Hall of Fame Nomination

USS BERGALL (SSN 667)

“Invisible, Invulnerable, Invincible”

History:

USS Bergall (SSN-667) was a Sturgeon-class nuclear powered attack , the 43rd SSN and the 84th nuclear submarine launched for the U.S. Navy. She was the second ship of the to be named for the bergall, also known as the cunner, conner, or chogset, a small fish found along the Atlantic coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to the coast with very strong teeth and spines that make it a formidable creature to attack. Its small size and ability to vary its color to its surroundings make this fish virtually undetectable.

No discussion about USS BERGALL would be complete without knowing her full history, starting with SS 320 in WWII. The first, SS 320, was built by Electric Boat in 1944. During WWII, she made five war patrols and sank or damaged over 100,000 tons of enemy shipping. These five war patrols are represented in SSN 667’s ship’s crest by five stars. The first BERGALL would prove to have additional ties to the 667, starting with the significance of the number “13”. The number 13 represented several "events" for the Bergall, started by SS 320 and carried on by SSN 667. The 13th was not always an unlucky day or number, but it was a day that, if something important (or maybe even dangerous) was going to happen... you might want to take note.

For SS 320:

1. The keel was laid on the 13th of May, 1943 (The 13th) 2. She was commissioned on June 12th, 1944, 13 months after the keel was laid. 3. She arrived at her new home port of Pearl Harbor on August 13th, 1944. (The 13th) 4. On October 13th, 1944, Bergall sinks a 4,182 ton medium cargo ship, the Shinshu Maru, in Cam Rahn Bay). This was her first credited sinking. (THE 13th). 5. On December 13th, 1944, while on her second war patrol, the Bergall damaged the Heavy Cruiser IJN Myoko on its way from to Cam Ranh Bay. USS Bergall was damaged from a 5-inch enemy shell from the Destroyer IJN Ushio that went through her forward loading hatch and blew a large hold through the starboard side of her pressure hull. The Bergall was able to limp home on the surface. (THE 13th). 6. On February 13th, 1945, BERGALL chased a Japanese task force and fired six torpedoes, with unknown results. Subsequently, a Japanese destroyer bombarded BERGALL with 85 depth charges while she hugged the bottom. (THE 13th) 7. On June 13th, 1945, during the early part of her fifth war patrol the Bergall hit a mine. One of her crew members, Carl Weber, would later recall, "It was close aboard and knocked our after tubes out of alignment and messed up the screws. We made a lot of noise. We were on the surface in the Gulf of Siam in shallow water looking for anything and it was probably a mine controlled from the shore. I was copying "FOX" at the time and when the mine went off, my chair jumped about six inches off the deck, the TBL went on and all I could think of was that I missed some of a message. We got back to Subic and Gunner Han, the COB, he was GM1, came back from a mail run with 5 gals. of "gilley" and when the sun went down we had a party onboard." (THE 13th) The SSN 667 had similar events tied to the number 13, thought maybe not so spectacular, but we cherish the ties with the 320 boat:

1. She was commissioned on Friday the 13th, in June of 1969 2. with 13 Officers, and 3. 13 Chiefs. 4. And since the first COB, Master Chief Ed Gibbons also served on SS 320, and is the only man to do so, “Thirteens” were accepted as a Bergall trait! 5. SSN 667 was the first boat with AN/BQS-13 Sonar. They got to do the unit validation. An unidentified crew member recalled: “There was a lot of joking between the Crew, and the tech reps. One of the questions frequently asked at watch changes was ‘who is ahead, Monkeys or Footballs?’ We drove in so many circles at so many depths we started to think we were wheels.” 6. Completed sea trials following refueling overhaul on June 13th, 1988. (The 13th)

There are other 13's for the SSN 667 but can't be recorded at this time (still classified).

