Deconstructing Sudden Oak Death by Steven Swain / 3 • Some Preliminary Observations On

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DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Vol. 30, No. 1 January 2002 FREMONTIA

A Journal of the California Native Plant Society

in this issue:

Deconstructing Sudden Oak Death by Steven Swain / 3 • Some Preliminary Observations on

the California Black Walnut (Juglans californica) by E.N. Anderson / 12 • An Appreciation of Jack Major, 1917–2001 by M.G. Barbour, P.A. Castelfranco, R.W. Pearcy, and M. Rejmanek / 20

Index to Fremontia: Volumes 28 and 29, January 2000–October 2001 Compiled by Vivian Parker / 24 VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 1 Notes and Comments / 32 • Books Received / 33 • Book Reviews / 33 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

California Native Plant Society FREMONTIA www.cnps.org MEMBERSHIP VOL. 30, NO. 1, JANUARY 2002 Dues include subscriptions to Fremontia and the Bulletin. Copyright © 2002 Life ...... $1,000 Supporting ...... $75 California Native Plant Society Benefactor ...... $500 Family, Group, International . . . $45 Patron ...... $250 Individual or Library ...... $35 Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor Plant Lover ...... $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income $20 Eric Engles, Copy Editor Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer ADDRESSES CHAPTER COUNCIL CALIFORNIA NATIVE Memberships; Address Changes; Of- Alta Peak (Tulare) . . . . Joan Stewart ficers; General Society Inquiries; Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono) ...... PLANT SOCIETY Fremontia Advertising: CNPS, 1722 J Stephen Ingram Street, Suite 17, Sacramento, CA Channel Islands ...... Lynne Kada Dedicated to the Preservation of 95814. 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Herbarium, UC. © Regents of the Uni- Carol Witham Randy Zebell versity of California. MATERIALS FOR PUBLICATION Members and others are invited to submit material for publication in Fremontia. THE COVER: Coast live oak (Quer- Instructions for contributors can be found on the CNPS website, www.cnps.org, cus agrifolia), one of the primary or can be requested from Fremontia Editor, Linda Ann Vorobik, vorobik@rock species affected by Sudden Oak Death island.com, or c/o University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. (see article on page 3). Photograph #2465, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465. by B. Hansen-Winter. Prepress by ScanArt / Printed by Craftsman Trade Press

2 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION DECONSTRUCTING SUDDEN OAK DEATH by Steven Swain

udden oak death is a disease Sthat has killed tens of thousands of trees across the coastal regions of central California. That said, the name “sudden oak death” is somewhat a misnomer; the disease doesn’t just attack oaks, and at this point has not always killed infected oaks. Generally, infected oaks do die, but it does not always happen suddenly. So then what is “sudden oak death”? The term generally has come to be used synony- mously with infection of a plant or a community of plants by Phytoph- thora ramorum. This article is in- tended to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge of this pathogen, its distribution and effects, and what is being done to manage the disease and its impacts. The disease was first discovered in Marin County, California in 1994 (Svihra 1999), and within a few years was reported from neigh- boring counties on California’s central coast. The causal agent was still unknown at the time, so the disease was named after the most obvious symptoms—tan oaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and other oaks (Quercus spp.) dying in a somewhat sudden fashion.

THE PATHOGEN

The name “Phytophthora” literally means “plant destroyer.” Most species within the genus are aggressive plant pathogens that infect and often kill their hosts; these microbes can also survive on infected plant parts and in the soil. The life cycle of P. ramorum is relatively typical of foliage-infecting Phytophthora species, perhaps with the exception that it is also capable of infecting trunk Tan oak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) is hard-hit by SOD. It is pictured here from Muir tissues. Woods in Marin County with coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) which has also Phytophthora species as a whole been discovered to be a host of the Phytophthora pathogen. Photograph by L. Vorobik.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 3 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION are microbes that typically thrive The wide variety of spore types under moist conditions. Worldwide, found in Phytophthora species allow they represent root and leaf patho- these organisms several different gens, but most temperate species methods of dispersal across the land- on oaks are root pathogens. Like scape: they can be transported by all other species in the genus, P. water, the movement of soil on tires, ramorum produces several different animal feet, or shoes, and possibly reproductive structures, including even wind. Once in place, certain chlamydospores, zoospores, and spore types can subsist for long pe- sporangia. Each of these is some- riods of time waiting for conditions what specialized to a specific mode to be optimal for infecting a new of dispersal. The chlamydospores host. Morphological similarities produced by P. ramorum are sur- between the sporangia produced by vival structures; they act in a man- P. ramorum and those produced by ner somewhat analogous to that of the few known aerially dispersed seeds, able to handle comparatively Phytophthora species suggest that long periods of time in harsh envi- P. ramorum may be among those Sporangia (larger oblong structures) as ronmental conditions. Zoospores of Phytophthora species that can be viewed under a microscope. Photograph P. ramorum swim through water ac- aerially dispersed. (Rizzo, pers. courtesy of M. Garbelotto. tively seeking hosts. These compara- comm.). This hypothesis is sup- tively tiny spores are relatively short ported by a distribution pattern dispersal can occur in the absence lived when exposed to dry air, but across the landscape that suggests of rain—only two of the sixty-odd can survive up to 30 days in water wind as a dispersal mechanism. Phytophthora species are known to (Davidson et al. 2002). Sporangia While it is almost certain that the do that. are larger structures that produce organism can be dispersed in wind- Phytophtora ramorum has a broad and release zoospores, or may infect driven rain (Rizzo, pers. comm.), host range: at least fourteen differ- plant tissues directly themselves. there is yet no evidence that aerial ent hosts species in several different

TABLE 1. KNOWN CALIFORNIA NATIVE HOST SPECIES FOR PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM AS OF 15 MAY, 2002

Latin Name Common Name Foliar Host Trunk Canker Branch Canker Acer macrophyllum Big-leaf maple x Aesculus californica California buckeye x Arbutus menziesii Madrone x x Arctostaphyllos manzanita Manzanita x x Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon x x Lithocarpus densiflorus Tan oak x x x Lonicera hispidula California honeysuckle x Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir x x Quercus (subgenus Lobatae) “Black” or “red” oaks agrifolia Coast live oak x kelloggii California black oak x parvula var. shrevei Shreve’s oak x Rhamnus californica California coffeeberry x Rhododendron spp.1 Rhododendron varieties x macrophyllum California Rose-bay x Sequoia sempervirens Coast redwood x Umbellularia californica Pepperwood x Vaccinium ovatum California huckleberry x x Viburnum spp.1 Arrow-wood x x 1species in these genera are sold in the horticultural trade, and some represent a significant risk of contagion. They are often not native to California. 2These species have been added quite recently to the list, and researchers do not yet fully understand their role in Phytophthora pathology.

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Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas Fir

Sequoia sempervirens Coast redwood DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION families are susceptible to infection SYMPTOMS (Davidson et al. 2002; Rizzo et al. 2002a; Rizzo et al. 2002b). The Although the best known form symptoms can vary so much de- of the disease involves the forma- pending upon the infected host spe- tion of trunk cankers leading to cies that for all purposes P. ramorum the disease commonly termed “sud- causes two distinct diseases, one usu- den oak death,” the more common ally lethal and the other not. form of the disease results in ne- Infection is frequently lethal to crotic leaf spots on the foliar host. species that develop trunk cankers, It appears that P. ramorum can be which include tan oak (Lithocarpus quite contagious, especially among densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus certain foliar hosts such as Rho- agrifolia), black oak (Quercus dodendron species, tan oak, and kelloggii), and Shreve’s oak (Quercus California laurel (Umbellularia cali- parvula var. shrevii). All of the fornica). Spots caused by Phytophthora ramorum Quercus species mentioned above are On true oaks P. ramorum has on a California laurel leaf. Photograph courtesy of M. Garbelotto. in the Subgenus Lobatae, and it ap- only been found to cause trunk can- pears that all of the members of this kers, not foliar infections. Trunk subgenus may be susceptible to in- tissue infection results in the death more images of typical symptoms fection by P. ramorum to one de- of patchy areas of the cambium, on various hosts, please visit www. gree or another. (Other subgenera which frequently coalesce into large suddenoakdeath.org. of Quercus, such as the white oaks areas of dead tissue. To the pass- Secondary infections or attacks [Subgenus Quercus], are not known erby, the symptoms of this process by other organisms may accelerate to be susceptible [Rizzo et al, appear as sticky, viscous, burgundy- the decline of infected oak and tan 2002a]). The infection of tan oak is or molasses-colored droplets on clear oak trees. Typical among these noteworthy in that P. ramorum is bark that are usually not associated other organisms are oak bark beetles able to cause trunk, branch, and with a wound. Canker symptoms on (Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis) and leaf infections, often simultaneously. tan oaks are similar but are typically ambrosia beetles (Monarthrum spp.). It is the first species in California runnier and are preceded by a gen- These beetles leave pin-sized holes known to be symptomatic of this eral browning of the entire canopy. in the bark, surrounded by a fine disease (Svihra, 1999), and appears Among the foliar hosts, symp- sawdust-like material commonly to be among the most susceptible toms of infection are variable with termed “frass.” Anecdotal evidence species discovered. On tan oaks, the plant species. The most common suggests that attacks by beetles are term “sudden oak death” is descrip- symptom is leaf spots, which are typically what causes oak trees to tive of the infection process, even not always obvious to the casual die “suddenly,” rather than the com- though it isn’t a true oak. observer. They are easily confused paratively slow-moving infections Most of the remaining (approxi- with many other maladies that of P. ramorum. mately twelve) host species (see table the host plants may contract. Phy- Dead and dying trunk tissues on page 4) are susceptible to non- tophthora ramorum produces few are colonized by decay fungi. Com- lethal infection. They develop leaf visible signs of its presence, as all mon among this group of organ- infections, and commonly also de- of its structures are microscopic isms is Hypoxylon thoursianum, which velop cankers in their branches (Garbelotto et al., 2002). To view produces fruiting bodies that re- (hence the specific name ramorum, semble small, rounded chunks of meaning “to branch”). The “foliar Bleeding from the bark of coast live oak charcoal that grow on the bark of hosts” generally do not develop Photograph courtesy of M. Garbelotto. infected trees. The presence of large cankers in their trunk tissues. Hypoxylon, beetles, or both, does not New hosts for P. ramorum are in any way indicate that the tree is being discovered every year, and infected with P. ramorum—these therefore the list of host species in organisms are part of the general Table 1 is expected to grow. The disease process that oaks and tan potential size of the completed host oaks have evolved with. The oaks list may number into the hundreds colonized by these organisms may of species; as an example, the host have been initially stressed for any list for P. cinnamomi is in the vicin- of a multitude of reasons, as they ity of 2000 species. have been for centuries.

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DISTRIBUTION der these conditions are all unknown ceptible western oaks are (Rizzo et at this time. al., 2002). Although P. ramorum was In addition to the quarantine of Hot, dry summers and cool first discovered in northern Europe, infected materials, clear delineation moist spring weather typify many no European oaks are known to have of the disease is also critical to any climates beyond California’s cen- become infected by the disease. proposed containment approach. As tral valley. If P. ramorum is not con- Until recently, monitoring the of May 9, 2002, the North Ameri- strained to the west coast environ- distribution of the disease has been can distribution of P. ramorum ex- ment, this begs the question of how based upon reports of suspected in- tended over more than 300 km of infectious it might be on host spe- festations coming in from the pub- the central California coastline, and cies found elsewhere on the conti- lic. For the most part, the public in one small isolated area of Curry nent, or indeed the world. Many of seems to have keyed in on oak death County, Oregon, just north of Cali- the oaks of eastern North America, as the defining characteristic that fornia. for example red oak (Quercus rubra) they are reporting, and this may be Phytophthora ramorum requires and pin oak (Quercus palustris), are a direct result of the disease’s com- water to reproduce, and prefers tem- in the same subgenus (Lobatae) as mon name. It may also be that many peratures in the vicinity of 20 Cº. susceptible western oaks. The two people simply aren’t concerned Moist, comparatively cool climatic eastern oaks tested were at least as about leaf spots on their laurel trees, zones are frequently found in the susceptible to P. ramorum as sus- or on other foliar hosts. Whatever coastal regions, and it is perhaps because of this that most of the con- Confirmed distribution of sudden oak death as of May 9, 2002. Map courtesy of Karin firmed distribution of P. ramorum Tuxen, CAMFER, UC Berkeley. occurs within 30 km of the coastline. In the San Francisco Califor- nia area it has been found farther inland, but at the time of this writing has only been confirmed at locations with cool, California- influenced weather. The current extent of the distribution of P. ramorum does not mean that the organism is necessarily limited to coastal climates. Dr. Matteo Garbelotto’s heat treatment experi- ments clearly show that in certain host materials, such as California laurel leaves, P. ramorum is capable of surviving temperatures of 35 Cº for extended periods of time (Garbelotto, unpublished data). This suggests that although the pathogen may not be able to reproduce under the comparatively hot, dry summers of California’s inte- rior valley, it may be able to survive them. It is plausible that P. ramorum could be introduced to drier, warmer regions during the comparatively cool, moist weather frequently associated with springtime, and then reproduce whenever favorable conditions recur. Exactly how fast the disease would spread, how the symptoms would manifest themselves, and which hosts it would be capable of infecting un-

