Dihydroergocristine Mesilate/Galantamine Hydrobromide 391

3. Wm blad B, et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of Effects on the nervous system. Restless legs, mumbling, 57: donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology 2001; and stuttering developed in an elderly patient after ����-��-���-��············································································ 489-95. ProprietaryPreparations (details are given in Volume B) 4. Holmes C, et al. The efficacy of donepezil in the treatment of increasing the dose of donepezil to lO mg daily.1 Symp­ newopsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004; 63: toms resolved when donepezil was withdrawn and Single-ingredient Preparations. Arg.: Alzaimax; Cebrocal; Crialix; 214-19. recurred on rechallenge. Cristaclar; Donepes; Donnox; Donpex; Donzeimert; Endoclar; 5. Birks J, Harvey RJ. Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. I. Amouyal-Barkate K, et al. Abnormal movements with donepezil in Branz; Lirpan; Oldinot; Onefin; Valpex; Austral.: Aricept; Aus­ Available in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Issue 1. Alzheimer disease. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34: 1347. Aricept; Aricept; Bpez; Branz; Ziledon; Chichester: John Wiley; 2006 (ac<:essed 13/02/06). tria: Belg.: Braz.: 6. Feldman H, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind study of Canad.: Aricept; Cht7e: Dazolin; Dopaben; Branz; Evimal; Pin­ (i!PIJ'I\!JIIi); ('li:l11! $); donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurolo9Y 2001; 57: Effects on the urinary tract. Utinary incontinence is a cip; China: A Rui Si Aricept Fang Qing 613-20. Fu Si Ke (ffi:JIIiJI:); Gal Fei (llil.$); Jia Qi Nuo recognised adverse effect of the older anticholinesterases (ti 7. Winblad B, et al. Donepezil in patients with severe Alzheimer's disease: Chong Sal Ling Si ('i\!9<.JIIi); Si Bo Hai Cz.: such as neostigmine; not unexpectedly there have also J;;); (:IJU';!\f); double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2006; Adonep; Alzhedont; Alzil; Aricept; Calofra; Dobedipil; Donpe­ 367: (ii!'i/ll>); (Ji!!Jili:il!f); 1057-65. been cases associated with donepezil 1 thon; Dospelin; Ezida; Landex; Mazil; Nepla; Oneza; Prome­ 8. Black SE, et al. Donepezil preserves cognition and global function in 1. Hashimoto M, et al. Urinary incontinence: an unrecognised adverse patients with severe Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007; 69: 459-69. more; Tolerdilan; Yasnal; Denm.: Aricept; Dobedipilt; effect with donepezil. Lancet 2000; 356: 568. 9. NICE. Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the Domethan; Doneprion; Doneratiot; Donespes; Memact; Fin.: treatment of Alzheimer's disease (review) (issued March 2011). Aricept; Doneratio; Yasnal; Fr.: Aricept; Ger.: Aricept; Gr.: Ari­ Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13419/53619/ cept; Aripezil; Dementis; Donegal; Donelet; Donesan; Donester; 53619.pdf (accessed 11/04/11) Precautions Donopez; Dozilax; Hania; Kibilis; Nepezil; Penezil; Pezale; Razil; 10. Salloway S, et a/. Efficacy of donepezil in mild cognitive impairment: a Donepezil and other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors should Sulbenin; Tactrol; Venaxen; Aricept; Ari­ randomized placebo�controlled trial. Neurology 2004; 63: 651-7. Hong Kong: Hung. : 11. Petersen RC, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild be used with caution, if at all, in patients with cept; Donecept; Donectil; Donesyn; Palixid; India: Aricep; Dep­ cognitive impairment. N Bngl J Med 2005; 352:: 2379-88. gastrointestinal or utinary-tract obstruction; their use is zil; Donasure; Donaz; Donecept; Donep; Dopezil; Dorent; Nozil; 12. Birks J, Flicker L. Donepezil for mild cognitive impairment. Available in not recommended in patients recovering from bladder or Indon.: Aldomer; Alzim; Aricept; Fordesia; Irl.: Aricept; Aripez; The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Issue 3. Chichester: John gastrointestinal surgery. Care is also required in patients Aripil; Arizime; Dentap; Donecept; Donelinn; Donesyn; Dozept; Wiley; 2006 (accessed 09/08/07). with a history of asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease, Israel: Aricept; Asenta; Memorit; ltal.: Aricept; lizidra; Memac; 13. Doody RS, et al. Donepezil treatment of patients with MCI: a 48-week Yasnoro; Aricept; Aricept; Mex.: Eranz; randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2009; 