(Posted by Mike Brood on 14:26:38 05/06/08, In Reply to: what is the significance of number 13 posted by CINDI CALLAHAN)

As a side note, SS 320 would go on to serve for many years, being decommissioned from US Naval Service in 1958, and serving another 40 years in the Turkish Navy. Another tie-in that will come back around later…

Now, on to the 667…

The USS Bergall (SSN 667) was a nuclear-powered attack submarine of the STURGEON Class, especially designed as an anti-submarine weapon. Her keel was laid on 4 April 1966 and she was launched 17 February 1968. After completion of her sea trials she was commissioned on 13 June 1969 under the command of CDR Bill Tally, and with the guidance of TMCS(SS) Ed Gibbons, who had also served on the ship’s namesake, USS Bergall (SS 320). In order to “match” the first Bergall’s Commissioning date, an ex- Bergall skipper, LCDR Phil Glennon, as the program planner, managed to get some missing engine room equipment “liberated” from a boat nearing completion in Portsmouth. With that, she became the 84th nuclear submarine to enter the Fleet and the 43rd attack type. Her assignment upon commissioning was to Submarine Development Group Two in Groton, Connecticut. This assignment was to fully test the Navy's newest all-purpose sonar, the AN/BQS-13.

The Bergall was a streamlined, highly advanced, and maneuverable anti-submarine warfare platform which employed the best the industry could offer in three major areas. First, she was powered by a pressurized water nuclear reactor propulsion plant which provided reliability, high power, and the ability to operate independent of the outside atmosphere for extended periods. Second, extensive design changes to the STURGEON class sonar system had produced a second generation sonar complex which Bergall would test at sea for the first time. The new system was a key element of Bergall’s sophisticated electronic sensor suite, and added substantially to the formidable hunter-killer capability already provided in earlier class ships. Finally, Bergall carried the most advanced weapons available to the Submarine Force, including the SUBROC (nuclear-tipped and rocket-propelled torpedo) missile system which added a potent attack capability. The computers to support and direct these weapons were newly developed and extremely versatile, to complete the variety of tasks to which Bergall was assigned. Plank owner FTC(SS) Dick Fiske tells us, that in 1969:

“The FT gang, Sam Abernathy, Al Yancey and I developed a method for testing the complete SUBROC firing circuity by installing Blanking Plugs in the Torpedo Tube Inner doors, and hooking up the X,Y, and Z cables to the SubRoc Test set. This enabled a water slug to be fired if all systems were go from the Firing Key on the MK 113 FCS through the SUBROC Test Set. When observed by an Engineer from Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC), he incorporated our procedure into an Maintenance Requirement Card, and the procedure became standard for SUBROC capable boats throughout the Navy.

The extensive use of sound-isolating materials and great care in noise reduction of all moving parts gave Bergall an inherent silent quality and maximized performance of her advanced sonar system. She combined the endurance and environmental independence of nuclear power with deep submergence and high speed. Super-quiet, deep-diving, and swift, Bergall was also very lethal to hostile surface shipping. But she was especially suited as a "killer submarine" vitally concerned with denying the effectiveness of a hostile undersea fleet.

Captain Tally recalls:

“During the first four years of her service life, BERGALL was a dedicated development submarine, conducting numerous test and evaluation operations which resulted in advanced combat systems for the future submarine force. Construction at Electric Boat in Groton, CT had included installation of the first production AN/BQS-13 multipurpose sonar. Since this sonar would be the primary sensor for the 637 class , BERGALL was assigned to Submarine Development Group TWO in New London for test and evaluation, and development of procedures and tactics. The BQS-13 sonar testing was highly successful and achieved all required objectives. In addition, concurrently with the testing and continuing as add-on tasks, development testing of many new sonar systems was conducted, including the following:”

 SD-301 sonar processor (which became BQR-20)  DIMUS digital multi-beam sonar (which became BQR-23)  BQH-4 towed array (which became TB-16)  STASS submarine towed array sonar system

LCDR Les Jacobi, the boat’s XO at the time, recalls:

“As you may know, immediately after commissioning Bergall was assigned to Submarine Development Squadron 12. In large part this assignment was due to the fact the Bergall was outfitted with the first BQS-13 sonar system which needed to be technically and operationally certified as soon as feasible. The certification timeline was driven by a looming threat that our submarines were not going to be able to maintain a clear operational superiority over Soviet submarines coming off the building ways. By conducting the certification in the near vicinity of the underwater sound lab the hope was that technical issues could be readily communicated and work-arounds quickly developed and tested.

As is alluded to above a top priority for the Navy at the time was to counter the anticipated noise quieting program of the part of Soviet submarines. This was perceived to be a national priority since SSBN's were known to be patrolling off the Atlantic coast where response times to an ICBM attack would be minimal.

