2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK RFA Board of Directors
Neil Koehler Absolute Energy LLC E Energy Adams LLC Mid-Missouri Energy LLC RFA Chairman Rick Schwarck Carl Sitzmann Chris Wilson www.absenergy.org www.eenergyadams.com www.midmissourienergy.com Pacific Ethanol Inc. www.pacificethanol.net Ace Ethanol LLC East Kansas Agri-Energy LLC New Energy Blue LLC * Neal Kemmet Bill Pracht Thomas Corle www.aceethanol.com www.ekaellc.com www.newenergyblue.com Jeanne McCaherty Adkins Energy LLC ELEMENT LLC * Parallel Products RFA Vice Chair Ray Baker Jason Friedberg Bob Pasma Guardian Energy LLC www.adkinsenergy.com www.elementbiofuels.com www.parallelproducts.com www.guardiannrg.com Al-Corn Clean Fuel LLC Golden Grain Energy LLC Quad County Corn Processors Randall Doyal Jim Boeding Coop. Charles Wilson www.al-corn.com www.ggecorn.com Delayne Johnson www.quad-county.com RFA Treasurer Badger State Ethanol LLC Grain Processing Corp. Trenton Agri Products LLC Erik Huschitt Mark Ricketts Redfield Energy LLC www.badgerstateethanol.com www.grainprocessing.com Dana Lewis www.trentonagriproducts.com www.redfieldenergy.com Big River Resources West Granite Falls Energy LLC Burlington LLC Steve Christensen Ringneck Energy & Feed LLC* Geoff Cooper Raymond Defenbaugh www.granitefallsenergy.com Walter Wendland RFA President & CEO www.bigriverresources.com www.ringneckenergy.com Heartland Corn Products Renewable Fuels Association Bushmills Ethanol Inc. Gary Anderson Show Me Ethanol LLC www.EthanolRFA.org Erik Osmon Richard Hanson Highwater Ethanol LLC www.bushmillsethanol.com www.showmeethanolllc.com Brian Kletscher Butamax Advanced Biofuels LLC www.highwaterethanol.com Siouxland Ethanol LLC Matthew Viergutz Pam Miller Homeland Energy Solutions LLC www.butamax.com www.siouxlandethanol.com Pat Boyle Central Indiana Ethanol LLC www.homelandenergysolutions.com Southwest Iowa Renewable Ryan Drook Energy LLC Husker Ag LLC www.cie.us Mike Jerke Seth Harder www.sireethanol.com Chippewa Valley Ethanol Co. www.huskerag.com Chad Friese The Andersons Inc. Ingredion Inc. www.cvec.com Mike Irmen Kevin Keiser www.andersonsethanol.com CHS Inc. www.ingredion.com Steve Markham West Coast Waste* KAAPA Ethanol Holdings LLC www.chsinc.com Dennis Balakian Chuck Woodside www.westcoastwaste.com Commonwealth Agri-Energy LLC www.kaapaethanol.com Mick Henderson Western New York Energy LLC Lincolnland Agri-Energy LLC www.commonwealthagrienergy.com Tim Winters Eric Mosbey www.wnyenergy.com Corn Plus www.lincolnlandagrienergy.com www.cornplus.com Western Plains Energy LLC Little Sioux Corn Processors LLC Derek Peine Steve Roe Dakota Ethanol LLC www.wpellc.com Scott Mundt www.littlesiouxcornprocessors.com www.dakotaethanol.com White Energy, Inc.–Hereford Merrick & Co. Greg Thompson Didion Ethanol LLC John Kosanovich www.white-energy.com John Didion www.merrick.com www.didionmilling.com
* Prospective Producer Member
2 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION At first glance, the theme of this year’s Annual Industry Outlook, “Powered with Renewed Energy,” might seem a safe and obvious choice. After all, biofuels like eth- anol are, by nature, the epitome of renewed energy. As winter’s cold and bleakness give way to the warmth and rejuvenation of spring, farmers enter their fields to sow a new crop. And after collecting and storing the sun’s bountiful energy throughout the growing season, those crops are harvested and transformed into the clean fuels that power our nation and world. This natural rhythm renews and repeats itself each and every year.
However, this year’s theme goes far beyond its literal underpinnings. Indeed, the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA)—and the ethanol industry itself—are experienc- ing renewal and remarkable change as well.
After 17 years at the helm of RFA, my friend and mentor Bob Dinneen has assumed a new role as Senior Stra- tegic Advisor. Once described by the Wall Street Journal as “indefatigable” and the “ethanol lobby’s old reliable,” Bob has undoubtedly left an indelible mark on our industry. And he’ll continue to provide guidance and counsel as we navigate an uncertain future.
But just as the best stories ever written have many chapters, the RFA is turning the page and entering an excit- ing new era. I was thrilled and humbled to assume the role as RFA’s President and CEO in late 2018, and I am beyond excited to bring new energy, passion, and ideas to the association and the industry at large.
Make no mistake, our challenges are legion. Antiquated regulatory hurdles, attacks on the Renewable Fuel Standard, protectionist trade barriers, and a constant barrage of myths and misinformation are undermining domestic and global demand for our products. It is easy to become discouraged.
But our opportunities are boundless. Ethanol remains the highest-octane, lowest-cost motor fuel on the planet. And it is the only tool available at scale in the near term to significantly reduce carbon emissions from gaso- line. Meanwhile, the industry’s co-products—including distillers grains and distillers oil—provide indispensable protein and energy to a hungry world.
The world wants and needs your products! And when given a true choice, consumers will choose affordability, efficiency, security, and renewability every time.
It is our hope that the facts, figures, and data presented in this year’s Outlook not only help you prepare for the challenges and opportunities ahead in 2019, but also that they renew your energy and passion for our extraor- dinary industry.
Sincerely,
Geoff Cooper, President & CEO
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 1 2018 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW Powering Forward
espite strong headwinds, the U.S. ethanol industry pow- Not surprisingly, such a dramatic drop in demand caused an equal- ered forward in 2018, breaking records in production, ly stark impact on ethanol prices and ethanol industry profitability. Dtotal consumption, and exports. Ethanol prices fell to a 13-year low as the market responded to preserve some semblance of market share. Reduced demand also The nation’s 210 ethanol plants located across 27 states produced impacted farmers, who lost a large portion of their single most an astounding 16.1 billion gallons of clean-burning renewable important value-added market for corn. Net farm income fell to its ethanol. Total consumption rose to a record 16.2 billion gallons, lowest level in a decade. Refiners benefitted. Average monthly U.S. 300 million gallons more than a year ago, driven largely by record refiner cash operating margins rose steadily throughout the year as exports of over 1.6 billion gallons as global octane demand contin- ethanol stocks rose and RFS credit prices cratered. ues to grow. Still, there are more optimistic signs on the horizon. President Domestic demand also seemed destined for record levels as January Trump has promised EPA will promulgate a rule allowing the year- blend rates topped a record 10.75%, shattering the so-called blend round use of E15 before the summer of 2019, trade markets are wall. But as word of EPA’s indiscriminate use of small refinery expected to grow even more as uncertainty over various trade agree- exemptions from the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) ments dissipates and octane demand globally continues to soar, and spread, domestic usage fell precipitously, hitting a four-year low of a renewed interest in low carbon fuels portends increased demand just 9.54% in April. for renewable fuels here and abroad. Production from newly con- structed plants and completed expansions will be available to meet new demand and provide a beacon of hope for a brighter future.