1555-6 1. Parkinson's disease, or seizures, and in those, with, or at risk Jpn: Malaysia: Norw.: 72:: Aricept; Aricept; Concorda; Donaccord; Donezil; 14. Black S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of donepezil in vascular dementia: of developing, peptic ulcer disease. Patients with NZ: Pht1ipp.: positive results of a 24-week. multicenter, international, randomized, Aricept; Done; Donezel; Pol.: Alzdone; Alzepezil; Apo-Doperil; cardiovascular conduction disorders such as sick-sinus placebo-controlled clinical trial Strok£ 2003; 34: 2323-30. Aricept; Cogiton; Cognezil; Dobedipil; Donecept; Donecleus; . syndrome may be susceptible to the vagotonic effects of 15. Malouf R, Birks J. Donepezil for vascular cognitive impairment. Donectil; Donemed; Donepex; Doneprion; Donesyn; Memo­ Available in The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Issue 1. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. cept; Mensapex; Redumas; Ricordo; Symepezil; Yasnal; Po�.: Chichester: John Wiley; 2004 (accessed 13/02/06). Dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, and muscle cramps may Alizil; Alkimus; Aricept; Damzipilt; Dilpezet; Dizil; Dolizit; 16. Eisai, Jpn. Eisai reports results from latest donepezil study in vascular occur especially when starting treaunent with or increasing dementia (issued 16th March, 2006). Available at: http:/lwww.eisai.co. Fremptel; Paxelt; Rus.: Aricept (ApHcerrr); Yasnal (.IIcmm); S. jp/enews/enews200609pdf.pdf (accessed 09/08/07) the dose of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; the performance Afr. : Aricept; Ariknow; Donecept; Singapore: Aricept; Spain: of skilled tasks such as driving may be affected. Aricept; lixben; Yasnal; Swed.: Aricept; Azepezil; Switz.: Ari­ cept; Aricept; Donept; Tonizep; Alzancer; Aricept; Parkinsonism. Although acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Thai.: Turk.: Arypez; Dement; Divare; Doenza; Dozyl; Nopez; Zhedon; UK: such as donepezil hydrochloride may theoretically worsen Porphyria. The Drug Database for Acute Porphyria, com­ piled by the Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS) and Aricept; Ukr.: Almer (Am.Mep); Alzepil (AmeDHJI); USA: Aricept; parkinsonism symptoms, particularly tremor, it has been Venez.: Branz. tried for use in the treaunent of drug-induced psychosis in the Porphyria Centre Sweden, classifies donepezil as possi­ patients with Parkinson's disease (see Disturbed Beha­ bly porphyrinogenic; it should be used only when no safer PhannacopoeialPreparations viour, p. I030.2). alternative is available and precautions should be consid­ USP 36: Donepezil Hydrochloride Orally Disintegrating Tablets; ered in vulnerable patients.1 Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets. I. The Drug Database for Acute Porphyria. Available at: http://www, AdverseEffects and Treatment drugs-porphyria.org (accessed 25/10/ll) Adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as Fonturacetam (r!NNJ donepezil notably include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Interactions 18> diarrhoea, fatigue, and dizziness. Other common adverse effects include abdominal pain, dyspepsia, rash, pruritus, As for Neostigmine, p. 688.3. Hepatic metabolism of headache, somnolence, muscle cramps, insomnia, sweating, donepezil via · the cytochrome P450 system has been tremor, and syncope; upper-respiratory-tract and utinary­ demonstrated; plasma concentrations of donepezil may be tract infections have been noted. Rare cases of angina, sino­ raised by drugs that inhibit the isoenzyme CYP3A4 such as atrial and AV blocks, bradycardia, peptic ulcers, gastro­ ketoconazole, itraconazole, and erythromycin, and by those intestinal haemorrhage, extrapyramidal symptoms, and that inhibit the isoenzyme CYP2D6 such as fluoxetine and seizures have been observed. Psychiatric disturbances, quinidine. Conversely, plasma-donepezil concentrations including depression, hallucinations, agitation, aggressive may be reduced by enzyme inducers such as rifampicin, Profile behaviour, and confusion have also been reported. There is phenytoin, carbamazepine, and alcohol. a potential for bladder outflow obstruction. Minor increases Fonturacetam is a nootropic and has been used in the in serum-creatine kinase have also occurred with donepezil. Antimuscarinics. Although antimuscarinics are · expected management of various cerebrovascular disorders. It has Increased liver transaminases have been noted with to antagonise the effects of anticholinesterases, such com­ also been abused in sport. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; hepatotoxicity may be binations are sometimes used in patients with dementia who are distressed by symptoms of urge incontinence.1 severe with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tactine (see �P.�.��-���-�� . p. 398.3). There have been, however, a few cases2 of agitation, Proprietary Preparations...... (details are given in Volume B) The use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors has been anxiety, confusion, aggression, and delusion precipitated associated with weight loss and consequently some licensed by tolterodine in patients who had been stable on donepezil Single-ingredient Preparations. Rus.: Phenotropil ($eHoopoliHJI); product information has recommended that a patient's or rivastigmine. The interaction appeared to cause a state Ukr.: Entrap (31ITp0n); Phenotropil (cholinergic neurogenic hypersensitivity, similar to sud­ been found to be more susceptible to nausea, vomiting, den withdrawal of the anticholinesterase. anorexia, and weight loss. 1. Siegler EL, Reidenberg M. Treatment of urinary incontinence with Galantamine Hydrobromide Overdosage with cholinesterase inhibitors may result in anticholinergics in patients taking cholinesterase inhibitors for demen­ 75: (BANM, USAN, rlNNM} 'cholinergic crisis', the details of which are desctibed under tia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 484-8. 2. Edwards KR, O'Connor JT. Risk of delirium with concomitant use of Adverse Effects of Neostigmine, p. 688.2. tolterodine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; Reviews of the safety profile of donepezil. 50: 1165-6. 1. CSM/MCA. Donepezil (Aricept). Current Problems 1999; 2:5: 7. Also available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=:=GET_ FILE&dDocName=CON2023235&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestRe­ Pharmacokinetics leased (accessed 13/08/07) 2. Jackson S, et al. The safety and tolerability of donepezil in patients with Donepezil hydrochloride is well absorbed from the Alzheimer's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58 (suppl l): 1-8. gastrointestinal tract, maximum plasma concentrations being achieved within 3 to 4 hours after ingestion. It is about Effecls on the cardiavascular system. The Australian 95% bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin. Donepezil Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee noted in undergoes partial metabolism via the cytochrome P450 October 2004 that it had received 32 reports of cardiac isoenzyme CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent by CYP2D6, to 4 arrhythmias associated with donepezil ( I4 of bradycardia, major metabolites. About 1I% of a dose is present in plasma I bundle branch block, 5 AV blocks, I 0 cases of syncope, as 6-0-desmethyldonepezil, which has similar activity to the S and 2 unspecified), as well as 7 cases of myocardial infarc­ parent compound. Over lO days, about 7% of a dose is recovered from the urine as unchanged drug and tion or cardiac arrest. I There had been 7 reports of similar cardiovascular effects with rivastigmine and 6 with galan­ metabolites, and about 15% from the faeces; 28% remains Description. The hydrobromide of galantamine, an tamine; the larger number with donepezil was almost cer­ unrecovered suggesting accumulation. The elimination alkaloid which has been obtained from the Caucasian tainly due to wider usage of this drug. Most patients half-life is about 70 hours. Steady-state concentrations are snowdrop (Voronov's snowdrop), Galanthus woronowii recovered when the drug was stopped or the dose achieved within 3 weeks of the start of therapy. (Amaryllidaceae), and related species. reduced, though many were hospitalised and in 4 cases a References. Pharmacopoeias. In Chin., Bur. (see p. vii), and US. pacemaker was required. 1. Tiseo PJ, et al. Metabolism and elimination of 14C-donepezil in healthy Ph. Eur. 8: (Galantamine Hydrobromide). A white or almost One study in vascular dementia reported an increased volunteers: a single-dose study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46 (suppl l): white, crystalline or amorphous powder. Sparingly soluble death rate with donepezil (see Dementia, p. 390.3) but no 19-24. 