The predecessor to the BQS-13 sonar, the BQS-8, was notoriously unreliable especially in active mode of operation. This fact is pertinent since one of the tactical initiatives the submarine force wanted to investigate was reliable tracking of enemy subs from convergent zone ranges with a submarine active sonar.

At the time it was thought that the surface force would be of great assistance in quickly coming up to speed in learning how to employ a submarine active sonar. This did not prove to be true. The advice we got from the surface community was to always go active at the highest power level and longest pulse length the active system was capable of. However, after many months of active pinging, we found that the power level needed to be adjusted carefully depending on wind speed (which was discovered to be the determinant factor in the level of reverberation that the sonar operator would see/hear) and that the transmission pulse length had to be matched to the expected ensonified length of the target. After many months of active sonar work, it was determined that at wind speeds of greater 15 knots or greater, enemy submarines could not be detected at convergent zone ranges (i.e. the target signal to reverberation signal would not be favorable). Consequently, further work in developing this operational concept was terminated

Concurrent with the investigation of the feasibility of a breakthrough in active sonar, the Bergall was tasked with exploring the tactical utility of a submarine towed array. The sonar engineers at the underwater sound lab had been developing candidate towed array technologies, but nothing was known of their utility in the real world. For example, the issue of how best to isolate the array from vibration transmitted along the tow cable was a big question, as was the best array diameter and inter-array nodule damping. And of course it was not clear how to make effective use of the data even when the array was optimally designed. At the time this effort was very hush-hush. Accordingly, for many years even the term "towed array" was highly classified.”

This was an intriguing time for the submarine force in that Soviet Ballistic Missile submarines were disappearing from our surveillance grid once they slowed after crossing over the mid-Atlantic ridge. The crash development of the STASS towed array was the great hope for countering this threat, but we needed a signal processor to work with the array. In the end we teamed with a small company in San Diego that was making narrowband signal processors for industry. The challenge was to figure out how to set up this processor (e.g. what bandwidth to choose), how to interpret the display and how to use a towed array to conduct an area search. (E.g. how long would one have to drive on a steady course before being assured that the array was in a straight line - all known quantities now, but then big question marks.)

As a culmination of this crash development we were asked to deploy to prove that this system could detect (and track) SSBN's on patrol.

In 1970, still with Captain Tally, Bergall became the first submarine to undergo the MK-48 torpedo conversion and in 1971 she was the first ship to carry the MK-48 torpedo in its operational warshot configuration. The AN/BQQ-5 digital sonar system was temporarily installed for test and evaluation in 1972. This advanced torpedo, combined with the BQQ-5 sonar system and MK117 underwater fire control system, provided her with a most effective anti-submarine warfare platform.

Captain Tally tells us more:

“Numerous other development projects were conducted concurrently with the major system testing. "Riders" from NUSC (aka, the Sound Lab) and many other agencies did testing on a 24/7 basis, and many positive results were obtained which would be useful in other systems’ development. New submarine silencing concepts were also tested on a regular basis. Part of the Torpedo Room was converted into a bunk room to accommodate the extra people required for the intensive testing schedule.

One of the major tests during that period was the development testing of the pre- production BQQ-5 sonar. The BQQ-5 sonar was designed to equip the new SSN688 class submarines. The early version (called the DNA sonar) was installed on BERGALL for full testing in an at-sea environment. At that time, the BERGALL crew had extensive experience in the latest sonar technology from all of the other advanced systems that they had been working with. So in addition to completing all tests desired by the manufacturer (IBM) and NUSC, the crew made many recommendations for improvements which were incorporated into the final design.

In another combat system development, BERGALL had extensive involvement with the MK-48 torpedo program. As the principal submarine in the test and evaluation phase, BERGALL fired over 90 MK-48 exercise torpedoes in exercises on the AUTEC test range in the Bahamas. The MK-48 received approval for service use in these exercises and BERGALL was the first certified submarine to load out the MK-48 warshot torpedoes and subsequently to carry them on their first operational deployment.

It should be noted that submarine procedures and tactics were also developed along with the equipment during the advanced combat system testing. BERGALL also participated in many anti-submarine exercises for the Development Group. Usually she was equipped with the latest advanced equipment and enjoyed particularly good performance. This was especially true during classified deployments.