Historic U.S. Fuel Ethanol Production
U.S. Fuel Ethanol Biorefineries by State Historic U.S. Fuel Ethanol Production 18,000 16 100 WA ME
MT VT ND 18,000 16,000 MN NH 16 100 ID WI MA OR MI SD NY CT WY RI 16,000 14,000 PA NJ NE OH MD IA DE NV UT DC CO WV 14,000 IL IN VA 12,000 KY CA MO KS NC TN AZ 12,000 NM OK AR SC 10,000 GA MS AL LA 10,000 TX 8,000 FL Million Gallons Million Installed Ethanol Biorefinery 8,000 6,000 New Biorefinery Under Construction* *Excludes expansion projects Million Gallons Million 6,000 4,000
4,000 2,000 175
2,000 175 0
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 2016 2017 2018* Source: RFA and U.S. Energy Information Administration *Estimated 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018* 2 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION
2018 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
U.S. Ethanol Production Capacity by State Production Facilities (Million Gallons per Year)
Existing Operating Under Total Installed Operating Biorefineries Production Production Construction/ Capacity Ethanol Ethanol Under Constr./ Capacity Expansion Biorefineries Biorefineries Expansion Iowa* 4,328 4,278 30 4,358 44 44 1 Nebraska 2,239 2,186 - 2,239 26 24 - Illinois 1,787 1,687 - 1,787 14 14 - Minnesota 1,297 1,257 35 1,332 22 20 1 Indiana 1,198 1,198 80 1,278 14 14 1 South Dakota 1,080 1,080 80 1,160 15 15 1 Ohio 630 630 - 630 7 7 - Wisconsin 585 585 4 589 9 9 1 Kansas 516 491 70 586 12 11 1 North Dakota 470 470 51 521 5 5 2 Texas 385 345 - 385 4 3 - Michigan 355 355 - 355 5 5 - Missouri 276 261 - 276 6 6 - Tennessee 225 225 - 225 2 2 - California 223 218 - 223 6 5 - Oregon 162 42 - 162 3 2 - New York 150 150 - 150 2 2 - Colorado 125 125 - 125 4 4 - Georgia 120 120 - 120 1 1 - Pennsylvania 110 110 - 110 1 1 - Idaho 60 60 - 60 1 1 - North Carolina 60 - - 60 1 - - Arizona 50 50 - 50 1 1 - Kentucky 48 48 - 48 2 2 1 Wyoming 10 - - 10 1 - - Florida 8 - - 8 1 - - Virginia 4 4 - 4 1 1 -
TOTAL U.S. 16,501 15,975 350 16,851 210 199 9
Source: RFA, as of January, 2019 *Data includes 2 operating plants with unknown or undisclosed production volumes.
Historical Biorefinery Count and Production Capacity
Installed Ethanol Total Installed Average Capacity Biorefineries Production Capacity per Biorefinery (mgy) (mgy)
1998 56 1,784 31.9 2003 72 3,101 43.1 2008 170 10,569 62.2 2013 210 14,880 70.9 2018 210 16,501 78.6
Source: RFA * As of December for each year specified
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 3 Renewing the Rural Economy
hile the broader rural economy participated in In 2018, the ethanol industry directly employed 71,367 American national growth trends following passage of the workers, and it supported an additional 294,516 indirect and in- WTax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017, the duced jobs across all sectors of the economy. The industry created agriculture sector continued to struggle in 2018. The crop sector $25 billion in household income and contributed $46 billion endured its sixth consecutive year of reduced cash receipts, as a to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Moreover, the trade dispute with China hit soybean producers particularly hard. ethanol industry generated nearly $10 billion in federal, state and Additionally, growers felt the effects of rising interest rates, as farm local taxes, and spent over $26 billion on raw materials, inputs, debt reached levels one-third higher than early in the decade. and other goods and services.
According to Creighton University, farmland prices and farm Consistent with the ethanol industry’s role of contributing to equipment sales continued to be weak spots in the rural economy, America’s energy independence, almost one-quarter of the people and a survey for its Rural Mainstreet Index found, “Approximately employed by the industry are veterans of the U.S. military – nearly one-fifth of bank CEOs expect low farm income and falling farm- four times the rate of the U.S. workforce as a whole. land prices to present the greatest challenge to banking operations With new ethanol facilities starting up production and existing fa- over the next 5 years.” cilities expanding, the industry will continue to provide additional While the ethanol industry also was affected by the trade dispute employment opportunities and add value to farm products. with China, the export market overall remained a bright spot and production reached a record 16.1 billion gallons. The industry provided a critically important market for corn and sorghum producers and bolstered rural incomes.
Ethanol’s Value-Added Proposition
Based on average prices and product yields in In 2018, the production of 16.1 billion 2018, a typical dry mill ethanol plant was adding gallons of ethanol and 43 million metric nearly $2 of additional value—or 55%—to every tons of co-products and distillers oil had bushel of corn processed. substantial economic impacts, including:
• 71,367 direct jobs VALUE OF OUTPUTS CORN PER BUSHEL • 294,516 indirect and induced jobs COST Ethanol $3.84 • $46 billion contribution to GDP PER BUSHEL Distillers Grains $1.16 • $25 billion in household income Corn Distillers Oil $0.19 $3.35 • $10 billion in tax revenue TOTAL $5.19
4 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Renewing the Rural Economy
Gross Value of U.S. Ethanol Industry Output
E han C r duc s
000
0 000 $7.691 000 $22 089
0 000
2 000
20 000 Mi i n D ars 1 000
10 000
000
0 2000 2001 2002 200 200 200 200 200 200 2009 2010 2011 2012 201 201 201 201 201 201 *
Source: RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Agriculture data * Estimated
E han Indus ry Pe r eum National Workforce Fue s Indus ry A Indus ries
ETHANOL 0 2 GENDER 0 INDUSTRY Fema e Ma e WORKFORCE AND 29 2 2 DEMOGRAPHICS OVER UNIONI ED 9 2 11
MILITARY 11 VETERANS 2
Sources: National Association of State Energy Officials and Energy Futures Initiative
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 5
201 *
201
201
201
201
201
2012
2011
2010 2009
200
200
200 200
200
200 U.S. Ethanol Exports and Imports Ethanol U.S. 2002 Meanwhile, U.S. ethanol imports pressed below the 100-mil- below U.S. ethanol imports pressed Meanwhile, 60Brazil shipped row. year in a for the fifth lion-gallon mark less 20 percent ethanol—roughly million gallons of sugarcane under treatment of the favorable taking advantage than last year, and RFS. (LCFS) Standard Carbon Fuel the California Low in on the horizon opportunities are within the global market New U.S. corn ethanol to biofuel policy allows 2019. A new Japanese to make required of the estimated ethanol meet up to 44 percent existing sustainability policy in which Japan’s ETBE. This updates ethanol was eligible for import ofonly sugarcane and production the oxygenate. the unfolding of the implementation continues to watch RFA a new national biofuels policy approved RenovaBio, of Brazil’s 2017. This policy will likely encourage significantin December will 2019, RFA In in the country. in biofuels consumption growth to establish government be collaborating closely with the Brazilian a fair trading platform. The primary the focus will be to ensure is under the program carbon intensity scoring of biofuel pathways could RenovaBio done correctly, and science-based. If transparent substantial U.S. ethanol export opportunities. provide 2001
2000 4 4
Sources: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics Trade Foreign Bureau, Census U.S. Commerce, of Dept. U.S. Sources: 2018 Jan.-Sep. based on *2018 estimated 4
he United States ethanol industry is a global powerhouse, States he United 16.1 bil- With and demand. leading the world in supply produced States the United lion gallons in 2018 output,
Energizing Global Markets Global Energizing
