, 60, 62, 66, 67, 97, 109, sediment compressibility 107, 140, 216, 286, 290–1, 3–1, 307, 333, 334, 120, 124, 127, 142, 173, 175, 206, 223, 233, 235, 370 335, 337, 342, 344, 352, 365, 368, 209, 223–4, 226, 228, 240, 242, sedimentary diatreme 209, 225–6, 240, 369, 372, 373, 374, 381, 383, 243 263 384 seabed furrow 126 seep/seepage 1–6, 7, 45, 88–91, 113–14, Norwegian 50–2, 65, 178, 181, 206, seabed permafrost 24, 238, 348, 351, 352, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 135, 139, 207, 238, 245, 357, 365, 368 353 142, 145, 151, 189, 190, 195, 200, Okhotsk 101–3, 174, 177, 182, 272, seamount 98, 100, 119, 141–2, 145, 262, 206, 209, 213, 214, 217, 218, 223, 280, 284, 299, 340, 348, 352 278, 313, 314, 326, 328, 347, 352, 224, 225, 228, 234–5, 237, 230, Pechora 207, 208, 238, 312 385 240–1, 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, Red 87–8, 158, 207–8, 374 phosphate 318–19 248–69, 271–89, 290–1, 293–5, Sawu 94 serpentinite 142–3 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 304, Scotia 118 subducting 142 310, 311, 312, 313, 317, 318, 320, South China 93–4, 192, 343 Axial (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 110–11, 321, 313, 331–41, 344, 345, 346, Timor 94–5, 172, 175, 303, 381 142, 262, 329 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 355, 360, Tyrrhenian 142, 262 Bounty (south Pacific Ocean) 366, 374, 375, 376, 378–83, 384, Yellow 99 142 386

Index 469

asphalt /tar 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 85, 86, serpentinization 72, 98, 143, 144, 149, brine 68, 252, 294–5, 317 88, 90, 94, 95, 101, 102, 104, 105, 150, 158, 162, 214, 288, 303, 313, fossil 288–9, 298, 304, 305 106, 108, 109, 112, 114, 119, 120, 326 gas 1–6, 9–10, 25, 27–8, 40, 43–4, 45, 124, 127, 132, 137, 141, 153, 163, serpulid (family Serpulidae; polychaetes) 46, 51, 52, 53–6, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 165, 167–78, 183, 184, 185, 186, 120, 204, 261, 289 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 187, 190, 191, 192, 197, 200, 201, sessile fauna 27, 33, 248, 301 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 206, 211, 232, 237, 257, 302, 303, SGD (submarine groundwater discharge) 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 304, 334, 357, 358, 359, 364, 366, 1, 2, 72, 75, 76, 88, 100, 113, 99, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 367, 368, 381, 382 125–6, 128, 133, 134, 145, 150, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115–17, evidence of gas 167–78 (see also acoustic 151, 158, 190, 193, 217–18, 244, 118, 123, 134, 135, 126, 127, 131, turbidity, acoustic plume, bright 246, 248, 251, 253–5, 257, 259, 163, 168, 174, 182, 189, 190, 193, spot, enhanced reflection etc.) 261, 263, 266, 276, 308–10, 311, 194, 197, 200, 206, 207, 208, 219, seismic (acoustic) velocity (vp)9,27, 312, 318, 323, 329–31, 374 220, 228, 241, 250, 251, 258, 275, 99, 109, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, SGD-related fauna 253–5, 259, 263, 282, 291, 301, 302, 317, 323, 175, 177, 183, 185, 186, 187 266, 276, 330 331–41, 344, 347, 348, 349, 355, vertical seismic profile (VSP) 109, 185 shallow gas (gassy/gas charged sediment) 364, 373, 374–5, 383 seismic system 17, 27, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, groundwater (submarine groundwater 3D (three-dimensional) 70, 170, 172, 60, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 81, discharge: SGD) 1, 2, 72, 75, 76, 173, 178, 201, 209, 211, 212, 247, 82, 84, 91, 92, 93, 108, 112, 120, 88, 100, 113, 125–6, 128, 133, 134, 346, 359, 366, 368, 381, 382 124, 127, 128, 131, 165, 167, 169, 145, 150, 151, 158, 190, 193, 3.5 kHz 9, 25, 54, 62, 63, 67, 105, 111, 170, 176, 183, 204, 207, 230, 231, 217–18, 244, 246, 248, 251, 253–5, 123, 1229, 167, 169, 174, 332 233, 234, 235, 256, 302, 337, 357, 257, 259, 261, 263, 266, 276, airgun 43, 105, 167, 184 362, 364, 370, 373, 382 308–10, 311, 312, 318, 323, boomer 11, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 40, 43, as a geohazard 73, 108, 123, 178, 184, 329–31, 374 51, 54, 90, 104, 168, 169 225, 238, 275, 355, 362–6, 368, oil 1–6, 7, 85, 87, 93, 115–17, 123, 124, chirp 53, 99, 169 369, 372, 384 125, 131–2, 158, 190 219, 241, digital boomer 42 shallow mud diapir/volcano 73–4, 