The results of development efforts on BERGALL were very much in evidence when the SSN688 class submarines first went to sea in 1976 with an advanced combat system much of which had been tested on BERGALL. In fact, versions of these systems, through evolution, are still found on the latest attack submarines.

The performance of BERGALL and its contributions to the advancement of submarine warfare were well recognized. BERGALL received many commendations from the submarine operational commands and the submarine technical community, including NUSC. One commendation from OPTEVFOR (Operational Test and Evaluation Force) noted BERGALL's outstanding participation in 10 OPTEVFOR Projects (approval for service use).”

Also during this time, the boat’s COB, TMCM(SS) Ed Gibbons tells us about the 'fish' sonar:

“It was an active sonar called JT Sonar which was developed by IBM. The system would emit whale calls and tried to interpret the return echoes; however, the Bergall had many conversations with the whales. This mission was at the request of the Underwater Sound Lab. Another piece of equipment that was placed on the Bergall was an aircraft navigation system. It was about the size of a TV satellite receiver and mounted in the overhead in control by the Sins gyros. Just to see the weight savings was awesome; however, it too did not provide the results expected. On every trip, the nav system was synced to pier 17 in New London, and three or four days later, the Bergall seemed to always be somewhere in Kansas. The ship's speed was too slow to have accurate locations.”

And John Stonebarger adds:

“We also tested quite a few propellers until they found one they liked. I remember we had an underwater camera in the mud tank and a plexiglass cover so it could film the prop for cavitation.”

XO Jacobi concludes:

“Another important operational issue also demanded immediate attention of the submarine force. Even if the submarine force could eventually develop a tactical capability of closely tracking enemy submarines, the capability to subsequently counter a threat was questionable because of torpedo deficiencies that had already been identified. As it happened, in conjunction with active and passive sonar developments, the Bergall was also tasked with the operational and technical evaluation of the MK 48-1 torpedo. This effort involved firing over 80 torpedoes. And...hurrah...the Bergall was the first ship in the fleet to be certified to carry the MK-48-1.

Since the BQS-13, the towed array and the MK 48 evaluations were so well managed, the Bergall was also tasked to conduct a mini-evaluation of the BQQ-5 sonar system. This effort was preceded with an evaluation of the ability to digitally monitor multiple sonar beams simultaneously. (Here-to-fore a submarine's sonar could only investigate a few beams in real time). Whew! We were learning a LOT in a very short period of time. The BQQ-5 mini-opeval highlighted a number of significant technical issues that were able to be addressed before the first BQQ-5 was subsequently delivered to the Los Angeles, the lead ship of this class.

As best I can reconstruct the time-frame for these developments is as follows:

 Technical and Operational Evaluation of the BQS-13 - December 69 to June 71  Technical and Operational Evaluation of the MK-48-1 torpedo - June 71 to May 72  Towed Array Development - January 70 to March 72  Independent Operation - April to May 72 (i.e. initial operational towed array deployment)  BQQ-5 Sonar Test & Evaluation - June - December 72

I hope this information helps to paint a picture of the Bergall playing a significantly role in the development of technical capabilities as well as related operational concepts - initiatives that sustained the nation's submarine superiority at a critical time in history.” Bergall was awarded her first Navy Unit Commendation that year for the period of June 13th 1969 to May 31, 1972 for her performance in the testing of the sonar systems and outstanding MK-48 torpedo proficiency. The award cited 1084 days of meritorious service.

Another Plank owner added:

“The Bergall had I believe one of the first if not THE first Mark 4 Mod 6 inertial navigational systems ever put on the boats. Our crew worked with Sperry Rand tech reps to develop the first at sea operating manual. The Bergall was one of the first boats to get the SRN- 9 satellite tracker and helped develop its use in resetting the SINS unit. Before then we used Loran A and C to get three fixes to reset the SINS. The satellite tracker was much more accurate. We are also the only sub to have had an alligator on board and to have a unicycle on the sail plane.