double the volume generated by Brazil—the world’s second largest world’s Brazil—the generated by double the volume for transportation blending use continued Ethanol producer. exports 20 swelled the globe. Meanwhile of to outpace the rest billion gallons, finding 1.6 a high of over to a new percent record in 2018. 10% of American ethanol production home for roughly the fourth our top customers for Canada remained and Brazil - ethanol exports. accounting for half of all U.S. How straight year, caused U.S. ethanol shipments to trade barriers Brazilian ever, a peak drawyear following the significantly throughout vacillate China policies by protectionist addition, increased In in February. barriers combined to shift Union and a continuation of European U.S. shipments As a result, the U.S. trading landscape further. like markets smaller and mid-sized dispersed to several also were U.S. ship- As a result, and the Philippines. Korea, South India, like India, smaller markets to several dispersed ments also were and the Philippines. the Netherlands, Korea, South T RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION RENEWABLE
6
7
4% Phili ines 5% South Korea 4% China USDA Sec. Sonny Perdue Sonny Sec. USDA
019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK INDUSTRY 2019 ETHANOL 7% In ia agricultural producers bear the brunt of of the brunt bear producers agricultural hard-working agricultural producers have producers agricultural hard-working economy strong. Unfortunately, America’s America’s Unfortunately, strong. economy knows the importance of keeping our rural rural our keeping of the importance knows every American farmer and rancher, and he and rancher, farmer American every “The President promised to have the back of the back of have to promised President “The practices and have taken a disproportionate a disproportionate taken and have practices hit when it comes to illegal retaliatory tariffs. retaliatory illegal to when it comes hit unfriendly tariffs enacted by foreign nations.” foreign by enacted tariffs unfriendly been treated unfairly by China’s illegal trading trading illegal China’s by unfairly treated been USDA will not stand by while our hard-working hard-working while our by stand will not USDA Arab Arab 4% Unite Unite Emirates
5% Netherlan s 14%
REST REST OF WORLD 4 4 4 290; 1% Argentina; Top Destinations for U.S. Ethanol Exports in 2018 Exports in Ethanol U.S. for Destinations Top Bra il 30% 3% Peru 3% Colombia 21% Cana a (Country, million gallons, share of global production) of share million gallons, (Country, 2018 Global Fuel Ethanol Production by Country by Production Ethanol Fuel 2018 Global sources data public and private of analysis RFA Source:
Statistics Trade Foreign Bureau, Census U.S. Commerce, of Dept. U.S. Sources: 2018 Jan.-Sep. on *Based
Sources: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics Trade Foreign Bureau, Census U.S. Commerce, of Dept. U.S. Sources: 2018 Jan.-Sep. based on *2018 estimated Energizing Global Markets Global Energizing Powerful Nutrition
onsistent with record ethanol production, the U.S. industry A GLOBAL DYNAMO generated a record 41.3 million metric tons (mmt) of dis- U.S. biorefineries satisfied growing domestic feed needs while also tillers grains (DDGS), gluten feed, and gluten meal. These C exporting nearly one out of every three tons of distillers grains. A ingredients are mixed into rations for beef and dairy cattle, swine, geographically diverse set of markets on five continents jockeyed to poultry, and even fish. The industry also produced 4 billion pounds purchase the 12.1 mmt of exported U.S. DDGS in 2018. For the of corn distillers oil, used as a feed ingredient or biodiesel feedstock. second straight year, Mexico was the top market as close to a fifth Now fully under the regulatory oversight of the U.S. Food & of all shipments headed south of the border. South Korea, Turkey, Drug Administration, ethanol plants are required to comply with Vietnam, and Thailand were other top markets in 2018. preventive controls requirements as mandated by the Food Safety Unfortunately, protectionist trade barriers also affected distillers Modernization Act (FSMA). This federal rule requires covered grains exports. After serving as the top destination for U.S. DDGS facilities to follow current good manufacturing practices for animal five years in a row, the Chinese market collapsed to less than 2 per- food production and have a written food safety plan that includes an cent of global shipments in 2018 due to the imposition of a punitive analysis of hazards and risk-based controls. These preventive controls tariff in effect for five years starting January 2017. Vietnam, however, provide a formal assurance to buyers around the world that Ameri- re-opened its doors to U.S. DDGS exports following its Dec. 2016 can ethanol co-products continue to be safe feed ingredients. market suspension.
The Renewable Fuels Association will continue to look for ways to open and expand markets for American ethanol co-products in 2019.
U.S. Distillers Grains Exports Distillers Grains Production by Type, As-Is Basis
12 100 till 4
fi till
till l l
till
till l l 4 4
- 4 Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
4 000 Corn Distillers Oil Production Sources: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics *2018 estimated based on Jan.-Sep. 2018 4
4
8 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Source: RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Agriculture data *Estimated Top Destinations for U.S. Distillers Grains Exports in 2018 Powerful Nutrition 8%
Cana a 6% Irelan 3%
South Turkey Korea 10% Ja an 10% 4%
Israel 3% Me ico 17% Thailan 9% Vietnam 10%
In onesia 6%
REST OF WORLD 23%
Sources: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Statistics *Based on Jan.-Sep. 2018
U.S. Ethanol Industry Co-product Animal Feed Output Distillers Grains Consumption by Specie 670 3 521 Poultry Other till l l l 37 094
4
4
Beef Cattle 4
Dairy Cattle
Source: Distillers grains marketing companies
4 4
Source: RFA and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Note: All co-products converted to 10% moisture basis *Estimated
Source: RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Agriculture data *Estimated 2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 9 Charged Up with Ethanol
ctane is in high demand. To meet corporate average At the same time, supplies of petroleum-based components fuel economy (CAFE) requirements and consumer have become constrained, as a result of increasing availability Opreferences, automakers are increasingly utilizing tur- of lighter shale oils, the configuration of refineries and restric- bocharged, higher-compression engines. To achieve performance tions on the sulfur content in fuel. An additional drawback of and prevent engine knock, manufacturers are requiring or aromatic hydrocarbon octane sources, such as benzene, is that recommending the use of high-octane gasoline in these engines. they are toxic and worsen air pollution. As a result, premium gasoline sales over the last few years have As ethanol blends have been adopted nationwide, refiners have been at their highest levels in a decade. optimized operations to reduce hydrocarbon octane production The additional demand has caused the value of octane to and take advantage of the octane from ethanol. Today, most reg- increase. While the price differential between premium and ular gasoline is produced using blendstock with an octane rating regular gasoline has risen at wholesale, the differential in what is of 84, which is then upgraded to 87 (the minimum allowed in charged to consumers at retail has jumped even more. most states) by adding 10% ethanol.
Even as this has occurred, the discount of ethanol to its octane The future is bright for ethanol as a source of octane. In 2018, value has widened dramatically. Ethanol has a blending octane President Trump directed the EPA to allow year-round sales of rating of 114, which is higher than the ratings of the main E15 (i.e., gasoline containing 15% ethanol) nationwide. Once petroleum-based components. In 2018, even as a rebound in a final rule is in place implementing this change, E15 sales vol- petroleum prices resulted in a blending value for ethanol that umes are expected to increase. E15 has an octane rating of 88, was higher than that of other components, ethanol was actually giving consumers an added boost at a lower cost. priced lower than these competing octane sources. The position Additionally, turbocharged engines are expected to continue of ethanol as the most competitive source of octane on the becoming more prevalent, resulting in growing demand for planet became more apparent than ever. higher-octane gasoline.
