Great Indian Scientists

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MOUNT SION SCHOOL SESSION-2020-2021 CLASS-V SUBJECT-General Knowledge ASSIGNMENT-4 Great Indian scientists Aryabhata Aryabhata, also called Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder, (born 476, possibly Ashmaka or Kusumapura, India), astronomer and the earliest Indian mathematician whose work and history are available to modern scholars. He is also known as Aryabhata I or Aryabhata the Elder to distinguish him from a 10th-century Indian mathematician of the same name. He flourished in Kusumapura—near Patalipurta (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty. Charaka Charaka-samhita, also spelled Caraka-samhita or Caraka- saṃhitā, comprehensive text on ancient Indian medicine credited to Charaka, who was a practitioner of the traditional system of Indian medicine known as Ayurveda. Charaka is thought to have flourished sometime between the 2nd century. Varahamihira He is also called Varaha or Mihira, (born 505, Ujjain, India—died 587, Ujjain), Indian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, author of the Pancha-siddhantika (“Five Treatises”), a compendium of Greek, Egyptian, Roman, and Indian astronomy.His main work was a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarised earlier astronomical treatises. He discovered a version of Pascal's triangle and worked on magic squares. Sushruta Sushruta (c. 7th or 6th century BCE) was a physician in ancient India known today as the “Father of Indian Medicine” and “Father of Plastic Surgery” for inventing and developing surgical procedures. His work on the subject, the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium) is considered the oldest text in the world on plastic surgery and is highly regarded as one of the Great Trilogy of Ayurvedic Medicine; the other two being the Charaka Samhita, which preceded it, and the Astanga Hridaya, which followed it. Bhaskara I Bhaskara I, (flourished c. 629, possibly Valabhi, near modern Bhavnagar, Saurashtra, India), Indian astronomer and mathematician who helped to disseminate the mathematical work of Aryabhata (born 476). Brahmagupta He is the only scientist we have to thank for discovering the properties of precisely zero.Brahmagupta was an Ancient Indian astronomer and mathematician who lived from 597 AD to 668 AD. He was born in the city of Bhinmal in Northwest India. His father, whose name was Jisnugupta, was an astrologer.Although Brahmagupta thought of himself as an astronomer who did some mathematics, he is now mainly remembered for his contributions to mathematics. Home work- Q1)Why Charaka is famous for? Q2)Who is Sushruta? Q3)Learn all of the above. .

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Brahmagupta, Mathematician Par Excellence
GENERAL ARTICLE Brahmagupta, Mathematician Par Excellence C R Pranesachar Brahmagupta holds a unique position in the his- tory of Ancient Indian Mathematics. He con- tributed such elegant results to Geometry and Number Theory that today's mathematicians still marvel at their originality. His theorems leading to the calculation of the circumradius of a trian- gle and the lengths of the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral, construction of a rational cyclic C R Pranesachar is involved in training Indian quadrilateral and integer solutions to a single sec- teams for the International ond degree equation are certainly the hallmarks Mathematical Olympiads. of a genius. He also takes interest in solving problems for the After the Greeks' ascendancy to supremacy in mathe- American Mathematical matics (especially geometry) during the period 7th cen- Monthly and Crux tury BC to 2nd century AD, there was a sudden lull in Mathematicorum. mathematical and scienti¯c activity for the next millen- nium until the Renaissance in Europe. But mathematics and astronomy °ourished in the Asian continent partic- ularly in India and the Arab world. There was a contin- uous exchange of information between the two regions and later between Europe and the Arab world. The dec- imal representation of positive integers along with zero, a unique contribution of the Indian mind, travelled even- tually to the West, although there was some resistance and reluctance to accept it at the beginning. Brahmagupta, a most accomplished mathematician, liv- ed during this medieval period and was responsible for creating good mathematics in the form of geometrical theorems and number-theoretic results.