In 1973, Captain Tally relinquished command to CDR Ray Wyatt. That year, Bergall saw her first two extended deployments. Both were rigorous independent operations of great importance to the United States. Upon the completion of her first deployment Bergall was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for her contribution to the National Defense. After returning from her second deployment the ship conducted a 52 week non-refueling overhaul in Groton, CT., ending in early 1975, which included outfitting to be a DSRV mothership. To end 1975 Bergall completed an 11 week Northern European deployment that included participation in a major NATO exercise, Operation OCEAN SAFARI.

1976 started off quickly, with the Bergall departing in early February on a six month Mediterranean deployment followed by a five month deployment in the North Atlantic. In October 1976, Captain Wyatt passed the torch to CDR Reid Smith. That year ended with the Bergall in an upkeep in La Maddelena, Italy and 1976 turned in to 1977. During that year, according to one crew member, Bergall reportedly “…got to get the first sound and pictures of the Kiev (I believe it was Russia's first aircraft carrier). There was a nice picture of her on page one of the Stars and Strips from sea level.”

1978 was a banner year for Bergall. Under Captain Smith’s command, she participated in a targeting exercise for the HARPOON missile system, exercise SOLID SHIELD, and successfully sank the ex-USS SEA LION in SINKEX 1-78. Bergall went into NNSY in ’78 with Mk 113 Analog FC and BQS-13 sonar and out in late ’79 with AN/BQQ-5 sonar coupled to AN/MK-17 FC, and a new #2 scope that was apparently the pride (or envy) of CSS 6. Bergall was also the first SSN to be backfit with the WLQ-4 Sea Nymph ESM system, and the first to do the testing and deploy with it. Continuing her history of superior performance, Bergall also had the distinction of being the first east -coast submarine to carry a Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV). The year culminated in a change of homeport to Norfolk, VA and Submarine Squadron SIX and the commencement of her second non-refueling overhaul which lasted 13 months. (Another significant 13)

In 1980 Bergall conducted a five month deployment to the North Atlantic. Leaving Norfolk in September she went on back-to-back northern runs, spending several weeks in and out of Holy Loch, then going upstream to Faslane. The boat returned in February 1981, spending several days in Halifax on the return trip home, and conducting a Change of Command to CDR Steven Mladineo. She was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period September 12, 1980 to January 26th, 1981 (137 days of meritorious service). Upon completion of various exercises including OCEAN VENTURE and COMPUTEX 1-82. Bergall was awarded another Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period April 20th, 1981 to May 11th, 1981. This being such a short period of time to earn another MUC so quickly (22 days to be exact), you can only imagine the type of operations she must have been involved in. She was also awarded the Commander Submarine Squadron SIX Operations White "A" in early 1982.

During 1982 Bergall completed a five month Mediterranean deployment, participating in exercise DISPLAY DETERMINATION where she was awarded yet another Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period of July 24th, 1982 to December 1st, 1982 (131 days of meritorious service). She also won the Commander Sixth Fleet Hook em' Award that year for Anti-Submarine Excellence, so those of us who are experienced Cold War Submariners can imagine what was going on for those few months.

1983 saw a stint down in Florida waters and a three month deployment to the North Atlantic after which the ship was awarded the Red "DC" for Damage Control Excellence in Submarine Squadron SIX.

In October 1984, CDR Dennis Gibbs took the helm and the ship conducted another Mediterranean deployment in 1984-85. During that deployment, the Commander, Turkish Submarine group presented mementos from the ex-Bergall (SS 320), then in service in the Turkish Navy. After deployment the ship commenced a 31 month refueling overhaul and depot modernization on the west coast in Mare Island Naval Shipyard, completing it in April 1988.

The submarine USS Bergall, SSN-667, quietly slipped her moorings late February or early March 1988. Little did the citizens of nearby Vallejo, California, know that a landmark event was being added to the long and proud history of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard: Diane Nelson, a weapons electronics mechanic, was about to become the first woman to participate in a sea trial on this small, cramped attack-class submarine. Later, Communications Electronic Mechanic Lita Pangelinan, would be the second woman to test the submarine at sea. Once again, Mare Island made her mark in the history books. The Bergall returned to Norfolk on June 13, 1988... just another "13" in the Bergall tradition. Somewhere during all of this, they found time to have another Change of Command, and the crew was introduced to CDR “Smilin’ Mike” Riordan.