10 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Premium Gasoline: Share of Sales and Price Difference vs. Regular
Charged Up with Ethanol 4 WHAT IS OCTANE AND WHY IS IT
Between Difference Price IMPORTANT?
4 4
Retail Price Spread: Premium vs. Regular Wholesale Price Spread: Premium vs. Regular
Source: RFA based on U.S. Energy Information Administration data A fuel’s octane rating is the measure of its ability to resist “knocking” in the engine, which Blending Octane Ratings of Various is caused when the air/fuel Gasoline Octane Boosters Ethanol 114 mixture detonates prematurely
during combustion. According to the Department of Energy, “Using a lower octane fuel than 4 required can cause the engine to run poorly and can damage asoline Blen stock the engine and emissions 84 control system over time.
Octane Rating
It may also void your warranty.”
-
Source: Department of Energy
Octane Blending Value vs Market Price
Source: Argus Media
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 11 RFS Promise Waivering
ince it was passed in 2005 with overwhelming bipartisan Recognizing the success of the program, President Trump support, the foundation of America’s renewable energy promised to support the RFS and assured implementation in a Spolicy has been the Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). manner consistent with the law. Indeed, the Administration has The RFS requires refiners to blend an annually increasing required the full 15-billion-gallon conventional biofuel volume, amount of renewable fuels like ethanol. By any measure, the while also steadily increasing advanced and cellulosic biofuel RFS has been a huge success. It has stimulated investment in requirements. biofuels production and infrastructure, lowered gasoline prices, However, despite the success of the RFS, or perhaps because cut tailpipe pollution, created value-added markets for farmers, of it, former EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt in early 2018 decreased petroleum imports, and reduced carbon emissions. initiated a demand destruction campaign against biofuels that devastated ethanol prices, expanded stocks of both ethanol and RIN credits, and left the industry reeling. Pruitt let 48 oil re- fineries out of their legal obligation to blend renewable fuels in 2016 and 2017, amounting to more than 2.25 billion gallons of renewable fuel, or 12% of the U.S. biofuels industry’s produc- tion capacity.
Small Refiner Exemptions Granted and Associated Fuel Volumes Small Refiner Exemptions Granted and Associated Fuel Volumes
35 16,000
30 14,000
Average U.S. Oil Refinery Cash Operating Margins 12,000 25
10,000 20 20 18 8,000 16 14 15 6,000
12 Exemptions Granted 10 10 Fuel Volume (Million Gallons)
$/Barrel 8 4,000 6 4 5 2,000 2 0 0 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18 Sep-10 Sep-11 Sep-12 Sep-13 Sep-14 Sep-15 Sep-16 Sep-17 Sep-18 May-10 May-11 May-12 May-13 May-14 May-15 May-16 May-17 May-18 Gasoline and Diesel Exempted Number of Exemptions Granted
Source: Muse Stancil Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
12 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Pruitt’s actions came just as ethanol was breaking through the so-called “blend wall,” having hit a record 10.75% blend rate in January. As the marketplace realized the extent of the refinery “We have a statutory volume of exemptions, the blend rate fell to a five-year low of 9.5% in April and averaged well below 10% throughout the rest of the 15 billion gallons, and those waivers year. To maintain markets, ethanol prices were forced to adjust, falling to a 13-year low. Ethanol RIN credit prices fell from reduce that gallon for gallon. around $0.90 in November 2017 to less than $0.10 in Novem- That’s demand destruction.” ber 2018. Those suggesting there has been no impact on ethanol from the small refiner waivers are ignoring reality. USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue Still, with RIN prices at near-record lows, refinery profits skyrocketing, a new Administrator at EPA, and a president remaining steadfast in his support of the RFS, there is reason to be optimistic that Pruitt’s demand destruction policies will end, and the RFS will once again drive economic opportunities for rural America.
Average e a e Weekly ee y Ethanol Et a o (D6) RIN Price P ice U.S. Net Farm Income
140 $140
120 $120
100 $100
80 $80
60 $60 Cents/RIN Billion $
40 $40
20 $20
$0 10 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018F
Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Jul-14 Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 Jan-16 Apr-16 Jul-16 Oct-16 Jan-17 Apr-17 Jul-17 Oct-17 Jan-18 Apr-18 Jul-18 Oct-18 Jan-19 Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Source: OPIS
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 13 Empowering E15
he inexorable march toward higher ethanol blends made But the biggest E15 news came on October 9, when President great strides in 2018, as both marketplace and federal Donald Trump announced he would direct EPA to initiate a Tpolicy initiatives pushed E15 toward a tipping point, rulemaking allowing the year-round use of E15. To this point, where consumers are empowered to choose the higher octane E15 has been severely restricted by EPA’s disparate application lower priced fuel in every state and at all times of the year. of fuel volatility regulations impacting ethanol fuels. With the president’s directive, EPA will extend the same volatility waiver A combination of federal and state infrastructure programs and currently available only to E10 blends in the summer months funding from the industry-sponsored Prime the Pump initia- to E15 as well. That will allow E15 to be sold year-round tive helped increase the number of stations offering E15 at the and greatly expand market opportunities for the higher pump by a third last year, to approximately 1,575 stations across ethanol blend. some 30 states. E15 sales are forecast to be 280 million gallons in 2018, the ethanol content of which would be 42 million If implemented as the president directed, E15 sales could grow gallons. E15 is also increasingly being made available at the significantly next year, perhaps approaching 800 million gallons, terminal, with companies like Growmark Energy now offering utilizing 120 million gallons of ethanol. This represents an blended E15 at their terminals across the Midwest. increase of 40 million gallons over the amount of ethanol that would be contained in an equivalent volume of E10. Of course, EPA allows the use of E15 in all passenger vehicles 2001 and over time, as consumers seek out a higher octane, lower priced newer. But the number of vehicles with expressed warranty fuel for the vehicles, the growth potential for ethanol will grow coverage for E15 continues to grow as well. Last year, Suba- exponentially. ru joined most other auto companies in extending warranty coverage to E15 in its most popular vehicles. Indeed, more than 93 percent of 2019 model year (MY) vehicles are explicitly ap- proved by the manufacturer to use E15, according to the results U.S. Retail Stations Offering E15 of an annual RFA analysis of warranty statements and owner’s 1 575 manuals.
4
4
In the six years since E15 was formally approved for use
by EPA, American drivers have logged over 5 billion - miles on the fuel without a single reported case of 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 "engine damage," misfueling, or inferior performance. Source: RFA
14 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Empowering E15 “We’re going to go to 12 months, which makes a lot of farmers very happy — because we go from 8 months to 12 months, that’s a big difference. That was always unnecessary and ridiculous.”