172, 251, 275, 307, 331, 339, 355, 364, pinger 25, 27, 30, 62, 168, 169, 174, 174, 206–7, 208, 236–7, 246 374–5, 378–83 332 shallow water flow (SWF) 368–9 petroleum 1, 2, 4, 90, 111, 115, 120, sparker 38, 43, 104, 105, 108, 172, Shane seep (Santa Barbara Channel, 190, 248, 251, 253, 304, 323, 208 California) 194, 333, 334 331–3, 383 sub-bottom profiler 9, 58, 61, 71, 82, Shariki Village (Japan) 229 plume 42, 43, 44, 61, 70, 89, 90, 97, 99, 118, 129, 224, 231, 256, 331 Shark Bay (Western Australia) 308 118, 206, 244, 286, 331, 332, 333, seismic while drilling (SWD) 369 shear failure 222, 223, 233, 236, 360 (see 338, 344, 345, 350, 356, 382 seismicity/seismic activity 76, 103, 106, also Equation 7.13) self-sealing 301–2 223, 232, 332, 351, 356, 360 (see shear strength (Su; of sediment (soil)) seep detection 331–3, 378–81 also earthquake) 106, 167, 215, 216, 226, 236, 240, seep-related fauna 3, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, Selenga Delta (Lake Baikal) 86 245, 357, 359, 360, 370 (see also 34, 35, 36, 44, 46, 87, 91, 97, 99, Selenga, river (Mongolia/Russia) 86 Equations 7.4 and 7.13) 100, 102, 107, 112, 113, 118, 119, Senja Fracture Zone (offshore Norway) Shelikof Strait (Alaska) 105–6, 140 121, 122, 124, 125, 131, 193, 49 shell accumulation 52, 275 248–53, 262–83, 300, 336, 349 SEM (scanning electron micrograph) Shetland Islands (UK) 31, 62, 232 sediment (soil) compression 107, 140, 164, 292, 296 Shimizu Harbour (Japan) 233 216, 223, 233, 235, 370 Serendipity Gas Seep Area (US Gulf of Ship Shoal (licence block, US Gulf of sediment plume 22, 23, 62, 193, 194, 228, Mexico) 123, 258 Mexico) 124 231, 242, 254 serpentinite 98–9, 143, 144, 149–50, 1198, shipwreck 9, 25, 79, 372, 373 sediment (soil) shear strength (Su) 106, 240, 245, 313–14, 326 shock crystallisation 317 167, 215, 216, 226, 236, 240, 245, mud volcano/seamount 98–9 shrimp (crustaceans; infraorder Caridea) 357, 359, 360, 370 (see also Chamorro (west Pacific Ocean) 99 27, 31, 36, 38, 39, 46, 70, 78, 89, Equations 7.4 and 7.13) Conical Seamount (west Pacific 93, 96, 105, 192, 248, 249, 250, seep plume 42, 43, 44, 61, 70, 89, 90, 97, Ocean) 98, 149, 150, 198 251, 255, 261, 274, 275, 277, 279, 118, 206, 244, 286, 331, 332, 333, Logatchev (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 281 338, 344, 345, 350, 356, 382 149, 317, 385 Alvinocaris sp. 274 seep tent 115, 234, 336, 339, 374–5 Lost City (Atlantic Ocean) 72, 142, Callianassa subterranean 192 seiche 104 149, 150, 288, 313, 326 Crangon communis 251 seismic 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 24, 27, 30, Rainbow (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) 149, mysid (opossum shrimp) 251 36, 40, 41, 46, 51, 55, 60, 65, 66, 376, 385 palaemonid 100

470 Index

shrimp (cont.) Finneidfjord (Norway) 357–8 source rock 43, 81, 93, 123, 154, 156, 157, Pandalus jordani 251 Humboldt (offshore California) 111, 158, 159, 162, 202, 212, 217, 225, Rimicaris sp. 261, 274 357 303, 376, 381 Siberia (Russia) 86, 311, 348, 349 Nicoya Slump (offshore Costa Rica) South Africa 70, 140, 141, 145, 237 siboglinid tubeworms (family 119 South America 118, 119–20, 138, 186 Siboglinidae in the phylum Quepos (offshore Costa Rica) 119 South American Plate 118, 119, 121 Annelida) Roberts Bank Failure Complex South Carolina (USA) 126, 330 Escarpia sp. 70 (offshore British Columbia) 357 South China Sea 93–4, 192, 343 Lamellibrachia sp. 118, 251, 252, 270, Storegga (offshore Norway) 51, 174, South Fladen Pockmark Study Area 271, 278 176, 186, 350, 357–8, 359 (SFPSA; UK North Sea) 9, 11, Oligobrachia sp. 253 slope failure/instability 6, 8, 67, 69, 80, 14, 18–25, 189, 194, 228, 232, 372, Sclerolinum sp. 253 86, 92, 106, 108, 111, 112, 119, 373 Siboglinum sp. 269, 270, 280 126, 129, 131, 136, 151, 187, 202, South Marsh Island (licence block, US Riftia sp. 271 223, 236, 240, 246, 299, 350, Gulf of Mexico) 124 Siboglinum sp. (siboglinid tubeworm) 269, 355–62, 364, 366, 373, 384 South Pass Area (Mississippi Delta) 364 270, 280 slump scar 68, 115, 127 South Shetland Micro-plate (south Sicily (Italy) 142, 262 372 slumping 8, 13, 14, 36, 65, 67, 71, 82, 97, Atlantic Ocean) 118 side-scan sonar 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 106, 118, 119, 202, 206, 