Advanced Biofuel Policies in Select Eu Member States: 2018 Update
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Evaluation of the Combustion Characteristics of Four Perennial Energy Crops (Arundo Donax, Cynara Cardunculus, Miscanthus X Giganteus and Panicum Virgatum)
2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 10-14 May 2004, Rome, Italy EVALUATION OF THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR PERENNIAL ENERGY CROPS (ARUNDO DONAX, CYNARA CARDUNCULUS, MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS AND PANICUM VIRGATUM) Jonas Dahl & Ingwald Obernberger Institute of Resource Efficient and Sustainable Systems, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25, A - 8010 Graz, Austria, Tel.: +43 (0)316 481300, Fax: +43 (0)316 481300 4; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The perennial crops giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus and cardoon were investigated in laboratory- scale and pilot-scale combustion test runs. Laboratory-scale test runs were conducted in a fixed bed pot reactor monitoring the temperature in the fuel bed and the release of gaseous components while pilot-scale test runs where conducted in a 150 kWth rotating grate fired combustion plant measuring formed emissions of CO, NOX, SO2, HCl, and particulates as well as performing deposit probe measurements. The results revealed that the high concentration of ash and slag forming elements such as Si, K and Ca cause severe problems regarding slagging if not specially considered during combustion. Moreover, high concentrations of N are another challenge regarding measures in order to avoid high emissions of NOx. Moreover, also HCl and SO2 emissions are considerably higher compared to wood fuels due to the higher concentrations of Cl and S in these fuels. Keywords: biomass characteristics, biomass conversion, cynara cardonculus, giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus 1 INTRODUCTION combustion unit (nominal boiler capacity 150 kWth) were carried out with larger amounts (2-4 tons) of Due to the limited availability of wood fuels, in pelletised switch grass and chopped giant reed and southern Europe, high yield energy crops could give an chopped miscanthus (MI). -
Jorge Perez-Lopez
FOOD VS. FUEL: A FALSE DILEMMA FOR CUBA—A SURVEY OF THE ISSUE Antonio Gayoso The objective of this essay is broadly to assess the and biodiesel. Currently, strong interest in the pro- factors that determine whether the production of duction of biofuels derives from several factors. To biofuels from biomass could be viable in Cuba and wit: whether it could compete with food production. This question is important in view of the significant First, the high price of oil prevalent during the past decreases that have occurred in Cuba’s agricultural few years, as the result of supply limitations agreed and food production during the past several decades. upon by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In addition, the world is experi- In particular, shortages of staple food products have encing an apparently insatiable demand for hydrocar- characterized the last twenty years and, although bons, spearheaded by countries such as China and famine conditions have never materialized, the coun- India. High oil prices have enhanced the economic try has had to import foodstuffs it used to produce viability of producing biofuels. before. In 2006, according to the Communist Party official newspaper Granma, Cuba commercially im- Second, has been the growing consensus, now sup- ported nearly 85 percent of its food needs. For more ported by scientific evidence, about the impact of hy- than a decade, it has also depended on food dona- drocarbon consumption on climate change. Indeed, tions from the United Nations World Food Program most scientists now believe that continuous and in- (WFP) to feed more than 700,000 families in the five creasing use of hydrocarbons is a major factor in eastern-most provinces. -
Sustainable Biofuel Contributions to Carbon Mitigation and Energy Independence
Forests 2011, 2, 861-874; doi:10.3390/f2040861 OPEN ACCESS forests ISSN 1999-4907 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Article Sustainable Biofuel Contributions to Carbon Mitigation and Energy Independence Bruce Lippke 1,*, Richard Gustafson 1, Richard Venditti 2, Timothy Volk 3, Elaine Oneil 1, Leonard Johnson 4, Maureen Puettmann 5 and Phillip Steele 6 1 Anderson Hall, Room 107, School of Forest Resources, College of Environment, University of Washington, P.O. Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (E.O.) 2 Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Leonard Johnson and Associates, 1205 Kamiaken, Moscow, ID 83843, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC, 8200 NW Chaparral Drive, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Forest Products, Building 1, Room 1201, Department of Forest Products, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9820, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-206-543-8684; Fax: +1-206-685-0790. Received: 17 August 2011; in revised form: 25 September 2011 / Accepted: 27 September 2011 / Published: 19 October 2011 Abstract: The growing interest in US biofuels has been motivated by two primary national policy goals, (1) to reduce carbon emissions and (2) to achieve energy independence. -