President Donald Trump
MODEL YEAR U.S. Market 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Share* BMW Group BMW 1.8% Mini1 0.3% Daimler Group (Mercedes-Benz) 2.1% FCA (Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Jeep, Ram) 12.4% Ford Motor Co. (Ford, Lincoln) 14.5% General Motor Co. (Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC) 17.4% Honda Motor Co. (Honda, Acura) 8.8% Hyundai Motor Co. (Hyundai, Kia) 6.7% Mazda Motor Corp. 2.0% Mitsubishi Motors Corp. 0.9% Nissan Motor Co. (Nissan2, Infiniti3) 10.1% Subaru 3.6% Tata Motors (Jaguar, Land Rover) 0.7% Toyota Motor Company Lexus 13.2% Toyota
Volkswagen Group Audi 1.2% Porsche 0.3% Volkswagen 2.0% Volvo Car Group 0.5% All Others 0.5%
E15 Approved by Automaker in ALL Models Source: RFA E15 Approved by Automaker in SOME Models E15 Approved by EPA ONLY; Not Approved by Automaker
* Motor Intelligence (Jan.-Apr. 2018) 1 Approved the use of up to 25% ethanol blends 2 Approved the use of E15 for all models except Infiniti Frontier 3 Approved the use of E15 for all models except Nissan Armada
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 15 Flexing Muscle
lex fuels like E85 enjoyed another strong year of growth in number of stations and gallons sold. This success was Fthanks to incentive programs, low carbon fuel standards and champions in the fuel retailer world. Hundreds of millions of gallons of E85 were sold across 2,478 cities in the country. Unfortunately, not all of the news was positive. The number of flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) remained unchanged from last year What are FLEX FUELS? given the overall reduction in flex fuel vehicle production from automakers. This is already catching the attention of some fuel Flex fuels are gasoline-ethanol blends containing be- retailers. Still, others see great promise for many years to come tween 51-83 percent ethanol (excluding denaturant). in a growing fuel market. Moreover, other flex fuel blends like E30 are growing rapidly as consumers realize what appears to Flex fuels are intended for use in flex fuel vehicles be the optimal blend level for ethanol, maximizing performance (FFVs) only. Historically, flex fuels had been commonly and emissions reduction. referred to as "E85" because prior to 2012, the fuels This growing market for flex fuels is also beginning to be seen were limited to 70-85 percent denatured ethanol in unconventional markets like the tuner and off-road sectors. and E85 was the most popular blend. Today, the They have found E85 for the power, and the overall savings at actual amount of ethanol in the flex fuel depends the pump by utilizing simple conversion technologies available on economics, time of year and fuel specifications. in the marketplace today.
National Average Retail Prices for E10 and E85
3.10 2.90 2.70 2.50 2.30 2.10 1.90 1.70 1.50 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18
E10 E85 Source: E85prices.com
16 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Flexing Muscle
Can you Flex Fuel? The following model year 2019 vehicles are available as Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFVs):
Chrysler 300 (3.6L) Ford E-Series (6.2L) GMC Yukon (5.3L) Chevrolet Express (6.0L) Ford Escape (2.5L) GMC Yukon XL (5.3L) Chevrolet Express (6.0L) Ford Explorer (3.5L) Jeep Cherokee (2.4L) Chevrolet Impala (3.6L) Ford F-150 (3.5L, 5.0L) Jeep Renegade (2.4L) Chevrolet Silverado (5.3L) Ford F-Series Super Duty (6.2L) Mercedes-Benz CLA250 (2.0L) Chevrolet Silverado HD (6.0L) Ford Police Interceptor (3.5L, 3.7L) Mercedes-Benz GLA250 (2.0L) Chevrolet Suburban (5.3L) Ford Taurus (3.5L) Mercedes-Benz GLE350 (3.5L) Chevrolet Tahoe (5.3L) Ford Transit Connect (2.0L) Nissan Frontier (4.0L) Dodge Charger (3.6L) Ford Transit T150 (3.7L) Toyota Tundra (5.7L) Dodge Grand Caravan (3.6L) GMC Savana (6.0L) Dodge Journey (3.6L) GMC Sierra (5.3L) Dodge Ram 1500 (3.6L) GMC Sierra HD (6.0L)
U.S. Retail Stations Offering E85 and Other Flex Fuels 4 500
5,000 4,500 4,000
3,500 3,316 3,000 2,674 2,500 2,078 2,000 1,500 1,000
Number of Stations 762 500 113 188 0 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018
Source: RFA and U.S. Dept. of Energy Sources: RFA and U.S. Dept. of Energy
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 17
Re-Fueling Knowledge
FA launched a “Fuel Your Knowledge” campaign in The Fuel Your Knowledge campaign included RFA’s sponsor- 2018 to correct misinformation and provide up to date, ship of the Crappie Masters National Tournament Trail, putting Rinformed material about the effects of ethanol on motor ethanol in the spotlight for anglers across the country. Crappie cycles, boats, and small engines. Masters hosts 18 tournaments across 9 states, from Florida, to Texas, to Illinois. The events are televised and covered by countless angler and boating publications. The message of this effort was unambiguous – E10 is safe for your boat and the environment; and provides increased performance at lower cost.
18 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION The use of the new motorcycle did not stop there. For the tenth straight year, RFA returned to the Black Hills of South Dakota for the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally and promoted ethanol to over 500,000 bikers. The custom E85 motorcycle built by Paul Jr. participated in the Legends Ride and was on display all week during other RFA promotions. The RFA motorcycle has since participated in countless events and promotions across the country.
RFA also took the E10 compatibility story to the motorcycle community. RFA worked with the Discovery Channel’s American Chopper and Paul Teutel, Jr. to build a custom E85 chopper. The show highlighted ethanol’s impact to the econ- omy and the environment and Paul Jr. even toured an ethanol plant, expressing support for the benefits of ethanol for both cyclists and farmers. The show was broadcasted to over 200 countries in over 90 languages and is still being played globally today.
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 19 Value-added Processing
he production of ethanol is among man’s earliest In DRY MILLING, the entire grain kernel is first ground into ventures into value-added processing. Henry Ford and “meal,” then slurried with water to form a “mash.” Enzymes TAlexander Graham Bell were among the first to recog- are added to the mash to convert starch to sugar. The mash nize that the plentiful sugars found in plants could be easily and is cooked, then cooled and transferred to fermenters. Yeast inexpensively converted into clean-burning, renewable fuel. is added and the conversion of sugar to alcohol begins. After fermentation, the resulting “beer” is separated from While the production concept remains the same, today’s ethanol the remaining “stillage.” The ethanol is then distilled and industry uses state-of-the-art technologies to produce high- dehydrated, then blended with about 2% denaturant (such as octane ethanol and valuable co-products from the starches and gasoline) to render it undrinkable. It is then ready for shipment. sugars found in grains, beverage and food waste, and cellulosic The stillage is sent through a centrifuge that separates the biomass. solids from the solubles. These co-products eventually become More than 90% of the U.S. fuel ethanol is produced using the distillers grains, as well as corn distillers oil. dry mill process, with the remaining 9% coming from wet mills. In WET MILLING, the grain is first separated into its basic The main difference between the two processes is in the initial components through soaking. After steeping, the slurry is treatment of the grain. processed through grinders to separate the corn germ. The remaining fiber, gluten and starch components are further segregated. The gluten component (protein) is filtered and dried to produce animal feed. The remaining starch can then be fermented into ethanol, using a process like the dry mill process. On average, 1 bushel of corn (56 pounds) processed by a dry mill ethanol biorefinery produces: • 2.86 gallons of denatured fuel ethanol • 15.9 pounds of distillers grains animal feed (10% moisture) • 0.75 pounds of corn distillers oil • 16.5 pounds of biogenic carbon dioxide U.S. Fuel Ethanol Production by Technology Type
In 2018, ethanol biorefineries captured more than 2.8 million tons of CO2, which was used for bottling, food processing, dry ice production and other uses.