209, 238, South Timbalier (licence block, US Gulf 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 40, 41, 243, 340, 356, 358, 359, 368 of Mexico) 124 42, 43, 47, 50, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, smectite (hydrous aluminium Southern Caspian Basin (Caspian Sea) 66, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 82, 88, 90, phyllosilicates; clay minerals) 97, 85–6, 197, 237, 245 91, 97, 104, 105, 111, 118, 121, 14, 150, 212, 214 Southern Ritchie Ridge (offshore New 126, 128, 129, 130, 141, 168, 194, smoker Zealand) 188 195, 200, 231, 256, 331, 358, 372, black 96, 103, 274, 314, 315, 324 Space Shuttle 379 379, 381 white 96, 103, 314, 315, 324 Spain 66–7, 135, 266, 267, 332, 383, 385 signal starvation (seismic) 95, 171, 173, Smooth Ridge (Monterey Bay) 113 Spanish–Moroccan mud volcano field 67, 375, 176, 197 SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water) 69 Sigsbee Escarpment (Gulf of Mexico) 123 162, 295 sparker 38, 43, 104, 105, 108, 172, 208 silicate 99, 118, 314, 316 SMTZ (sulphate-methane transition Special Areas for Conservation (SAC) 385 silicic dome volcanism 98 zone) 153, 263, 280, 301 sphalerite (ZnS; mineral) 149, 314 Siljan Ring (Sweden) 159 sniffer (underwater hydrocarbon Spiophanes kroyeri (polychaete) 249 silver (Ag) 97, 98, 310 detector) 8, 21, 24, 94, 115, 116, Spirochaeta (bacteria) 96 siphonophore (order Siphonophora; 332, 380, 381 sponges (phylum Porifera) 33, 46, 72, 78, hydrozoans) 261, 283 Snorre field (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 36 87, 119, 122, 250, 252, 258, 261, site investigation/survey 8, 21, 25, 41, 59, Snowcap (hydrothermal site; 262, 273, 274, 282, 305 75, 90, 97, 108, 172, 208, 224, 225, PACMANUS, offshore Papua Chonelasma sp. 46 362, 363, 366, 372, 382 New Guinea) 96 Cladorhiza sp. 46, 122, 273 Sites of Conservation Interest (SCI) 386 Snøhvit field (Norwegian Barents Sea) 45, Geodia sp. 46, 274 Skagerrak 9, 10, 52, 53, 54, 55, 269, 270, 47 Phakettia sp. 46 280, 290, 373 soft corals (subclass Alcyonacea) 46, 255, Polymastia sp. 46 Skandi Inspector (ROV support ship) 372 262 Stelletta sp. 274 skate (family Rajidae; fish) 261 Sohm Abyssal Plain (northeast Atlantic spring 134, 244, 308 Skempton’s B coefficient 233 Ocean) 131, 355 groundwater/freshwater 2, 75, 88, 132, skin friction 370 Solar System 157 190, 217, 218, 254, 329, 330 Skjoldryggen (offshore Norway) 358 Solemya sp. (solemyid bivalve) 272, hot/geothermal 2, 111, 145, 158, 248, Skua field (Australian Timor Sea) 95 299 309, 311, 319 slender sole (Lyopsetta exilis; fish) 251 solemyid bivalves (Solemyidae; clams) spring sapping 183, 244–5 slide (submarine slope failure) 100, 113, 119, 271, 272, 278, 289 squat lobster (decapod crustaceans; Bear Island Fan (offshore Norway) 47, Acharax sp. 91, 272 families Galatheidae and 50 Solemya sp. 272, 299 Chirostylidae) 253, 261 Cabos Blanco (offshore Costa Rica) 119 Solomon Sea Plate (southwest Pacific Munida sarsi 38 Cape Hatteras (offshore South Ocean) 95 SRBs (sulphate-reducing bacteria) 69, Carolina) 126 Sonne (research ship) 106 153, 261, 263–5, 295, 297, 342 Cape Fear (offshore South Carolina) Sorokin Trough (Black Sea) 83, 84, 85, St Lawrence, Gulf of (east Canada) 130 126, 127, 358–9 245 St Lawrence Island (Bering Sea) 105 Cape Lookout (offshore South sound (noise) 142, 204, 225, 232, 260, 333 St Lucia (Eastern Caribbean) 140 Carolina) 358–9 (see also acoustic) St Matthew Island (Alaska) 104

Index 471

St Petersburg Mud Volcano (Gulf of vertical (σ v) 214, 222, 236, 246, 359, Ikka Fjord (Greenland) 311 Cadiz) 68 360, 384 (see also Equation 7.1) Lake Superior (Canada/USA) 129, St Vincent (Eastern Caribbean) 140 yield 225 130, 212, 254–5 Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) stromatolite (microbial formations) 290, Latakia (Syria) 2 162, 295 302, 308–11 Ovacik springs (Turkey) 329 Starch (complex carbohydrate) 152 Exuma Island (eastern Bahama Bank) Perth (Western Australia) 254 starfish (class Asteroidea) 27, 39, 274 308 Turkey Point (Florida, USA) 330 Statfjord field (Norwegian North Sea) 36, Stromma¨ lineament (Sweden) 58 Yuigahama Beach (Japan) 100 170 strontium (Sr) 76, 119, 259, 318, 325 succinate (HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH; a steam (H2O) 