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory Suggested Citation Johnson, Caley, Anelia Milbrandt, and Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe. 2020. Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-76011. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/76011.pdf NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. 15013 Denver West Parkway Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NOTICE This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of State. -
Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines (PDF)
JULY 2014 NRDC REPORT R:14-04-A Biofuel Sustainability Performance Guidelines Report prepared for the Natural Resources Defense Council by LMI Acknowledgments NRDC thanks the Packard Foundation and the Energy Foundation for the generous contributions that made this report possible. NRDC acknowledges the role of LMI in preparing this report and thanks LMI for its impartial insights and key role in its analysis, design and production. LMI is a McLean, Va.-based 501(c)(3) not-for-profit government management consultancy. About NRDC The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is an international nonprofit environmental organization with more than 1.4 million members and online activists. Since 1970, our lawyers, scientists, and other environmental specialists have worked to protect the world's natural resources, public health, and the environment. NRDC has offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Bozeman, MT, and Beijing. Visit us at www.nrdc.org and follow us on Twitter @NRDC. NRDC’s policy publications aim to inform and influence solutions to the world’s most pressing environmental and public health issues. For additional policy content, visit our online policy portal at www.nrdc.org/policy. NRDC Director of Communications: Lisa Benenson NRDC Deputy Director of Communications: Lisa Goffredi NRDC Policy Publications Director: Alex Kennaugh Design and Production: www.suerossi.com © Natural Resources Defense Council 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Biofuels in a Changing World
Biofuels in a Changing World Carol Werner, Executive Director Environmental and Energy Study Institute Presentation for Biofuels and the Promise for Sustainable Energy Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil August 2007 Abstract : The twin drivers of oil security and climate change have pushed biofuels into the forefront of US national energy policy. The industry has grown rapidly, and at this point is based upon corn ethanol and soy biodiesel. A variety of policy proposals are before the US Congress in terms of major pending energy and agriculture legislation which would greatly advance the role of biofuels. At the same time concerns have been raised about the cost of such proposals, the sustainability of biofuel production, potential competition with food, animal feed and other crops as well as land use issues. Biofuels represent an important piece of the solution to the challenges of a world facing climate change and oil security concerns – but are not a silver bullet. Instead, they must be part of a ‘sustainable’ strategy that works in tandem with other policies that will allow us to address multiple issues to achieve multiple benefits at the same time. Key elements that must be addressed include diversification of feedstocks that are appropriate to given regions based upon local soil, precipitation, low inputs and climate conditions; encouragement of local ownership so that local economic activity is enhanced; and development of new technologies and biorefineries that will promote high efficiency and a low/no net carbon emission life cycle. Without addressing these issues carefully and thoughtfully – whether in the United States, Brazil or other countries moving forward on biofuels – we run the risk of jeopardizing public consensus for long-term support of biofuels as well as jeopardizing the long term environmentally sustainable economic development that is critical to the well-being of our societies and our planet. -
Ecology and Management of Arundo Donax, and Approaches to Riparian Habitat Restoration in Southern California
ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ARUNDO DONAX, AND APPROACHES TO RIPARIAN HABITAT RESTORATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Gary P. Bell The Nature Conservancy of New Mexico, 212 E. Marcy Street, Suite 200, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA Abstract By far the greatest threat to the dwindling riparian resources of coastal southern California is the alien grass species known as Arundo donax. Over the last 25 years the riparian forests of coastal southern California have become infested with A. donax which has spread by flood-fragmentation and dispersal of vegetative propagules. Arundo donax dramatically alters the ecological/successional processes in riparian systems and ultimately moves most riparian habitats towards pure stands of this alien grass. By current estimates there are tens of thousands of acres of A. donax along the major coastal drainage systems of southern California, including the Santa Ana, Santa Margarita, Ventura, Santa Clara, San Diego, and San Luis Rey rivers. The removal of A. donax from these systems provides numerous downstream benefits in terms of native species habitat, wildfire protection, water quantity and water quality. Introduction Arundo L. is a genus of tall perennial reed-like grasses (Poaceae) with six species native to warmer parts of the Old World. Arundo donax L. (giant reed, bamboo reed, giant reed grass, arundo grass, donax cane, giant cane, river cane, bamboo cane, canne de Provence), is the largest member of the genus and is among the largest of the grasses, growing to a height of 8 m (Fig. 1). This species is believed to be native to freshwaters of eastern Asia (Polunin and Huxley 1987), but has been cultivated throughout Asia, southern Europe, north Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years and has been planted widely in North and South America and Australasia in the past century (Perdue 1958, Zohary 1962). -
Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J
HO-79 Ornamental Grasses for Kentucky Landscapes Lenore J. Nash, Mary L. Witt, Linda Tapp, and A. J. Powell Jr. any ornamental grasses are available for use in resi- Grasses can be purchased in containers or bare-root Mdential and commercial landscapes and gardens. This (without soil). If you purchase plants from a mail-order publication will help you select grasses that fit different nursery, they will be shipped bare-root. Some plants may landscape needs and grasses that are hardy in Kentucky not bloom until the second season, so buying a larger plant (USDA Zone 6). Grasses are selected for their attractive foli- with an established root system is a good idea if you want age, distinctive form, and/or showy flowers and seedheads. landscape value the first year. If you order from a mail- All but one of the grasses mentioned in this publication are order nursery, plants will be shipped in spring with limited perennial types (see Glossary). shipping in summer and fall. Grasses can be used as ground covers, specimen plants, in or near water, perennial borders, rock gardens, or natu- Planting ralized areas. Annual grasses and many perennial grasses When: The best time to plant grasses is spring, so they have attractive flowers and seedheads and are suitable for will be established by the time hot summer months arrive. fresh and dried arrangements. Container-grown grasses can be planted during the sum- mer as long as adequate moisture is supplied. Cool-season Selecting and Buying grasses can be planted in early fall, but plenty of mulch Select a grass that is right for your climate. -
Bringing Biofuels on the Market
Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Report Delft, July 2013 Author(s): Bettina Kampman (CE Delft) Ruud Verbeek (TNO) Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft) Pim van Mensch (TNO) Harry Croezen (CE Delft) Artur Patuleia (TNO) Publication Data Bibliographical data: Bettina Kampman (CE Delft), Ruud Verbeek (TNO), Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft), Pim van Mensch (TNO), Harry Croezen (CE Delft), Artur Patuleia (TNO) Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Delft, CE Delft, July 2013 Fuels / Renewable / Blends / Increase / Market / Scenarios / Policy / Technical / Measures / Standards FT: Biofuels Publication code: 13.4567.46 CE Delft publications are available from www.cedelft.eu Commissioned by: The European Commission, DG Energy. Further information on this study can be obtained from the contact person, Bettina Kampman. Disclaimer: This study Bringing biofuels on the market. Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits was produced for the European Commission by the consortium of CE Delft and TNO. The views represented in the report are those of its authors and do not represent the views or official position of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. © copyright, CE Delft, Delft CE Delft Committed to the Environment CE Delft is an independent research and consultancy organisation specialised in developing structural and innovative solutions to environmental problems. CE Delft’s solutions are characterised in being politically feasible, technologically sound, economically prudent and socially equitable. -
Ethanol and the Environment: Delivering on the Promise of a Sustainable Biofuel by Nathanael Greene*