Source: RFA based on data from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Source: RFA based on data from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
20 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Value-added Processing
Dry Mill Ethanol Process
ai ecei i a d to a e i i Coo i Liquefaction Fermentation
Dried Distillers Grains ye Bottling, y ce a d Ot e e Distillers ai to i e toc a d Po t y y p a E apo ato i id
Distillers Ce t i e ai to Corn Distillers Oil a et Distillation eed
iodie e
Wet Distillers Grains o id e at a t
Et a o to a et Et a o e ded Et a o to a e o ec a ie e a o i e to Co e
Source: RFA
U.S. Ethanol Production Capacity by Feedstock Type
4
Source: RFA Source: RFA based on data from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 21 Technology Powers Innovation
ecause of improvements in production efficiencies and Cellulosic ethanol presents an exciting and tangible economic the use of “new” feedstocks, today’s ethanol biorefinery opportunity for ethanol producers, as the fuel’s greater Boperates much like a chemical refinery, able to produce greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions result in a price premium multiple renewable fuels and products. Some biorefineries are under the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) and producing biodiesel and renewable diesel from corn distillers oil, the federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). However, the U.S. but the largest impact has been in corn kernel fiber production. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must act to address questions pertaining to corn kernel fiber D3 eligibility under The addition of “bolt-on” technologies has allowed producers the RFS. Producers are ready and able to produce corn fiber to expand yields by processing ethanol from corn fiber, a ethanol and are growing increasingly frustrated by the slow cellulosic portion of the grain. New corn fiber technology progress to approve pathways and registrations at EPA. allows a greater portion of the corn kernel – the fiber - to be converted to ethanol, allowing biorefineries to increase yields Importantly, reforms to the 45Q carbon capture credit as part while producing both cellulosic ethanol and starch ethanol of the 2017 tax reform bill have made the economics for carbon from the same feedstock. Unleashing corn kernel fiber ethanol capture storage more favorable, as well as for the delivery of production could result in existing ethanol plants producing carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery efforts, which could hundreds of millions of gallons of cellulosic ethanol from this drive the development of carbon dioxide pipelines. The credit single stream of agricultural residue in the near term. will also help producers meet requirements for low carbon fuels, such as California’s LCFS market.
- 4
Renewable Liquefied Natural Gas Octane Rating
22 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Technology Powers Innovation
BIOFUELS REDUCING CARBON .
To date, ethanol is responsible for 45% of the total greenhouse gas reduction occur- ring under the LCFS program. Between 2011-2017, 10.6 billion gallons of ethanol were consumed in California, resulting in 15.5 million metric tons of CO2 reduction. 96% of the ethanol used was produced from corn and sorghum. Amendments to the LCFS scheduled to go into effect Jan- uary 1, 2019, will result in further reduc- Quad County Corn Processors, Galva, Iowa. QCCP was the first plant in the country to tions in carbon intensity for corn ethanol commercially produce ethanol from cellulose. pathways. The amendments recognize further carbon reductions from lower corn farming and fertilizer emissions, lower electricity emissions, and an increased Total D3 RINs Generated soybean meal displacement credit for dried distillers grains with solubles.
California LCFS Credit Percentage by Fuel Q1 2011 - Q2 2018
4 - 4 4
Renewable Liquefied Natural Gas Octane Rating Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and RFA
Source: California Air Resources Board (CARB) and RFA
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 23 Powering Energy Dominance
nergy security remains a significant concern for the U.S., but thanks in part to homegrown ethanol, Americans are Eimporting less petroleum, helping the nation rein in oil “The American energy renaissance is pressing forward with imports for the transportation sector. On a net basis, U.S. depen- stunning speed…. American energy dominance means the dence on imported crude oil and petroleum products fell to just end of our crippling dependence on foreign energy, and 14 percent in 2018, due in part to booming domestic production. that our industries have access to reliable, affordable, and However, without the addition of 16.1 billion gallons of ethanol diverse energy supplies that enable them to compete in the to the domestic fuel supply, U.S. import dependence would have global marketplace. Increasing energy security is also been 20 percent. In other words, without ethanol’s contribution, ushering in a new era of American leadership around the it would have taken an additional 594 million barrels of imported world as we export more of our energy bounty to friends crude oil to meet America’s petroleum needs! and allies abroad, freeing them from hostile dependence.” While progress has been made to boost U.S. energy security, more
needs to be done. The nation still transfers a significant amount President Trump in his Presidential Proclamation on of money to the OPEC cartel. In 2018, the U.S. sent a collec- National Energy Awareness Month, Sept. 28, 2018 tive $54 billion, or $425 per household, to countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Venezuela and Nigeria to OPEC to pay for crude oil imports. Energy security is one of the main drivers behind the Renewable Fuel Standard and why it remains critical the program stays in place and grows over time, providing consumers with more choices at the pump and shoring up domestic energy usage.
U.S. Petroleum Net Import Dependence with and without Ethanol
70% 61% 60% 54% 58% 50% 53% 45% 40% 20% 40% 30% 14% 20% 10% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018*
Actual Import Dependence Import Dependence Without Ethanol
On a net basis (i.e., after accounting for U.S. exports), the United States relied on imports to meet 14% of its petroleum demand in 2018. Without the contribution of 16.1 billion gallons of ethanol, U.S. import dependence would have been equivalent to 20% of petroleum demand.
Source: RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Energy data *Estimated
24 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Powering Energy Dominance
U.S. Crude Oil Production and Imports 351 711
360,000
340,000
320,000
300,000 248 002 280,000
260,000
240,000 Thousand Barrels Thousand 220,000
200,000
180,000 Jul-2018 Jul-2017 Jul-2016 Jul-2015 Jul-2014 Jul-2013 Jan-2018 Jan-2017 Jan-2016 Jan-2015 Jan-2014 Jan-2013 Apr-2018 Apr-2017 Apr-2016 Apr-2015 Apr-2014 Apr-2013 Oct-2018 Oct-2017 Oct-2016 Oct-2015 Oct-2014 Oct-2013
U.S. Crude Oil Production U.S. Crude Oil Imports (Gross)
While U.S. crude oil production has increased to over 350 million barrels per month, our nation still imports about 240 million barrels per month on a gross basis.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Energy Transferring American Wealth to OPEC Even though U.S. oil production has increased in recent years, our nation’s economy still transfers tens of billions of dollars every year to the OPEC cartel. In 2018 alone, the U.S. sent some $54 billion--roughly $425 per American household--to OPEC nations to pay for crude oil imports.