145, 209, 237, 240, 372 Student Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) dicarboxylic acid) 158 Stelletta sp. (sponge) 274 67 suction anchor 371 Sternaspis sp. (polychaete) 281 Stvor Mud Volcano (Mediterranean Suez, Gulf of 1 Stillwater igneous complex (Montana) Ridge) 77 sugars (represented by C6H12O6) 152 145 sub-bottom profiler 9, 58, 61, 71, 82, 99, Sula Ridge/Reef (offshore Norway) 256, Stockholm Archipelago 58–9, 157, 193, 118, 129, 224, 231, 256, 331 383, 385 2− 195, 196 subduction (plate convergence) 1, 75, 76, sulphate (SO4 ) 56, 96, 99, 103, 120, stockwork 145, 148 91, 94, 97, 99, 108, 119, 137, 148, 163, 193, 252, 263, 264, 266, stony coral (subclass Scleractinia) 262 138–9, 140, 144, 148, 157, 158, 280, 281, 293, 294, 295, 207, 298, Lophelia pertusa 51, 53, 64, 65, 69, 181, 197, 198, 215, 252–3, 325, 299, 300, 301, 330, 331, 337, 342 256–8, 302 332, 374, 376, 377 (see also sulphate–methane transition zone Madrepora oculata 64, 69, 256 associated accretionary wedges (SMTZ) 153, 263, 280, 301 Storegga Slide (offshore Norway) 51, 174, and trenches) sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) 69, 176, 186, 350, 357–8, 359 of seamounts 142 153, 261, 263–5, 295, 297, 342 storm 72, 91, 100, 104, 232, 234, 236, 243, subduction (plate convergence) zone sulphide 6, 93, 113, 118, 126, 148–9, 249, 335, 341, 343, 345, 348, 360 Aleutian (Alaska) 106–7, 266, 267, 269, 251, 252, 255, 263, 266, 268, 271, storm surge 104 297, 307, 311 272, 273, 275, 280, 281, 282, 287, storm wave 104, 206, 233–4, 235 Cascadia/Oregon (NE Pacific Ocean) 298, 307, 313, 315–16, 317, 318, strait 109, 111, 181, 184–6, 252, 263, 331, 371, 374 Bransfield (Antarctica) 118, 148 366–7 deposits 6, 87, 97, 149, 290, 314, 315, Florida (Cuba – USA) 311, 312 Peru (SW Pacific Ocean) 119–20 316, 317, 327, 374 Georgia (British Columbia) 107 submarine groundwater discharge (SGD; hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 15, 72, 75, Gibraltar (Mediterranean Sea) 67, 69, includes groundwater springs etc.) 81, 92, 99, 100, 109, 113, 114, 120, 385 1, 2, 72, 75, 76, 88, 100, 113, 125, 132, 144, 145, 148, 160, 180, Hecate (British Columbia) 107 125–6, 128, 133, 134, 145, 150, 252, 257, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266, Hormuz (Arabian Gulf) 91–2, 346 151, 158, 190, 193, 217–18, 244, 271, 281, 283, 295, 298, 301, 313, Magellan (Chile) 118 246, 248, 251, 253–5, 257, 259, 318, 326, 327, 335, 366, 383 Malacca (Indonesia /Malaysia) 261, 263, 266, 276, 308–10, 311, metal sulphides 6, 97, 118, 148, 149, 236 312, 318, 323, 329–31, 374 263, 314–16, 317, 374, 384 (see Rande (Galicia, Spain) 267 Bahrain 2, 88, 330 also chalcopyrite, pyrite, Shelikof (Alaska) 105–6, 140 Blake Ridge (offshore South Carolina) pyrrhotite, and sphalerite) Strategic Environmental Assessment 329 sulphur (S) 7, 72, 87, 103, 122, 142, 160, (UK’s SEA programme) 12, 14, Cambridge Fjord (Baffin Island, 202, 252, 253, 263, 269, 278, 282, 22, 40, 41, 42, 195, 386 Canada) 132, 329, 349 289, 298, 307, 313, 325, 326, 329 streamthroughs (bubble-formed holes in Cape Henlopen (Delaware, USA) isotope (δ34S) 298, 299 ice cover) 86 253–4 sulphur-oxidising (thiotrophic) microbes stress 4, 207, 214–15, 216, 217, 226, 229, Chekka (Lebanon) 330 102, 114, 250, 253, 263, 266, 272, 232, 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 245, Eckernforde¨ Bay (Germany) 56–8, 153, 281, 282 350, 360, 361, 369, 370, 384 164, 165, 166, 169, 178, 193, 194, Beggiatoa sp. (sulphur-oxidising dominant 214 244, 246, 263, 264, 330, 348 bacterium) 35, 91, 96, 102, 113, effective (σ ’) 151, 215, 222, 226, 233, Elaiona Bay (Greece) 76, 244 125, 132, 193, 200, 249, 250, 251, 234, 236, 350, 384 (see also Florida Escarpment seeps (US Gulf of 252, 258, 263, 264, 266, 267, 273, Equation 7.3) Mexico) 125–6, 218, 244, 251, 274, 275, 281, 282, 289, 298, 299, horizontal (σ h) 214, 222, 223, 236, 255, 266, 318, 329, 330 301 241 Florida Keys (Florida, USA) 259 Thioploca sp. (sulphur-oxidising shear 229, 359 Great Bay Estuary (New Hampshire, bacteria) 87, 91, 92, 266 stress (σ ) 215, 216, 226 USA) 330 Thiothrix sp. (sulphur-oxidising tectonic 210, 233, 240 Gulf of Kastela (Croatia) 72, 329 bacteria) 253, 266

472 Index

