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Babesia Sont Des Protozoaires Intraerythrocytiques Transmis Par Une Morsure De Tique Et Qui Parasitent Un Large Éventail De Mammifères Domestiques Et Sauvages

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Babesia Sont Des Protozoaires Intraerythrocytiques Transmis Par Une Morsure De Tique Et Qui Parasitent Un Large Éventail De Mammifères Domestiques Et Sauvages Résumé Les maladies transmises par les tiques ont, partout dans le monde, un effet dévastateur aussi bien pour le bétail et les animaux de compagnie que pour les êtres humains. Les espèces de Babesia sont des protozoaires intraerythrocytiques transmis par une morsure de tique et qui parasitent un large éventail de mammifères domestiques et sauvages. En Europe, Ixodes ricinus est le principal vecteur de Babesia sp. et la voie de transmission la plus importante. D’autre part, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus est le vecteur le plus important d’un point de vue économique en Amérique Latine, Afrique et Australie. Les babésioses restent des maladies infectieuses parmi les plus communes chez les animaux sauvages et le bétail partout dans le monde et ont été récemment considérées comme des zoonoses potentiellement émergentes. En effet, depuis les années 50, deux espèces du genre Babesia, à savoir B. divergens en Europe et B. microti aux Etats-Unis, ont été associées à un nombre significatif de cas cliniques chez l’homme. La présence de ces espèces en Belgique a d’ailleurs pu être confirmée durant les études présentées dans cette thèse par l’utilisation de la réaction de polymérisation en chaîne (PCR) et du séquençage à partir des tiques récoltées sur différents hôtes vertébrés et dans l’environnement. Une augmentation du nombre d’infection humaine a été reportée depuis la dernière décennie. Certaines de ces atteintes ont été causées par des espèces nouvellement décrites telle que, Babesia sp. EU1. Celle-ci a pu être observée pour la première fois en Belgique ainsi que Babesia capreoli, espèce également inféodée aux cervidés. Les différentes études composant ce manuscrit ont pu déterminer un taux d’infestation des tiques par Babesia spp. compris entre 1,3 et 14,6% en fonction de l’hôte ou du lieu de récolte. Une séroprévalence de 14,3% a été observée chez des bovins pâturant en zone d’endémie tandis que des séroprévalences allant de 9 à 40% (en fonction de l’espèce de babésie considérée) ont été observées dans un groupe à risque chez l’homme (individus exposés à au moins une morsure de tique). Certaines co-infections ont pu être mises à jour, telles que celles par Borrelia burgdorferi, l’agent de la borréliose de Lyme, et Anaplasma phagocytophilum, l’agent de l’anaplasmose granulocytaire. L’étude sérologique portant sur la babésiose humaine est la première à utiliser les antigènes spécifiques des trois espèces de Babesia potentiellement zoonotiques en Europe. Ces antigènes ne semblent pas donner lieu à des réactions croisées. De plus, l’expansion géographique de certaines tiques vectrices de Babesia spp. a été étudiée en utilisant l’exemple de Dermacentor reticulatus, vecteur de la babésiose canine et équine, ainsi que Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, vecteur de la 3 babésiose bovine en milieu tropical. L’expansion de ces vecteurs pourrait jouer un rôle important dans l’épidémiologie de certaines babésioses. Summary Tick-borne diseases are devastating infections for livestock, companion animals and humans over most of the world. Babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites that are primarily transmitted by a tick bite and include a number of species that are parasites of a broad range of domestic and wild mammalian hosts. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus is the most important vector and provides the main route of transmission. On the other hand, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most economically important vector in South America, Africa and Australia. Babesiosis remains one of the most common infectious diseases of free-living animals and livestock worldwide and has recently been considered as a possible emerging tick-borne zoonosis. Indeed, since 1950, two species of Babesia, namely the cattle parasite B. divergens in Europe and the rodent parasite B. microti in the USA, have been associated with a significant number of clinical cases in humans. From experimental studies reported in this thesis evidence for these Babesia species in Belgium has been confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing performed on ticks collected from various vertebrate hosts and the environment. An increasing number of human infections were reported over the last decade, some of which being identified as caused by newly recognized Babesia species. One of these, Babesia sp. EU1, was described for the first time in Belgium as was Babesia capreoli a species also encountered in cervids. Other experimental work determined a Babesia infection rate in ticks at between 1.3 and 14.6% according to the host and place of collect. A seroprevalence of 14.3% was recorded in cattle grazing in an endemic area of Belgium. Seroprevalences ranging between 9 and 40% (depending on the Babesia species detected) were found in humans exposed to at least one tick bite. Co-infections of Babesia with Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme Borreliosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis were detected. The serological survey on human babesiosis performed in this work is the first to use specific antigens for all three potentially zoonotic species in Europe. These antigens were apparently not responsible for cross reactions. Expansion of some Babesia tick vectors was studied using the example of Dermacentor reticulatus, a vector of canine and equine babesiosis, and 4 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, a vector of bovine babesiosis in tropical regions. Expansion of these vectors could play an important role on the epidemiology of babesiosis. 5 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 11 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 12 A. LIFE CYCLE ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Invertebrate host .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Vertebrate host ............................................................................................................................................. 13 B. MORPHOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 15 C. PATHOGENICITY ....................................................................................................................................... 17 D. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS .......................................................................................................... 19 E. IMMUNOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 22 F. DIAGNOSIS ................................................................................................................................................ 23 G. TREATMENT AND CONTROL ...................................................................................................................... 25 Treatment ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Control ......................................................................................................................................................... 27 H. EPIDEMIOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 30 I. THE MAIN VECTOR TICKS OF BABESIA SPP. ................................................................................................ 31 1. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. ........................................................................................................... 33 2. Dermacentor reticulatus ...................................................................................................................... 36 3. Ixodes ricinus....................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Ixodes hexagonus ................................................................................................................................. 38 5. Ixodes scapularis ................................................................................................................................. 38 J. DOMESTIC AND WILD MAMMALIAN HOSTS OF BABESIA SPP. ...................................................................... 39 Host specificity ............................................................................................................................................. 39 1. Bovine Babesia species ........................................................................................................................ 40 a) In temperate climate regions ............................................................................................................................ 40 b) In sub tropical and tropical
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