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Indian Mathematics
Indian Mathemtics V. S. Varadarajan University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA UCLA, March 3-5, 2008 Abstract In these two lectures I shall talk about some Indian mathe- maticians and their work. I have chosen two examples: one from the 7th century, Brahmagupta, and the other, Ra- manujan, from the 20th century. Both of these are very fascinating ﬁgures, and their histories illustrate various as- pects of mathematics in ancient and modern times. In a very real sense their works are still relevant to the mathe- matics of today. Some great ancient Indian ﬁgures of Science Varahamihira (505–587) Brahmagupta (598-670) Bhaskara II (1114–1185) The modern era Ramanujan, S (1887–1920) Raman, C. V (1888–1970) Mahalanobis, P. C (1893–1972) Harish-Chandra (1923–1983) Bhaskara represents the peak of mathematical and astro- nomical knowledge in the 12th century. He reached an un- derstanding of calculus, astronomy, the number systems, and solving equations, which were not to be achieved any- where else in the world for several centuries...(Wikipedia). Indian science languished after that, the British colonial occupation did not help, but in the 19th century there was a renaissance of arts and sciences, and Indian Science even- tually reached a level comparable to western science. BRAHMAGUPTA (598–670c) Some quotations of Brahmagupta As the sun eclipses the stars by its brilliancy, so the man of knowledge will eclipse the fame of others in assemblies of the people if he proposes algebraic problems, and still more, if he solves them. Quoted in F Cajori, A History of Mathematics A person who can, within a year, solve x2 92y2 =1, is a mathematician.
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THEORY of AYURVEDA (An Overview)
THEORYTHEORY OFOF AYURVEDAAYURVEDA (An(An Overview)Overview) Dr Chakra Pany Sharma M. D. ( Ayu ), PhD ( Sch ) READER -PG MMM Govt Ayurveda College Udaipur -India Lord Brhama Lord Dhanvantari-The 313001 Father of Surgery Email: [email protected] [email protected] An Overview of Lake City Udaipur Fatehsagar Lake and Island Park Greenery in Rural Area Clouds over the Peak of Mountain Night Scenario of Fountain Park Introduction & Background Ayurveda (Devanagari : आयुवBद ) or Ayurvedic medicine is an ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent . It is presently in daily use by millions of people in India , Nepal , Sri Lanka ,China , Tibet, and Pakistan . It is now in practice for health care in Europian countries. The word " Ayurveda " is a tatpurusha compound of the word āyus meaning "life" or "life principle", and the word veda , which refers to a system of "knowledge". Continued…………………….. According to Charaka Samhita , "life" itself is defined as the "combination of the body, sense organs, mind and soul, the factor responsible for preventing decay and death." According to this perspective, Ayurveda is concerned with measures to protect "ayus ", which includes healthy living along with therapeutic measures that relate to physical, mental, social and spiritual harmony. Continued…………………. Ayurvedavatarana (the "descent of Ayurveda ") Brahama Daksha Prajapati Indra Bharadwaj Bharadvaja in turn taught Ayurveda to a group of assembled sages, who then passed down different aspects of this knowledge to their students . Continued…………………. According to tradition, Ayurveda was first described in text form by Agnivesha , named - Agnivesh tantra . The book was later redacted by Charaka , and became known as the Charaka Samhit ā.