sulphur-oxidising (cont.) Taranaki Basin (offshore New Zealand) 93, 94, 104, 105, 107, 115, 123, Thiovulum sp. (sulphur-oxidising Tarsis Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 129, 131, 136, 159, 207, 210, 211, bacteria) 96 Tartan field (UK North Sea) 9 212, 213, 241, 303, 307, 382 Sumba Basin (Indonesia) 172, 175, 259 TASYO mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 Tethys 67 Sun/sunlight 1, 4, 152, 204, 255, 349, TASYO mud volcano field (Gulf of Texas (USA) 123, 258, 275, 307, 359 350, 379 Cadiz) 68 Thailand 93 supercritical fluids 141, 146, 148, 316, Taupo volcanic zone (New Zealand) 97–8, Thames River/Estuary (UK) 59, 60, 135 317 310, 325 Thasos Island (Greece) 75 supercritical water 146, 147–9, 237, 314, Teahitia Seamount (S. Pacific Ocean) 142 Thermocline 285, 341 317, 318 tectonic 58, 67, 86, 99, 107, 111, 119, 122, Thermococcus sp. (Archaea) 96 Supersaturation 178, 221, 263, 290, 293, 139, 181, 183, 186, 188, 190, 209, thermogenic (derived by the 295 210, 216, 218, 225, 233, 240, 288, thermocatalytic cracking of superthermophile (microbes) 265 304, 314, 351, 368 (see also plate organic matter) 4, 18, 27, 40, 41, Supsa River and canyon (Georgia, eastern tectonics) 44, 45, 57, 58, 59, 67, 68, 70, 73, Black Sea) 85 compression 67, 68, 93, 94, 97, 111, 75, 84, 87, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 103, Sur Basin (offshore California) 114–15 113, 122, 140, 150, 181, 197, 214, 104, 105, 114, 118, 121, 123, 124, pockmark field 114–15, 193, 194 215, 232, 245 125, 130, 131, 135, 136, 149, 151, suspension feeder 46, 272, 273, 274 salt 122, 124, 359 154–7, 158, 161, 162, 186, 190, Susquehanna River (eastern USA) 127 Tees Estuary (UK) 60 202, 214, 217, 247, 258, 263, 300, Susu Knolls vent site (offshore Papua television (TV) 55, 372 311, 325, 335, 351, 360, 362, 381, New Guinea) 96 temperature 4, 96, 114, 153, 154, 162, 382 Svalbard (Norway) 268, 289 163, 179, 180, 185, 219, 263, 265, thermophilic microbes 96 SWD (seismic-while-drilling) 369 271, 280, 287, 288, 290, 293, 295, Thioploca sp. (sulphur-oxidising bacteria) Sweden 58–9, 159, 385 297, 311, 315, 318, 321, 350, 352, 87, 91, 92, 266 SWF (shallow water flow) 368–9 367, 368, 371, 384 Thiothrix sp. (sulphur-oxidising bacteria) Switzerland 385 atmosphere 179, 203, 221, 350, 351 253, 266 symbionts 112, 122, 249, 255, 261, gradient 47, 49, 98, 121, 145, 180, 208, thiotroph (sulphur-oxidising microbe) 269–73, 277, 278, 279, 281, 289 261, 322, 328, 352 102, 114, 250, 253, 263, 266, 272, endosymbiont 114, 122, 193, 249, 253, mud volcano 49, 84, 121, 204 281, 282 269, 270, 271, 272, 278, 282, 298 STP (standard temperature and Beggiatoa sp. (sulphur-oxidising ectosymbiont 273 pressure) 43, 87, 101, 126, 155, bacterium) 35, 91, 96, 102, 113, symbiosis/symbiotic 53, 69, 102, 250, 187 125, 132, 193, 200, 249, 250, 251, 262, 263, 264, 269–73, 275, 277, sub-seabed (rock/sediment) 87, 102, 252, 258, 263, 264, 266, 267, 273, 283, 289, 304, 305, 350 121, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 274, 275, 281, 282, 289, 298, 299, Synidotea angulata (isopod) 251 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 301 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 94, 379 178, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 193, Thioploca sp. (sulphur-oxidising Syria 2, 158 209, 237, 255, 256, 268, 276, 288, bacteria) 87, 91, 92, 266 299, 316, 318, 321, 322, 328, 352, Thiothrix sp. (sulphur-oxidising Table Bluff Anticline (offshore 359 bacteria) 253, 266 California) 112 submarine groundwater discharge Thiovulum sp. (sulphur-oxidising TAG hydrothermal site (Mid-Atlantic (SGD) 126, 318, 330 bacteria) 96 Ridge) 315, 374 vent fluid 6, 76, 87, 96, 98, 103, 110, thorium (Th) 59, 101, 145 Tainan Basin (offshore Taiwan) 94 118, 149, 200, 201, 205, 309, 314, thrombolite (microbial formations) 302, Tainan (Republic of China) 93–4, 196, 315, 316, 317, 321, 314 311 245, 375 water 4, 65, 73, 96, 98, 100, 103, 107, thrust 76, 97, 99, 112, 122, 123, 181, 253, talc (H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2; 110, 111, 125, 128, 146, 149, 178, 306, 308 mineral) 316, 317 179, 180, 181, 187, 188, 231, 233, Thyasira sp. (Thyasirid bivalve) 249, 278, Taman Peninsula (Russian Black Sea 246, 252, 253, 255, 261, 262, 283, 280, 281 coast) 83 