2. Reyes JF, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and in water; very slightly soluble in dehydrated alcohol; it increase in vascular events. tolerability of donepezil hydrochloride in hepatically impaired patients. dissolves in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides. pH of a 2 % 1. Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC). Cholinesterase Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58 (suppl l): 9-17. solution in water is 4.0 to 5.5. inhibitors and cardiac arrhythmias. Aust AdverseDrug ReactBul12004; 2:3: 3. Nagy CF, et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of donepezil 19-20. Also available at: http://www.tga.gov.au/adr/aadrb/aadr0410. HCI in subjects with moderately impaired renal function. Br J Clin USP 36: (Galantamine Hydrobromide). A white to almost pdf (accessed 13/02/06) Pharmaco/ 2004; 58 (suppl l): 18-24. white powder. Sparingly soluble in water; very slightly

The symbol t denotes a preparation no longer actively marketed The symbol denotes a substance whose use may be restricted in certain sports (see p. viii) ® 392 Antidementia

soluble in alcohol; soluble in O.IN sodium hydroxide; 5. Erkinjuntti T, et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular shemelt; Ga1amedt; Kuromentt; OxyGa1t; Reminyl; ZapTront; insoluble in propyl alcohol. dementia and Alzheimer's disease combined with cerebrovascular Denm.: Reminyl; Fin.: Reminyl; Fr.: Reminyl; Ger.: Galnora; disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283-90. Reminyl; Gr.: Aneprosil; Galanyl; Memo-Farmellas; Memoton 6. Auchus AP, et al. Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial. NeuroloHY 2007; 69: 448-58. Life; Reminyl; Riminyl; Zoroflog; Hong Kong: Reminyl; India: Uses and Administration Galamer; Indon.: Reminyl; Irl.: Galsya; Reminyl; Israel: Remi­ nyl; !tal.: Galema; Reminyl; Jpn: Reminyl; Malaysia: Reminyl; Galantamine hydrobromide is a reversible inhibitor of Adverse Effects, Treatment, and Precautions Mex. : Reminyl; Neth.: Bergal; Galantagen; Galantex; Reminyl; acetylcholinesterase activity, with actions similar to those of As for Donepezil, p. 391.1. Hypertension has also been Norw. : Reminyl; NZ: Galanty1; Reminyl; Philipp.: Reminyl; neostigmine (p. 687.2). It also has an intrinsic action on reported with galantamine. Pol. : Nivalin; Port.: Rerninyl; Rus.: Nivalin (HHBaJlliH); Reminyl nicotinic receptors. It is used in the symptomatic treatment For details regarding dose adjustments in moderate (PeMHHHJI); S.Afr.: Reminyl; Singapore: Reminyl; Spain: Gal­ of mild to moderately severe dementia in Alzheimer's nora; Reminyl; Reminyl; Reminyl; Remi­ hepatic or renal impairment, see under Uses and Swed.: Switz.: Thai.: disease (but see p. 394.1). nyl; Turk.: Reminyl; UK: Elmino; Galsya; Gatalin; Lotprosin; Administration, above. There are no data on the use of Galantarnine is given as the hydrobromide although Reminyl; Ukr.: Nivalin (HHBMI1H); USA: Razadyne; Venez. : Pro­ galantamine in patients with severe hepatic or renal doses are expressed in terms of the base; 5.1 mg of neurax. impairment and consequently in the licensed product galantarnine hydrobromide is equivalent to about 4 mg of information it is contra-indicated in such patients; it should galantamine. initial oral dose of 4mg is given twice daily Pharmacopoeial Preparations An also not be given to patients with both significant hepatic USP 36: Galantamine Tablets. with food for 4 weeks, then increased to 8 mg twice daily. and renal impairment. This dose should be maintained for at least 4 weeks; thereafter, the dose may be further increased to 12 mg twice Effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sys­ {rtNNJ daily according to response and tolerance. A modified­ ldebenone tems. Results from 2 studies of the use of galantamine in release preparation is also available for once-daily use. The !debenona; _ldebenone; lctebenonum; V1tte6E;HOry. mild cognitive impairment (an unlicensed indication) CV·2f;19 ;. cliuical benefit of galantamine should be reassessed, have suggested that there may be an increased risk of 2·(10+Jy9roxydecyi)c5,6"dimethoxy-3-methylcp-benzoqui� preferably within the first 3 months, and thereafter on a death in patients given galantamine compared with those none. regular basis. Reductions in dose may be necessary in on placebo: out of a total of about 2000 patients, 13 died patients with hepatic or renal impairment (see p. 394.1) or in the galantamine groups