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Jeff Atherton, Professor of Tropical Horticulture, University Of CROP PRODUCTION SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE SERIES Series Editors: Jeff Atherton, Professor of Tropical Horticulture, University of the West Indies, Barbados, and Alun Rees (retired) former Head of Crop Science, Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, Horticultural Consultant and Editor of the Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. This series examines economically important horticultural crops selected from the major production systems in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic areas. Systems represented range from open field and plantation sites to protected plastic and glasshouses, growing rooms and laboratories. Emphasis is placed on the scientific principles underlying crop production practices rather than on providing empirical recipes for uncritical acceptance. Scientific understanding provides the key to both reasoned choice of practice and the solution of future problems. Students and staff at universities and colleges throughout the world involved in courses in horticulture, as well as in agriculture, plant science, food science and applied biology at degree, diploma or certificate level, will welcome this series as a succinct and readable source of information. The books will also be invaluable to progressive growers, advisers and end-product users requiring an authoritative, but brief, scientific introduction to particular crops or systems. Keen gardeners wishing to understand the scientific basis of recommended practices will also find the series very useful. The authors are all internationally renowned experts with extensive experience of their subjects. Each volume follows a common format covering all aspects of production, from background physiology and breeding, to propagation and planting, through husbandry and crop protection, to harvesting, handling and storage. Selective references are included to direct the reader to further information on specific topics. Titles Available: 1. Ornamental Bulbs, Corms and Tubers A.R. Rees 2. Citrus F.S. Davies and L.G. Albrigo 3. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums J.L. Brewster 4. Ornamental Bedding Plants A.M. Armitage 5. Bananas and Plantains J.C. Robinson 6. Cucurbits R.W. Robinson and D.S. Decker-Walters 7. Tropical Fruits H.Y. Nakasone and R.E. Paull 8. Coffee, Cocoa and Tea K.C. Willson 9. Lettuce, Endive and Chicory E.J. Ryder 10. Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae V.E. Rubatzky, C.F. Quiros and P.W. Simon 11. Strawberries J.F. Hancock 12. Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums P.W. Bosland and E.J. Votava 13. Tomatoes E. Heuvelink 14. Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers G. Dixon 15. Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums, 2nd Edition J.L. Brewster 16. Grapes G.L. Creasy and L.L. Creasy 17. Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids V. Lebot 18. Olives I. Therios This page intentionally left blank OLIVES Ioannis Therios School of Agriculture Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © Ioannis Therios 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Therios, Ioannis Nikolaos. Olives / I. Therios. p. cm. -- (Crop production science in horticulture ; 18) ISBN 978-1-84593-458-3 (alk. paper) 1. Olive. I. Title. II. Series. SB367.T44 2009 634Ј.63--dc22 2008015354 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 458 3 Typeset by Columns Design, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn. CONTENTS PREFACE ix ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi CHEMICAL SYMBOLS xv 1 HISTORY OF OLIVE GROWING 1 2 THE OLIVE: ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION 9 3 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THE OLIVE 13 4 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE OLIVE FRUIT 25 5 HECTAREAGE, NUMBER OF TREES AND PRODUCTION OF OLIVE OIL AND TABLE OLIVES 33 6 ROOTSTOCKS 43 7 MAJOR TRENDS IN OLIVE FARMING SYSTEMS 49 8 CLIMATIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS 51 v vi Contents 9 FLOWER BUD INDUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION 81 10 FLOWERING, POLLINATION, FERTILIZATION AND FRUITING 93 11 ALTERNATE BEARING 105 12 FRUIT THINNING 109 13 SYSTEMS OF PLANTING AND CANOPY TRAINING 113 14 PROPAGATION OF OLIVE TREES 125 15 IRRIGATION OF THE OLIVE 151 16 WATER USE EFFICIENCY BY THE OLIVE 167 17 STRESS-INDUCED ACCUMULATION OF PROLINE AND MANNITOL 175 18 MINERAL NUTRITION OF THE OLIVE 179 19 GROWTH AND SALT TOLERANCE OF THE OLIVE 211 20 PRUNING 221 21 OLIVE RIPENING 229 22 OLIVE FRUIT HARVESTING 245 Contents vii 23 OLIVE VARIETIES 255 24 TABLE OLIVES 271 25 OLIVE OIL 279 26 OLIVE MILL PRODUCTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OLIVE OIL PRODUCTION 295 27 OLEUROPEIN, OLIVE