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instead of dying oaks. California lau- (human-caused) and natural means. rel trees seem to show symptoms Spore production appears to be quite a bit earlier than the canker- greatest on foliar hosts, in some cases forming trees such as coast live oak approaching 70,000 spores per and tan oak. The results of Sonoma square centimeter of infected leaf County’s disease monitoring efforts tissue (Rizzo, pers. comm.). Spore support this. We have found in- production on woody materials is fected California laurel trees miles much lower when it occurs at all. from any confirmed dead oak or This suggests that in terms of tan oak tree in the Mark West anthropogenic spread, the trans- Microscopic view of leaf surface crowded with sporangia. Photograph courtesy of Springs area of Sonoma County. portation of foliage is of greater M. Garbelotto. Focusing on foliar symptoms in lau- comparative risk than the transpor- rel trees has two advantages: the tation of wood or wood products, the reason, it now seems to take at tree is relatively widespread and it although there may still be signifi- least a few months for tan oak trees is evergreen, which allows symp- cant risk in the movement of in- to show symptoms, and it may take tom identification and sampling fected woody material. Foliage is years for coast live oak to show throughout the year. clearly a good platform for natural symptoms. The result is that we A better understanding of the dispersal because of its position have been monitoring a phenom- epidemiology of the disease on its above ground and exposure to wind enon that is perhaps up to several foliar hosts will facilitate disease and rain. years behind the arrival of the dis- monitoring and delineation. There For this reason, the develop- ease at a particular site, and there- is still much more that needs to be ment of phytosanitary disposal fore the actual extent of this disease known about this subject. methods for host material from may be significantly wider than what infected regions appears to be crit- is represented in the distribution ical in containing the disease. map. A number of researchers have RISK OF SPREAD Composting diseased host mate- suggested that perhaps a better way rial appears to be a promising to find the current extent of the Phytophthora ramorum seems to method of sanitizing it (see Table disease would be to begin monitor- be well suited to dispersal among 3 on page 8). During the composting California laurel leaf symptoms its hosts by both anthropogenic ing trials, after one week at 55 Cº,

TABLE 2. VIABLE PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM COLONIES (POSITIVE ISOLATIONS) BEFORE AND AFTER HEAT TREATMENT

ata here represent the results of one set of heat treatment trial results. This trial involved placing the Dinfected samples in an oven for two weeks, testing them each week. Note that averages are calculated by considering each unit as a replicate. The heat exposure resulted in no viable Phytophthora ramorum colonies from any of the wood chips and or the saplings cankers, whether the material was exposed for one or two weeks. In the case of California laurel leaves, a one-week exposure only reduced Phytophthora viability, but did not completely eliminate it. A two-week exposure eliminated viable inoculum from the leaves as well.

Plant material Total Positive Positive Positive isolations isolations before isolations at isolations at attempted treatment one week two weeks (average %) (average %) (average %)

Coast live oak wood chips 80 92.5% 0% 0%

California laurel leaves 50 100% 17% 0%

Cankers 48 na 0% 0%

Based on unpublished data from Matteo Garbelotto, 2001.

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TABLE 3. VIABLE PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM COLONIES (POSITIVE ISOLATIONS) BEFORE AND AFTER COMPOSTING

ata here represent the results of one set of composting trial results. This trial involved placing the Dinfected samples in a compost pile for two weeks, testing them at the end of the trial. Note that averages are calculated by considering each unit as a replicate. The composting process resulted in no viable Phytoph- thora ramorum colonies from any treated material.

Plant material Total Total Positive Positive Positive isolations isolations before isolations before isolations at attempted treatment treatment two weeks (average %) (average %)

Coast live oak wood chips 32 31 97% 0%

California laurel leaves 25 15 60% 0%

Cankers 16 5 31% 0%

Based on unpublished data from Matteo Garbelotto, 2001.

P. ramorum could not be isolated IS P. RAMORUM AN pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica). from most substrates, and after two INTRODUCED This is not to say that the situation weeks P. ramorum could not be PATHOGEN? here is so dire, but rather to illus- isolated from even the California trate the potential for the most laurel leaves (Garbelotto, unpub- Based on preliminary evidence, severely affected species, such as tan lished data). Dr. Garbelotto is still Phytophthora ramorum has what oak. Tan oak has indeed suffered conducting further tests aimed at amounts to a largely clonal popula- substantial losses in the past seven determining how much time and tion structure (Garbelotto et al. years, with some stands suffering temperature required to eliminate 2002b). This organism seems well one hundred percent mortality. P. ramorum may vary with the sea- suited to asexual propagation, and The lack of genetic variability son and substrate material. The apparently sexual reproduction of within the P. ramorum population final results will probably not be P. ramorum is not occurring within of the western United States sug- known for some time. the state. This population structure gests that there is very little ge- Firewood and other coarse plant has a number of significant impli- netic recombination occurring materials also pose a risk of spread, cations. within the population, and thus but the exact extent of this risk is Preliminary data on the limited adaptation rates should be quite still unknown. In infected regions, genetic variability of California’s low. This is good news for plants firewood from host species should P. ramorum population is not in that show only some resistance to remain on site. Other firewood agreement with the hypothesis that the disease, such as our native oaks, movement may be restricted or pro- it is a native species. If P. ramorum as it implies that it will be much hibited, depending upon several is introduced, then the native plants more difficult for P. ramorum to factors including the origin and in the central coast region are un- overcome the defenses of the oak destination of the material. Several likely to have evolved any innate population as a whole over time. other commodities are regulated in ability to defend themselves against Of course, this could all change infected counties, including soil and it. The inability of host plants to overnight with the introduction of nursery stock. Quarantine regula- defend themselves adequately a new, sexually compatible strain tions are almost certainly going to against introduced diseases has of the disease. Preventing the in- change with time. To obtain the lat- caused such dramatic events such troduction of any new strains is est information on regulated articles as Dutch elm disease (caused by likely to prove difficult, as the ori- and restrictions, call your local the pathogen Ophiostoma ulm), and gins of the pathogen are only hy- County Agricultural Commissioner. chestnut blight (caused by the pothesized.

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TREATMENT

Testing to develop treatment for individual oaks is still underway. A number of chemical control options appear to hold promise, but results are likely to still be several months, if not years, away. This is in part due to the very slow nature of oak mortality itself. In the absence of CHECK attack by bark beetles, trees can take years to die. The long time scale required for this process in turn requires equally long experimental SLIDE times to obtain treatment results from the field. Host mortality rates also appear to vary by species. For instance, mortality rates on tan oaks appear to be quite high, whereas they are somewhat lower for black and coast live oaks. They also seem to vary with climate, with higher rates in areas typified by comparatively cool and moist conditions. If an effective treatment is found, it may be able to save individual trees of value, but it is unlikely that it will be able to be ap- plied to the landscape as a whole. This is primarily because biological controls for forest dwelling Phytoph- thora species are unknown, and the wholesale spraying of entire regions with chemicals is likely to cause as many environmental problems as it cures. The state of Oregon has taken a comparatively aggressive approach to the recent introduction of P. ramorum. They are attempting to eradicate the disease by cutting and burning all host plants within 50 to 100 feet of symptomatic foliage (Goheen, pers. comm.). This approach is possible is due to a com- bination of factors; one of these factors is the comparatively large distance between the area of infection in Oregon and the next closest Foliage of living coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) tree from Sonoma County. Photo- confirmed site—a distance of over graph by J. Hickman. 250 kilometers. The lack of a nearby source of infection suggests that if immediate future. This is conjec- other factor making an eradica- the disease is eradicated the region ture, since the method of the origi- tion attempt possible is the limited is unlikely to be re-infected in the nal introduction is not known. The size of the infection area. A total of

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rial. As of the time of this writing, these regulations are currently being revised to make them consis- tent and compatible with one another. By the time this article is printed, they should have been rec- onciled. As new host species or new infection routes are discovered, these regulations will have to be amended.

FORESTS IN FLUX

California forests have been subject to many perturbations and dis- turbances throughout their history. Many present day woodlands may have been grassland at one time, and where there are now redwoods or pines, oaks may have once stood. Fire burned through many of these forests and woodlands every few years, and helped to shape the forests themselves. In the absence of fire, grasslands often succeeded to woodlands, and oak woodlands and forests often succeeded to other forest types. Disease seems to be part of these processes, although exactly how native diseases may have caused landscape-level changes in the forests is not fully understood. The effects of exotic pathogens are likely to be even less predictable. Ultimately, P. ramorum is likely to result in changes to California’s central coast forests. What these changes will be is difficult to esti- mate until we know more about the pathogen and its impacts. At this point, it seems these changes are Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) occurs in a variety of habitats throughout coastal California. It is shown here in a stand of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculata). Photograph unlikely to radically alter the land- by J. Hickman. scape of the central coast over the long term, although they may be approximately 40 acres scattered known, but it is clear that the dis- significant at a more local scale. over several sites in Curry County ease is relatively widespread on the Based on preliminary evidence, P. are known to be infected. This central coast. Currently, the best ramorum appears to have effects on makes cutting and burning these approach in California seems to be the regeneration of some species, areas in Oregon a realistic proposi- to prevent the further spread of the such as madrone (Arbutus menziesii). tion. Results from this approach are disease. Perhaps the greatest long-term forthcoming. Infected regions of California threat posed by this disease is the Eradication is not a realistic are currently under both state and potential elimination of tan oak as a proposition in California. The cur- federal quarantines designed to limit significant component of west coast rent disease extent is still not fully the movement of infectious mate- forests.

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CONCLUSIONS on Phytophthora ramorum. For easy Garbelotto, M., P. Svihra, and D. access to general background infor- Rizzo. 2001a. Sudden oak death Although the common name mation, current host species lists, syndrome fells three oak species. “sudden oak death” does not really and images of symptoms, please visit California Agriculture (Jan/Feb describe the ecology of the disease www.suddenoakdeath.org. The local 2001): 9–19. Garbelotto, M., D. Rizzo, and J. accurately, it does capture the es- University of California Coopera- Davidson, 2001b. Studies in the sence of what we currently under- tive Extension office should be genetics of–Phytophthora–sp. nov., ? stand to be its major impact. able to help you with further ques- associated with sudden oak death. There is quite a bit that still tions regarding sudden oak death, Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands. remains to be discovered about this as should the local Agricultural USDA-Forest Service, San Diego, pathogen. It remains to be seen Commissioner’s office. The Agri- CA. whether a quarantine or eradica- cultural Commissioner’s office Garbelotto, M., D. Rizzo, J. Davidson, tion efforts based on our current should also have information on the and S. Frankel. 2002. How to Rec- level of knowledge will be effective. latest developments on quarantine ognize Symptoms of Diseases l.c.? At this point, the host species list is regulations. Caused by Phytophthora ramorum, not complete, and the methods of Causal Agent of Sudden Oak Death. USDA Forest Service, Pacific dispersal are not completely under- REFERENCES Southwest Region. stood. Until such basics are known, Goheen, E.M., Plant Pathologist, it will be difficult indeed to make USDA Forest Service, Forest any kind of accurate predictions Davidson, J.M., D.M. Rizzo, M. Health Protection, Southwest Or- about what effects the disease may Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and G.W. egon Forest Insect and Disease Ser- have. Similarly, views on appropri- Slaughter. 2002. Phytophthora vice Center. ate kinds of treatment, regulations ramorum and sudden oak death in McPherson, B.A., D.L. Wood, A.J. to prevent spread of the disease, California: II. Transmission and sur- Storer, P. Svihra, D.M. Rizzo, N.M. vival. Fifth Symposium on Oak Wood- and enforcement of such regula- Kelly, and R.B. Standiford. 2000. lands. USDA-Forest Service, San Oak mortality syndrome: Sudden tions may change over time. Diego, CA. There are a number of resources death of oaks and tan oaks. Tree Notes 26:1–6. available for further information Rizzo, D., M. Garbelotto, J.M. Davidson, G.W. Slaughter, and S.T. Drawing by M.H. Swift of tan oak (Litho- Koike. 2002a. Phytophthora ramorum carpus densiflorus), from the 1910 Jepson Silva of California. as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Dis- ease 86(3):205–213. Rizzo, D.M., M.Garbelotto, J.M. Davidson, G.W. Slaughter, and S.T. Koike, 2002b. Phytophthora ramorum and Sudden Oak Death in Califor- nia: I. Host relationships. Fifth Oak Woodland Symposium: Oaks in California’s Changing Landscape. USDA-Forest Service, San Diego, CA. Storer, A.J., K.E. Keirnan, N.K. Palkovsky, B.W. Hagen, G.W. Slaughter, N.M. Kelly, and P. Svihra. 2002. Diagnosis and Monitoring of Sudden Oak Death. Pest Alert #6. UC Cooperative Extension and the Cali- fornia Oak Mortality Task Force. Svihra, P., 1999. Tan oak and coast live oak under attack. Oaks ’n’ folks 14(2):1.

Steven Swain, 151 Hilgard Hall, UC, Berkeley, CA 94720. svswain@nature. berkeley.edu

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 11 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE CALIFORNIA BLACK WALNUT (Juglans californica) by E.N. Anderson

he California black walnut areas, and is abundant within its too steep and unstable on which to T(Juglans californica) is a large small range. However, because only build. However, current “level-the- shrub or small tree, smaller small and marginal scraps of its habi- mountains” construction has wiped in every way (trunk, leaf, fruit) than tat are protected, it is of some con- it out from even these habitats in northern California’s Hinds walnut cern to conservationists. So far, its many areas, especially the Puente (J. hindsii), and restricted to a nar- fondness for steep slopes has pro- Hills, and its future is uncertain. row band within the southern Cali- tected it, and much of its popula- Walnut trees provide both food fornia foothills. It occurs primarily tion survives in the Los Angeles and habitat for wildlife. Rodents and on private land in or near urban conurbation on islands of habitat other animals eat the kernel, and, in earlier times, Native American Hinds walnut is treated as Juglans californica var. hindsii in The Jepson Manual, but in peoples utilized it. (The kernel is other publications is still recognized as the species J. hindsii. Illustration of the only excellent eating, but too small and taxon of Juglans treated by W.L. Jepson in his 1910 Silva of California, “J. californica.” shellbound for modern exploitation, Habit drawing by M.H. Swift; detail drawings by A.J. Heindl and E. Roorback.

