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Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-Present

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Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-Present Behaving Like Animals: Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation McGrath, Timothy Stephen. 2013. Behaving Like Animals: Human Cruelty, Animal Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10974708 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2013 – Timothy Stephen McGrath All rights reserved. Professor Nancy Cott Timothy Stephen McGrath Behaving Like Animals: Human Cruelty, Animals Suffering, and American Culture, 1900-present Abstract What does it mean to be cruel to an animal? What does it mean for an animal to suffer? These are the questions embedded in the term “cruelty to animals,” which has seemed, at first glance, a well defined term in modern America, in so far as it has been codified in anti-cruelty statutes. Cruelty to animals has been a disputed notion, though. What some groups call cruel, others call business, science, culture, worship, and art. Contests over the humane treatment of animals have therefore been contests over history, ideology, culture, and knowledge in which a variety of social actors— animal scientists, cockfighters, filmmakers, FBI agents, members of Congress, members of PETA, and many, many others—try to decide which harms against animals and which forms of animal suffering are justifiable. Behaving Like Animals examines these contests in the United States from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, focusing on four practices that modern American animal advocates have labeled cruel: malicious animal abuse, cockfighting, intensive animal agriculture, and the harming of animals on film. These case studies broadly trace the contours of American attitudes toward human cruelty and animal suffering over the last century. They also trace the historical evolution of the ideas embedded in the term “cruelty to animals.” Cruelty to animals has been the structuring logic of animal advocacy for two centuries, and historians have followed its development through the nineteenth century as a constellation of ideas about human and animal natures, about cruelty and kindness, and about suffering and sentience—very old ideas rooted in western intellectual thought and given shape by nineteenth-century sentimental culture. Behaving Like Animals iii follows this historical and intellectual thread into the twenty-first century, and reveals how these old ideas adapted to modern and evolving regimes of knowledge, science, and law, as they became thickly knotted in America’s varied and transforming social, cultural, intellectual, political, and legal contexts. That process has had varied and far-reaching implications in modern American culture, structuring social relations among Americans while shaping understandings of the place of animals in American society. Behaving Like Animals tells this history. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................v Introduction: Cruelty to Animals: A History.............................................................................................................1 1. Jeffrey Dahmer’s Fiddlesticks: Human Cruelty, Crimes Against Animals, and the Threat to Kill...............................................36 2. Cockfighter Nation: Cruelty, Culture, and the Making of Modern America..................................................................89 3. Happy Cows and Stressed Pigs: Intensive Farming and the Science of Animal Suffering............................................................162 4. Animals Were Harmed: Censorship, Speech, and Animal Suffering on Film from Classical Hollywood to the Crush Act...........................................................................................216 Epilogue...........................................................................................................................................................280 Appendix..........................................................................................................................................................286 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................................299 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many thanks all around. Thanks to my adviser. I can’t imagine a better adviser than Nancy Cott. Nancy was encouraging, challenging, genuinely enthusiastic about my ideas and writing, and always demanded that I be better. She gave me space to write and think or take a break when I needed it. She checked in and pushed me when it seemed I needed that. She never responded to my work with a mere “looks good.” She read everything. She gave feedback that was thoughtful, critical, and extensive, and that made this a much better project than it might have otherwise been. She has written many letters, has vouched for me, and has taught me a lot about mentorship. Thanks, Nancy. Thanks to my committee. Walter Johnson helped kick this project off and made me think about some of the big questions. Harriet Ritvo joined my team when I was halfway done and I am enormously grateful for it. In a way, she had already joined, since my project wouldn’t have been possible without her own work on animals in human history. In addition to her animal-related knowledge, she brought a keen editorial eye. Every one of these chapters is smarter and tighter thanks to her careful readings. Thank you also to Ann Fabian, whose work I greatly admire and who agreed to be an outside reader for my dissertation defense. Thanks to my mentors at Boston College. I was very lucky to meet Carlo Rotella, who taught me about this thing called American studies, and I’ve been at it ever since. He was an inspiring teacher back then, and many years later, I’m still stealing his pedagogical moves. If I could manage a passing impression of his writing, too, I’d be set. Since I started graduate school, Carlo has been an academic cornerman (sometimes the cutman, too) and a friend. He has been a source of generous, constant, and wide-ranging support. I owe him many intellectual, professional, and beer-related debts. Also at BC, Andrew von Hendy, Paul Doherty, and Tom Kaplan-Maxfield each helped in his vi own way. Thanks to the librarians and library workers. The men and women who maintain Harvard’s collections are generous and talented people, and without them students and faculty would be lost and useless. Many librarians and library workers I will likely never meet in person, or might not know it if I did, because they create and maintain the electronic databases and digital archives that make it possible to do things like trace the history of cockfighting across two decades of obscure print periodicals. This project would not have been possible without them. Thanks very much to them. It sounds strange, but thanks also to Google, LexisNexus, and ProQuest. Thanks to the institutions that provided funding: the Whiting Foundation, the Culture and Animals Foundation, and the Harvard Graduate Society. Thanks to the staffs of the many cafés, restaurants, and bars that have sustained me over several years. I wrote most of this dissertation at 1369 Coffee House in Inman Square. I must have eaten half of my calories at R.F. O’Sullivan’s. I’ve watched lots of sports at the Parlor. My friends and I have had great times at the Druid, Shay’s, Charlie’s, and the Cellar. Thanks to the History of American Civilization Program, which became the American Studies Program just in time for me to put “American Studies” on my diploma. Christine McFadden was “co-chair” when I arrived and for most of my time here. She kept everyone and everything running. For more on her contribution to this program, refer to the acknowledgments sections of any dissertation written during her tenure. Arthur Patton-Hock had big shoes to fill when he took her spot, and he has been a marvel of organization, good humor, and general having-my-back-ness ever since. Larissa Kennedy was always a joy to see in the Warren Center. Jennifer Roberts became the American Studies chair as I was finishing this project. She has infused it with new and forward- looking energy. Thanks finally to the fellow students of Am Civ who have read portions of this project at various stages of its genesis and who have brought brains, creativity, and weirdness to the vii greatest humanities program at this university. Thanks to the all-stars of the American Civilization Basketball League: George Blaustein, Eli Cook, Nick Donofrio, Derek Etkin, Jack Hamilton, Brian Hochman, David Kim, Pete L’Official, and Brian McCammack. The ACBL was one of the best things about graduate school, even when some of us got severe sunburns, sprained their ankles, strained their hamstrings, cracked their ribs, broke and needed to surgically repair their fingers, chipped their teeth, and were given mild concussions by parking lot barrier arms. I’m pretty sure my team is ahead, but it’s hard to know for sure. Thanks to my friends. Some have read parts of this dissertation and others haven’t. I was very lucky
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