Founded by EAAM in 1974 by Founded Aquatic European Association for Aquatic Mammals, Aquatic AssociationEuropean for Supported the Joint Sponsorship by through Mammals the Alliance of Marine and Aquariums, Mammal Parks ESOMM International Meeting Issue and the International Marine Animal Trainers’ Association

Aquatic Mammals Volume 41, Number 4, 2015

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ISSN 0167-5427 ISSN

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...... , attn: Kathleen M. Dudzinski ) to a 20 Cubic Inch Air Gun ) to a 20 Cubic Inch ) in an Inner Harbour Channel During has the Historical Perspectives feature, which includes essays and ...... Aquatic Mammals Journal Tursiops aduncus Tursiops ...... Aquatic Mammals Megaptera novaeangliae ) to Sonar Signals in the 25-kHz Range ) to Sonar Signals in Mailing Address: PO Box 7485, Port St. Lucie, FL 34985, USA Address: PO Box 7485, Port St. Lucie, FL Mailing Aquatic Mammals Aquatic publishes hard copies on-demand, CDs, and online peer-reviewed scientific articles related to peer-reviewed publishes hard copies on-demand, CDs, and online ...... Printed by Minuteman Press, 595 West Main Street, Norwich, CT 06360, USA Main Street, Norwich, CT West Printed by Minuteman Press, 595 Copyright and Editor: ) in the Southern North Sea ) to 25.5- to 24.5-kHz Sonar Down-Sweeps With and Without Side Bands Without and With Sonar Down-Sweeps ) to 25.5- to 24.5-kHz 4, 2015 41, Number Volume , Phoca vitulina Co-Editors: Shane B. Kanatous, David A. S. Rosen, Deirdre Yeater, and Elizabeth Henderson Yeater, A. S. Rosen, Deirdre Co-Editors: Shane B. Kanatous, David Aquatic Mammals conservation; veterinary medicine; anatomy; physiology; training; population trends; and the effects of pollution, conservation; veterinary medicine; anatomy; physiology; training; population trends; and the effects Topics of publication on both captive animals and wild marine mammals include aspects of husbandry; behavior; of publication on both captive animals and wild Topics marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions, walrus, dugongs, manatees, sea otters, and polar bears). marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, high definition DVDs of interviews with prominent marine mammal scientists. The journal also publishes Book Reviews. high definition DVDs of interviews with prominent marine mammal scientists. climate change, and noise. In addition, Phocoena phocoena Phocoena phocoena Walter H. Munk: Acoustic Monitoring of Global Ocean Warming: The Very First Encounters Very The Warming: Acoustic Monitoring of Global Ocean H. Munk: Walter Historical Narrative Brief Personal A About Maine Mammals and Sound: with Concern Impact of Underwater Clearance of Unexploded Ordnance on Harbour Porpoises Impact of Underwater Clearance of Unexploded ( Historical Perspectives Humpback Whale, Mike Whale, and Northern Bottlenose Whale to Naval Sonar Whale, and Northern Bottlenose Whale, Mike Humpback A. Kastelein, R. Verboom, C. W. Aarts, H. O. Sertlek, K. Lucke, A. M. von Benda-Beckmann, G. Assessing the Ainsle: A. A. Lam, R. J. Kirkwood, & M. D. R. Ketten, R. van Bemmelen, F-P. Pile Driving Activities L. Kleivane, Visser, A. Lam, F. F-P. Wensveen, J. H. Kvadsheim, C. Curé, S. Isojunno, P. L. D. Sivle, P. Severity of Expert-Identified Behavioural Responses of J. O. Miller: Harris, & P. C. M. Tyack, L. P. Estimates of Signal Detection Range & H. Finn: Reduced Detection Salgado Kent, M. M. Gagnon, R. McCauley, E. G. Paiva, C. P. of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins ( C. Erbe: The Maskogram: A Tool to Illustrate Zones of Masking to Illustrate Zones Tool A The Maskogram: C. Erbe: of Ocean Sound Dynamics on The Impact & K. D. Heaney: Vernon, A. J. L. Miksis-Olds, J. ( The Behavioural E. Kniest, D. Paton, & D. H. Cato: A. Dunlop, M. J. Noad, R. D. McCauley, R. ( Whales Response of Humpback R. A. Kastelein, L. Helder-Hoek, G. Janssens, R. Gransier, & T. Johansson: Behavioral Responses Johansson: T. & R. Gransier, G. Janssens, A. Kastelein, L. Helder-Hoek, R. of Harbor Seals ( Porpoise Behavioral Responses of a Harbor Johansson: T. & A. Kastelein, I. van den Belt, R. Gransier, R. R. Leaper, S. Calderan, & J. Cooke: A Simulation Framework to Evaluate the Efficiency of Efficiency to Evaluate the Simulation Framework A Calderan, & J. Cooke: S. R. Leaper, Loud Sound Sources Risk of Injury from to Reduce the Observers Visual Using Contents Ocean on Marine Mammals of Sound in the Effects H. Kvadsheim: & P. A. Lam F-P. Pollution Management of Marine Noise & M. Jasny: Evolution S. J. Dolman Aquatic Mammals Aquatic Established by the EAAM in 1974 Aquatic Mammals