with only 1 death reported in C:9H3o05;338:4 in those also taking certain cytochrome P450 isoenzyme the placebo groups.l.2 About half of the deaths were 0\S -58i.86-27-9: inhibitors (see Interactions, p. 394.2). .,-, caused by cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events. ATC N068X 13. Galantamine hydrobromide has also been used in '-,- 3. For a suggestion of possibly increased mortality with ATC Ve-·t DN061{X i various neuromuscular disorders, and to curtail the muscle donepezil in patients with vascular dementia, see Dementia, relaxation produced by competitive neuromuscular block­ i UNII HB{!PN45W4J. p. 390.3. ers. l. Janssen-Onho Inc. Safety information from investigational studies with Profile Reminyl (galantamine hydrobromide) in mild cognitive impairment Idebenone has been described as a nootropic and an (MCI) (issued 18th ApriL 2005). Available at: http:f/www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ Administration in hepatic impairment. No dose adjust­ antoxidant. It is used in the treatment of mental impairment ment of galantamine is necessary in mild hepatic impair­ dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/medefflreminyl_hpc-eng.pdi (accessed 05/08/08) associated with cerebrovascular disorders. A dose of 90 mg ment. Patients with moderate impairment should begin 2. Ortho-McNeil Neurologies, Inc. Important prescribing information: daily has been given orally in 2 divided doses after food. with an oral dose of 4 mg once daily (or 8 mg every other deaths in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (issued 31st Idebenone has also been tried in Alzheimer's disease. March, 2005). Available at: http:llwww.fda.gov/downloads/Safety/ day if using a modified-release preparation), preferably Idebenone is used in the symptomatic management of taken in the morning, for at least one week; thereafter the MedWatch/Safetylnformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ UCM164870.pdf (bioavailability may be Galantamine is contra-indicated in severe impairment Switzerland, a dose of 5 mg/kg daily in 3 divided doses is increased by drugs that inhibit CYP2D6, such as quinidine, (creatinine clearance less than 9 rnL/minute) due to lack of recommended for such use in patients aged 4 years and fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine, and by those that data. over. inhibit CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole and ritonavir. Dose Leucocytopenia and agranulocytosis have been reported reduction of galantamine may be required when given with rarely with the use of idebenone. Some licensed product Dementia. ReviewsH suggest that galantamine is of such drugs. benefit in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of information recommends that a complete blood cell count Alzheimer's disease (p. 388.1); evidence in more severely Pharmacokinetics and liver function tests should be performed before starting impaired subjects is lacking. In the UK, NICE states treatment and regularly thereafter, and also before and after that galantamine may be used in patients with mild to Galantamine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. dose increases. Idebenone should not be used in patients moderate deinentia if given under the following condi­ Peak plasma concentrations are reached in about I hour with moderate or severe hepatic impairment and used with tions:4 after ingestion from conventional formulations; with caution in those with mild impairment. modified-release formulations, peak concentrations occur Idebenone is also being investigated for the treatment of • treatment should only be started under specialist supervision about 4 to 5 hours after a dose and are somewhat lower. The Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Leber's optic atrophy, and absolute oral bioavailability of galantamine is about 90%. the multisystem syndrome of mitochondrial myopathy, • patients who continue on the drug should be reviewed regularly The presence of food delays the rate of absorption although encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes the extent of absorption is not affected. Protein binding is (MELAS). • treatment should only be continued if there was evidence of benefit about 18%. Galantamine is partially metabolised by the Idebenone is available as a 1% cream for the cosmetic Galantamine may also be effective in the treatment of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; a