LEAF EXTRACT, OLIVE OIL AND THE BENEFITS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET TO HUMAN HEALTH 303 28 BIOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATED OLIVE CULTURE 319 29 CHEMICAL AND INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN OLIVE ORCHARDS 325 30 PESTS AND DISEASES 335 31 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OLIVE CULTURE 353 REFERENCES 357 INDEX 399 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE Olive culture is rapidly growing in terms of both production volume and geographical spread. The crop is now grown in countries not traditionally associated with its cultivation, although in such countries olive culture is not yet economically significant. Furthermore, climatic changes have resulted in the expansion of olive culture to areas more northerly than the Mediterranean countries. The olive is not only a significant food source but it also contributes to human health, with olive products representing an important part of the Mediterranean diet, which an increasing number of people all over the world are embracing for reasons of health. This book of ‘olives’ is the result of many years’ endeavours in collecting valuable information from the existing literature concerning the olive tree and its culture; a proportion of this information, and experience, has originated from scientific projects of the author and his scientific team. Topics include all aspects of olive culture, from its history, through traditional practices to modern techniques and horticultural procedures. Furthermore, this book covers the basic physiological and horticultural principles of olive culture in both theory and practice. My objective is to provide knowledge appropriate for students, scientists, both experienced and inexperienced horticulturists and, in general, for anyone wishing to obtain knowledge and experience of olive culture in order to increase productivity and improve product quality. The content is written in a style accessible to anyone and is also appropriate as a textbook at various levels of education. To enhance understanding the text includes illustrations, figures and tables featuring experimental data, and it is a recent addition to the literature on ‘olives’. Ioannis Therios Professor of Pomology Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece E-mail: [email protected] ix This page intentionally left blank ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 2, 4, 5-T 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2, 4-D 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2iP 6-(␥, ␥-dimethylallylamino)-purine 3-CPA 3-chlorophenoxy-␣-propionamide ABA Abscisic acid ACC 1-aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylate ACE Acetylcholinesterase ADP Adenosine diphosphate AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism AMP Adenosine monophosphate AOS Active oxygen species ATP Adenosine triphosphate BA 6-benzylamino purine or benzyladenine BAP Benzylamino purine BMI Body mass index BN Nutrient medium BNOA, NOA ␤-naphthoxyacetic acid CAP Common agricultural policy CBF1 Regulator of cold acclimation CCC (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride or Chlormequat CEC Cation exchange capacity CHA Chlorogenic acid CK Cytokinin CLRV Cherry leaf roll virus CMS Cytoplasmic male sterility COR Cold Regulated protein CTP Cytidine triphosphate CuMV Cucumber mosaic virus DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DNOC 4, 6-dinitro-ortho-cresol xi xii Acronyms and Abbreviations DNP 2, 4- Dinitrophenol DTA Differential thermal analysis ECe Electrical conductivity ECw Electrical conductivity of irrigation water EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ERD Early responsive to dehydration ETc' Actual water requirements Ethephon 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid Ethrel see Ethephon ETo Potential evapotranspiration FASN Fatty acid synthase (human gene) FDF Fruit detachment force Fenoprop see 2, 4, 5-TP FMN Flavin mononucleotide FTIR spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fts Filamentous temperature sensitive proteins Fv Variable fluorescence GA3 Gibberellic acid GA4 Gibberellin GAs Gibberellins GC Gas chromatography GDH Glutamic dehydrogenase GGA 2-chloroethyl-tris-2-methoxy-ethoxy silane or Alsol gMS Genic male sterility GOGAT Glutamate-2-oxoglutarate amido transferase GS Glutamic synthetase gs Leaf conductance HER2 Cancer genes HPLC High pressure liquid chromatography Hsp Heat stress proteins IAA Indole-3-acetic acid IBA Indole-3-butyric acid iNOs Inductible nitric oxide synthase ISSR Inter-simple sequence repeats Kc Crop coefficient KGA3 Potassium gibberellate KIN 6-furfurylamino purine, syn N-furfuryladenine or Kinetin KIN Cold induce KMnO4 Potassium permanganate Kp' Coefficient related to tree transpiration
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