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A Survey of Tigers and Leopards in the Boundary

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A Survey of Tigers and Leopards in the Boundary REPORT ON THE SINO-RUSSIAN JOINT SURVEY OF FAR EASTERN LEOPARDS AND SIBERIAN TIGERS AND THEIR HABITAT IN THE SINO-RUSSIAN BOUNDARY AREA, EASTERN JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA WINTER 1998 Cooperators: Jilin Provincial Wildlife Conservation Association, People’s Republic of China Jilin Provincial Department of Forestry, People’s Republic of China Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch Institute of Geography, Russia Hornocker Wildlife Institute, USA Sponsors: United Nations Development Project, Tumen River Area Development Programme Wildlife Conservation Society, USA 2 REPORT ON THE SINO-RUSSIAN JOINT SURVEY OF FAR EASTERN LEOPARDS AND SIBERIAN TIGERS AND THEIR HABITAT IN THE SINO-RUSSIAN BOUNDARY AREA, EASTERN JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA WINTER 1998 Authors: Yang Shihe, Jilin Provincial Wildlife Conservation Association, 92 Renmin Street, Changchun, P. R. China 130021 Jiang Jinsong, Jilin Provincial Wildlife Conservation Association, 92 Renmin Street, Changchun, P. R. China 130021 Wu Zhigang, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Jingyuetan, Changchun, P. R. China 130117 Li Tong, Forestry Biological Control Center of Jilin, 34 Weixing Road, Changchun, P. R. China 130012 Yang Xingjia, Forestry Biological Control Center of Jilin, 34 Weixing Road, Changchun, P. R. China 130012 Han Xiaodong, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Jingyuetan, Changchun, P. R. China 130117 Dale G. Miquelle, Regional Coordinator, Hornocker Wildlife Institute and Wildlife Conservation Society, USA Dimitry G. Pikunov, Head Laboratory of Ecology and Protection of Wild Animals, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Vladivostok, Russia Yuri M. Dunishenko, Senior Researcher, All-Russia Research Institute of Wildlife Management, Hunting and Farming, Khabarovsk, Russia Igor G. Nikolaev, Research Scientist, Laboratory of Vertebrate Zoology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biology and Soils, Vladivostok, Russia. Cooperators: Jilin Provincial Wildlife Conservation Association, China Jilin Provincial Department of Forestry, China Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Vladivostok, Russia Hornocker Wildlife Institute, Moscow, Idaho, USA Sponsors: United Nations Development Project (Tumen River Area Development Programme) Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, USA ii This report can be cited as: Yang, S., J. Jiang, Z. Wu, T. Li, X. Yang, X. Han, D. G. Miquelle, D. G. Pikunov, Y. M. Dunishenko, and I. G. Nikolaev. 1998. Report on the Sino-Russian joint survey of Far Eastern leopards and Siberian tigers and their habitat in the Sino-Russian boundary area, eastern Jilin Province, China, winter, 1998. A final report to the UNDP and The Wildlife Conservation Society. 42 pp. iii Table of Contents Preface...........................…………………….......................................................................….... v Acknowledgments..........……………………......................................................................….… vi Executive Summary......…………………….......................................................................… vii 1. Introduction ............………………………....................................................…...............….. 1 2. Project Background………………………........................................................................…... 2 3. Goals and Objectives……………………..........................................................................…... 3 4. Survey Area..........……………………….........................................................................…... 3 4.1 Natural Environment…………………….........................................................……….…. 3 4.1.1 Geographic location..............................................…………....….........……………. 3 4.1.2 Subdivision of study area into distribution regions..................…….......……………. 3 4.1.3 Topography..........................................................................….............…………… 4 4.1.4 Climate................................................................................…..............………….... 4 4.1.5 River system.........................................................................………….………….… 4 4.1.6 Soils......................................................................….………...............……………. 4 4.1.7 Vegetation.......................................…....……………………...............…………… 4 4.1.8 Wildlife.........................................................................……................……………. 7 4.2 Social and Economic Environment...................................................…................…….…. 7 4.2.1 Historical changes and development......................................................……………. 7 4.2.2 Industry and agriculture.......................................................…..............………….... 7 4.2.3 Hunting...............................................................................…..............…………… 7 4.2.4 Human population...............................................................…..............………….… 7 5. Methods…………………………………………………………………………………….….. 8 5.1 Interviews of Local 8 Citizens……………………………………………………………….. 5.2 Field Survey Routes.......................…...................................................……………….… 8 5.2.1 Route selection, adjustments in the field, and route length.....……………………….. 8 5.2.2 Data collection for tigers and leopards.................................………………………... 10 5.2.3 Habitat suitability...............................................................…………………………. 10 5.2.4 Prey assessment................................................................………………………….. 11 6 Results .......................................................................................................……...........……... 11 6.1 Interviews............................…..................................................……................………... 11 6.2 Field Survey Routes.............................................……………………...............………… 15 6.3 Distribution and Numbers of Tigers................................................……............………... 15 6.3.1 Numbers of tigers............................................................……...........……………… 15 6.3.2 Tiger distribution.............................................................……...........……………… 18 6.4 Distribution and Numbers of Leopards...........................................……...........…………. 19 6.4.1 Number of leopards........................................................……............……………… 19 6.4.2 Leopard distribution.......................................................……............……………… 22 6.5 Distribution, Population Densities and Status of Prey Species ........……...........…………. 22 6.5.1 Ungulate prey species.....................................................……...........…………….… 22 6.5.2 Secondary Prey Species.................................................……............…………….… 26 6.6 Factors influencing prey populations.........................................…..……............………... 27 6.7 Habitat Characters of Tiger and Leopard Locations..................…...……...........………… 29 6.8 Distribution and Status of Tigers and Leopards Within 5 Regions....……...........…….….. 29 7. Conservation Strategy and Management Recommendations........................………………….. 30 7.1 Recommendations for Conservation of Tigers and Leopards in Eastern Jilin Province, 31 China..........................................................................................………………………………... 7.1.1 Develop a tiger and leopard recovery plan ..............………………………………... 31 7.1.2 Develop a protected area in the Dalongling Region...........………………………….. 32 iv 7.1.3 Secure an ecological corridor in the Tumen River Region..…………………………. 32 7.1.4. Develop a monitoring program for tigers, leopards, and prey…..………………….. 33 7.1.5 Removal/elimination of snares, with highest priority in 34 Hunchun…………………… 7.1.6 Coordinate timber harvest regimes and tiger/leopard conservation efforts.........…… 34 7.1.7 Develop an environmental education program....................................……………… 35 7.1.8 Retain the moratorium on hunting...........................................…......……………… 36 7.1.9. Develop a compensation program for tiger/leopard depredations.....………………. 36 8. Conclusions..........................................................................................……………......……. 37 9. Literature Cited ...................................................................…………………………………. 39 List of Tables Table 1. Location and description of field routes for survey of leopards and tigers in eastern Julian Province, China, in the 1998 winter......................................….. 9 Table 2. Information gathered from interviews of local citizens on tigers in eastern Jilin Province, and associated survey routes travelled for verification...........….. 12 Table 3. Information gathered from interviews of local citizens on leopards in eastern Jilin Province, and associated survey routes travelled for verification...........….. 14 Table 4. Summary of predator data from census routes of tiger/leopard survey in eastern Jilin Province, February 28-March 13, 1998................................................….. 16 Table 5. Evidence used for estimating number of tigers, based on sign observed in Jilin Province, China...............................................................................................….. 17 Table 6. Evidence used for estimating number of leopards, based on sign observed
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