1990 was a busy year for Bergall. She engaged in classified deployed operations in January and February and closed the year drydocked in the RESOLUTE (AFDM I0) for Selected Restricted Availability (SRA) with the Norfolk Naval Shipyard.

In March of 1991, Smilin’ Mike turned command of Bergall over to CDR Wilhelm “Butch” Hansen. Under Captain Hansen, we made multiple “Northern Runs” and participated in “local ops” and upkeep periods during his first year. Bergall was awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal for the period October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992, for various operations in that 366 day period. Part of that included deploying early in 1992 to the “Western Atlantic” (quotation marks emphasized), which culminated with the award of another Meritorious Unit Commendation for the period January 1, 1992 to April 30, 1992.

In October 1992, Bergall again deployed to the North Atlantic and , returning in April of 1993 from what was deemed a “highly successful deployment”. Bergall was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation for the period October 1, 1992 to March 1, 1993, COMSUBRON SIX Battle Efficiency "E". In October of 1993, a Change of Command was held as Captain Hansen turned over to CDR George Manaskie, Bergall’s last Commanding Officer. During 1994 Bergall completed a five month Mediterranean deployment and she was awarded the Red "DC" for superior damage control efforts by COMSUBRON SIX. Though designated for decommissioning by this time, it was not a time of rest for the ol’ girl. During 1994, Bergall participated in multiple operations in August and October of 1994, resulting in the award of two Armed Forces Service Medals for operations in support of the Bosnian War, which was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995, and part of the breakup of former Yugoslavia.

Bergall completed her final deployment, to the Caribbean Sea, in June 1995. Bergall had been on the leading edge of the submarine force throughout her distinguished career. She has proudly carried forward the tradition set forth by the original USS Bergall in WWII. She completed 14 deployments and various exercises and operations vital to the national security of the United States. She was inactivated on August 4, 1995 and decommissioned June 6, 1996. She served with pride.

Finally, it must be noted that the original Bergall, SS 320, was decommissioned by the Turkish Navy that same year, and went on to be scrapped in April 2000. It is only fitting that both boats ended their distinguished careers the same year.

Awards summary:

 Navy Unit Commendations (2): Jun. 13, '69 - May 31, '72; Oct. 1, '92 - Mar. 1, '93  Meritorious Unit Commendations (4): Sep.12, '80 - Jan. 26, '81; Apr. 20, '81 - May 11, '81; Jul. 24, '82 - Dec. 1, '82; Jan. 1, '92 - Apr. 30, '92  Armed Forces Service Medal (2): Aug. 4, '94 - Aug. 22, '94; Oct. 9, '94 - Oct. 27, '94  Navy Expeditionary Medals (2)  Navy "E" Ribbon (1): Oct. 1, '91 - Sep. 30, '92  Battle Efficiency "E" Ribbons: (2): '70 - '71; '91 - '92  Engineering "E" Ribbon (1)  Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations "A" Ribbon (1)  Medical "M" Ribbon (1): '90  Damage Control "DC" Ribbon (1)

I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the sources of much of this information I have shared with you today. Of course, the real source of all of this is the memories and sea stories of those who served on both boats. But this information would not be available today if it were not for the relentless hard work of Mr. Mike Brood. Mike’s father, Arlie “Smokey” Brood, served on the first Bergall (SS 320) from 1946 to 1948. In his father’s honor, and in the honor of all who served, Mike (although a former Air Force man himself) serves as the webmaster and Chief Historian for the USS Bergall (SS 320/SSN 667) Association. Through his dedication, the memories of both boats will live on.

References:

1. The USS Bergall (SS 320/SSN 667) Association website, www.bergall.org, Mike Brood, 2015 2. U.S. Navy Awards, https://awards.navy.mil 3. William F. Tally, Captain, USN (Ret.) 4. Wilhelm A. “Butch” Hansen, Captain, USN (Ret.) 5. Les Jacobi, LCDR, USN (Ret.) 6. Ed Gibbons, TMCM(SS), USN (Ret.) 7. Pete Juhos, MMCS(SS), USN (Ret.) 8. Dick Fiske, FTC(SS), USN (Ret.) 9. Al Yancey, FTC(SS), USN (Ret.) 10. Sam Hornreich 11. John Stonebarger 12. Jack C. Ford