NOMENCLATURE

he two native black wal- Tnuts in California have been named in two different ways. According to The Jepson Manual, there is only one native Juglans species in Cali- fornia, Juglans californica, with two varieties, J. c. var. californica and J. c. var. hindsii. In contrast, the sixth edition of the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare Plants (among other authorities) treats these two taxa as distinct species: Juglans californica and Juglans hindsii. This article follows the latter treatment. Various common names are used to refer to these two taxa. Here I use California black walnut (for J. californica) and Hinds walnut (for J. hindsii), but at least one other name pair is also in use: southern California black walnut and northern California black walnut.

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except by ethnobotanists even more stands outside the San Bernardino dedicated than I.) The tree also pro- National Forest are slated to fol- vides shade, erosion control, and low. For this and other reasons, I other benefits. It has been used as a have begun a more systematic in- firewood source and an understock quiry into the life and times of the for commercial walnut production. California black walnut. I have always had an interest in Very little is known about the this tree, but my interest increased plant. Except for work by Jon Keeley after I moved to Walnut Avenue in (1990), C.A. Leskinin (1972), and San Bernardino. I am not sure students and associates at Califor- whether the street was named after nia State Polytechnic University the wild walnuts, but they abound (see Tenbrink et al., 1999), there is here, with one huge stand begin- virtually no sustained work re- ning across the street from my house ported. A brief article by Quinn and extending up Bailey Canyon (1989) reviews conservation prob- (on whose bank I live). I am un- lems. Thus, almost any new infor- The California black walnut (Juglans comfortably aware that my house mation would seem to be valuable. californica): Tree size in Devil Canyon, and my neighbors’ houses exist at San Bernardino County, top. • California black walnuts do become trees; note pen the expense of the downstream end for scale, bottom. Photographs by R. of this stand. Walnut trees are still FORM Frye. being replaced by houses in the area. A nearby stand of huge, ancient, The California black walnut is can be a modestly imposing tree. multi-trunked walnuts was de- now almost always seen as a large, The “record Southern California stroyed in February 2001 to make multi-trunked shrub, ranging from black walnut” (Byrne 2000, empha- way for new houses. Most of the 10 to 20 feet in height. However, it sis added), growing in Chico, is 116

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 13 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION feet high and 241 inches in circumference. This is a planted tree, far Walnut Identification out of its natural range, and it may be a misidentification. Among natu- istinguishing the California black walnut from other nut trees rally occurring trees, there are some Dcan be a challenge. Eastern black walnut (J. nigra) and pecan single-trunked specimens in the (Carya illinoiensis) have been planted widely in southern California, Bailey Canyon–Devil Canyon area, often at homesteads now long abandoned. Sometimes the eastern more than 40 feet tall. Two grow- black walnuts were planted among native walnuts; presumably the ing near each other are worthy of settlers thought the wild walnuts were a good indicator of places where note: one is 42 feet tall, with a spread eastern walnuts would also flourish. On Los Sauces Creek along State of 40 feet, and a circumference (at 4 Highway 150 in southwestern Ventura County, there is an area where feet above ground) of 98 inches. pecans have escaped from homestead plantings and enthusiastically The other is about the same height colonized the riparian strip along the creek, within a California black (but not easy to measure), with a walnut woodland. The pecans grow in permanently wet soil, the spread of 51 feet. It branches a foot walnuts in drier sites, but they are in close proximity, with branches off the ground; the trunk below that sometimes touching. is 102 inches around, and the big- Eastern black walnut, Hinds walnut, and California black walnut gest branch is 76 inches around at 4 were all used in pioneer days as understocks for Persian (“English”) feet. Keeley (1990) reports even walnut (J. regia), and these under-stocks sometimes grow into trees larger trees in the old days, known when the grove is abandoned and the scionwood dies. One can tell now only from somewhat question- such stands from natural stands by the regular spacing of the trees in able descriptions. orchard plantings and the presence of other planted species. Truly strange are some large walnuts one sometimes finds in natural groves: RANGE they have larger leaves and paler bark than the native, but they appear to be naturally occurring. They do not fruit. I suspect they are hybrids between the native and the eastern black walnut. There are at least The California black walnut has three such trees in Bailey Canyon. a rather remarkable range. Its eastern limit is set very sharply by Waterman Canyon in the San Ber- nardino Mountains. It abounds in young, but quickly becomes resis- Waterman Canyon stand as an iso- this canyon, but does not occur at tant.) In the west, it extends almost lated “x,” when in fact it is merely all farther east. (Possible causes in- to Point Conception in Santa Bar- the eastern end of a long and al- clude drought and too frequent fire. bara County. Its northern limit is most continuous belt of walnuts The tree is vulnerable to fire when set, roughly, at the middle eleva- along the San Bernardino and San tions of the Transverse Ranges. It Gabriel front, reaching from the Nuts and leaves of California black wal- is reported to extend just north of outwash fans of the canyons up to nut. Photograph by R. Frye. the Santa Ynez River in Santa Bar- 3,500 feet. Similarly, they show scat- bara County, and to about as far tered “x” marks in the Santa Ynez north in Ventura County (Griffin Mountains where the walnut is com- and Critchfield 1972). The south- mon as a north-slope tree. ern limit is somewhat unclear. Grif- In terms of altitude, the tree fin and Critchfield (1972) show an extends from near sea level in the isolated stand in San Diego County Santa Monica Mountains to 3,500 in the moist mesa country just feet in the San Bernardino canyons, southeast of the point where River- but is rarely found above that eleva- side, Orange, and San Diego Coun- tion. Presumably, the much colder ties meet. and snowier winters above 3,500 Why it should stop there, with feet kill the seedlings. so much excellent habitat to the Within these limits, the wal- south, is a mystery. nut abounds on the southernmost Within these limits, Griffin and slopes of the Transverse Ranges, Critchfield seriously underreport and throughout the Santa Ynez, the range of the tree. For instance, Santa Monica, and northern Santa they show what I assume is the Ana mountains, and in the hills

14 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION between. It is especially common, ASSOCIATES yon, for example, they occur in lit- and often dominant, in the Puente erally every habitat, from alluvial Hills, the hills of urban Los Ange- Attempts to restrict the walnut outwash to rock cliffs. Bailey Can- les, the Santa Monica Mountains, to one or another “plant commu- yon is a most diverse place, and so and the mountains of southern nity” serve only to show how inad- one can find walnuts as a compo- Ventura County. Here it often equate the old plant community nent of grassland, coastal sage scrub, forms solid stands, with less dense concept is for California’s dynamic several types of chaparral, riparian savanna-like stands occurring on vegetation (see the sidebar below). woodland, oak woodland, and south and west faces. Pure, closed- Within their tiny range walnuts are mixed canyon woodland. Similarly, canopy stands dominate many everywhere—subject to their own in Topanga Canyon in the Santa north-facing slopes. idiosyncratic limits. In Bailey Can- Monica Mountains, the walnut occurs in riparian woodland, chaparral, open cliffs, sage scrub, and grassland, from the bottom of the Walnut as a Component of Various canyon to the top of the hills around Plant Communities it. The same could be said of many other canyons throughout the tree’s he California black walnut does not seem to restrict itself to a range. Walnut grows on granite, Tfew distinct plant communities, but occurs across a wide carbonate, sandstone, shale, and al- range of habitats. luvial terrain, with its usual riotous indifference to circumstances. • Forests and woodlands. In parts of its range, California black Tenbrink et al. (1999) note that walnut grows with various other tree species in forest and wood- the walnut’s associates in pure- land communities. A unique forest formation grows on the north- stand woodlands of the Los Ange- east side of the Santa Susana Mountains and locally in the San les urban area are all non-native Bernardino’s westernmost canyons: a true forest of bigcone Dou- weeds, except for a rare milkweed. glas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), oaks, and walnut. A magnificent This is not always true elsewhere, oak–walnut forest, dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), however. Los Angeles presents a covers more than 5 square miles on the north face of Sulphur special case because of the intense Mountain in Ventura County. Common associates include blue disturbance caused by a century of elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) and various riparian trees along extreme overgrazing followed by a waterways. Similar oak–walnut forests exist from the Santa Ynez century of urbanization. In other Mountains to the Puente Hills, but in fragmented forms, with locations, the tree is often found in walnuts sometimes being confined to relatively dry sites or to savannas that have been taken over sandy canyon areas. Mullahy (1992) has found walnut growing by non-natives, but it also occurs together with flowering ash (Fraxinus dipetala) or California laurel with many native associates. In (Umbellularia californica) in woodland areas. Bailey Canyon, for instance, more • Sage scrub. In scrub habitats dominated by Salvia species, Cali- than 140 native plant species grow fornia coast sagebrush (Artemisia californica), and other typical closely associated with walnuts. plants, walnut dominates moist sites. This is a common associa- These range from various codomi- tion on the lower Santa Susana and Santa Monica mountains, and nants in woodland, including oaks, occurs locally eastward to Waterman Canyon. California Sycamore (Platanus race- • Chaparral. In chaparral habitats, walnut often grows at the outer mosa), Ceanothus, and Adenostoma, edges of the wet zones created by springs, especially seep springs. to understory species such as It also grows in dry washes. Eriogonum fasciculatum, Rhus spp., various annuals on dry sites, and • Riparian woodland. In riparian communities, walnut trees grow plants such as Solidago californica in everywhere except in the permanently-wet corridor. They occur moist areas. There are also some in dry washes, seasonally running washes, riparian outwash fans, small but solid forests of wild wal- and in the margins of gallery forests along permanent streams. nut, made up of trees up to 25 feet California black walnut is often the dominant species in the latter tall growing with the rather un- two habitats. Its associates can range from dry wash species such as usual associate velvet ash (Fraxinus Whipple yucca (Yucca whipplei) to willows and other water-loving velutina). Here and elsewhere in the plants. San Bernardino range, the walnut often forms a natural fence around

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 15 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION the huge mats of Arizona grape (Vitis girdiana) that cover seep springs. Often the walnut grows with introduced grasses, probably because both take over highly unstable sites. But it more often grows with sage scrub or riparian species. It is rarer in chaparral, but not uncom- mon even there. In riparian areas it grows in drier soils near such plants as Pacific willow (Salix lasiolepis) and Arizona grape (Vitis girdiana).

HABITAT RESTRICTIONS

Overall, the range limits of the California black walnut are set by drought, cold, and probably fire. As noted, walnuts do not reach high altitudes. They do not occur on flat ground except for riparian outwash, and prefer (but are by no means confined to) north- and east-facing slopes. They do not occur in very dry sites, or even in moist areas that are frequently exposed to intense heat and drought. The limit in the San Bernardino range front (Wa- terman Canyon) is the limit of relatively cool, moist air and fairly heavy rainfall in the foothill zone. East- ward the slopes are hotter and drier, without much woodland of any kind. Walnuts do not occur in areas California black walnut as small tree, Sulphur Mountain, Ventura County. Photograph subject to intense and frequent fires by E.N. Anderson. since a healthy tree needs several years before it is large enough to ken off like matchsticks by foehn competed by willows and the like, withstand wildfire. The exact num- winds, and deep-rooted bushes are probably because they are unable ber of years depends on the season sometimes literally blown right out to deal with permanently wet con- and intensity of the fires in a given of the ground. The walnuts rarely ditions. I would suppose (and so do area. Once a tree has developed a show damage, though I have seen a botanists I have asked about this) large root system it is considered few branches broken. Huge old wal- that fungus affects them. However, fireproof since it can resprout from nut shrubs on the open alluvial flats, walnuts in my well-watered yard the stem/root base. with multiple trunks each a foot and in frequently watered but well- Walnuts are notably tough in thick seem impervious to the wind. drained parks near my house are the face of wind. On the alluvial No other tall plant grows in these flourishing, even when surrounded fans of the San Bernardinos, foehn environments, and planted trees are by grass lawns that are kept con- (Santa Ana) winds are frequent and destroyed quickly. stantly damp. Conversely, walnuts intense, sometimes gusting well However, walnuts are found occur in dry sites only if there is over 100 mph. No other tree seems only in moist (not wet) to subarid some subsoil seepage and good to withstand this. Two-foot-thick (not arid) sites. They move down water retention. olive and eucalyptus trees are bro- into riparian settings, but are out- Walnuts prefer very loose soil.

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Such soil allows rapid and deep bare site and take all the water. On heavy rains, a large number of wal- water percolation, stays moist long the other hand, walnuts do far bet- nuts germinated in Bailey Canyon. into summer, allows seedlings to ter under such circumstances than I have found more than 30. Virtu- put down deep roots rapidly, and other native trees, establishing ally all were in shade. Most were in increases the chances that the seeds themselves even in the thick cover two areas: on a recently bermed-up will get the deep burial they need of weedy grasses. road cut on a moist north slope, when there is disturbance from I have been monitoring six seed- and under a grove of walnuts at the flooding, landslides, rodent action, and the like. This means that walnuts are primarily found on unstable slopes with much dry creep; in soft, crumbling sedimentary rock (typified by the Puente Hills and the hills of Los Angeles, as at the South- west Museum); and in sandy and gravelly riparian outwash. However, I have seen trees in almost every other imaginable place, from adobe clay to bare rock cliff.

