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Download (3837Kb) A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/102076/ Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications The Right to Belong to the Land: Coloniality and Resistance in the Araucanía A thesis submitted to the University of Warwick for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Studies Mara Duer September 2017 Department of Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ............................................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................ v Abstract .......................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms, abbreviations and translations .......................... ix Excerpt from research notes: The case of the Machi (healer) Francisca ........................................................................................ xiii Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter I Land as Property ............................................................. 21 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21 Section I: Land Abstraction ................................................................................................ 25 The Scare Resource and the Need of Legal Boundaries ....................................... 28 Private Property in Practice ....................................................................................... 30 Section II: Land Separation ................................................................................................ 31 Agrarian Question ....................................................................................................... 33 Section III: Land Commodification .................................................................................. 43 Theoretical traces ........................................................................................................ 44 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 58 Chapter II: When Land Means More than Property: The dialectical relations between land, people and race ......................................... 62 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 62 Section I: Lefebvre’s Rural Sociology, a methodological proposal ............................... 65 Land, the Third Element ............................................................................................ 67 Section II: Land Enclosure, a Foucauldian approach to Technologies of Ordering from the Global South .................................................................................................................. 75 i Power and government .............................................................................................. 77 Section III: The Power of Land ......................................................................................... 86 Coloniality .................................................................................................................... 88 Racialization of Space/Spatialization of Race, Violence and Land ..................... 95 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 100 Chapter III Colonial-Modern Relations of Land in the making of the Rural South .............................................................................. 103 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 103 Section I: Land as Territory .............................................................................................. 105 History of Modern Territory in Latin America .................................................... 106 Indigenous Territory ................................................................................................. 110 Section II: Land as Patrimony .......................................................................................... 126 Patrimonial Lands and the Development of Capitalism of ‘Tree Felling’ ........ 128 Forestry and land grabbing in Chile, the formation of corporate patrimony in the Araucanía .................................................................................................................... 135 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 150 Chapter IV: History of Land Enclosures in the Araucanía .......... 152 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 152 Colonial Liminal Relations ................................................................................................ 156 Disentangling liminal relations ................................................................................ 160 Geopolitical Enclosure ...................................................................................................... 161 Uneven technologies in competition ...................................................................... 166 Ecological Enclosure ......................................................................................................... 185 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 190 Chapter V: Mapuche Land Practices: Resistance, complicity and identity in the Modern-Colonial Countryside ............................... 192 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 192 ii Land Access Resistance Typology ................................................................................... 195 Section I: Access to Patrimony ........................................................................................ 197 Private corporate governance .................................................................................. 198 Section II: Access to Property and the Legal Validation of Mapuche Identity......... 211 Visit 1: Community Antonio Wellin II .................................................................. 214 Visit 2: Community Currihual Huenchual ............................................................. 216 Visit 3: Summer school in Temulemu Community .............................................. 219 Section III: Access to Territory ........................................................................................ 227 Occupations: Discourses and Material Enactments ............................................ 230 Conclusion: Land and Territory, concepts in dispute ................................................... 235 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 238 Bibliography ................................................................................... 257 Annex I. Interviews ........................................................................ 281 Annex II. Documentation.............................................................. 282 iii List of Figures and Tables Figure 1 Mapuche Territory .................................................................................................... 120 Figure 2. Drawing from Felipe Guaman ............................................................................... 121 Figure 3. Drawing from Alonso de Ovalle (1646) ................................................................. 121 Figure 4. Development of Territorial Identity composition ....................................................... 124 Figure 5 Map Registering Forest Change 2001-201 .............................................................. 138 Figure 6 Map of the Biobio and Araucanía Region ................................................................ 143 Figure 7 Indigenous Communities and Forestry Industry .......................................................... 144 Figure 8 'Sarmiento' Barbed Wire brand publicity .................................................................. 183 Figure 9 Areas de Alto Valor Cultural -Sites of Cultural Significance (SCS) ....................... 200 Figure 10 Map of Elicura Valley ......................................................................................... 202 Figure 11. Photo of Celebration Day: Agreement Arauco and Antonio Leviqueo community.. 203 Figure 12. Temulemu community and surrounding counties .................................................... 222 Figure 13. Ercilla Commune Distribution of the Mapuche reductions. ..................................... 230 Table 1. Types of communities ................................................................................................
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