Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea

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Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea i UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA Marco Antonio Tonus Marinho "Análises genético-evolutivas em espécies da família Calliphoridae (Diptera: Brachycera: Calyptratae)" Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Este exemplar corresponde P. retizção finai Biologia para obtenção do Título de da tese defendida pelo(a) candidato (a) Doutor em Genética e Biologia Molecular, na área de Genética Animal e Evolução. e aprovada pela Comissão Julgadora. Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin Co-Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin Campinas, 2012 ii iii Campinas, 15 de fevereiro de 2012 BANCA EXAMINADORA Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin (Orientadora) Profa. Dra. Louis Bernard Klaczko Prof(a). Dr(a). André Victor Lucci Freitas Prof(a). Dr(a). Dalton de Souza Amorim Prof(a). Dr(a). Cláudia Augusta de Moraes Russo Prof(a). Dr(a). Karina Lucas da Silva Brandão Assinatura Prof(a). Dr(a). Jõrg Kobarg Assinatura Prof(a). Dr(a). Arício Xavier Linhares Assinatura iv v "Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici" ("Pelo poder da verdade, eu, enquanto vivo, conquistei o universo") V de Vingança (Alan Moore & David Lloyd). "Omnia mutantur, nihil interit" ("Tudo muda, nada perece") Metamorfoses (Ovídio) vi Aos meus pais Antonio e Maria Bernadete, minha irmã Patrícia e minha sobrinha Alice. vii Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer, primeiramente e acima de tudo, à minha família, em especial a meus pais, Antonio e Maria Bernadete, que, desde cedo, sacrificaram muito de suas vidas em prol da minha formação, tanto intelectual quanto pessoal, e a quem hoje devo, se não tudo, muito do que sou; e a minha irmã Patrícia e meu cunhado Denys, que sempre me apoiaram muito e que, há cerca de quase dois anos, proporcionaram a minha família uma de suas maiores alegrias: o nascimento de minha sobrinha Alice. Agradeço também à Profª Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin, que há sete anos me aceitou como aluno no Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Animal (CBMEG / UNICAMP) e que, desde então, tem orientado e supervisionado todo o crescimento científico e acadêmico que alcancei. Agradeço aos colegas de laboratório, atuais e passados, que por muitos anos foram, mais do que companheiros de trabalho, amigos: Ana Cláudia, Ana Carolina (que me acompanhou durante toda a iniciação científica e a quem devo muito do que sei hoje), Tatiana, Marcos Túlio, Gustavo (Johnny), Luciane, Karina (e Marcelo e Miguel) Brandão, Aline, Priscila (amiga dentro e fora do lab, para toda a vida), Joan, Bárbara, Pedro, Salete, Alessandra, Daniel, Alberto, Ana Paula, Luana, Gabriel e Giselle. Um agradecimento especial à Rosângela, que mais do que a técnica do laboratório, foi também a pessoa que mais aguentou meus estresses ao longo desses anos. Um agradecimento mais do que especial aos amigos de todas as horas, Pablo, Mariana e Renato, os quais compartilharam comigo todas as alegrias e desilusões do período do doutorado e muito mais além dele. viii Agradeço também a todos os demais amigos que fiz ao longo do meu tempo de permanência no CBMEG, sobretudo Eduardo Kiota, pelos conhecimentos químicos e risadas, e Renato Vicentini, pelos conhecimentos computacionais e cervejas. Agradeço também ao Profº Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin, que aceitou ser meu co- orientador e que me recebeu, por um curto porém bastante significativo período de tempo, no então Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do LNLS. Agradeço também a todos os companheiros de laboratório e amigos que fiz por lá: Patrícia (que me acompanhou mais diretamente no período de tempo que permaneci no laboratório, me ensinando muitas coisas) (e Miúdo), Beatriz (e Jorge), Juliana, Thais, Sandra, Dani, Larissa, Thiago, Carlos, Melissa, Elaine, Tereza e Wanderley. Agradeço a todos os meus amigos, muitos de longa data e outros que fiz durante a vida acadêmica, os quais, por precaução, prefiro não nomear individualmente por medo de esquecer alguém. A todos vocês que sempre estiveram ao meu lado, fisicamente ou, por algumas vezes, apenas em pensamento, compartilhando todos os momentos bons e ruins da minha vida: muito obrigado! Cabe aqui um agradecimento particular a todos os ex- moradores da Casa do Edge, que me acolheram por três anos de minha vida, e que me proporcionaram, além de alguns estresses gerados pela convivência (inevitáveis, infelizmente), muitos momentos excepcionais.... Agradeço aos professores Louis Bernard Klaczko, André Victor Lucci Freitas, Cláudia Augusta de Moraes Russo e Dalton de Souza Amorim por terem aceitado o convite para minha banca de tese e também pelas muitas e valorosas contribuições que tenho certeza serão dadas a este trabalho. Ao Profº Louis, um