REPRODUCTION

The most difficult time of almost any organism’s life is the be- ginning. The vast majority of nuts borne by a California black walnut never germinate. They are eaten by squirrels and other animals, or they break down and decay. My observations of wild and planted nuts suggest that they ger- California black walnut bush within coastal sage scrub bush, Grimes Canyon, Ventura minate only if they become buried County. Photograph by E.N. Anderson. rather deeply (more than an inch) and then are kept damp. They can- lings that became established in canyon mouth. In both cases they not take serious competition. In Bailey Canyon during the El Niño are competing actively with other the modern world, rip gut Brome year of 1997–1998. Of these, four plants; in the second case, they are (Bromus diandrus) and other intro- plants became established in small coming up through heavy Bromus duced pests rapidly invade every rockslides and two on roadbanks diandrus cover. recently bermed up by the Forest Meanwhile, I planted several Late spring foliage; Bailey Canyon, San Service along the edge of the Bailey wild walnuts in the fall of 1998, and Bernardino County. Photograph by E.N. Canyon forest road. All were in several more in 1999 and 2000 on Anderson. moist, but not wet, places. One is in my steep bank along Bailey Canyon the shade, the others in sun. The Creek. I watered them along with four most successful plants are in several young domestic fruit trees, full sun on a south-facing slope, but deep soaking them every week in they are near reliable seep springs. dry weather, and every three days The six range in size from one feeble in very dry weather. Several of the seedling in a very dry spot (ten seeds sprouted. Some in drier parts inches tall as of June 2001) to one of the slope briefly flourished and six feet high. The latter is growing then died, apparently due to go- very close to two of the others (both pher predation. Others, however, about three feet tall), in the same are well-grown. One planted in rockslide but in a moister spot. 1998—now ten feet tall and four In 2001, following late and very inches thick—is in a particularly

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 17 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION moist spot with good soil and shel- CONSERVATION nately, this patch is somewhat dis- ter from the persistent wind. An- turbed, and is vulnerable to destruc- other, planted in 1999, is already I think it is imperative to form tion by expanding park facilities.) eight feet tall. All have grown into an overall plan for preserving Throughout its range, the wal- single-trunk trees. By comparison, samples of different California black nut is endangered by the same fac- nearby canyon oak (Quercus walnut populations and their habi- tor that is rapidly wiping out all chrysolepis) and brush cherry (Prunus tats. The following are particularly native vegetation in the region: in- sp.) seeds planted at the same time important. vasion by weedy aliens that, under have produced very few seedlings, First priority. The solid stands current conditions of fire and pol- and are now only three to five inches on recent sedimentary rock in the lution, outcompete all natives. high. Evidently the walnut is mag- Puente Hills and the hills of down- nificently competitive when it gets town Los Angeles (especially at and any chance at all, but it requires near the Southwest Museum). HORTICULTURAL special circumstances. It seems the These are desperately endangered, VALUE trees naturally establish themselves as well as being the most central, largely in places cleared and “pre- characteristic, and pure stands of I cannot understand why the pared” by floods and rockslides, with the walnut. walnut is not popular as an orna- a significant minority establishing Second priority. The unique mental or used more widely for via rodent agency—either through and magnificent forest of Sulphur erosion control. It is the ideal na- deliberate storage or as a result of Mountain. Small pockets of similar tive. It starts easily from readily the nut falling into a rodent hole. habitat exist on other nearby ranges, available, easy-to-plant propagules. It is worth noting that all young notably the Santa Susanas, but the Anyone can gather walnuts from walnuts begin life with a definite Sulphur Mountain stand is the only places where there is no longer any trunk and try to grow as a tree. One large and unbroken forest of its type hope of natural germination and must assume that the usual large- in the world. grow all the trees they want with- shrub form of the plant is due to Third priority. Various smaller out cost. The walnut grows quickly resprouting after fires or floods. pockets of unusual interest, espe- and adapts to all but the most ex- Under these circumstances, a large cially those at the extreme ends of treme local conditions. It provides (occasionally enormous) lignotuber the plant’s distribution, also deserve shade during the hot summer is formed. attention. These include popula- months, but is leafless in the win- Walnut roots rapidly go deep tions in south-west Santa Barbara ter when the sun’s warmth is most into the soil and into rock cracks. County, the southern Santa Anas, needed. It is a versatile plant, and Individuals weathering out of the the San Bernardinos (mostly pre- can be trained as a shrub or tree. In wall in Bailey Canyon display thick, served in the San Bernardino Na- addition, it provides wildlife with tough roots tens of feet long. tional Forest and related conserva- food and shelter. The walnuts also tion lands), and small groves in coped considerable better than the Hope for the future: Reforestation with chaparral and sage scrub on the oaks with the unprecedented California black walnut by California Santa Monica and Santa Susana drought of 2002. One reason is that Dept. of Water and Power along channel- mountains. One area of particular the walnuts can shed their leaves if ized sector of Bailey Canyon. Photograph note is the outwash of Cable Can- conditions are harsh. by R. Frye. yon, along the 215 freeway between Last and not least, the walnut Verdemont and Devore in San Ber- has one of the most beautiful forms nardino County. Here, about 200 and foliage of all native broadleaved acres—for sale, zoned for industry— trees. At a time when natives are is essentially untouched and virgin increasing in popularity, the walnut alluvial wash scrub, dominated by should be planted more widely, as it walnut and arborescent birchleaf is easier to grow and grows more mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus quickly than most others. In fact, it betuloides), with an understory of should be made a plant of choice Ceanothus spp., Whipple yucca, and for restoration projects throughout various sage scrub plants. This plot the Los Angeles basin, if only to could easily be added to the nearby replace the thousands of acres of Glen Helen County Park, which walnuts that have been lost to ur- does—mercifully—preserve a small banization and alien plants. patch of similar habitat. (Unfortu- One wishes that CalTrans and

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An all too common story: The last wild walnut of Walnut Avenue (San Bernardino, 2001). Soon it too fell to the bulldozers in the background. Photograph by R. Frye. other governmental agencies would dreds of young California black southern California. Madroño 37: plant only natives instead of intro- walnuts along the channel. They 237–248. duced species. While many natives have received excellent care and Leskinin, C.A. 1972. Juglans califor- are difficult to grow or grow very are flourishing. Hopefully in the nica : local patterns in Southern Cali- slowly, and some are undesirable not-too-distant future they will be fornia. Master’s Thesis, UC. Los An- geles. 58pp. for other reasons, there are many— numbered among the many new Mullahy, D.P. 1992. Distribution and including not only both native spe- groves of California black walnut environmental relations of Cali- cies of walnut but also the Califor- that have been restored or re- fornia black walnut (Juglans california sycamore, the toyon (Heteromeles planted in California. I, for one, nica) in the eastern Santa Susana arbutifolia), the California laurel would love to be present on the Mountains, Los Angeles County. (Umbellularia californica), many ev- day when Juglans californica is offi- Crossosoma 18:1–18. ergreens, many Ceanothus forms, cially removed from our state’s list Quinn, R.D. 1989. The status of wal- and others—that are competitive in of threatened species. nut forests and woodlands (Juglans californica) in southern California. every way with introduced species. In: A.A. Schoenherr (ed.), Endan- These should be planted more, es- References gered Plant Communities of Southern pecially if the species is threatened California. Southern California or vulnerable as is the walnut. Botanists Special Publication No. 3, It is good to be able to end on Byrne, K. 2000. The National Regis- pp. 420–54. an upbeat note. At the end of my ter of Big Trees 2000–2001. Ameri- Tenbrink, V.L., R.D. Quinn, and G.C. street (Walnut Avenue) is a large can Forests 106(1)22–55. Carlton. 1999. Understory vegetation of a southern California black reservoir, part of the California Griffin, J., and W. Critchfield. 1972. The Distribution of Forest Trees in walnut (Juglans californica) wood- Water Project. Construction of the California. Pacific Southwest Forest land. Crossosoma 25:1–8. reservoir involved channelizing and Range Experiment Station, US Bailey Creek in cement, and in the Forest Service. Gene (E.N.) Anderson, Department of An- process many walnuts were elimi- Keeley, J. 1990. Demographic struc- thropology and Center for Conservation nated. In winter 1999–2000, the ture of California black walnut Biology, UC, Riverside, CA 92521-0418. authorities saw fit to plant hun- (Juglans californica) woodlands in [email protected]

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Professor-Emeritus Major sampling alpine vegetation on Kilyaktalik Peaks, Alaska, with Bruce Dale on 18 July, 18, 1984, three years after his retirement from University of California, Davis. Jack was 67 at the time. Photograph by M. Major. An Appreciation OF JACK MAJOR, 1917–2001 by M.G. Barbour, P.A. Castelfranco, R.W. Pearcy, and M. Rejmanek

And on his grave some kindly person had a profound impact on the di- Department, where he taught from wrote, rection of plant ecology in the 1955 until retirement in 1981. His Never did he jump on a bandwagon . . . United States during the second spiritual home, however, was in the He preferred to walk. half of the 20th century. Besides mountains: the Uinta Mountains —“Epitaph” by his immediate family—brother of Utah, the Sierra Nevada of Cali- Paul Castelfranco (1991) Ted, wife Mary, and sons Paul, fornia, the Grand Tetons of Wyo- John, and James—he left behind ming, the Brooks Range and the ack Major, Professor Emeritus many students and colleagues who Juneau Ice Fields of Alaska, and the Jof Plant Ecology at the Univer- fondly remember his great aca- Himalayas of Nepal. These were sity of California, Davis (UCD), demic gifts to them. the environments that he most of- died 13 February 2001 in Davis Jack’s academic home for most ten shared with graduate students at the age of 83. Professor Major of his career was the UCD Botany and those undergraduates fortunate

20 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION enough to take his plant ecology topics, including those who wrote in Burke 1979; Benedict 1981). Jack’s classes. other languages. As a result, he was gentle leadership in pulling reluc- He truly was the ideal scientist far ahead of his time. For example, tant American ecologists across a described by Poincare (1958): one inspired by his major professor’s then-narrow bridge of communi- who “does not study Nature be- book, The Factors of Soil Formation cation with the rest of the world cause it is useful to do so. He stud- (Jenny 1941), Major wrote a paper was without doubt of seminal help ies it because he takes pleasure in it that proposed to use differential to Robert Whittaker when, in the . . . [and] because it is beautiful.” equations to describe vegetation– 1970s, his travels and publications Jack was born on March 15, environment relationships for any widened that bridge. Only now— 1917 in Salt Lake City, Utah, and given plant community (Major 20 to 30 years after his students completed high school there in 1951). Not for another quarter of a have finished their graduate de- 1935. He went on to Utah State century, however, did any ecologist grees—are phytosociological papers Agricultural College (now Utah actually begin to use differential becoming accepted and publishable State University) and received a BS equations in the description and in the US. A retrospective appre- in Range Management in 1942. For modeling of plant communities. ciation of the value of his work, the next several years he served in One measure of Professor (and that of his students) to conser- the Army’s 10th Mountain Divi- Major’s vision and impact is the fact vation and park management was sion, the justifiably famous unit of that several of his earliest papers are written by David Parsons on the 1,000 skiers and alpinists who still cited today, in some cases more occasion of Jack’s retirement (Par- trained hard in the mountain west often now than originally. Accord- sons 1982; Anonymous 1982). before participating in the Italian ing to the ISI Web of Science, “A Throughout his career, Dr. campaign of World War II. (After functional, factorial approach to Major was as well known for his the war, a number of men from that plant ecology” (Major 1951) has reviews of ecological books written division went on to become conser- been cited 91 times in the past 25 in other languages as for his own vationists, ecologists, and leaders in years. His superb synthesis of the promotion of recreational ski- California’s flora, geology, and ecol- Recently tenured Associate Professor ing.) Between 1946 and 1953, Jack ogy in “Endemism and speciation Major behind a typewriter in his office in attended graduate school at the Uni- in the California flora” (Stebbins the Botany Department in on the UC Davis campus, February, 18, 1963. Jack versity of California, Berkeley, ob- and Major 1965) has been cited 102 was 45 years old at the time. Photograph taining a PhD in Soil Science under times in the same period, and a third by R. Gankin. the direction of Professor Hans paper, “Buried viable seeds in Cali- Jenny. During this time he also met fornia bunchgrass sites and their and married Mary Cecil, thanks to bearing on the definition of flora” an introduction from brother Ted, (Major and Pyott 1966), has been who had met Mary by chance on a cited 138 times—at the rate of seven rock climbing expedition in the times per year for the most recent Grand Tetons. She, too, had a love five years. His work on primary suc- for the mountains. cession following glacial retreat Jack was hired as a member of a (Crocker and Major 1955) is a clas- young weed science group in the sic, cited nearly 300 times in the last Botany Department at UCD. His 25 years and still described in many strong interest in the ecology of textbooks nearly a half-century later undisturbed mountain vegetation, (e.g., Barbour et al. 1999; Begon et however, conflicted with the weed al. 1996; Krebs 2001). group’s focus on plants in agro- Jack was one of very few Ameri- nomic, low-elevation settings. This cans to practice the phytosocio- habitat bias gradually distanced him logical protocols widely used in from weed science, and a 1964 Europe (and throughout the non- Fulbright Fellowship to Innsbruck, English-speaking world) for sam- Austria, was to cement a lifetime’s pling and classifying vegetation. focus on vegetation science. Consequently, relevé-style sampling He had a driving curiosity that and syntaxonomy were employed made him an extensive reader of, by most of his students in their the- and correspondent with, scientists ses and dissertations (e.g., Neilson who specialized in a wide range of 1961; Pemble 1970; Taylor 1976;

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bers. According to then-President Jack Major Student Grant Fund Richard Miller (1975), “Major’s reviews have consistently pointed out t the request of Mrs. Mary Major, the Davis Botanical Society has gaps in our own knowledge of A started a student grant fund in memory of Jack. The Society will American ecosystems and have in- use the fund to award grants of up to $500 a year to UC Davis students dicated directions for fruitful new for field research in botany (including plant development, ecology, research . . . [We] would be immea- systematics, or geography), to support student field work in California surably poorer without his dedicated and elsewhere. The Society is trying to obtain enough contributions efforts.” to endow the grant fund ($10,000), so that awards can be made in Jack was a gentleman scholar: Jack's name in perpetuity. If you would like to donate, please send learned but soft-spoken and mod- contributions to: Treasurer, the Davis Botanical Society, Plant Biol- est to the point of self-effacement. ogy, One Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (make checks If presented, in conversation, with out to UC Regents). an opinion contrary to his own, he was sincerely quizzical and would quite innocently ask why one research. In 1975 the Ecological So- cifically for his prodigious review- thought that way, rather than offer- ciety of America gave him the first ing activity, judged to be an out- ing a defensive or challenging Distinguished Service Citation spe- standing service to Society mem- counter-statement. In this manner,

Jack and his wife Mary (nee Cecil) in one of their favorite places, the subalpine zone of the Grand Teton Mountains, August, 1992, when Jack was 75 years old. Photograph by T. Major.

