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Evaluation of the Combustion Characteristics of Four Perennial Energy Crops (Arundo Donax, Cynara Cardunculus, Miscanthus X Giganteus and Panicum Virgatum)

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Evaluation of the Combustion Characteristics of Four Perennial Energy Crops (Arundo Donax, Cynara Cardunculus, Miscanthus X Giganteus and Panicum Virgatum) 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 10-14 May 2004, Rome, Italy EVALUATION OF THE COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR PERENNIAL ENERGY CROPS (ARUNDO DONAX, CYNARA CARDUNCULUS, MISCANTHUS X GIGANTEUS AND PANICUM VIRGATUM) Jonas Dahl & Ingwald Obernberger Institute of Resource Efficient and Sustainable Systems, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 25, A - 8010 Graz, Austria, Tel.: +43 (0)316 481300, Fax: +43 (0)316 481300 4; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The perennial crops giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus and cardoon were investigated in laboratory- scale and pilot-scale combustion test runs. Laboratory-scale test runs were conducted in a fixed bed pot reactor monitoring the temperature in the fuel bed and the release of gaseous components while pilot-scale test runs where conducted in a 150 kWth rotating grate fired combustion plant measuring formed emissions of CO, NOX, SO2, HCl, and particulates as well as performing deposit probe measurements. The results revealed that the high concentration of ash and slag forming elements such as Si, K and Ca cause severe problems regarding slagging if not specially considered during combustion. Moreover, high concentrations of N are another challenge regarding measures in order to avoid high emissions of NOx. Moreover, also HCl and SO2 emissions are considerably higher compared to wood fuels due to the higher concentrations of Cl and S in these fuels. Keywords: biomass characteristics, biomass conversion, cynara cardonculus, giant reed, switchgrass, miscanthus 1 INTRODUCTION combustion unit (nominal boiler capacity 150 kWth) were carried out with larger amounts (2-4 tons) of Due to the limited availability of wood fuels, in pelletised switch grass and chopped giant reed and southern Europe, high yield energy crops could give an chopped miscanthus (MI). Pictures of the samples important contribution to biomass based energy investigated are shown in Figure 1. The fuels production in these countries. The work presented is part investigated were provided from test fields by the of the EU-project BIOENERGY-Chains (No: ENK6- partners of the BIOENERGY-Chains project. Giant reed CT2001-00524). The project focus on the investigation and miscanthus were provided by CRES (Greece) while of the best possible utilisation chain of selected perennial pelletised switch grass was sent from the University of energy crops, which could be sustainably developed in Bologna (Italy) and pelletised cardoon from the rural areas of Southern Europe. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain). Four perennial energy crops, Arundo donax (giant As reference to the perennial fuels, Austrian wood reed), Cynara cardunculus (cardoon), Miscanthus x pellets (WP) were investigated using the same giganteus (miscanthus) and Panicum virgatum experimental set up in lab-scale and in pilot-scale (switchgrass) have been selected for this purpose, partly combustion test runs. The pilot-scale test runs with wood because of their high yield in southern European soils, pellets was performed prior to the test runs with the but also due to their different harvesting time during the perennial crops. The combustion technology used was year. Consequently, by a combined utilisation of these the same,only the nominal boiler capacity was slightly four energy crops, they can provide a year-around higher (220 instead of 150 kWth) identical and thus the availability of raw material with low demand for storage results are considered to be comparable from the results (see also [1]). obtained with the perennial fuels. A B 2 OBJECTIVES Due to the limited amount of experience with these crops as a fuel, the scope of the work presented in this paper is to characterise these energy crops by means of chemical analysis and test runs in a laboratory-scale pot reactor and in a pilot-scale combustion unit (nominal boiler capacity of 150 kWth). Special focus has been set on the evaluation of the formation of emissions such as C D NOX, HCl, SO2 and particles (aerosols) as these parameters have significant influence on the design of a biomass combustion plant and its operation. Furthermore, possible ash related operational problems such as slagging, deposit formation and corrosion have been evaluated as well. 3 FUEL CHARACTERISATION Figure 1: Fuels investigated: A) pelletised switchgrass Samples of pelletised switchgrass (SG), pelletised (SG), B) pelletised cardoon (CA), C) chopped giant reed cardoon (CA) and chopped giant reed (GR) were (GR), D) chopped miscanthus (MI) investigated in a laboratory-scale pot reactor (50-400g). Parallel to these tests, test