285, 312, 329, 334, 338, 341, 343, thyasirid bivalves (Thyasiridae; clams) 69, Tamar Estuary (UK) 60 348, 350, 352 97, 102, 271, 272, 281 Tamaulipas (Mexico) 123 tensile strength (T) 166, 215, 216, 222 Conchocele bisecta 102, 272 Tamu childressi (mytilid bivalve) 252 tension-leg structure 370 Maorithyas sp. 97 Tanakura Fault (Japan) 99 tepee 294, 308, 309, 310 Thyasira sp. 249, 278, 280, 281 tar/asphalt 1, 2, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, termite 153, 345 Tiburon (ROV) 114 123, 124, 125, 155, 331, 334 Tertiary (see also Eocene, Miocene, tide/tidal 8, 11, 19, 59, 60, 66, 90, 100, mounds/mud volcanoes 116, 122, 125 Oligocene, Palaeocene, Pliocene) 108, 122, 126, 167, 176, 194, 215, Tarapur (India) 92 7, 10, 16, 22, 43, 44, 50, 59, 60, 66, 226, 228, 229, 233–5, 240, 242,

Index 473

246, 247, 261, 262, 266, 267, 274, Trinidad 120, 122, 199, 204 unit pockmark 13, 15, 129, 30, 36, 37, 39, 284, 294, 307, 308, 313, 332, 336, Tristan da Cunha 141 43, 190, 191, 242, 256 354, 360, 373, 375, 380 trochid archeogastropod 255 United Kingdom (see UK) tidal pumping 233, 259, 294 Troll field (Norwegian North Sea) 9, 10, United States (see USA) Tierra del Fuego (Argentina/Chile) 118 11, 20, 370 upwelling 49, 122, 182, 308, 319 till (glacially-derived sediment) 7, 45, 47, trophosome 271 mantle 141, 145 57 Tsilin Valley (Taiwan) 375 seawater 72, 132, 242, 294, 320, 329, time-slicing (seismic process) 178, 209, tsunami 189, 235, 237, 355, 357, 359, 384 341, 343, 383 212 TTR Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 68 upwelling flow 339 Timor (Indonesia) 94, 172, 175 tube anemone (Anthozoa; order uranium (U) 59, 145, 321 Timor Sea 94–5, 172, 175, 303, 381 Ceriantharia) uranium:thorium (U:Th) dating 101 Timor Trough 94 Cerianthus lloydii 249 Ur-Frisia (Pleistocene; southern North Tinrio Basin (Sea of Okhotsk) 102 tubeworm – see Siboglinid tubeworm Sea) 135 Tiree (UK) 62 Tubeworm City (Monterey Canyon) 113 Urticina feline (sea anemone) 249 Tjeldbergodden processing plant tubicolous polychaete 122 US Atlantic Margin 126–7, 358 (Norway) 383 turbidite 87, 299, 315, 316, 376 USA (United States of America) 57, 95, TOC (total organic carbon) 59, 154, 282 turbidity current 131, 136, 205, 340, 355 111, 126–7, 128, 136, 141, 194, Tohoku District (Japan) 229 Turkey 79, 81, 158, 310–11, 329 278, 248, 329, 330, 361, 365, 375, Tommeliten (petroleum field and seeps, Turkey Point (Florida) 330 382, 386 Norwegian North Sea) 3, 20, turrid gastropod (family Turridae) 253, Alabama 123 25–9, 59, 60, 191, 248, 264, 280, 255 Alaska 103–6, 139, 238, 335, 356 290, 291, 301, 302, 332, 333 TV (television) 55, 372 California 1, 98, 111–17, 234–5, 241, Tonga Trench (SW Pacific Ocean) 142 TV-guided equipment 106, 107, 119, 280, 251, 273, 275, 278, 281, 333, 336, Tori Shima (Japan) 237 321, 332, 336 375 Toronto Mud Volcano (Mediterranean Twenty-eight Fathom Bank (US Gulf of Delaware 254–5 Ridge) 77 Mexico) 258 Florida 123, 124, 255, 278, 330 Torry Bay (Firth of Forth, UK) 59, 266 Tyne Estuary (UK) 342 Hawaii 141, 142, 148, 262, 319, 325 torsk (Brosme brosme; fish) 32, 33, 39, 281 Tyrrhenian Sea 142, 262 Louisiana 123, 251, 258, 304, 381 total organic carbon (TOC) 59, 154, 282 New Jersey 151, 359, 361 transform fault 95, 141, 277, 303 UK (United Kingdom) 181, 294, 357, North Carolina 126, 234, 284, 358 transform plate boundaries 113, 134, 137, 366, 379, 385, 386 Oklahoma 306 140 UK15/25 (North Sea) 13, 20, 40, 41–4, Oregon 109, 111, 118, 184, 251, 268, trawling 13, 15, 68, 112, 251, 290, 340, 59, 189, 191, 195, 238–9, 249, 281, 278, 281, 299, 334, 342, 359 372, 384, 385 285, 291, 334, 353, 386 South Carolina 126, 330, 358 Tredmar Mud Volcano (Black Sea) 84 UK16/3 (North Sea) 386 Texas 123, 258, 275, 307, 359 trench UKCS (United Kingdom continental USSR 98, 157 Aleutian 266, 269, 307 shelf) 60 Barbados 252 UK-sector, North Sea 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, vagrant 273, 274, 283 Bonin 100 20, 60, 63, 218, 247 VAMP (velocity amplitude feature) 186, Hellenic 76, 79, 262 Ukraine 83, 84, 203, 205 187, 377 Japan 100, 253, 278 Ulleung Basin (Sea of Japan) 99 Vancouver field (US Gulf of Mexico) 124 Kuril 100 Ultramafic rock (e.g. peridotite) 144, 148, Vancouver Island (British Columbia) 