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Jack made those around him feel California Native Plant Society, pine, pp 601-675 in: M.G. Barbour equally learned. Even when he dis- Sacramento, CA.] and J. Major (eds.), Te rrestrial veg- agreed with them, his own contrary Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk, W.D. Pitts, etation of California. Wiley, New opinions were delivered so delicately F.S. Gilliam, and M.W. Schwartz. York, NY. [Revised in 1988 and pub- and non-confrontationally (usually 1999. Te rrestrial Plant Ecology, 3rd lished by the California Native Plant ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Society, Sacramento, CA.] ending with his traditional phrase, Menlo Park, CA. Miller, R.S. 1975. Distinguished ser- “Is this alright?) that the recipients Barry, W.J. 1971. The ecology of Populus vice citation for Jack Major. Bulletin might not realize their logic had tremuloides, a monographic approach. of the Ecological Society of America been shredded until reflecting on it PhD dissertation, University of 56(4):24. some days later. California, Davis. Myatt, R.G. 1968. The ecology of His forte in teaching was work- Begon, M., J.L. Harper, and C.R. Eriogonum apricum Howell. MS ing with small groups, because his Townsend. 1996. Ecology, 3rd ed. thesis, University of California, low-key manner was not well suited Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Davis. to large lecture sections or busloads Benedict, N.B. 1981. The vegetation Neilson , J.A. 1961. Plant associations of fieldtrip students. His method of and ecology of subalpine meadows of the on glaciated granite at Sterling Lake, teaching was Socratic, inviting ques- Sierra Nevada, California. PhD dis- Nevada County, California. MS the- sertation, University of California, sis, University of California, Davis. tions and asking questions back, usu- Davis. Parsons, D.J. 1982. The role of plant ally including his stock phrase, “Is Burgess, R.L. 1996. American ecolo- ecological research in Sierran park this alright?” because he didn’t want gists: a biographical bibliography. management: a tribute to Jack Ma- to lose anyone. His classes and his Huntia 10:5–116. jor. Madroño 29:220–226. research interests were reflected in Burke, M.T. 1979. The flora and veg- Pemble, R.H. 1970. Alpine vegetation theses, dissertations, and publica- etation of the Rae Lakes Basin, south- in the Sierra Nevada of California as tions on a wide variety of topics: ern Sierra Nevada: an ecological over- lithosequences and in relation to local alpine plant communities (Major view. MS thesis, University of Cali- site factors. PhD dissertation, Uni- and Taylor 1977, 1988), biogeog- fornia, Davis. versity of California, Davis. raphy (Taylor 1977), California veg- Castelfranco, P.A. 1991. Pebbles and Poincare, A. 1958. The value of science. etation (Barbour and Major 1977, Flints. Rock Crystal Press, Davis, Dover, New York, NY. CA. Stebbins, G.L. and J. Major. 1965. 1988), gradient analysis (Waring Crocker, R.L. and J. Major. 1955. Soil Endemism and speciation in the and Major 1964), plant ecophysiol- development in relation to vegeta- California flora. Ecological Mono- ogy (Macdonald 1981; Barry 1971), tion and surface age at Glacier Bay, graphs 35:1–35. plant–soil relations (Myatt 1968), Alaska. J. Ecol. 43:427–448. Taylor, D.W. 1976. Ecology of the tim- systematics (e.g., Gankin 1957), and Gankin, R. 1957. The variation pattern berline vegetation at Carson Pass, Al- vegetation change (Vankat 1970; and ecological restrictions of Arctosta- pine County, California. PhD disser- Vankat and Major 1978). He was phylos myrtifolia Parry (Ericaceae). tation, University of California, mentor to more than a dozen gradu- MA thesis, University of California, Davis. ate students of his own and to many Davis. Taylor, D.W. 1977. Floristic relation- more via correspondence or by way Jenny, H. 1941. The Factors of Soil For- ships along the Cascade–Sierran of serving as a member on their mation. McGraw-Hill, New York, Axis. American Midland Naturalist NY. 97:333–349. thesis or dissertation committees. Krebs, C.J. 2001. Ecology, 5th ed. Ben- Vankat, J.L. 1970. Vegetation change in Other obituaries of Professor jamin Cummings, Menlo Park, Sequoia National Park, California. Major have appeared in Madroño California. PhD dissertation, University of 48:215-218, Bulletin of the Ecological Macdonald, R. 1981. Water relations of California, Davis. Society of America 82:174-176, and woody plants in riparian, chaparral, Vankat, J.L. and J. Major. 1978. Veg- the University of California’s 2003 and foothill woodland vegetation types etation changes in Sequoia National In Memorium volume. of the Inner Coast Ranges, California. Park, California. Journal of Biogeog- PhD dissertation (incomplete), Uni- raphy 5:377–402. versity of California, Davis. Waring, D. and J. Major. 1964. Some REFERENCES Major, J. 1951. A functional, factorial vegetation of the California coastal approach to plant ecology. Ecology redwood region in relation to gra- 32:392–412. dients of moisture, nutrients, light, Anonymous. 1982. Symposium papers Major, J. and W.T. Pyott. 1966. Bur- and temperature.–Ecological Mono- in honor of Jack Major, and a dedi- ied viable seeds in California bunch- graphs 34:167–215. cation. Madroño 29:145–219. grass sites and their bearing on the Barbour, M.G. and J. Major (eds.). definition of flora. Vegetatio 13:253– 1977. Te rrestrial Vegetation of Cali- Michael Barbour, Environmental Horti- 82. fornia. Wiley, New York, NY. [Re- culture Department, UC, Davis, CA Major, J. and D.W. Taylor. 1977. Al- vised in 1988 and published by the 95616. [email protected]

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 23 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION INDEX TO FREMONTIA: VOLUMES 28 and 29 JANUARY 2000–OCTOBER 2001 Compiled by Vivian Parker

uring the period covered by this index, several combined issues of Fremontia were published. The January D2000 issue [listed here as 28(1)], encompasses Vol. 27, No. 4 and Vol. 28, No. 1; the April–October 2000 issue includes Vol. 28, Nos. 2, 3, and 4; and the July–October 2001 issue comprises Vol. 29, Nos. 3 and 4.

A magdelenae var. peirsonii. 29(3– 14, 15–18; Jan 2000. 4):9–10; Jul–Oct 2001. Abronia pogonantha. 28(1):40; Jan Bittman, Roxanne. The California 2000. Atriplex persistens. 28(1):10–18; Jan Natural Diversity Database: a 2000. natural heritage program for Adaptive management plan. 29(3– rare species and vegetation. 4):25; Jul–Oct 2001. Austin, Mary. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr– Oct 2000. 29(3–4):57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Alkali vernal pools at Sacramento Book reviews. National Wildlife Refuge. Jo- seph G. Silveira. 28(1):10–18; B Duhaut-Cilly, Auguste, edited Jan 2000. and translated by August Baird, Carol J. Connections— Frugé and Neal Harlow. A Allium munzii. 29(3–4):27; Jul–Oct school gardens and native plants. Voyage to California, the Sand- 2001. 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. wich Islands, and Around the Apiaceae. 29(2):16–22; Apr 2001. Barberry, Nevin’s. 29(1):19; Jan World in the Years 1826– Arctostaphylos densiflora. 29(1):19; Jan 2001. 1829. Reviewed by Harlan 2001. Barbour, Michael. Kessel. 28(1):74; Jan 2000. Arena Plains. 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. Book review of Illustrated Field Hill, Julia Butterfly. The Legacy Astragalus. Guide to Selected Rare Plants of Luna: The Story of a Tree, a Woman, and the agnicidus. 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct of Northern California. 29(2): 36–37; Apr 2001. Struggle to Save the Red- 2001. woods. Reviewed by Joyce brauntonii. 29(3–4):8; Jul–Oct Book reviews of Forested Com- Hawley. 28(2–4):32; Apr– 2001. munities of the Upper Mon- Oct 2000. tane in the Central and South- Lowry, Judith Larner. Garden- Baccharis (Baccharis douglasii). Illustra- ern Sierra Nevada and A ing with a Wild Heart. Re- tions by Margaret Warriner Buck, from Guide to Forested Communi- viewed by Nory Nisbet. The Wild Flowers of California by Mary ties of the Upper Montane in Elizabeth Parsons. 29(1):37–38; Jan 2001. the Central and Southern Si- erra Nevada. 29(2):37–38; Malcolm, Bill and Nancy. Mosses Apr 2001. and Other Bryophytes: An Il- lustrated Glossary. Reviewed Bartel, Jim A. Growing listed plants by James R. Shevock. 29(2): under federal law. 29(1):24–25; 38–39; Apr 2001. Jan 2001. Nakamura, Gary and Julie Bear grass. 28(2–4):27; Apr–Oct Kierstead Nelson. Illustrated 2000. Field Guide to Selected Rare Beidleman, Richard G. Rowboat Plants of Northern Califor- botanizing with Willis Jepson nia. Reviewed by Michael on the Colorado River, 1912. Barbour. 29(2):36–37; Apr 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. 2001. Berberis nevinii. 29(1):19; Jan 2001. Noss, Reed F., ed. The Redwood Bird’s-beak, palmate-bracted. 28(1): Forest. Reviewed by Steve

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Singer. 28(1):73–74; Jan pungens var. hartwegiana. 29(3– 2000. 4):55; Jul–Oct 2001. Potter, Donald A. Forested Com- valida. 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001. munities of the Upper Mon- Clintonia uniflora. 29(3–4):50; Jul– tane in the Central and South- Oct 2001. ern Sierra Nevada and A CNDDB See California Natural Guide to Forested Communi- Diversity Database. ties of the Upper Montane in the Central and Southern Si- Colorado River, botanizing on the. erra Nevada. Reviewed by 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. Michael Barbour. 29(2):37– Connections—school gardens and 38; Apr 2001. native plants. Carol J. Baird. Wasowski, Sally and Andy. Na- 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. tive Landscaping from El Paso Conservation planning, regional to L.A. and The Landscape the future of. 29(3–4):19–26; Revolution. Reviewed by Jul–Oct 2001. Nory Nisbet. 29(1):38–39; Understanding. 29(3–4):13–18; Columbine (Aquilegia truncata). Jan 2001. Jul–Oct 2001. Bornstein, Carol. Thoughts on gar- Fire Protection (CDF). 29(3– Constance, Lincoln. 29(2):13–22; dening with native plants. 29(1): Apr 2001. 9–11; Jan 2001. 4):47,48,49; Jul–Oct 2001. California Environmental Quality Coppoletta, Michelle and Barbara Botanical illustration. 28(2–4):21– Moritsch. Taking steps toward 24; Apr–Oct 2000. Act. 29(3–4):10,24,26,46–48, 68; Jul–Oct 2001. long-term preservation of the Botanical survey guidelines of the Sonoma spineflower. 29(2):23– California Native Plant Society. How to comment. 29(3–4):27– 25; Apr 2001. 37; Jul–Oct 2001. 29(3–4):64–65; Jul–Oct 2001. Cordylanthus palmatus. 28(1):14, 15– Brandegee, Kate. 28(2–4):19–20; California Natural Diversity Data- 18; Jan 2000. Apr–Oct 2000. base (CNDDB). 29(3–4):41,48, 53,57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Cosumnes River. Burns Creek Dam. 28(1):28–30; Jan Preserve. 28(1):21–25, 33–37; 2000. California Natural Diversity Data- base, The: A natural heritage Jan 2000. Burns, prescribed. program for rare species and Jepson Prairie Preserve. 28(1): vegetation. Roxanne Bitmann. Sunshine (Baeria gracilis). 52–55; Jan 2000. 29(3–4):57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Vernal pools. 28(1):16,22,50, California’s vernal pools: accom- 52–55; Jan 2000. plishments and conservation Weed control. 28(1):22,50,52– strategies. Tim Vendlinski. 55; Jan 2000. 28(1):19–27; Jan 2000. Bush anemone. 29(1):19–20; Jan Calochortus 2001. albus. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. Butterflies. 29(1):23; Jan 2001. amabilis. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. Caltrans. 29(2):10–11; Apr 2001. C Carpenteria californica. 29(1):19–20; Jan 2001. Calflora: California’s plants online. George Hartwell. 29(2):7–12; Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta. Apr 2001. 28(1):28; Jan 2000. California Department of Fish and Ceanothus roderickii. 29(3–4):37; Jul– Game (CDFG). 29(3–4):10– Oct 2001. 12,19–26,48–49,57–62; Jul–Oct CEQA See California Environmen- 2001. tal Quality Act. California Division of Forestry and Chorizanthe