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International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research
ISSN: 2322 - 0902 (P) ISSN: 2322 - 0910 (O) International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research Review Article AYURVEDIC APPROACH OF MENORRHAGIA: ASRIGDARA Vijay Lakshmi Lecturer, Department of Prasuti Tanra & Stri Roga, Government Ayurvedic College, Chaukaghat, Varanasi, U.P., India. ABSTRACT Menorrhagia is a most common gynecological problem found in Prasuti tantra OPD. It is not a disease but it is symptom found in many gynecological disorders. Menorrhagia is characterized by the excessive bleeding per vaginum in amount and duration both. In Ayurvedic classics, Menorrhagia is termed as Asrigdara, means excessive discharge of blood per vaginum. Backache, pain in lower abdomen and weakness are also present in this disease. All the gynecological disorders come under the heading of Yonivyapad in Ayurvedic classics. Most of the Yonivyapad have characteristic features of menorrhagia such as Raktayoni, Rudhirkashara, Putraghni, Apraja etc. Among Ashta-artavadushti, Raktaja artava-dushti menorrhagia is also found as prominent symptom. Since, Asrigdar is mainly due to vitiation of Vata and Pitta dosha hence, the treatment should be based on the use of drugs which are having predominance of Kashaya rasa and Pitta – shamak properties. Kashaya rasa is known as best astringent and because of this property Kashaya rasa plays important role in relieving bleeding discharge due its Stambhana action. There is loss of blood, so, the drugs and diet which increases Rakta dhatu (Blood) in body are also effective. Therefore, treatment mainly based on concept of Raktastambhaka as well as Raktavardhaka. KEYWORDS: Asrigdar, Menorrhagia, Yonivyapad, Artavadushti. INTRODUCTION Normal menstrual bleeding is cyclic, 3-5 days Asrigdara (Menorrhagia) is not a disease, but a symptom of durations and 50-60 ml with its normal color as described so many diseases.
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Besides Editing the Major Portion of the Work, Dridhabala Also Reconstructed, Possibly from Agnivesa, the Last Two Sections of the Charaka Samhita Which Had Been Lost
News, Notes and Queries DERMATOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF ANCIENT INDIA THIS paper is concerned with a glimpse into the wealth of ancient Indian medical literature. A small sampling of the general knowledge and thoughts of these ancients will be presented along with an attempt to place their leading texts into some historical perspective. Following this, emphasis will be placed on some of the writings of what may be called 'Ancient Indian Dermatology'. Most modern physicians are not aware of the richness of the medical literature of ancient India. Even most monographs and textbooks on the history of medicine include only cursory references to medicine in Ancient India. In addition, English translations ofthe original Sanskrit texts are usually available only in certain specialized libraries. The leading prominent texts available to these ancient medical practitioners were the Atharva-Veda,"'2 Charaka Samhita," and the Sushruta Samhita.4'5 A brief summary of their contents is given below: ATHARVA-VEDA SAMHITA The Atharva-Veda is one of the ancient scriptures (vedas). The vedas are among the world's oldest literature. Estimates of the dates of composition of the vedas range from 3000 B.C.-lO00 B.C. The vedas contain much of the knowledge of the age. Of the four vedas, the Atharva-Veda is by far the most important source ofearly references to medicine. Although the Atharva-Veda is basically a religious text, in it we see the foundation of the future system of medicine. The book contains over 700 hymns consisting of about 6,000 stanzas. Of these hymns, 114 are devoted to medical topics.
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Rationale of the Chakravala Process of Jayadeva and Bhaskara Ii
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The Brahmagupta Triangles Raymond A
The Brahmagupta Triangles Raymond A. Beauregard and E. R. Suryanarayan Ray Beauregard ([email protected]) received his Ph.D. at the University of New Hampshire in 1968, then joined the University of Rhode Island, where he is a professor of mathematics. He has published many articles in ring theory and two textbooks. Linear Algebra (written with John Fraleigh) is currently in its third edition. Besides babysitting for his grandchild Elyse, he enjoys sailing the New England coast on his sloop, Aleph One, and playing the piano. E. R. Suryanarayan ([email protected]) taught at universities in India before receiving his Ph.D. (1961) at the University of Michigan, under Nathaniel Coburn. He has been at the University of Rhode Island since 1960, where is a professor of mathematics. An author of more than 20 research articles in applied mathematics, crystallography, and the history of mathematics, he lists as his main hobbies music, languages, and aerobic walking. The study of geometric objects has been a catalyst in the development of number theory. For example, the figurate numbers (triangular, square, pentagonal, . ) were a source of many early results in this field [41.Measuring the length of a diagonal of a rectangle led to the problem of approxin~atingfi for a natural number N. The study of triangles has been of particular significance. Heron of Alexandria (c. A.D. 75)-gave the well-known formula for the area A of a triangle in terms of its sides: A = Js(s - a)(s- b)(s- c),where s = (a + b + c)/2 is the semiperimeter of the triangle having sides a,b, c [41.He illustrated this with a triangle whose sides are 13,14,15 and whose area is 84.
