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Tesis Doctoral Lo punk como referencia expresiva en determinada pintura contemporánea occidental Lo punk como referencia expresiva en determinada pintura contemporánea occidental Janire Sagasti Ruiz Directores: Adolfo Ramírez-Escudero Prado Daniel Rodríguez Vázquez Departamento De Pintura (cc)2018 JANIRE SAGASTI RUIZ (cc by-sa 4.0) Diseño de cubierta, composición y maquetación: Unai Basabe. “Quiero agradecer a Detritus Aramburu su tiempo y sus palabras. A Adirane Azkuenaga sus fotos y amabilidad. A David su sabiduría y apasionamiento por todo lo relacionado con el Punk. Y muy especialmente, agradecer a mi amigo Unai su eterna ayuda incondicional ahora y siempre” ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TESIS. 17 1.1. Las motivaciones. 17 1.2. Los objetivos y su desarrollo temático. 22 1.3. Metodología y origen del punto de vista desde el que partimos. 34 1.4. Hipótesis. 36 2. EL PUNK: UNA VISIÓN NEGADORA. 41 2.1. La doctrina del inconformismo: el Punk. La actitud. 42 2.1.1. Introducción: de la contracultura underground al Punk. 43 2.1.2. El estallido Punk. 50 2.1.3. El esplendor de 1980. 62 2.2. “¡Sentir que existimos!” El pensamiento. 77 2.2.1. Del pensamiento romántico al Punk. 78 2.2.2. El individualismo como proclama: el nihilismo y lo dionisíaco. 86 2.2.3. Acercamiento al concepto “pasión”. 92 2.3. La negatividad. 100 2.3.1. Lo feo. 104 2.3.2. Lo siniestro. 113 2.3.3. Lo cruel. 119 2.3.4. Lo violento. 124 2.3.5. Lo perverso. 128 2.3.6. Lo Punk. 135 2.4. Anexos. 138 2.4.1. El manifiesto Punk. 140 2.4.2. Un recorrido gráfico por la época. 158 2.4.3. La escena vasca. 181 3. PINTURA RELACIONABLE CON LO PUNK: UN IMPULSO VITAL. 205 3.1. La primera impresión. 208 3.1.1. El sabor de la calle. Acercamiento a los fenómenos pictóricos underground. 217 3.1.2. Los ecos del Dadaísmo y del Pop Art. Antecedentes. 233 3.1.3. Expresionismos y Neoexpresionismos. 255 3.1.4. “Gritar y hacerse oír”: Basquiat y Kippenberger. 276 3.2. Transgresión. La actitud creativa. 311 3.2.1. Radicalismo vs. Virtuosismo. 312 3.2.2. La “indomesticabilidad”. Lo azaroso como agente expresivo. 331 3.2.3. ¡Pintura y... acción! El acto creativo. 344 3.3. Belleza heterogénea. Variantes procesuales de la expresividad de lo Punk. 359 3.3.1. La gestualidad “enmarañada”. Tratamientos gestuales informales. 361 3.3.2. La irrupción del collage: un mecanismo recurrente. 371 3.3.3. Huellas marginales. Expresiones plásticas callejeras. 384 3.3.4. Apelar a lo masivo. Fragmentación, repetición y acumulación. 394 3.3.5. Atentar el plano. Agresión y descomposición. 402 3.4. “Las miserias del mundo”. Temáticas generacionales acerca de lo social y lo existencial. 411 3.4.1. Lo social. 415 3.4.2. Lo existencial. 432 3.5. La intensidad narrativa. 446 3.5.1. “El malditismo literario”. 447 3.5.2. “La escritura es un icono”. La palabra como medio plástico. 460 3.5.3. “Las palabras nos sumergen”. La palabra y su potencial expresivo. 475 4. UNA EXPERIENCIA. 495 4.1. Introducción - Introspección. 495 4.1.1. Akelarre. 503 4.1.2. La carne verborreica (So fucking...). 521 4.1.3. Mono(s). 547 5. CONCLUSIONES. 583 DOCUMENTACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA. 599 11 Capítulo 1 “El arte necesita o soledad, o miseria, o pasión. Es una flor de roca, que requiere el viento áspero y el terreno duro”. Alejandro Dumas (hijo) 1. INTRODUCCIÓN A LA TESIS. 1.1. Las motivaciones. Mientras realizábamos nuestro proyecto de investigación ante- rior, “Desarrollo y evolución del fenómeno underground en la 1 pintura contemporánea” , descubrimos un fenómeno, en principio tangencial a la pintura, que respondía explícitamente a nuestros requerimientos en la expresividad de la propia pintura: el Punk. La descripción del fenómeno, tanto a nivel actitudinal como a nivel procesual, resolvió, finalmente, el camino del proyecto de investigación actual, englobando nuestros intereses pictóricos, y aportando el concepto que da título a nuestro trabajo. Descubri- mos que existía un fenómeno pictórico estrechamente vinculado a nuestra naturaleza creativa, reunía experiencias y planteamientos relacionados con una generación determinada que nos resultaba próxima, y que demandaba ser estudiado y comprendido desde la óptica de sus procesos. Por otra parte, la idea de esta tesis surge de la propia práctica pictórica: nuestro interés por artistas que coinciden en actitu- des, caracteres y formas expresivas con los que nos sentimos ple- namente identificados. Al placer que brinda la propia búsqueda se le ha sumado unas intuiciones convertidas en obsesión. Se ha tra- tado, en suma, de hilar conexiones y seguir algunas corazonadas. Así, iniciamos esta investigación teniendo en cuenta las siguien- tes motivaciones: 1 Diploma de Estudios Avanzados (DEA). Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, 16 de diciembre de 2010. 