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(EIR), how to comment on. Flying M Ranch: soils, plants, and 29(3–4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. vernal pools in eastern Merced Equal Protection for Plants Cam- County, The. Robert F. Hol- paign. 29(3–4):9; Jul–Oct 2001. land. 28(1):28–32; Jan 2000. Ertter, Barbara. Memories of Lin- Flying M Ranch HCP. 29(3–4):19; coln. 29(2):13–22; Apr 2001. Jul–Oct 2001. Evens, Julie M. Vegetation in wa- Fritillaria pluriflora. 28(1):49; Jan tercourses of the eastern Mojave 2000, 29(3–4):61; Jul–Oct 2001. Desert. 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. Fross, David. Finding home. 29(1): Exotic invasive species (aliens, non- 3–8; Jan 2001. native, noxious weeds, etc.) Frugé, Susan. In Memorium. 28(2– Arena Plains. 28(1):45; Jan 2000. 4):31–32; Apr–Oct 2000. California trillium (Trillium sessile var. Burning. 28(1):16, 22,37,50,52– Future of regional conservation californicum). 55; Jan 2000. planning, The. Carol W. Witham. 29(3–4):19–26; Jul– Watershed Project. 28(1):33–37; Grazing. 28(1):22,45,49–51,54; Jan 2000. Oct 2001. Jan 2000. Growing natives to control. G D 29(1):17; Jan 2001. Eastern Mojave desert water- Gardening with natives. See horti- Dedeckera eurekensis (July gold). courses. 29(2):34; Apr 2001. culture, native plant. 28(2–4):28; Apr–Oct 2000. Native butterflies use of. 29(1): Genetics. DeDecker, Mary (1909–2000). 23; Jan 2001. and growing native plants. Stephen Ingram, Anne Halford, Websites for information on. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. and Betty Gilchrist. 28(2–4):27– 29(1):27; Jan 2001. 30; Apr–Oct 2000. Gilchrist, Betty, Stephen Ingram, Extinct plants rediscovered. 29(3– and Anne Halford. Mary Dennis, Ann. 29(2):9–12; Apr 2001. 4):56; Jul–Oct 2001. DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– Discovering the endemic plants of 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Kings River Canyon. Dana F Gilia yorkii. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. York. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Faber, Phyllis M.: A tribute. Edited Duneland, relict at Arena Plains. Silk-tassle tree (Garrya elliptica). 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. by Diane Renshaw. 28(1):59–63; Jan 2000. E Faber, Phyllis M. G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. 1906– El Segundo blue butterfly. 29(1):23; 2000. 28(1):69–70. Jan 2001. Heroes of the Great Valley of Endangered Species Act California. 28(1):56–58; Jan California. 29(3–4):5,10–11,15– 2000. 16,22,25–26,48; Jul–Oct Robert Ornduff (1932–2000): 2001. Treasure of the botanical Federal. 29(1):6–8,13–16,21– world. 28(2–4):25–27; Apr– 22,24–26; Jan 2001. Oct 2000. Endemic plants. Fairy shrimp. Central Valley. 28(1):44–45; Jan See shrimp, fairy. 2000. Finding home. David Fross. 29(1): King’s River Canyon. 29(2):3– 3–8; Jan 2001. 6; Apr 2001. Fire. Point Reyes. 29(2):23–25; Apr Role in forest composition. 29(3– 2001. 4):42–43; Jul–Oct 2001. Environmental Impact Report Also see burns, prescribed.

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Globe-lily, white. 29(1):31; Jan 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct 2001. 2000. Glossary of terminology and acro- Rascals in California botany. nyms related to rare plant pro- 28(2–4):18–20; Apr–Oct tection. 29(3–4):69–71; Jul–Oct 2000. 2001. Rewilding San Luis Island. Golden-aster, Monarch. 29(2):3–6; 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. Apr 2001. Vernal pool conservation. 28(1): Golden lantern. 29(1):30; Jan 2001. 19–27; Jan 2000. Grasses. Holland, Robert F. 28(1):58; Jan 2000. Colusa grass. 28(1):11,15,18,26, 30,31,40; Jan 2000, 29(3– Survey of Great Valley vernal 4):23,52; Jul–Oct 2001. pool distribution. 28(1):21, 35; Jan 2000. Sonoma. 29(3-4):21; Jul-Oct 2001. The Flying M Ranch: Soils, plants, and vernal pools in Grasslands Ecological Area. 28(1): eastern Merced County. 3–9,38–47; Jan 2000. 28(1):28–32; Jan 2000. Grazing. Horticulture, native plant. 29(1): and Jepson Prairie Preserve. 3–33; Jan 2001. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa). 28(1):54–55; Jan 2000. Bibliography. 29(1):26–29; Jan and vernal pool ecosystems. H 2001. 28(1):22,32,45; Jan 2000. Calochortus albus, C. amabilis. and Vina Plains Preserve. Habitat Conservation Plans. 29(3– 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. 4):8,13–14,16–19,21,22,24, 28(1):49–51; Jan 2000. Federally listed plants. 29(1):24– 26,68; Jul–Oct 2001. Great Valley. 25; Jan 2001. Halford, Anne, Stephen Ingram, Genetic considerations. 29(1): Grassland State Park. 28(1):7; and Betty Gilchrist. Mary 16–23; Jan 2001. Jan 2000. DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– Heroes of the. 28(1):56–58; Jan 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Redwood and sequoia. 29(1):32– 33; Jan 2001. 2000. Hartwell, George. Calflora: Cali- Land trusts. 28(1):26; Jan 2000. fornia’s plants online. 29(2):7– Resources. 29(1):26–27; Jan 2001. San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan 12; Apr 2001. 2000. Hawley, Joyce. Book review of The School gardens. 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. Vernal pools See special issue. Legacy of Luna: The Story of a 28(1):19–58; Jan 2000. Tree, a Woman, and the Struggle Sonoma spine flower. 29(2):23– to Save the Redwoods 28(2–4):32; 25; Apr 2001. Greene, Edward Lee. 28(2–4):18– Apr–Oct. 20; Apr–Oct 2000. Howard Ranch. 28(1):23,33–37; Jan Herbicides. 29(3–4):43–44,46–47; 2000. Griggs, F. Thomas. 28(1):58; Jan Jul–Oct 2001. How to comment on a CEQA docu- 2000. Heroes of the Great Valley of Cali- ment. Taylor Peterson. 29(3– Vina Plains Preserve: eighteen fornia. Phyllis M. Faber. 28(1): 4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. years of adaptive manage- 56–58; Jan 2000. Hubbart, Lori. Growing coast red- ment. 28(1):48–55; Jan 2000. Heterotheca monarchensis. 29(2):3–6; wood and giant sequoia. 29(1): Growing coast redwood and giant Apr 2001. 32–33; Jan 2001. sequoia. Lori Hubbart. 29(1): History. Huntington, Gordon L. Eolian 32–33; Jan 2001. modification of riverine land- Growing listed plants under federal Biographies See Memorium, In. scapes in the northern San law. Jim A. Bartel. 29(1):24–25; Colorado River botanizing with Joaquin Valley. 28(1):39; Jan Jan 2001. Willis Jepson. 28(2–4):3–12; 2000. Growing natives See horticulture, Apr–Oct 2000. Hybrids, plant. 29(1):21–22; Jan native plant. Mary Austin and Aldo Leopold. 2001.

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J Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. 28(2–4):13,15,28– Jepson Prairie Preserve today. 29; Apr–Oct 2000. Katherine F. Mawdsley. 28(1): 52–55; Jan 2000. M Jepson Prairie See TNC. Management of rare plants under Jepson, Willis J. 28(2–4):3–12,20; state and federal endangered Apr–Oct 2000. species law: a CNPS perspec- Jewelflower, Tehipite Valley. 29(2): tive. Emily Brin Roberson. 3–6; Apr 2001. 29(3–4):5–12; July–Oct 2001. Jirak, Gregory. Impact of timber Maple-leaved checkerbloom. 29(3– harvesting on rare, threatened, 4):45; Jul–Oct 2001. and endangered native plants. Maps. 29(3–4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001. Great Valley vernal pools. Jokerst, Jim. 28(1):10–18,44,56; Jan 28(1):29; Jan 2000. 2000. Tree mallow (Lavatera assurgentiflora). Matson, Gary. In Memoriam. K 28(1):71–72; Jan 2000. I Mawdsley, Katherine F. Jepson Kalt, Jennifer. Impacts of forestry Prairie Preserve today. 28(1):52– Impact of timber harvesting on rare, herbicides on rare plants of 55. threatened, and endangered na- northwestern California. 29(3- Medeiros, Joseph L. 28(1):57–58; tive plants. Gregory Jirak. 29(3– 4):46-47; July-Oct 2001. 4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001. Jan 2000. Kessel, Harlan. Book review of Voy- Incidental Take Permit. Rewilding the Valley. 28(1):3– age to California, the Sandwich 9; Jan 2000. CDFG. 29(3–4):10; Jul–Oct Islands, and Around the World in Memoriam, In. 2001. the Years 1826–1829. 28(1):74; Federal ESA. 29(3–4):14; Jul– Jan 2000. Gary Matson. 1949–1999. 28(1):71–72; Jan 2000. Oct 2001. Kesterson National Wildlife Ref- Index to Fremontia: Growing Cali- uge. 28(1):5–9,56; Jan 2000. G. Ledyard Stebbins. 1906– 2000. 28(1):69–70; Jan 2000. fornia native plants, Volumes 1– Kings River Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr 28, April 1973–January 2000. 2001. Jennifer Stone. 28(2–4):31; Apr– Compiled by Vivian Parker. Oct 2000. 29(1):28–29; Jan 2001. L Index to Fremontia: Volumes 26 and Rattleweed (Astragalus leucopsis). 27, January 1998–July 1999. Land trusts. 28(1):26,55; Jan 2000. Compiled by Vivian Parker. Laws concerning rare plants. 29(3– 28(1):64–68; Jan 2000. 4):5–68; July–Oct 2001. Ingram, Stephen, Anne Halford, Left brain, right brain: The life of a and Betty Gilchrist. Mary botanical artist. Linda Ann DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– Vorobik. 28(2–4):21–24; Apr– 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Oct 2000. Intersection of conservation and Leopold, Aldo. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr– gardening, The: An overview of Oct 2000. the consequences of growing Cali-fornia native plants. Bart Lily, adobe. 28(1):49; Jan 2000. O’Brien. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. Limestone endemics, King’s River Invasive species. See exotic invasive Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. species. Lobb, William. 28(2–4):18–20; Inventory and monitoring rare Apr–Oct 2000. plants. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul–Oct Logging, effects on rare plants. 2001. 29(3–4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001.

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Lincoln Constance. 29(2):13– a starting point for native plant 22; Apr 2001. gardening. Sue Rosenthal and Mary DeDecker. 1909–2000. friends. 29(1):26–27; Jan 2001. 28(2–4):27–30; Apr–Oct Native Plant Protection Act. 29(3– 2000. 4):5,11–12,66–67; July–Oct Robert Ornduff. 1932–2000. 2001. 28(2–4):25–27; Apr–Oct Natives for your garden. Marjorie 2000. G. Schmidt. 29(1):30–31; Jan Susan Frugé. 28(2–4):31–32; 2001. Apr–Oct 2000. Natural Community Conservation Memories of Lincoln. Barbara Planning (NCCP). 29(3–4):13– Ertter. 29(2):13–22; Apr 2001. 26,68; Jul–Oct 2001. Merced County. 28(1):28–32, 38– NatureServe. 29(3–4):57–58; Jul– 47; Jan 2000. Oct 2001. Meyers, John and Lucia. 28(1):28– Navarretia myersii. 28(1):32,35; Jan 30; Jan 2000. 2000. Milk-vetch. Neostapfia colusana. 28(1):11,15,18, 26,30,31,40; Jan 2000, 29(3– Braunton’s. 29(3–4):8; Jul–Oct 4):23,52; Jul–Oct 2001. Satin-bell (Calochortus albus). 2001. Nisbet, Nory. Humboldt. 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct Treasure of the botanical world. 2001. Book review of Gardening with a Phyllis M. Faber. 28(2–4):25– Wild Heart. 29(1):37–38; Jan 27; Apr–Oct 2000. Peirson’s. 29(3–4):9–10; Jul–Oct 2001. 2001. Owens Valley. 28(2–4):15,27–30; Book review of Native Landscap- Apr–Oct 2000. Mojave Desert. ing from El Paso to L.A. and Watercourse vegetation types. The Landscape Revolution. P 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. 29(1):38–39; Jan 2001. Monarch Wilderness. 29(2):3–6; Nurseries, native plant. 29(1):26– Parker, Vivian. Index to Fremontia: Apr 2001. 27; Jan 2001. growing California native Monardella leucocephala.– 28(1):44; plants, Volumes 1–28, April Jan 2000. O 1973–January 2000. 29(1):28– 29; Jan 2001. Monitoring rare plants. Roy A. Obituaries See Memorium, In. Woodward. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul– Parker, Vivian. Index to Fremontia: Oct 2001. O’Brien, Bart C. The intersection Volumes 26 and 27, January of conservation and gardening: 1998–July 1999. 28(1):64–68; Monospecific taxa, California. 29(1): an overview of the consequences Jan 2000. 20; Jan 2001. of growing California native Penstemon stephensii. 29(2):33–34; Moritsch, Barbara and Michelle plants. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. Apr 2001. Coppoletta. Taking steps to- Old-growth forests, impacts to. Peterson, Taylor. How to comment ward long-term preservation of 29(3–4):38; Jul–Oct 2001. the Sonoma spineflower. 29(2): on a CEQA document. 29(3– 23–25; Apr 2001. Onion, Munz’s. 29(3–4):27; Jul–Oct 4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. 2001. Morosco, Tony. 29(2):12; Apr 2001. Pine Hill ceanothus. 29(3–4):37; Orcuttia Jul–Oct 2001. N inaequalis. 28(1):30–31; Jan Pinus radiata (Monterey pine). 2000. 29(1):18–19; Jan 2001. National Forest Management Act viscida. 29(3–4):22; Jul–Oct Piss and vinegar: Skeletons in (NFMA). 29(3–4):48; Jul–Oct 2001. our botanical closet. Robert 2001. Ornduff, Robert. Piss and vinegar: Ornduff. 28(2–4):18–20; Apr– Native plant gardens. 29(1):3–33; skeletons in our botanical closet. Oct 2000. Jan 2001. 28(2–4):18–20; Apr–Oct 2000. Point Reyes National Seashore. Native plant horticultural resources: Ornduff, Robert (1932–2000): 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001.