treatment of \'Vfinkles. vascular dementia. Results from a randomised, controlled number of active metabolites are formed. The elimination study5 have shown a trend towards improved cognition in half-life is about 7 to 8 hours. After 7 days, the majority of a Dementia. Idebenone was found to be safe and effective patients with probable vascular dementia, although patients single oral dose is recovered in the urine with up to about in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease numbers were too small for this to be significant. A more 6% detected in the faeces; about 20 to 30% of the dose is (p. 388.1) when followed for up to 2 years.I.2 In a further recent multicentre study6 in patients with probable vascular excreted in the urine as unchanged galantamine. Clearance study,3 its safety and efficacy were comparable to tacrine. dementia found cognitive improvement with galantamine is reported to be 20% lower in females than in males and However, another study4 found no clinically significant to be greater than with placebo; however, improvement in 25% lower in poor metabolisers than in extensive slowing of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's daily activities with galantamine was similar to that seen metabolisers. disease treated with idebenone. with placebo. References. l. Weyer G, et al. Efficacy and safety of idebenone in the long-term I. Zhao Q, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of galantamine in treatment of Alzheimer's clisease: a double-blind, placebo controlled A systematic review3 concluded that galantamine could 11: with hepatic impairment and multicentre study. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1996; 53-65. not be recommended for treatment in patients with mild 42: 428�36. 2. Gutzmann H, Hadler D. Sustained efficacy and safety of idebenone in the cognitive impairment because of limited clinical benefit and an 2. V, et al. Galantamine population pharmacokinetics in treatment of Alzheimer's disease: update on a 2-year double-blind unexplained association with an excess death rate (see also patients Alzheimer's disease: modeling and simulations. J Clin multicentrc study. J Neural Transm 1998; 54 (suppl): 301-10. 3. Gutzmann H, et al. Safety and efficacy of idebenone versus tacrine in Effects on the Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Systems, Pharmaco/ 2003; 43: 514-2 3. 3. Farlow MR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine. Clin Pharmaco· patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized, double-blind, p. 394.2). kinet 2003; 42: 1383-92. parallel-group multicenter study. 2002; 35: 12-18. 1. Scott LJ, Goa KL. Galantamine: a review of its use in Alzheimer's clisease. 4. Thai U, et al. ldebenone treatment fails to cognitive decline in Drugs 2000; 60: 1095-1 122. Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2003; 61: 1498-1502. 2. Pearson VE. Galantamine: a new Alzheimer drug with a past life. Ann P.r�p�r�_li()n.�...... Pharmacother 2001; 35; 1406-13. (details are given in Volume B) Friedreich's ataxia. Preliminary studies of idebenone in 3. Loy C. Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild ProprietaryPreparations the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.1-7 cognitive impairment. Available in The Cochrane Datilbase of Single�ingredient Preparations. Arg.: Intelec; Memolos; Numen­ Systematic Reviews; Issue I. Chichester: John Wiley; 2006 (accessed cial; Reminyl; Austral.: Galantyl; Reminyl; Austria: Reminyl; l. Hausse AO. et a!. Idebenone and reduced cardiac hypertrophy in 87: 14/02/06). Belg.: Reminyl; Braz.: Reminyl; Canad.: Reminyl; Chile: Friedreich's ataxia. Heart 2002; 346-9. 4. NICE. DonepeziL galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine for the 2. Artuch R, et al. Friedreich's ataxia: idebenone treatment in e<1rly stage Galamed; Reminyl; Hui Min treatment of Alzheimer's disease (review) (issued March 20l l). China: Jin Kang Ling Li patients. 33: 190-3. Available at: http:/ /www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13419/53619/ Qi Er Neng ({;}'JI;ii�); Reminyl(�t})r); Shi Wei 3. Mariotti C, Idebenone treatment in Friedreich patients: one-year- 53619.pdf (accessed II/041l1) Baa(ilt})itJk.jJ ); Yi You Li Ning (le\1Jt;f�'J");Cz.: (.!Jli,l Apo-Galant;rltii); Fla- long randomized placebo-controlled tri<�L Neurology 2003; 60: 1676-9. (.ooifit"'li); All cross-references refer to entries in Volume A