17 1. Hemos querido legitimar estéticamente los actos pictóricos cercanos al Punk. Para ello, los hemos relacionado con una con- cepción negativa del arte, asumiendo características provenientes de la llamada “estética de la negatividad” de Theodor Adorno (Hesse, Alemania, 1903 - Valais, Suiza, 1969). A nivel panorá- mico, la estética negativa de Adorno asigna que la auténtica experiencia estética tiene cuatro rasgos negativos esenciales como signo característico. De manera simplificada serían los si- guientes, según el ensayo de Rodolfo Wenger Calvo2: • a. Primeramente, la dialéctica negativa de la experiencia estética nos permite acceder a lo otro como lo otro y a lo extraño como lo extraño. Una obra de arte nos permite alcanzar lo irreal, lo contrario de la realidad. Adorno justifica el potencial de esa negación, un lugar, en definitiva, liberado de su condición cotidiana y habitual. • b. En segundo lugar, el arte moderno auténtico resulta negativo en el sentido que se refiere al sufrimiento y produce displacer. Esto se opone radicalmente a cualquier esteticismo y arte com- placiente, ligado a las intenciones de las industrias cultura- les contemporáneas basadas en la gratificación. • c. En tercer lugar, el arte auténtico, por lo tanto, niega formas tradicionales y habituales de percepción y comunica- ción, frustrando nuestra capacidad de comprensión en su sen- tido enigmático, puesto que dilata su sentido más allá de su propósito efectivo. • d. Finalmente, en toda experiencia estética auténtica nos encontramos con la negación de algunos rasgos sociales do- 2 Wenger, C., Rodolfo, Estética de la ‘negatividad’ en T.W.Adorno [Recurso en línea]. En “Perspectivas estéticas” (1 de febrero de 2011). Dirección URL: <http:// perspectivasesteticas.blogspot.com.es/2011/02/estetica-de-la-negatividad-en-twador- no.html> [Consulta: 17 agosto 2017]. 18 minantes. Este es el potencial crítico del arte frente a la sociedad: la obra de arte es negatividad y un enigma incon- mensurable en un medio social que aspira a la dominación de lo universal, lo calculable y lo útil. El arte representa aquello que no es catalogado como habitual, constituyendo así lo diferente, lo heterogéneo. 2. Hemos pretendido defender una pintura (en los casos concretos que presentaremos a lo largo del trabajo) concebida como un medio para la expresión y exaltación de ciertos estados vitales y pa- sionales: un “vómito” pictórico enfocado hacia el mundo exterior partiendo del mundo interior. Esta idea de proyectarse “de adentro hacia afuera” la recogemos de Giulio Carlo Argan (Turín, Italia, 1909 - Roma, Italia, 1992), el cual mantiene que es la base del Expresionismo, diferenciándolo así del Impresionismo, al que caracteriza como un proceso “de afuera hacia adentro”: “Literal- mente, ‘expresión’ es lo contrario de ‘impresión’. La impresión es un movimiento que va del exterior al interior: la realidad (el objeto) se imprime en la conciencia (el sujeto). La expresión es el movimiento contrario, el que va del interior al exterior: es el sujeto quien se imprime a sí mismo en el objeto. (...) el Expresio- nismo tiene una actitud volitiva, incluso a veces agresiva”3. Hemos querido evidenciar igualmente lo arduo de esta concepción artístico-expresiva, que también apreciamos en esta otra cita: “El arte está en el intento y ese modo de entender lo-que-está- fuera-de-nosotros usando sólo lo que tenemos dentro de nosotros, es uno de los trabajos emocionales e intelectuales más duros que se puede hacer”4. 3 Argan, Giulio Carlo (1991), El arte moderno. Del iluminismo a los movimientos contemporáneos. Ediciones Akal, S. A., Madrid, pp. 213-214. 4 Dora Rester. Vila-Matas, Enrique (2017), Mac y su contratiempo. Editorial Seix Barral, p. 23. 19 3. A su vez, aunque hemos partido de la pintura, hemos querido destacar el carácter transdisciplinar de las obras a estudiar: Así, por ejemplo, muchos de los artistas que asoman en el tra- bajo también quedan vinculados a los terrenos de la poesía, la performance, las intervenciones públicas etc., exaltando así, unas expresiones internas que parten de una necesidad que amplía los campos de la expresión. La pintura es poesía muda; la poesía pintura ciega, decía Leonardo Da Vinci5. 4. También hemos pretendido señalar el punto performativo de los trabajos presentados. Partimos de esta afirmación de Paul Valéry (Sète, Francia, 1871 - París, Francia, 1945): “En toda obra se unen un ‘deseo’, una ‘idea’, una ‘acción’ y una ‘materia’. Estos elementos esenciales tienen entre sí relaciones muy diversas, no muy simples, y a veces tan sutiles que es imposible expresarlas. Cuando así ocurre, es decir, cuando no podemos representar o definir una obra por una especie de fórmula que nos permita conce- birla hecha y rehecha a voluntad, la llamamos Obra de Arte”6. Nosotros, personalmente, nos hemos centrado en “la acción”, sin despreciar los otros tres elementos que atiende Paul Valéry. Este hecho nos ha llevado a hablar más del acto pictórico que de la propia pintura, entendiendo por extensión, el arte como un modo de actuar, una manifestación de descarga emocional.
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