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The Roles of the Malaysian Government and Private Sectors in the Development of Music Education

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The Roles of the Malaysian Government and Private Sectors in the Development of Music Education THE ROLES OF THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC EDUCATION BY JOHN LAH BOH YONG A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MUSIC UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not be successful without the advice and assistance from a group of special people. The constructive comments and guidance of my supervisory committee members, Dr. Camille Smith and Dr. Jennifer Thomas, were greatly appreciated. They provided encouragement and valuable suggestions throughout the course of my study. Furthermore, I am especially grateful to my wife and son, Dolly and Kyrie, who endlessly and unselfishly provide inspiration and motivation to my studies at the University of Florida. ii TABLES OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Purpose and Value of the Study....................................................................................1 Need for the Study........................................................................................................1 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY............................................................................3 The History of Malaysia ...............................................................................................3 The Geographical Position of Malaysia .......................................................................7 The Demographic Position of Malaysia .......................................................................8 The Socio-Economic Conditions in Malaysia ............................................................12 The Educational System in Malaysia .........................................................................13 The Music Education in Malaysia ..............................................................................19 3 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT POLICY MAKING-GOVERNMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION .........................................................25 A Unified System .......................................................................................................25 Policy Changes Since 1970's.…………………………………………………...…. .27 The Implementation of National Economic Policy (NEP).........................................29 The Implementation of Look East Policy...................................................................31 The Implementation of Wawasan 2020 (Vision 2020)...............................................32 The Implementation of National Cultural Policy .......................................................34 4 THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC MUSIC EDUCATION ............................................................................................................36 The Role of the Ministry of Education in Music Education.......................................36 The Establishment and Functions of Curriculum Development Center..............37 Malaysian Public Education................................................................................38 Primary School System .......................................................................................39 Lower and Upper Secondary School System ......................................................41 iii Post-Secondary School System ...........................................................................44 Tertiary Education...............................................................................................45 Teacher Training Colleges ..................................................................................47 Music Education in the Public School System....................................................48 Universiti of Malaya (UM)..................................................................................50 Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)........................................................................52 Universiti Teknologi MARA (UTM) ..................................................................54 Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) .......................................................................56 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNAMAS)..........................................................57 Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) ......................................................................58 The Role of the Ministry of Information in Music Education....................................59 The Role of the Ministry of Arts, Culture, and Tourism in Music Education............64 The Istana Budaya (National Theater) ................................................................64 The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO)..........................................................66 The National Choir (NC).....................................................................................67 Composers Forum of ASEAN.............................................................................68 5 THE ROLE OF PRIVATE EXTERNAL MUSIC EXAMINATION BOARDS IN MUSIC EDUCATION ...............................................................................................69 The Emergence of Private Music External Examination Boards in Malaysia ...........69 The Role of Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) in Malaysia's Music Education ...........................................................................................70 The History of ABRSM.......................................................................................70 The Curricula of ABRSM ...................................................................................72 The Syllabi for Music Performance: Pieces ........................................................73 Scales and Arpeggios ..........................................................................................73 Aural Tests...........................................................................................................74 Sight-Reading......................................................................................................74 Theory of Music ..................................................................................................75 Yamaha Music Education System (YMES) ...............................................................75 The History of YMES .........................................................................................75 The Teaching Concepts of YMES.......................................................................76 Courses Offered by YMES..................................................................................77 The Graded Examinations of YMES...................................................................78 6 THE ROLE OF PRIVATE COLLEGES IN MUSIC EDUCATION .......................80 Government's Policies Toward Private Education .....................................................80 The History of Private Education ...............................................................................81 The Twinning Program...............................................................................................82 Sedaya College ....................................................................................................84 International College of Music (ICOM ...............................................................86 Yamaha Academy of Arts and Music ................................................................86 Other Private Music Colleges..............................................................................88 The Malaysia Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO) of PETRONAS.................................88 iv 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................91 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................93 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................98 v Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of master of Music THE ROLES OF THE MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSIC EDUCATION By John Lah Boh Yong May 2003 Chairman: Camille M. Smith. Major Department: Music This study examines music education in Malaysia. It traces its historical roots from the Eighteenth Century to the present, and illustrates the roles the Malaysian government and private sectors play in the development of music education. It further examines the influence of Western music on contemporary curriculum practices. vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Value of the Study This study illustrates the role of the various Malaysian government organizations in shaping public school music education. The study also includes the recent progress developed by the private sectors in assisting the Malaysian government to make music education more affordable and accessible among the public. The Malaysian government plays an active role, initiating policies in music education; the private sectors follow and implement the policies in their educational system. The joint effort of both parties
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