107, Mariana 98, 99, 142 150, 160, 288 174, 184 Nankai Trough 100, 101, 253, 278, 299, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Vaucheria dichterma (alga) 58 376 (UNCLOS) 384, 385 velocity amplitude feature (VAMP) 186, New Britain 95 UN World Summit on Sustainable 187, 377 Norwegian 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, Development (WSSD) 384, 385 Vema Dome (offshore Norway) 51, 207 36, 37, 38, 52, 54, 60, 238, 243, UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law veneer boundstone 308 248, 250, 381 of the Sea ) 384, 385 Venezuela 118 Peru 119, 269, 278, 279 underground blowout 362, 363, 364, 368, Venice lagoon (Italy) 73 Puerto Rico 253 384 Vent SamPler (VESP) 107 Ryuku 101, 205 underwater rock drill 132 vent/venting 2, 4, 45, 144, 189, 190, Tonga 142 Underwater Swamps (Black Sea) 84–5 277–80, 283, 288, 290, 323, 332, trenching (of cables or pipelines) 62, undrained shear strength (Su) 106, 167, 336, 337, 344, 345, 347, 352, 355, 369–70 215, 216, 226, 236, 240, 245, 357, 363, 365, 372, 383 Triassic 46, 67, 68, 107, 123, 159, 239 359, 360, 370 (see also Equations black smoker 96, 103, 274, 314, 315, trilobite (Palaeozoic fossil) 289 7.4 and 7.13) 324

474 Index

vent/venting (cont.) viscosity 132, 147, 198, 220, 225, 226, water cold (seep, mud volcano etc.) 15, 27, 68, 227 connate 150, 202, 214 73, 77, 78, 89, 91, 101, 102, 103, volcanic 98, 148, 202, 209, 317, 319, 320, density (ρwater) 215, 219, 240, 285, 106, 107, 109, 112, 114, 116, 118, 321, 328, 3229, 348, 356 320, 338, 340, 341, 366, 119, 120, 121, 122, 132, 182, 183, volcanic activity/eruption 69, 95, 96, 97, 372 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 98, 100, 108, 110, 111, 139, 141, groundwater 4, 57, 150, 159, 190, 214, 204, 209, 224, 228, 230, 231, 234, 142, 144, 148, 158, 208, 209, 234, 229, 237–8, 294, 305, 308, 322, 244, 251, 252, 253, 263, 277, 278, 237, 268, 288, 324, 328, 345, 360, 347, 369 279, 280, 284, 285, 299, 301, 323, 371, 372 juvenile 150 332, 336, 3337, 338, 340, 345, 347, caldera 96, 100, 110, 111, 268, 283, 326, pore water 49, 51, 57, 65, 67, 73, 99, 356, 359, 386 329 100, 103, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, fauna 72, 87, 93, 95, 96, 100, 140, diatreme 208–9 121, 123, 126, 127, 131, 129, 149, 260–2, 263, 265–6, 268–79, 283, fluid 96, 144–5, 158, 290, 326 150–1 152, 154, 163, 164, 165, 359 rock 96, 118, 141, 142, 145, 261, 319 166, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, hot (hydrothermal) 1, 2, 4, 6, 45, 72, 76, Taupo volcanic zone (New Zealand) 182, 185, 186, 214–15, 221, 228, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 97–8, 310, 325 237, 241, 244, 253, 254, 256, 257, 109, 110, 118, 140, 142, 144, 145, volcanism 138, 145, 148, 160 263, 282, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 146, 148, 149, 158, 159, 218, 237, arc 75, 76, 140, 262, 326, 352 297, 301, 302, 306, 310, 311, 315, 248, 251, 252, 255, 259, 260–2, intra-plate 137, 140–2 320, 331, 337, 343, 344, 363, 366, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 274, silicic dome 98 368, 371 275, 275, 277, 279, 285, 286, 287, spreading centre 138 seawater 1, 4, 9, 25, 46, 49, 76, 78, 887, 288, 290, 299, 313, 314–17, 318, volcano (see also mud volcano and sand 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 107, 116, 319, 320, 321, 323–4, 325, 326, volcano) 138, 189, 197, 209, 321, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 132, 328, 329, 338, 339, 341, 344, 345, 325, 328 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 347, 350, 352, 369, 374, 384, 385 submarine 4, 98, 103, 110, 120, 140, 152, 153, 154, 161, 166, 167, 168, white smoker 96, 103, 314, 315, 324 141, 142, 148, 278, 316, 326, 347, 181, 187, 188, 208, 209, 215, 231, Vermilion (licence block, US Gulf of 371, 372 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 266, 269, Mexico) 124 Axial Seamount (Juan de Fuca Ridge) 272, 275, 276, 279, 282, 291, 293, vertical seismic profile (VSP) 109, 185 110–11, 142, 262, 329 204, 295, 297, 299, 300, 301, 308, vertical stress (σ v) 214, 222, 236, 246, 359, Kick’em Jenny (offshore Grenada) 120, 312, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 360, 384 (see also Equation 7.1) 140, 372 321, 323, 324, 325, 329, 330, 335, vesicle 