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Crowdsourcing
CROWDSOURCING The establishment of the ZerOrigIndia Foundation is predicated on a single premise, namely, that our decades-long studies indicate that there are sound reasons to assume that facilitating further independent scientific research into the origin of the zero digit as numeral may lead to theoretical insights and practical innovations equal to or perhaps even exceeding the revolutionary progress to which the historic emergence of the zero digit in India somewhere between 200 BCE and 500 CE has led across the planet, in the fields of mathematics, science and technology since its first emergence. No one to date can doubt the astounding utility of the tenth and last digit to complete the decimal system, yet the origin of the zero digit is shrouded in mystery to this day. It is high time, therefore, that a systematic and concerted effort is undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of experts to unearth any extant evidence bearing on the origin of the zero digit in India. The ZerOrigIndia Foundation is intended to serve as instrument to collect the requisite funds to finance said independent scientific research in a timely and effective manner. Research Academics and researchers worldwide are invited to join our efforts to unearth any extant evidence of the zero digit in India. The ZerOrigIndia Foundation will facilitate the research in various ways, chief among which is to engage in fundraising to finance projects related to our objective. Academics and researchers associated with reputed institutions of higher learning are invited to monitor progress reported by ZerOrigIndia Foundation, make suggestions and/or propose their own research projects to achieve the avowed aim.
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Genesis of Charaka Club, New York and Gleanings Related to Hindu Medicine from the Proceedings
GENESIS OF CHARAKA CLUB, NEW YORK AND GLEANINGS RELATED TO HINDU MEDICINE FROM THE PROCEEDINGS By K. RAGHUNATHAN Medical societies, associations and clubs occupy an important place in the life of the profession. These bodies hold fast the profession, and help in inculcating the feeling of love and oneness besides bringing the members into contact with great workers of the field and age. This contact serves as an inspiration and acts as a powerful impetus to the youngsters to cultivate the spirit of labour which made those great people what they were. This healthy influence has a significant place in the advance- ment of knowledge. There are various medical societies, clubs and associations in different parts of the world, each having special objects in view. Charak a Club of New York was one of the clubs formed with select gathering. It was a medico-historico-social club that c iscussed a range of subjects involving fields like medicine, medical history, literature and poetry even. In order to prevent from becoming too engrossed in purely profe- ssional matters, dinners, conversaziones and popular meetings are commonly held in the club. This club periodically released its Proceedings containing the names of members, list of subjects discussed together with certain papers read before the club. A club Was founded in November 1898 by a group of four-Charles L. Dana, Joseph Colleirs, Frederick Peterson and Bernard Sachs at New York. These members were attending regularly medical meetings at New York Academy of Medicine in West 43rd street. They were more anxious, in the words of Bernard Sachs, to get together at regular intervals to discuss, in an intimate way, subjects of cultural rather than purely medical interest.