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Q Sequoia sempervirens. 29(1):32–35; Jan 2001. Quercus Shevock, James R. Book review of turbinella 29(2):31; Apr 2001. Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Also see sudden oak death Illustrated Glossary. 29(2):38–39; Apr 2001. R Shrimp, fairy and tadpole shrimp. 28(1):7,14–15,34,36–37,44, 49,53; Jan 2000. Rare plants, special issue. 29(3– 4):July–Oct; 2001. Sidalcea Redwood, California: What is the covillei. 28(2–4):29; Apr–Oct state tree? Allan A. Schoenherr. 2000. 29(1):34–35; Jan 2001. malachroides 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct Redwood. 2001. Horticulture of. 29(1):32–34; Significance, defined under CEQA. Jan 2001. 29(3–4):31; Jul–Oct 2001. State tree. 29(1):34–35; Jan Silveira, J.G. 2001. Alkali vernal pools at Sacra- mento National Wildlife Reiner, Rich and Ramona Swenson. Violet snapdragon (Antirrhinum vagans). Refuge. 28(1):10–18; Jan Saving vernal pools in the 2000. Cosumnes River watershed. S 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. Vernal pools and relict dune- Sacramento National Wildlife Ref- land at Arena Plains. 28(1): Renshaw, Diane. Phyllis M. Faber: uge. 28(1):10–18; Jan 2000. 38–47; Jan 2000. a tribute. 28(1):59–63; Jan 2000. Salamander, California tiger. 28(1): Singer, Steve. Book review of The Resources for rare plant conserva- 7,15,36; Jan 2000. Redwood Forest. 28(1):73–74; Jan tion. David P. Tibor. 29(3– Sand-verbena, Mojave. 28(1):40; Jan 2000. 4):67–69; Jul–Oct 2001. 2000. Small, John Kunkel. 28(2–4):20; Rewilding the Valley. J.L. Medeiros. San Luis National Wildlife Refuge. Apr–Oct 2000. 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. Spineflower, Sonoma. 29(2):23–25; Roberson, Emily Brin. Manage- Saving vernal pools in the Apr 2001. ment of rare plants under state Cosumnes River watershed. Statement opposing transplanta- and federal endangered species Rich Reiner and Ramona tion as a mitigation for impacts law: a CNPS perspective. 29(3– Swenson. 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. to rare plants. 29(3–4):66–67; 4):5–12; July–Oct 2001. Schmidt, Marjorie. Natives for your Jul–Oct 2001. Rolfe, Allison. Understanding the garden. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. Stebbins, G. Ledyard. 28(1):69–70; political realities of regional con- Jan 2000, 28(2–4):30–31; Apr– servation planning. 29(3–4):13– Schoenherr, Allan A. California redwood: What is the state tree? Oct 2000, 29(1):36; Jan 2001. 18; Jul–Oct 2001. 29(1):34–35; Jan 2001. Stebbins, Jr., G. Ledyard: 1906– Rosenthal, Sue and friends. Native School gardens, native plant. 29(1): 2000. Phyllis M. Faber. 28(1): plant horticulture resources: a 12–15; Jan 2001. 69–70; Jan 2000. starting point for native plant gardening. 29(1):26–27; Jan Seed sources, native plant. 29(1):26– Stone, Jennifer. In Memorium. 2001. 27; Jan 2001. 28(2–4):31; Apr–Oct 2000. Rowboat botanizing with Willis Sequoia, giant. Streptanthus fenestratus. 29(2):3–6; Jepson on the Colorado River, Horticulture of. 29(1):33; Jan Apr 2001. 1912. Richard G. Beidleman. 2001, 29(2):36; Apr 2001. Sudden oak death. 28(2–4):31; Apr– 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. State tree. 29(1):34–35; Jan Oct 2000, 29(2):8–9,40,46; Apr 2001. Rush, Elizabeth. Two writers, two 2001. lives. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct Sequoiadendron giganteum. 29(1):33– Swenson, Ramona and Rich Reiner. 2000. 35; Jan 2001. Saving vernal pools in the

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Cosumnes River watershed. Great Valley. 28(1):3–9; Jan Vernal pools and relict duneland at 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. 2000. Arena Plains. Joseph G. Silveira. and rare plants. 29(3–4):5–14; 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. T Jul–Oct 2001. Vina Plains Preserve: Eighteeen and Sacramento National Wild- years of adaptive management. Taking steps toward long-term life Refuge complex. 28(1): F. Thomas Griggs. 28(1):48–55; preservation of the Sonoma 10–18; Jan 2000. Jan 2000. spineflower. Michelle Coppo- Vorobik, Linda Ann. Left brain, letta and Barbara Moritsch. right brain: the life of a botani- 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001. V cal artist. 28(2–4):21–24; Apr– The Nature Conservancy. Vegetation in watercourses of the Oct 2000. and CNDDB. 29(3–4):57–58; eastern Mojave Desert. Julie M. Jul–Oct 2001. Evens. 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. W and Great Valley conservation. Vendlinski, Tim. California’s ver- 28(1):21–23,26,30,33–37, nal pools: accomplishments and Weeds 48–55; Jan 2000. conservation strategies. Also see exotic invasive species. Cosumnes River Preserve. 28(1): Vernal pools. Native. 29(1):22–23; Jan 2001. 21–23,33,36; Jan 2000. See special issue, 28(1):19–58. Wetlands conservation. Howard Ranch. 28(1):33–37; Arena Plains. 28(1):38–47; Jan Sacramento National Wildlife Jan 2000. 2000. Refuge complex. 28(1):10– Jepson Prairie Preserve. Conservation strategies. 28(1): 18; Jan 2000. 28(1):52–55; Jan 2000, 29(3– 19–27; Jan 2000. San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan 4):53,60; Jul–Oct 2001. Cosumnes River Watershed 2000. Valensin Ranch. 28(1):22; Jan Project. 28(1):33–37; Jan Vernal pools special issue. 28(1): 2000. 2000. 3–58; Jan 2000. Vina Plains Preserve. 28(1):48– Hickman vernal pool. 28(1):15; Wetlands Reserve Program. 28(1): 55; Jan 2000. Jan 2000. 25; Jan 2000. Thoughts on gardening with native Sacramento National Wildlife Witham, Carol W. The future of plants. Carol Bornstein. 29(1): Refuge. 28(1):10–18; Jan regional conservation planning. 9–11; Jan 2001. 2000. 29(3–4):19–26; Jul–Oct 2001. Timber harvest, impact on rare San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan Woodward, Roy A. Monitoring rare plants. 29(3–4):38–50, 69; Jul– 2000. plants. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul–Oct Oct 2001. 2001. Transplantation as a mitigation. Wood anemone (Anemone cinquefolia). 29(3–4):66–67; Jul–Oct 2001. X Tuctoria mucronata. 29(3–4):21; Jul– Oct 2001. Xerophyllum tenax. 28(2–4):27; Apr– Oct 2000. Two writers, two lives. Elizabeth Rush. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct 2000. Y York, Dana. Discovering the en- U demic plants of Kings River Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Umbelliferae. 29(2):13–22; Apr 2001. Understanding the political reali- Z ties of regional conservation Zahm, Gary. 28(1):3–9,39,56–57; planning. Allison Rolfe. 29(3– Jan 2000. 4):13–18; Jul–Oct 2001. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Vivian Parker, 6221 Shoo Fly Rd., Kelsey, and Grassland Ecological Area, CA 95667. [email protected]

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NOTES AND COMMENTS

Superior Court Letters to the One Finger rules on UC Editor A native New Yorker, I love and Merced CEQA know lawsuit The Three-Hole Punch The flora of the state I now call Dear Editor, home. The CEQA lawsuit, brought against I heartily agree with the favorable Through California I choose to the UC Regents by three San Joaquin comments about the new Fremontia. roam, Valley groups, was heard today [Oc- Although not a botanist, I read every From desert to mountain, tober 2, 2002] in Merced County Su- issue cover to cover. On the three-hole With friends or alone. perior Court. The suit was denied and punch—what harm does it do? Even The Fremontias I’ve saved are will be appealed immediately by the if helpful to only a few, it harms no such a treasure, petitioners. A request for a stay, to halt one. Keep it! Thumbing through old ones gives any construction until the merits of Anne Funkhouser, me great pleasure. the case are heard, will also be filed San Hedrin Chapter I’ve kept them all, since ’83, with the 5th District Appellate Court. They’re neatly in binders for all Petitioners are the San Joaquin Rap- Dear Editor, to see. tor/Wildlife Rescue Center, Protect As a lowly but longtime member of Our Water and Central Valley Safe CNPS, I cast my vote for the three- If the holes were’t there Environment Network. Spokesper- hole punch in Fremontia. It is a treat I’d have to make them. sons for the group expressed no sur- to be able to keep my issues together So from each issue, I hope prise at the local judge’s ruling. “We in a manner that preserves and pro- You won’t take them! assumed that the case would ultimately tects the copies. be decided by the Appellate Court and Georgie Waugh, Lisa Steadman, that process is now underway.” Sacramento Chapter Yerba Buena Chapter Defendants in the case are the Re- gents of the University of Califor- Dear Editor, Old Issues of Fremontia nia, Merced County, the Virginia I just finished reading the recent Smith Trust, and the Merced Irriga- Fremontia, and wanted to register my Dear Editor, tion District. “vote” on the three-hole punch is- I’ve been a CNPS member for years There are other significant federal sue—I have never once found the and have back issues of Fremontia environmental review processs for the holes useful, so as far as I am con- (1991 to present) that I’d like to do- UC Merced project ongoing and un- cerned Fremontia may become nate to a library or other organization decided, including those addressing “whole” again. that could use them. Any suggestions the site location and the impacts to And, I wanted to add my commen- on whom to contact? federally protected species. While UC dations for the revised look and con- Nancy Teater, has indicated their intention to begin tinued great content of Fremontia. Santa Clara Valley Chapter construction without a decision on Keep up the great work! Please! these processes, to do so is clearly a Jim Morefield, From the Editor: I have received several roll of the dice with public money. Bristlecone Chapter inquiries about what to do with back is- For further information contact: sues or sets of Fremontia. CNPS wants Dear Editor, to make sure that the valuable informa- Lydia Miller Count me in favor. tion contained in back issues of Fremontia San Joaquin Raptor Rescue After reading, my copies go right is disseminated in as many directions as Center into a three-ring binder. It would possible. If you have a near-complete set of (209) 723-9283 strain my hole-puncher to go through Fremontia that you would like to pass on, [email protected] such a thickness. please try and route them to your local Steve Burke Nice issue! chapter for giving away (or for a small Protect Our Water Larry Blakely, donation) at events; this can help educate (209) 523-1391 Bristlecone Chapter others about California’s native plants and [email protected] may also help in the recruitment of new Dear Editor, members. Also, the State Office and Edu- and visit the website www.vernalpools. In response to the gentleman from cation Committee will route old issues to org. Arcata regarding the three-hole punch, schools or other places that are building i.e., “How many fingers does it take reference materials on the botanical heri- G to count members . . . ?: tage of our state.

32 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

BOOKS RECEIVED

Brooms: Managing Invasive Alien clear. It manages to make broom look pp., 150 illustrations. The compen- Shrubs, Video tape produced by pro- spectacularly beautiful and menacing dium of Phillip Wells’s knowledge of duced by Leif Joslyn of Ecovisions, Inc. at the same time. Price $25. Further manzanitas (Arctostaphylos spp.) is now An excellent 45 minutes with appeal- info: www.thebrooms.org available to all by writing the Depart- ing footage, and informative and ac- The Manzanitas of California: ment of Ecology & Evolutionary Bi- curate script. This video is well-paced, also of Mexico and the World, writ- ology, Haworth Hall, University of and holds the interest throughout. ten and published by P.V. Wells. 2000. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, or by Details on control are thorough and University of Kansas, Lawrence. 151 calling (785) 864-4619. Price $50.