U.S. Spending on OPEC Nation Crude Oil Imports Historic Oil Import Displacement by Ethanol (Billion $) Saudi Arabia $15.4 594 Iraq $12.9 Venezuela $9.6 4 4 Nigeria $4.3 4 4 4 4 Ecuador $3.9 Angola $2.4 4 Kuwait $1.9 Algeria $1.3 Libya $1.6 Other OPEC $0.6 TOTAL $53.9
- 4 RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Energy data
Source: RFA based on U.S. Dept. of Energy data *Estimated
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 25 Empowering Consumers
he debunked “food vs. fuel” myth drifted another year Yet, financial conditions remained tenuous for crop producers. farther into the rearview mirror in 2018. In the U.S., Trade tensions affected crop exports, with soybeans particularly Tfarmers harvested the second-largest corn crop ever and affected. Demand for ethanol was affected by trade actions as shattered the previous record for soybean production. well, along with large-scale grants to refineries of exemptions from the RFS, which contributed to weak production levels in the fourth quarter and thereby affected corn demand. Globally, World Oil Prices Drive Global Food Prices crop inventories remained ample. As crop prices languished, the share of each dollar U.S. consum- World Food Price Index Brent Crude Oil Price ($/Barrel) ers spend on food that goes to pay for farm products receded 250 further to 15% in 2018. 225
200 Meanwhile, the U.S. animal protein sector continued the strong
175 expansion it has experienced over the last few years. Production
150 of meat and poultry, other than beef, has expanded relatively
125 steadily over the long term, other than a correction during the
100 2009 financial crisis (following a surge in 2008). After stagnat-
75 ing for a number of years, beef production also began expanding UN FAO Food Price (Index) Price Food UN FAO Brent Crude Oil Price ($/Barrel) Oil Price Crude Brent 50 in 2016 Such growth is facilitated not only by ample supplies
25 of grains and oilseed meals, but also by the availability of
0 high-quality feed co-products from the ethanol industry. Jul-05 Jul-06 Jul-07 Jul-08 Jul-09 Jul-10 Jul-11 Jul-12 Jul-13 Jul-14 Jul-15 Jul-16 Jul-17 Jul-18 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17 Jan-18
Source: United Nations Food & Agriculture Org. and U.S. Dept. of Energy
What Does $1 Spent on Food Really Pay for? Average Annual Food Inflation Rates by Decade
Farm Transportation, Energy, Labor, Packaging, Advertising, Etc. Ingredients 9% 7.8% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4.6% 4% 1.7% 2.8% 2.9% 3% 2% 1% Year-On-Year Food In ation Food Year-On-Year 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 0% 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 15% 85%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
26 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Empowering Consumers
Meanwhile, retail food price inflation rates continued to be sub- dued. U.S. food prices were just 1 percent higher in 2018 than in 2017, lower than the “headline” inflation rate for the overall economy. Annual average food price inflation has averaged just 2.2 percent since 2005 when the RFS was enacted, a significant deceleration from prior decades.
Globally, the world food price index maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was on track to finish 2018 as the second lowest level since 2009. Due to the remarkable productivity of farmers in the U.S. and globally, consumers are able to purchase both food and fuel at reasonable prices, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Average Annual Food Inflation Rates by Decade U.S. Food Price Inflation and Ethanol Production
9% 18,000 8% 16,000 7% 14,000 6% 12,000 5% 10,000 4% 8,000
3% 6,000 Million Gallons 2% 4,000
Year-On-Year Food In ation Food Year-On-Year 1% 2,000 0% - )/( $ )/( ) )/( " )/( , )/( & )/( - )/( ' )/( . )/( ( )/( / )// $ )// ) )// " )// , )// & )// - )// ' )// . )// ( )// / "$$ $ "$$ ) "$$ " "$$ , "$$ & "$$ - "$$ ' "$$ . "$$ ( "$$ / "$) $ "$) ) "$) " "$) , "$) & "$) - "$) ' "$) . "$)( 0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118*
Year-Over-Year In ation Rate (Left Axis) Ethanol Production (Right Axis) In ation Rate Trend
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and RFA *Estimated
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 27 Clearing the Air
ince the signature of the Clean Air Act Amendments by Recently, this has allowed the ethanol industry to contribute President George H.W. Bush in 1990, ethanol has been extensively to meeting California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard Sused to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles, (LCFS). The estimated carbon intensity of starch-based ethanol with considerable success. The use of ethanol also has contributed used toward the LCFS has declined by 21% since implementa- to the reduction of other criteria pollutants, such as nitrogen tion in 2011. oxides and fine particulate matter. Moreover, according to the U.S. Departments of Energy and Ag- The expansion of ethanol usage following the establishment of riculture, corn ethanol from a typical dry mill has 40-45 percent the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) in the mid-2000s resulted in lower GHG emissions than gasoline. This includes theoretical further declines in emissions of these pollutants. emissions from land-use change, even though the EPA estimates that agricultural land use in the United States has declined since At the same time, ethanol production efficiency has continued to legislation establishing the current version of the RFS was enact- improve, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions associ- ed in 2007. ated with ethanol compared to gasoline have continued to grow. Plants that are ultimately made into biofuels absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow, and that same amount of carbon dioxide is re-released when the biofuel is produced and combusted in an engine. In this way, ethanol and other biofuels simply recycle atmospheric carbon.
By displacing hydrocarbon substances like aromatics in gasoline, ethanol helps reduce emissions of air toxics, along with partic- ulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and exhaust hydrocarbons. These pollutants cause smog and ground-level
Ca o ozone and adversely affect human health. dioxide a o ed Cutting these emissions results in lower incidence of respiratory y io a illness and asthma, heart disease, lung disease and cancer – and c op ultimately fewer premature deaths.
Ca o Ca o Biofuels The use of ethanol in gasoline in 2018 reduced i io a dioxide co e ted e ea ed a CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions from the Carbon to i id e Cycle io e transportation sector by 55.1 million metric tons. That’s equivalent to removing 11.7 million cars from the road for an entire year, or eliminating the annual i id emissions from 13 coal-fired power plants. io e co ted Source: RFA analysis using U.S. Dept. of Energy GREET model to po e e ic e
28 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION Emissions from All Highway Vehicles
4 4
U.S. EPA Determination of Agricultural Land Use vs. 2007 Baseline 405 400 395 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 390
385 Carbon Monoxide
380 4
375
Million Acres Million 370
365 4 360 - - 355
350 4 Nitrogen Oxides Source: RFA using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data
4 Carbon Intensity of Starch-based Ethanol in California Gasoline
90 4 85 - - 80 e MJ) 2 75
70 Particulate Matter 2.5, Primary 65 60
55 Carbon Intensity (gCO Carbon Intensity 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 4 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 - - Source: RFA using CARB data
Note: LDVs=light duty vehicles
Source: RFA using CARB and EPA data
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 29 Energetic Advocacy
ith more than 37 years of effective advocacy in RFA’s advocacy extends beyond Washington, D.C., to promote Washington, the RFA is recognized on Capitol ethanol export markets, inform consumers about the benefits of WHill and throughout the regulatory agencies as higher octane lower carbon fuel, and with the media. the go-to source for credible, timely, and valuable information The RFA is a producer-led organization. Every producer mem- about the U.S. ethanol industry. The RFA regularly participates ber has a seat and an equal vote on the Board of Directors and in congressional hearings, administrative hearings, judicial helps to set the mission and agenda of the association. The RFA proceedings and public forums where ethanol issues are being is known for its technical acumen and focus on the issues affect- discussed. Whether in testimony before the Environmental ing plant profitability. That can be best seen in the work of its Protection Agency on the proposed rules implementing the various Committees, each of which is led by a member expert. RFS, before Congress giving the industry’s perspective on draft legislation, or before the courts arguing to restore lost demand due to EPA’s indiscriminate use of its RFS waiver authority, the RFA proudly and passionately advocates for expanded market opportunities for ethanol.