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Evaluation of the Effect of Pranayama and Agastya Haritaki Rasayana on Pranvaha Srotas: a Comparative Clinical Study
International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2019 Vol. 4, Issue 5, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 323-328 Published Online September 2019 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com) EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRANAYAMA AND AGASTYA HARITAKI RASAYANA ON PRANVAHA SROTAS: A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY Dr. Shyam Babu Singh Prof. Om Prakash Dadhich Department of Ayurveda Department of Kriya Sharir Regional Ayurveda Research Institute National Institute of Ayurveda For Drug Development, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract- Ayurveda is the ancient medicinal Kama (Pleasure) and Moksha (spiritual liberation) [2]. system of India which has been being practiced Ayurveda emphasize the preventive aspect of over thousands of years. It emphasizes on the treatment and for this purpose lots of concepts are prevention from disease and to maintain the there for the prevention of disease and to maintain the health of an individual. Worldwide approximately healthy status of an individual. 30 % of population is suffering from various Cardio vascular and respiratory disorders. The concept of Srotas is amongst the fundamental Ayurveda consider cardiovascular system and concepts of Ayurveda. Srotas constitute the internal respiratory system as Pranvaha Srotas (System for transport system of the body & are specially related conduction of vital force or life). Proper to the fine channels of circulation & pathways, functioning of Pranvaha Srotas can be helpful in carrying out all the vital functions of the body. The the prevention of cardio-respiratory disorders. health & disease depends on the proper structure & Pranayam is Yogik technique which is mentioned function of these channels of the body. Therefore for good health and Agastya Haritaki Rasayana is Srotas have great importance to maintain the an Ayurvedic formulation used for various equilibrium, development of the body & in diseases of Pranvaha Srotas.
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Contribution of Dravyaguna to Herbal Materia Medica
Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 599-602. 2008. Contribution of Dravyaguna to Herbal Materia Medica Dr. Amritpal Singh Herbal Consultant, Ind- Swift Ltd, Chandigarh Issued 11 August 2008 History of Evolution of Dravyaguna Dravyaguna is essentially compilation of ancient Indian medical knowledge. According to one estimate, 850 medicinal plants are used in Ayurveda, the Traditional Indian Medicine (TIM). If history of Ayurvedic system is explored, it can be seen that during the Vedic period, the mode of study was oral communication. Later on several texts (samhita) including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta samhita, Agnivesha samhita, Bhela samhita, Prashara samhita, and Kashyapa samhita were composed. Later on, scholars in the medieval time felt the need to assemble the work on Ayurveda at one stage and several nighantu were composed. The roots of the word nighantu lie in nigama; which means a secretive thing. Nighantu are considered to be nucleus of Ayurvedic philosophy. Majority of the work was done between eight to fifteenth century A.D. Important nighantu are tabulated below: Name of the Sno nighantu Author Time 1. Astangta Vagbhata 8th 2. Paryaya ratnmala Madhava 9th 3. Dhanvantri 10th 4. Arundutta Arundutta 12th 5. Sodhala 12th 6. Madhava Dravyaguna 13th 7. Hrdaya deepika Bopadev 13th 8. Madanpala 14th 9. Kaiadeva 15th Table 1. It shows work on nighantu written between 8th to 15th centuries. After sixteenth century, several nighantus were composed. These are tabulated below: Name of the Sno nighantu Author Time Salient feature 1. Bhavapraksha Bhavamishra 16th Description of rasa karpura. 2. Raj nighantu Madhava 17th Special account on Dravyaguna 3. Siva kosha Shiva dutta 17th Self explanatory 4.
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History of Anatomy in India*
History of Anatomy in India* Dr.Lakshmi Rajgopal, Dr.Govind N Hoskeri, Dr.Pritha S Bhuiyan, Dr.K Shyam Kishore (* Reproduced with the kind permission of the Editor, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine J Postgrad Med 2002; 48:243-245) “India is the cradle of human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition. The most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only.” — Mark Twain History of mankind is inseparably entwined in the history of India. Medicine is as old as man and must have come into being with the first awakening of human consciousness. Is it then a wonder that history of medicine should be an integral part of history of India? Anatomy is the oldest and the most important of all medical sciences. There is enough evidence of practice of this science in the ancient Hindu India. In this article, evidence is presented to show that the Hindus were the first scientific cultivators of the most important and essential department of medical knowledge namely practical anatomy. Pre-Vedic Period Five thousand years ago, around 3000 BC Indus Valley Civilization flourished on the banks of the river Indus, contemporaneous with Mesopotamian civilization. Medicine was practised by priests, who were considered next only to Kings and the practice itself was a mixture of magic, rites and rituals. Archaeological excavations from this ancient period show clear evidence of knowledge of comparative anatomy. There are cave paintings depicting pictures of animals on which the critical areas are marked.
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