agradecimento especial por ter me mostrado, ao longo das disciplinas de graduação e pós que cursei, o lado deslumbrante e fantástico da biologia. ix Um agradecimento também a todos aqueles que contribuíram para esse trabalho, enviando espécimes e os identificando: Alexandre Ururahy Rodrigues, Cláudio José Barros de Carvalho, Silvio Nihei, Dalton de Souza Amorim, Maria Cristina Espósito, Arício X. Linhares, Martin H. Villet, Bernard Greenberg, Michelle L. Harvey, Carole Ames, Rod Mahon, Bernard Chauvet, Élvia E. S. Vianna e Jeffrey D. Wells. Um agradecimento também ao aluno de iniciação científica Daniel F. Paulo, por ceder parte das sequências da região 16S produzidas por ele, as quais foram incluídas nas análises descritas no capítulo III. Agradeço à FAPESP pelo financiamento ao longo desses anos, tanto na iniciação científica (Processo nº 05/50100-5) quanto no doutorado (Processo nº 06/61217-3), o qual foi essencial para o desenvolvimento desta tese, e também ao CNPq e CAPES, pelo financiamento de diversos projetos e bolsas do laboratório. Agradeço ainda, por fim, à UNICAMP e seus professores, a quem devo minha formação acadêmica e científica. x Índice Índice ................................................................................ pág. x Lista de Tabelas e Figuras ............................................. pág. xi Lista de Abreviações Utilizadas na Tese..................... pág. xvi Estrutura e Apresentação da Tese ............................. pág. xvii Resumo ............................................................................. pág. 1 Abstract ............................................................................ pág. 3 Introdução Geral ............................................................. pág. 5 Capítulo I Resumo ........................................................................... pág. 15 Introdução ...................................................................... pág. 17 Materiais e Métodos ....................................................... pág. 20 Resultados ...................................................................... pág. 33 Discussão ........................................................................ pág. 53 Conclusões ...................................................................... pág. 60 Referências ..................................................................... pág. 61 Anexo A ......................................................................... pág. 69 Anexo B ......................................................................... pág. 79 Capítulo II Resumo ............................................................................ pág. 85 Introdução ....................................................................... pág. 87 Materiais e Métodos ........................................................ pág. 91 Resultados ....................................................................... pág. 99 Discussão ....................................................................... pág. 109 Conclusões ..................................................................... pág. 114 Referências .................................................................... pág. 115 Anexo A ........................................................................ pág. 119 Capítulo III Resumo .......................................................................... pág. 149 Introdução ..................................................................... pág. 151 Materiais e Métodos ...................................................... pág. 153 Resultados ..................................................................... pág. 168 Discussão ....................................................................... pág. 193 Conclusões ..................................................................... pág. 204 Referências .................................................................... pág. 206 Conclusões Gerais ........................................................ pág. 211 Referências ................................................................... pág. 215 xi Lista de Tabelas e Figuras Tabelas Capítulo I - Tabela 1. Lista das espécies de Calliphoridae utilizadas nas análises filogenéticas - pág. 20 Capítulo I - Tabela 2. Lista dos espécimes de C. hominivorax, e suas respectivas regiões de origem, utilizados na avaliação da variabilidade intra-específica do ITS2 - pág. 24 Capítulo I - Tabela 3. Resumo de todas as combinações de modelos de substituição utilizados nas análises de inferência Bayesiana - pág. 30 Capítulo I - Tabela 4. Razão entre as taxas de transição e transversão (R); conteúdo nucleotídico (A+T%) e distância p não-corrigida (média) de cada domínio da estrutura do ITS2 para todas as espécies de Calliphoridae analisadas - pág. 34 Capítulo I - Tabela 5. Resultados dos testes de saturação de substituição - pág. 36 Capítulo I - Tabela 6. Resumo das
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