The RFA Technical Committee focuses on fuel specifi- The RFA Plant & Employee Safety Committeeleads cations and standards development by ASTM International, the industry in advocating safe practices in ethanol production, National Conference of Weights and Measures, regulatory storage and handling, transportation, and use. Committee bodies, and other organizations. Committee members monitor members monitor and share information on hazardous materi- technical issues impacting day-to-day plant operations, such as als, safety standards, and federal and state safety regulations. The storage and handling, transportation, and fuel quality, as well Committee also supports continuing education for every link of as state and regional regulations and international blending the ethanol supply chain. practices. Committee Chair: Joe Oswalt, E Energy Adams, LLC Committee Chair: Cathy Woodliff, The Andersons Albion Ethanol LLC The RFA Environmental Compliance Committee examines and educates industry stakeholders on the implemen- The RFA Co-Products Committee focuses on issues tation of environmental regulations for production, storage and relevant to co-products from ethanol production, including handling, and transportation of ethanol. The committee tackles distillers grains, corn distillers oil, corn gluten, carbon dioxide complex regulatory issues and provides guidance to members. and other products. Committee members address operational Committee Chair: Steve Schleicher, Pinnacle Engineering, Inc. and regulatory issues concerning production, storage and handling, transportation, international trade, animal nutrition, The Renewable Fuels PAC builds a stronger voice for and animal feed safety. American-made renewable fuels on Capitol Hill. Organized Committee Chair: Sean Broderick, CHS, Inc. and operated by RFA members and staff, this Political Action Committee promotes consistent and forward-looking public policy essential to the growth and evolution of the industry by focusing on federal election activity.
Committee Chair: Randall Doyal, Al-Corn Clean Fuel, LLC
30 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION
Energetic Advocacy
2019 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 31 RFA MISSION Drive expanded production and use of American-made renewable fuels and bio-products worldwide.
RFA EXPERTISE
Public Policy & Regulation Trade Policy & Export Promotion Fuel Ethanol Technical Issues Safety Training & Emergency Response Ethanol Market Development Communications, Media & Public Relations Research & Economic Analysis Consumer Advertising, Promotions & Education
RFA STAFF
St. Louis, MO Geoff Cooper President and CEO RFF MISSION Kelly Davis Vice President of Regulatory Affairs
Scott Richman Chief Economist Meet the research and education needs of the
Ann Lewis Research Analyst U.S. fuel ethanol industry.
Jacqueline Pohlman Manager of Member Relations Kelsey Quargnenti Digital Marketing Coordinator RFF FOCUS Other Midwest Staff Collaboration with academia, industry, and public policymakers on new uses, feedstocks, and technologies to promote a growing and Robert White Vice President of Industry Relations sustainable renewable fuels industry. Cassie Mullen Director of Market Development
Missy Ruff Technical Services Manager RFF BOARD OF DIRECTORS Washington, DC Bob Dinneen Senior Strategic Advisor Chairman Dana Lewis, Redfield Energy, LLC Jessica Bennett Vice President, Government & External Affairs
Edward S. Hubbard, Jr. General Counsel Vice Chairman
Rachel Gantz Communications Director Chris Wilson, Mid-Missouri Energy Inc.
Mary Giglio Director of Special Projects & Events Treasurer Connor Hamburg Director of Government Affairs Mike Jerke, Southwest Iowa Renewable Energy, LLC
Tony Dennis Office Manager
Go to EthanolRFA.org/staff for full bios and contact info.
32 RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION RFA Associate Members
Advanced Fuel Dynamics Eco-Energy Inc. Kansas Corn Growers Association Phibro Ethanol Performance Group advancedfueldynamics.com eco-energy.com kscorn.com/kcga ethanolperformancegroup.com AgMotion Inc. Edeniq Inc. KATZEN International Inc. Pinnacle Engineering Inc. agmotion.com edeniq.com katzen.com pineng.com Applied Material Solutions Inc. ERI Solutions Inc. K•Coe Isom Protec Fuel Management LLC appliedmaterialsolutions.com erisolutions.com kcoe.com protecfuel.com BASF Enzymes LLC Fagen Inc. Lallemand Biofuels & Distilled Spirits PRX Geographic Inc. basf.com fageninc.com lallemandbds.com prxgeo.com BetaTec Hop Products Inc. Farm Credit Services of America Lesaffre Advanced Fermentations—Leaf Renewable Fuels Nebraska betatec.com fcsamerica.com lesaffreadvancedfermentations.com renewablefuelsne.com Bioleap Inc. Fluid-Quip Process Technologies Merjent Inc. Renew Kansas bioleap.com fqptech.com merjent.com renewkansas.com Buckman Fremont Industries LLC Minnesota Bio-Fuels Association Renewable Products Marketing buckman.com fremontind.com mnbiofuels.org Group LLC rpmgllc.com Christianson PLLP GROWMARK Inc. Minnesota Corn Growers Association christiansoncpa.com growmark.com mncorn.org RSM US LLP rsmus.com CoBank Hartland Fuel Products Missouri Corn Merchandising Council cobank.com hartlandfuels.com mocorn.org Syngenta US syngenta-us.com Colorado Corn Growers Association Hawkeye Gold LLC, a subsidiary of J.D. Murex LLC coloradocorn.com Heiskell & Co. murexltd.com TrinityRail heiskell.com trinityrail.com COFCO NALCO Water cofco.com/en/ Hydro-Klean LLC ecolab.com/nalco-water USD Group hydro-klean.com usdg.com Compeer Financial National Corn Growers Association compeer.com ICM Inc. ncga.com U.S. Water icminc.com uswaterservices.com CTE Global Inc. Nebraska Corn Board cte-global.com Innospec Fuel Specialties LLC nebraskacorn.gov Whitefox Technologies Ltd. innospecinc.com whitefox.com D3MAX LLC Nebraska Ethanol Board d3maxllc.com INTL FCStone Inc. ethanol.nebraska.gov Wisconsin Agri-Business Association intlfcstone.com wiagribusiness.org DuPont Industrial Biosciences Novozymes biosciences.dupont.com Iowa Renewable Fuels Association novozymes.com/en/solutions/bioenergy Wisconsin BioFuels Association iowarfa.org wibiofuels.org DyStar Foam Control Ohio Corn Marketing Program dystar.com Kansas Corn Commission ohiocornandwheat.org kscorn.com/kcc
RFA Supporting Members
Agricultural Retailers Association Iowa Central Fuel Testing Laboratory Minnesota Department of Agriculture Steele-Waseca Cooperative Electric aradc.org iowafuellab.com mda.state.mn.us swce.coop Bemidji (MN) State University Iowa Corn Growers Association Mississippi State University Dept. Texas Renewable Energy Industries bemidjistate.edu iowacorn.org of Forestry Alliance cfr.msstate.edu/forestry treia.org Bismarck State College Jamestown/Stutsman https://bismarckstate.edu/ Development Corp. Missouri Corn Growers Association United Association growingjamestown.com/jsdc mocorn.org ua.org Colorado Farm Bureau coloradofarmbureau.com Kentucky Corn Promotion Council Morton College United Sorghum Checkoff Program kycorn.org/ky-corn-promotion-council morton.edu sorghumcheckoff.com Corn Marketing Program of Michigan micorn.org/cmpm Kentucky Energy and Environment National Corn-to-Ethanol Water Assurance Technology Energy Cabinet—Office of Energy Policy Research Center Resources Distillers Grains Technology Council energy.ky.gov ethanolresearch.com waterc3.com distillersgrains.org Maryland Grain Producers Utilization National Sorghum Producers Wisconsin Pipe Trades Association EPAC (Ethanol Producers and Consumers) Board sorghumgrowers.com wipipetrades.org ethanolmt.org marylandgrain.org North Dakota Corn Council Great Falls Development Authority Inc. Michigan State University Dept. of ndcorn.org/corncouncil gfdevelopment.org Agricultural, Food and Resource South Dakota Corn Growers Association Economics Illinois Corn Marketing Board sdcorn.org ilcorn.org canr.msu.edu/afre South Dakota Corn Utilization Council Minnesota Corn Research & Promotion Indiana Corn Marketing Council sdcorn.org incorn.org/icmc Council mncorn.org ST. LOUIS WASHINGTON, DC
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