Ethanol and the Environment: Delivering on the Promise of a Sustainable Biofuel By Nathanael Greene* Introduction The United States has just 3 percent of the world’s oil reserves, and domestic production has been declining since 1970. Demand is soaring–driven largely by the transportation sector, which is 97 per- cent reliant on oil. As a result, we are forced to import 60 percent of our oil, and by 2025, we will import nearly 70 percent. Our depen- dence funnels billions of dollars to shaky and hostile regions, and defense and foreign policy experts increasingly point to our oil addiction as a national security emergency. In addition America’s cars, trucks, and buses account for 27 per- cent of U.S. global warming pollution, as well as soot and smog that damage human lungs, and oil price spikes have preceded each of the major recessions over the last 30 years. Oil is the Achilles’ heel of America’s security and economy and threatens the environment we want to leave to our children. Biofuels, especially ethanol derived from the cellulosic part of plants rather than just the starch, are the most promising alternative fuels for the transportation sector. Replacing oil with biofuels would allow us to reinvest billions of dollars in our factories and farms. If we start now on an aggressive plan to develop and deploy advanced biofuels by 2050: * Nathanael Greene is Senior Policy Analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council. 43 A HIGH GROWTH STRATEGY FOR ETHANOL • Cellulosic biofuels can displace nearly 8 million barrels of oil per day—nearly equal to all of the oil used by light-duty vehicles today; • Biofuels can be second only to vehicle fuel economy improve- ments in the amount of oil they save; • Biofuels, vehicle efficiency, and smart growth could eliminate virtually all our demand for gasoline; and • Biofuels could reduce global warming pollution by 1.7 billion tons per year—22 percent of total U.S. -
Sustainability$Criteria$For$ Biofuels$Made$From$Land$And
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! May$2016$ ! Sustainability$criteria$for$ biofuels$made$from$land$and$ non8land$based$feedstocks$ ! ! By:! Ben$Allen$ David$Baldock$ Silvia$Nanni$ Catherine$Bowyer$ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Funded!by! ! Disclaimer:!The!arguments!expressed!in!this!report!are!solely!those!of!the!authors,!and!do! not!reflect!the!opinion!of!any!other!party.! + The+report+should+be+cited+as+follows:+Allen!B,!Baldock!D,!Nanni!S,!and!Bowyer!C!(2016)+ Sustainability!criteria!for!biofuels!made!from!land!and!nonGland!based!feedstocks.! Report! for! the! European! Climate! Foundation.! Institute! for! European! Environmental! Policy! (IEEP),! London.+ + + Corresponding+author:!Ben!Allen!([email protected])!! + ! Acknowledgements:++ We!thank!Dr!Chris!Malins!(Cerulogy,!formerly!of!the!ICCT)!for!his!guidance!and!support;!the! members!of!the!BioFrontiers!working!group!for!their!comments!and!feedback!throughout! the!study;!and!the!European!Climate!Foundation!(ECF)!for!funding!the!work.!! + + + + + + + + + + + + Institute+for+European+Environmental+Policy+ London!Office! 11!Belgrave!Road! IEEP!Offices,!Floor!3! London,!SW1V!1RB! Tel:!+44!(0)!20!7799!2244! Fax:!+44!(0)!20!7799!2600! ! Brussels!Office! Quai!au!Foin,!55! Hooikaai!55! BG!1000!Brussels! Tel:!+32!(0)!2738!7482! Fax:!+32!(0)!2732!4004! ! ! The! Institute+ for+ European+ Environmental+ Policy+ (IEEP)! is! an! independent! notGforGprofit! institute.!IEEP!undertakes!work!for!external!sponsors!in!a!range!of!policy!areas!as!well!as! engaging! in! our! own! research! programmes.! For! -
A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest a WHITE PAPER from the MIDWESTERN CLEAN FUELS POLICY INITIATIVE
A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest A WHITE PAPER FROM THE MIDWESTERN CLEAN FUELS POLICY INITIATIVE January 7, 2020 A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest About the Great Plains Institute A nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, the Great Plains Institute (GPI) is transforming the energy system to benefit the economy and environment. Working across the US, we combine a unique consensus-building approach, expert knowledge, research and analysis, and local action to find and implement lasting solutions. Our work strengthens communities and provides greater economic opportunity through creation of higher paying jobs, expansion of the nation’s industrial base, and greater domestic energy independence while eliminating carbon emissions. Learn more: www.betterenergy.org Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Bernard and Anne Spitzer Charitable Trust, the MacArthur Foundation, and the McKnight Foundation for financially supporting the collaborative stakeholder discussion that informed this white paper, and to the McKnight Foundation, the American Coalition for Ethanol, and Union of Concerned Scientists for supporting the modeling work that informed the stakeholder engagement. We are grateful to all the participants in the Midwestern Clean Fuels Policy Initiative for devoting their time and expertise to finding a portfolio approach for promoting clean fuels in the Midwest, the Steering Committee for overseeing the process, and the McKnight Foundation for hosting many of the stakeholder meetings. ICF provided modeling and analysis that informed the discussions of the Midwestern Clean Fuels Policy Initiative. ii GREAT PLAINS INSTITUTE A Clean Fuels Policy for the Midwest Contents About the Great Plains Institute .................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ii Midwestern Clean Fuels PoliCy Initiative .....................................................................