BOOK REVIEWS

Penstemons, by Robert Nold. pages. A description of each species is use of this synonymy and the exten- 1999. Timber Press. 307 pages. 43 given, along with distribution data, sive Bibliography, horticulturists find- color photos, 12 watercolor botanical habitat preference, and flowering ing unfamiliar names attached to old paintings, 18 black-and-white line time. The author adds comments friends can, with further study, un- drawings. $29.95. drawn from his own gardening and scramble nomenclatural history and In the preface of this handsome field experience, and evaluates garden the rationale for name changes. book, Robert Nold states that he at- worthiness. The chapter is highly The appendices, designed to assist tempts “to describe all the species of readable, somehow escaping the dry- gardeners with sources, color schemes, penstemon known to me either per- ness that such a listing often entails. gardening schedules, etc., are nice. For sonally or by name.” Given the great The text subtly, but carefully, reveals those who need the jargon of the spe- size and difficulty of the genus, this the degree of his familiarity with a cialist, the glossary is comprehensive. statement, at first blush, smacks of given taxon. Two examples, taken at In a group that is difficult to photo- hubris; alternatively it might serve as random, will illustrate this. He notes graph effectively, I find the photo- a caveat to excuse omission of taxa. that Penstemon scapoides “is a peculiar graphic plates (with few exceptions) Not so, on either count. In his species plant” (interpretation: he has seen it) excellent, and correctly identified. The descriptions, as well as in the chapter and “would be a nice plant for the dry watercolor renderings are marvelous; on relationships within the genus, rock garden” (interpretation: he has they capture the grace and nuance of Nold includes essentially all Penstemon not grown it). He writes that Pen- the illustrated species. Line drawings taxa recognized in current manuals or stemon saltarius is “described by of critical flower and anther morphol- treated in recent literature (to 1999). Crosswhite as having small oblance- ogy are helpful, although some of the And, in non-technical, evocative lan- lolate leaves” and is “yet another Mexi- drawings are so similar to the excel- guage, he gives a brief and accurate can species not in cultivation” (inter- lent illustrations in the treatment of description of each. pretation: he has neither seen nor Penstemon in The Intermountain Flora, Penstemon, an enormous endemic grown it). Volume IV, that acknowledgement of North American genus (“some 270 Five of the chapters deal primarily these probable prototypes might be species, depending on which author- with different aspects of gardening appropriate. ity is consulted”) has never been fully with penstemons. Plainly, these chap- There is little to fault in this book, cut a monographed. To date, there is no ters are based on extensive personal which is concisely written and tightly word or single treatment of the genus through- experience: they are practical, helpful, edited. The contents of each entry in two to out its range that fully treats the iden- and often humorous. California gar- the Table of Contents, from the Fore- elimi- tity and delimitation of its many geo- deners who wish to grow native plants word through the Index, seems to me, nate all graphic variants. A confused and over- will not want to miss his comments as I read the book, necessary to the the lapping literature has accumulated for and fresh philosophy in Chapter 2 subject, non-redundant, and thor- hy- this much-studied genus. Nold man- concerning so-called dry-land garden- oughly interesting. I would have found phens ages to avoid this potential mine-field ing. Six chapters are devoted to the helpful a cross-reference for each spe- of nomenclatural difficulty with re- taxonomy, morphology, and distribu- cies treated alphabetically in Chapter freshing humility—perhaps surpris- tion of species in the wild. Included in 7 (Species Descriptions) to the same ing, considering his obvious deep fa- Chapter 6 (which groups the taxa species listed in Chapter 6 (Divisions miliarity with penstemons in the wild, within appropriate subgenera and sec- of the Genus); this would allow quick in the garden, and in the literature. tions) is such synonymy as is neces- reference to the names of closely re- Chapter 7, “the A–Z heart of the sary to allow cross-referencing with lated taxa and to systematic placement book,” comprises almost half the most manuals in current use. With the within the genus. I noted only one

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 33 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION misspelling of a scientific name: Pen- woods to be published in the last three ther book does a good job of explain- stemon thompsoniae var. desperatus. Nold years, and the most impressive. The ing the distribution of flora and fauna provides in this appealing and en- other, published in 1999, is The Red- throughout the redwood region, and tertaining book an extraordinary syn- wood Forest, a scientific treatment of the changes in species composition opsis of the genus Penstemon for the the redwood ecosystem edited by that occur from north to south. dedicated gardener. I find a refresh- Reed Noss and reviewed in the Janu- The seven well written chapters in ing unselfconscious honesty in the ary 2000 issue of Fremontia (vols. 27:4 Coast Redwood: A Natural and Cultural author’s understated writing that con- and 28:1 combined). Although I pro- History cover such topics as origin, dis- tributes great credibility. Penstemons vided information to the editors on tribution, life history, forest ecology, seem to have the tendency (properly several topics discussed in Coast Red- associated wildlife, logging, history, so!) to acquire passionate devotees, wood: A Natural and Cultural History, I conservation, and management. Nold certainly included. Nonetheless, did not see any of the chapters until Chapters were authored or co- he seldom succumbs to overstatement after publication, and feel that I can authored by Michael Barbour, Mark or wordy emotional passages. It is one now give a fair and impartial review. Borchert, Sandy Lydon, Valerie of the strong points of the book that Coast Redwood: A Natural and Cul- Whitworth, and the two editors. The he does not involve himself in the tural History has the photos and con- editors did an excellent job of coordi- taxonomic and systematic quagmires textual information that the Reed nating the efforts of the other authors of this difficult group, but simply treats Noss book is lacking and provides ad- and the chapters flow smoothly one the taxa as they are broadly accepted ditional information on history, socio- into the next, the whole book reading in the principal current manuals and political issues, and redwood manage- like one comprehensive story. One in recent literature. The book will ment. It has a less technical and more weakness of the book is that the refer- serve to narrow, not widen, the gulf unified approach while still being ences from all chapters are grouped between taxonomists and gardeners. based on the latest scientific findings. together at the end of the book, rather Elizabeth Neese, In fact, the two books complement than being listed by chapter. This East Bay Chapter each other, with the Noss book pro- makes it difficult for the reader to find viding some of the scientific detail additional information sources for Coast Redwood: A Natural and lacking in this book. The two books facts cited in the text. Several useful Cultural History, edited by John also differ in their geographic focus. appendices follow the text, including Evarts and Marjorie Popper. 2001. The Noss book is concerned mostly information such as precipitation and Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA. 228 with the northern part of the redwood temperature averages from different pp., ill., $27.95 softcover, $37.95 hard- region, while this book is focused on stations throughout the coast redwood cover. the southern end, especially the Santa region, timber harvest volumes from This is the second book on red- Cruz Mountains. Unfortunately nei- different counties over time, and an index to common and scientific plant Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), from the W.L. Jepson Silva of California. Drawing names. One serious omission is an in- by E. Roorbach. dex to common and scientific animal names used in the text. The most striking feature of the book is the hundreds of full color and historic black-and-white photos that illustrate the text. These supplement the text superbly and are of the high- est quality. Lead photo editor John Evarts should be commended for a doing a truly excellent job. The text is exemplary as well, with broad and up-to-date coverage of all of the book’s major themes. The history section is informative, enter- taining, and contemporary enough to include a capsule history of the fight to save the Headwaters Forest. A well- warranted inclusion is a two-page sidebar on Julia Butterfly Hill, whose tree-sit was arguably one of the most heroic acts ever undertaken in the redwood conservation movement. Her action reminds us that the “save- the-redwoods” fight continues to this very day.

34 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

There is good coverage of all aspects of redwood ecology but not in MEDITERRANEAN GARDENING much detail. For example, the cover- A Waterwise Approach age of old-growth forest ecology Heidi Gildemeister omits any discussion of the important ecological processes that are impaired “This is no ordinary book on drought-tolerant or lacking in second-growth forests. plants, but the accumulated wisdom of twenty These processes, such as the nutrient years spent learning about the Mediterranean climate, and its plants and soils….The pictures, transformations performed by organ- too, are delightfully different from those we have isms in tree canopies and in the soil, come to expect in books on waterwise gardening.” are what make forests self-sustaining —Pacific Horticulture in the long term. The book fails to recognize that it is the loss of these An extensive bibliography and a list of useful natural processes during logging that addresses make this book as helpful to people has prompted citizens, researchers, converting to water-, labor-, and ecology-con- scious gardening as to those starting from local governments, and conservation At bookstores or scratch. groups to request reform of order (800) 822-6657 $49.95 cloth, $24.95 paper California’s forest practice rules. Un- www.ucpress.edu fortunately these efforts to create a science-based approach to logging have not been supported by foresters UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS as a whole, the timber industry, or the California Board of Forestry. who work on redwood lands will want recommend it to every park docent, I found a few minor errors in the to read it to broaden their perspective naturalist, land manager, and conser- book. On page 38 it says that there are on redwood issues and subjects out- vationist throughout the redwood re- no species of higher plants whose side their own area of expertise. The gion. Add it to your library and place range exactly overlaps that of red- park visitor or redwood landowner it on the shelf next to the Reed Noss wood. But I believe that the lily, fetid who wants to learn more about the book. Together they provide the most adder’s tongue (Scoliopus bigelovii), has natural and cultural history of this complete collection of redwood infor- a matching distribution. This interest- charismatic species will likely find the mation that has ever been published. ingly named and unique winter-flow- answers in this book. I wholeheartedly Steve Singer, Santa Cruz Chapter ering wildflower warrants its own sidebar in the book, but it is not mentioned. On page 68 it says there are only three species of true oaks found CLASSIFIED ADS in the redwood forest, while CNPS members will be able to name at least four species, not counting tan oak. On Classified ad rate: $1.00 per word, shipping in USA. P.O. Box 4978, Arcata, minimum $15; payment in advance. CA 95518. www.telosrarebulbs.com. page 78 it says that in the Santa Cruz Address advertising inquiries and copy to: Mountains only Scott and Waddell CNPS, 1722 J Street, Suite 17, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION Sacramento, CA 95814. (916) 447-2677 Creeks support Coho Salmon while in Native California grassland and desert or fax (916) 447-2727. actuality Gazos Creek also supports ecological restoration standards and them and was the location of a recent PUBLICATIONS costs, plus pictures showing results. stream restoration effort after it was www.ecoseeds. com/standards.html. damaged by the San Mateo County Flora & Fauna Books, 121 First Avenue South, Seattle WA 98104, Tel. (206) ART Public Works Department. CNPS 623-4727, Fax (206) 623-2001, members will probably find the dis- California wildflower prints & free [email protected], Specializing in wildflower screensavers. Visit www. Botany, Gardening, Birding, and cussion of associated herbaceous flora wildflowergreetings.com or call Alice Ecology, both new and out-of-print. to be much too brief and the invasive (877) 432-2999 toll free. We carry a large inventory of floras, exotics section to be incomplete— keys, and field guides for the west coast Notecards, Prints, and Originals. lacking, for example, any mention of and worldwide. A large selection of our Visit www.VorobikBotanicArt.com. the “redwood forest-favoring” inventory is now available on the web: PO Box 866, Lopez Island, WA 98261 Epipactis helleborine, our only invasive www.abebooks.com/home/FFBOOK/. SERVICES exotic orchid. However, these are only NURSERIES AND SEEDS minor drawbacks from an otherwise Nature landscape design. Landscape Telos Rare Bulbs. Bulbs for your gar- Design that celebrates the rich heritage well-researched, thoughtfully written, den, restoration projects, landscaping. and carefully edited book. of California’s native flora. Duber Many Calif. native species, including Landscape Design, CA license #4316. Calochortus, Fritillaria, Brodiaea rela- Naturalists and redwood-lovers of (510) 524-8665. all types will find this book to be es- tives, Erythronium. Catalog $3.00. Free sential. Environmental professionals

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 35 DRAFT COPY — NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION

Editorial

he last issue of Fremontia (Vol. jor is presented by colleague and co- Fremontia is that content is well-ed- T 29 #3 & 4) pointed up the per- author of Te rrestrial Vegetation of Cali- ited and science-based, but the addi- ils to our rare California plants; fornia, Michael Barbour. Also included tional goal of this journal is to inform this issue describes threats to some is the two-year index (2000 and 2001), and educate a broad audience, and relatively common native trees. Steven compiled by Vivian Parker. therefore the articles are not as heavily Swain informs of us what is known I was recently asked by a potential laden with facts as those for a scien- about the Sudden Oak Death patho- contributor if Fremontia was a peer- tific journal. I do encourage letters to gen, its hosts, and the impacts the reviewed journal. It is peer-reviewed, the editor if you find errors or have pathogen has had on tan oak in that each article submitted is re- additional information that would (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and oaks viewed by two or more members of supplement the content found here. (Quercus spp.). Gene Anderson de- the Fremontia Editorial Advisory Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor scribes what he knows of the walnut Board (listed at the bottom of this of southern California (J. californica page); alternatively, each article ap- according to the Jepson Manual, J. pearing in a theme issue, such as the californica var. californica according to rare plant double issue mentioned the CNPS 6th Inventory), and how its above, is reviewed and edited by the populations are dwindling due to habi- convening editor as well as other con- tat loss. A tribute to the late Jack Ma- tributors for that issue. One goal for

CONTRIBUTORS

Gene (E.N.) Anderson is Professor of Anthropology at UC Riverside, where he has taught for 35 years. He spe-

cializes in cultural ecology and ethnobiology.

Address Service Requested Service Address

Sacramento, CA 95814 CA Sacramento,

1722 J St., Suite 17 Suite St., J 1722 California Native Plant Society Plant Native California Michael Barbour has been a plant ecology faculty member of UC Davis for 35 years and currently is in the Envi- ronmental Horticulture Department. Paul Castelfranco is an Emeritus Professor of Plant Biology at UC Davis and a published poet; he was also a colleague of Jack Major’s in the weed science group. Vivian Parker (Conservation Chair, Shasta Chapter CNPS) is Biologist and Resource Policy Analyst for the California Indian Basketweavers Association. Robert Pearcy is a Professor in the Section of Evolution and Ecology at UC Davis, and teaches the plant ecology course that Jack Major initiated half a century ago. Marcel Rejmanek is a Professor in the Section of Evolu- tion and Ecology at UC Davis. His research and teaching focus on invasive plants, but he also enjoys tracing the human history of ecological ideas. Steven Swain is a Post Graduate Researcher at the De- partment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Manage-

ment, UC, Berkeley.

U.S. Postage U.S.

Nonprofit Org. Nonprofit

Permit # 3729 # Permit

Oakland, CA Oakland, PAID

Fremontia Editorial Advisory Board Ann Bradley; Travis Columbus; Susan D’Alcamo-Potter; Ellen Dean; Kathleen Dickey; Phyllis M. Faber; Bart O’Brien; John Sawyer; Jim Shevock; Teresa Sholars; Nevin Smith; Dieter Wilken; John Willoughby; Darrell Wright 36 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002