Aquatic Mammals Board of the European Association for Aquatic Mammals (EAAM) www.eaam.org The European Association for Aquatic Mammals (EAAM), the Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks President: Arlete Sogorb, Lisbon Zoo, [email protected] and Aquariums (AMMPA), and the International Marine Animal Trainers’ Association (IMATA) President-Elect: Brad Andrews, Sea World Parks & Entertainment, [email protected] jointly sponsor Aquatic Mammals (ISSN 0167-5427), published four times per year. Past President: Jesús Fernández Morán, Zoo Aquarium Madrid, Parques Reunidos, S.A., past_ [email protected] Managing Editor Secretary/Treasurer: Camino Herreros Paris, Mundomar, [email protected] Kathleen M. Dudzinski, Ph.D. Information Committee: Ann-Louise Jensen and Javier Almunia, [email protected] Mailing Address: PO Box 7485, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34985, USA E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected], Tel: +1 (860) 514-4704 Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) www.ammpa.org Co-Editors Executive Director: Kathleen Dezio Shane B. Kanatous, Ph.D., Department of Biology, Colorado State University E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Board of Directors David A. S. Rosen, Ph.D., Marine Mammal Research Unit, University of British Columbia President: Rita Irwin, Dolphin Research Center, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Past President: Kevin Willis, Minnesota Zoo, [email protected] Vice President: Stewart Clark, Discovery Cove, [email protected] Deirdre Yeater, Ph.D., Sacred Heart University Treasurer: Bill Hughes, SeaWorld Orlando, bill.hughes@seaworld.com E-mail: [email protected] Secretary: Travis Burke, Dolphin Discovery, [email protected] Elizabeth Henderson, Ph.D., National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California Director-at-Large: Patrick Berry, Gulfarium, [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Director-at-Large: Bill Zeigler, Chicago Zoological Society, [email protected] Book Review Editor International Marine Animal Trainers’ Association (IMATA) MaryEllen Mateleska, Mystic Aquarium www.imata.org E-mail: [email protected] c/o John G. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA Editors Emeriti Board of Directors Willem H. Dudok van Heel, Victor J. A. Manton, Paul E. Nachtigall, Jeanette A. Thomas President: Linda Erb, Dolphin Research Center, [email protected] President-Elect: Michele Sousa, Aquarium of the Pacific, [email protected] Editorial Board Past President: Bill Wolden, Dolphin Quest, [email protected] Arne Bjørge, Institute of Marine Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Secretary: Alex Mata, Dolphin Discovery, [email protected] Manuel E. dos Santos, ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal Treasurer: Rita Stacey, Brookfield Zoo, [email protected] Manuel García Hartmann, Marineland Antibes, France Past Treasurer: Robert Roozendaal, [email protected] Heidi Harley, Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, Florida, USA Second Vice President: Suzanne Smith, Audubon Aquarium of the Americas, [email protected] A. Rus Hoelzel, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK Third Vice President: Jennifer Pletcher, SeaWorld San Diego, [email protected] Christina Lockyer, North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, Tromsø, Norway Director-at-Large: Patty Schilling, New England Aquarium, [email protected] Lee A. Miller, Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Paul E. Nachtigall, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kailua, Hawaii, USA For subscriptions, instructions to authors, abstracts of previous issues, publication fees, hard copies, Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara, Tethys Research Institute, Milano, Italy back issues, CDs, and Historical Perspectives DVDs, see the Aquatic Mammals website: Dan Odell, Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org Grey Stafford, Wildlife World Zoo, Litchfield Park, Arizona, USA For details about the online versions of Aquatic Mammals, see the following websites: Copy Editing and Layout Design Services Aquatic Mammals: www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org Sandra K. Larimer and Shanee J. Sullivan, Macomb, Illinois 61455, USA ProQuest: www.proquest.com (specific to library subscribers) Cover Photos Northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) with military research vessel HU Sverdrup II in the background during behavioral response studies in Norwegian waters Photo credit: Eirik Grønningsæter/WildNature.No/3S-Project/FFI Photos were taken under NARA Permit No. S2011/38782.