141, 142, 144 Mt Mazama (volcano: Oregon) 338, 340, 342, 344, 346, 352, 353, vesicomyid bivalves (Vesicomydae; clams) 268 361, 381 100, 107, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, Mt Sakurajima (Japan) 100 water column 122, 125, 252, 261, 269, 271–2, Myojin-Sho (offshore Japan) 371 acoustic target 9, 25, 27, 42, 43, 60, 63, 278, 279, 283 Obsidian Dome (California) 98 66, 67, 75, 77, 84, 88, 111, 194, Calyptogena sp. 70, 91, 97, 99, 100, 103, Piip (northwest Pacific Ocean) 103, 195, 231, 331–2, 333, 334, 338, 112, 113, 118, 120, 122, 252, 253, 142, 158, 262, 316 372, 373 262, 271, 278, 299 White Island (New Zealand) 98 plume Veslefrikk field (Norwegian North Sea) 9, Volcano A Mud Volcano (offshore acoustic 24–5, 27, 43, 44, 54, 61, 65, 20, 62, 307 Barbados) 121 67, 77, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103, 104, VESP (Vent SamPler) 107 Volcano F Mud Volcano (offshore 105, 118, 132, 142, 193, 194, 195, Vest field (Italian Adriatic Sea) 73 Barbados) 121 231, 285, 331–2, 333, 340, 372, vestimentiferan (former designation of Volcano J Mud Volcano (offshore 379 siboglinid tubeworms) 269 Barbados) 121 hydrothermal 76, 77, 96, 98, 110, video 31, 43, 46, 49, 85, 104, 107, 109, Volga River (Russia) 85 145, 149, 158, 268, 285, 323–9, 112, 182, 231, 249, 250, 274, 280, Vøring Basin/Plateau 51, 140, 207, 237, 331, 350 333, 334 297 event (mega) 285, 324–5, 328, 329, Vienna Woods hydrothermal vents VSP (vertical seismic profile) 109, 333, 334, 347, 352 (offshore Papua New Guinea) 96, 185 wave 233–6 286 Vulcan Basin (Australian Timor Sea) earthquake 228 Vietnam 93, 157 94 infragravity 235 Viking Graben (North Sea) 36, 218, Vulkanolog (research ship) 101, 103 internal 235 232 sandwave 10, 60–2, 64, 65, 357 Virgin Islands (US) 294 Walrus 105 sea surface 231, 233–5, 334, 343, 356, Virgularia mirabilis (slender sea pen) 249 Walvis Bay (Namibia) 72 379, 380

Index 475

sediment 120, 127 Witch Ground Basin 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, Yangtse River (Peoples’ Republic of storm 104, 206, 233–4, 235 15, 18, 60, 62, 193, 195, 234, 247, China) 99, 361 wave length (acoustic; λ) 166, 167 (see 381 Yaquina Basin (offshore Peru) 120 Equation 6.1) Witch Ground Formation 10, 15, 17, 18, Yellow Sea 99 wave loading 106, 237, 360 21, 24 Yesilirmak River (Turkey) 81 wave pumping 100, 233, 294 Witch’s Hole (UK North Sea) 20, 21, 22, Yinggehai Basin (offshore People’s wax 152 24–5, 372–3 Republic of China/Taiwan – Weardale Granite (northern England) 315 wolf fish (Anarhychus lupus) 249 Peoples’ Republic of China) 93 Weichselian (most-recent Quaternary Woodlark Basin (offshore Papua New Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) 123 glaciation; Wisconsin in North Guinea) 95 Yuigahama Beach (Japan) 100 America) 45, 54, 59, 128, 256 Woodlark Spreading Centre (offshore Yukon River (Alaska) 104 West Africa 69–72, 136, 172–4, 244, 272, Papua New Guinea) 139 Yuma Mud Volcano (Gulf of Cadiz) 67, 368 World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) 68 West Cameron (licence block, US Gulf of 385, 386 Yuzhmorgeologiya Mud Volcano (central Mexico) 124 Worm Garden (offshore Papua New Black Sea) 83 West Flower Garden Bank (Gulf of Guinea) 96 Mexico) 258 WSSD (UN World Summit on Zapiola Drift (Argentine Basin, south West Vanguard (oil rig) 178, 364, 365 Sustainable Development) 384, Atlantic Ocean) 120 Westshore Terminal (Fraser Delta, 385 Zeepipe pipeline (North Sea) 9, 10, 60 British Columbia) 108 Wyville-Thomson Ridge (NE Atlantic Zhemchung Canyon (Bering Sea) 105 wetlands 75, 135, 342, 345, 347 Ocean) 64, 65 zinc (Zn) 87, 97, 148, 149, 314, 319, 325, Whakatane Graben (New Zealand) 98 374 whale 105, 192, 271, 272, 278, 333 xenophyophore (protozoans) 65 Zoarces viviparous (eelpout; fish) 253 Whale Island (New Zealand) 283 X-ray 66, 120, 122 Zonenshayn flares (Sea of Okhotsk) 102 whelk (neogastropod) 261 X-ray computer-aided tomography (CT Zooplankton 152, 155, 250, 283, 284, 285, White Island (New Zealand) 98 scan) 57, 164, 166, 169 343, 349 white smoker 96, 103, 314, 315, 324 zooxanthellae (algal endosymbionts) 255 whiting 72, 311–13 Yampi Shelf (Australian Timor Sea) 94, Zuluf field (Saudi Arabian Arabian Gulf) wipe-out (acoustic blanking) 123, 172 382 88, 89