runs in a pilot-scale 1265 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 10-14 May 2004, Rome, Italy The main elemental compositions, the gross calorific perennials. Especially CA the Cl/S ratios is very high and values (GCV) and the bulk density of the fuels thereby the potential of corrosion as well. investigated including the reference fuel wood pellets Compared to wood, the perennial crops also contain (spruce) are revealed in Table I. higher concentrations of N, which imply higher NOX Compared to wood, perennial crops typically contain emissions. Low GCV and a low bulk density demand significantly higher concentrations of ash. This is partly larger combustion chambers and fuel feeding systems per due to there fast growing metabolism (accumulation of unit produced energy and thereby increase the costs of nutrients) and different organic structure (SiO2- the combustion plant. Following, pelletisation, which phytoliths) but can also be significantly influenced by the increases the bulk density about 5 times, seams to be an harvesting period and by the mechanical harvesting interesting approach (see Table I). technique used. These effects, as well as a comprehensive literature review on the typical 4 LABORATORY-SCALE FIXED BED POT composition of these perennial crops are discussed in REACTOR TEST RUNS more detail elsewhere (see [ 2 ]). In the fuel samples investigated (Table I) the highest In order to further define and investigate the concentration of ash is found in pelletised CA followed characteristics and potential problems during combustion by pelletised SG. Typically, the dominating ash forming of these new fuels, test runs in a lab-scale fixed bed pot elements in the perennial crops are Si followed by K, Ca, reactor were performed. The pot reactor is specially Cl and S. The pelletised CA also contains a very high constructed for investigating the release and combustion concentration of Na which coincides with its very high behavior of biomass fuels in a fixed bed (see also [4]). concentration of Cl implying high presence of NaCl. The reactor consist of an electrically heated furnace High concentrations of Cl and S in combination with (max. temperature 1,100°C) with a retort and a sample high concentrations of K and Na imply that high aerosol container made of fiber reinforced SiC. The sample emissions as well as considerable deposit formation on container is placed on a weight balance and air is added boiler tubes can be expected from these volatile through a grate on the bottom of the sample container. elements. During combustion these elements vaporise Before each test run the sample container (0.6 dm³) is and condense in the flue gas (forming fine particulates) completely filled with the fuel sample, and then inserted as well as on heat exchanger surfaces with decreasing into the pre-heated oven (750°C) from below (see Figure flue gas temperatures [3]. Moreover, high concentrations 2) and sealed by a liquid seal of high temperature stable of K and Si can result in the formation of ashes with low oil. After an initial drying phase the fuel ignites by the melting temperatures and thereby can cause slagging on radiation of the furnace and the ignition front proceeds the grate as well as in the combustion chamber. downwards in the fuel sample. Table I: Analyses results of fuel samples investigated Flue gas measurements Explanations: SG..switchgrass, GR…giant reed, (ExFTIR, λ-probe, O2-probe, MI..mischantus, CA…cardoon, WP…wood pellets, H2, CO2 and CO analyzers) Thermocouples d.b…dry basis, a.f…ash free, GCV…gross calorific Heater elements value, Bulk dens…bulk density section 1 SG GR MI* CA** WP [wt% d.b.] Ash 8.3 6.1 2.3 17.4 0.50 N 0.67 0.71 0.16 1.1 0.08 [mg/kg (d.b.)] Heater elements Insulating firebrick Si 14,991 13,920 7,305 21,142 < 400 section 2 Fuel bed Ca 6,555 3,253 1,776 19,025 938 (with 6 thermocouples) K 12,756 6,497 1,446 21,546 484 Oil sealing Air flow Na 924 331 58 10,330 30 Weight balance Mg 2,223 1,627 644 3,936 152 Figure 2: Fixed bed pot reactor Al 763 919 82 4,445 n.a. S 735 2,160 390 1,566 73 4.1 Measurements performed during the laboratory-scale Cl 1,511 2,245 880 17,780 53 test runs [MJ/kg (d.b., a.f.)] The weight loss of the sample during the test runs is measured continuously by a weight balance and the GCV 17.8 19.8 19.6 20.3 20.3 composition of the released flue gas is measured by [kg d.b./m³] means of continuous extractive sampling over the fuel Bulk bed. The extracted gas is filtered through a heated filter 585 116 117 561 644 dens. and then diluted (15 times) by nitrogen before it is analysed by means of extractive Fourier transformed The ratio of Cl to S is an indicator on the corrosion infrared analysis (ExFTIR). The ExFTIR (ANSYCO) is potential of fuels by so called “active oxidation”, which used to measure the main flue gas components such as is explained by local release of corrosive Cl-gas on boiler CO, CO2, CH4 and H2O (see Figure 3a) as well as NH3, tubes by sulphation of alkali or heavy metal chloride in HCN, NO and NO2 (see Figure 3b).
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