80 | 1870 2017 The MalayanUnion,establishedbythe 1946 plantations. peninsula toworkinminesandrubber Chinese andTamillaborerstotheMalay British colonialgovernmentbeginsbringing 1870 Security Act. politicians andactivistsundertheInternal Operation Lalangjails106opposition 1987 authoritarianism. bringing rapideconomicgrowth,butalso Mohamad becomesprimeminister, Amid growingMalaynationalism,Mahathir 1981 Chinese andethnicMalayskillatleast196. gains, theMay13riotsbetweenethnic Following historicoppositionelectoral 1969 exitstheFederationofMalaysia. 1965 and . Singapore andtheBorneostatesofSabah The FederationofMalaysiaisformedwith 1963 has dominatedMalaysianpoliticssince. Later knownasBarisanNasional, thecoalition Indian parties,winsanelectionlandslide. composed oftheUMNOandChinese The Alliance,anintercommunalcoalition 1955 that year,opposesit. National Organization(UMNO),founded Chinese andIndians.TheUnitedMalays British, grantscitizenshiptothecountry’s corruption case. Prime MinisterNajib Razakoverthe1MDB “Bersih 5.0,”callsfortheresignation of The fifthiterationoftheBersihprotests, 2016 free andfairelections. The Bersih(“Clean”)movementdemands 2007 gives birthtotheReformasimovement. for sodomyandcorruption.Publicoutrage sacked over economic policy and put on trial Anwar, thendeputyprimeminister,is 1998

communal riots. People’s ActionParty(PAP)spark Singapore’s ethnic-Chinese-dominated Tensions betweentheUMNOand 1964 independence fromtheUK. The FederationofMalayaachieves 1957 . The FederationofMalayareplacesthe 1948 2,000 deaths. Sino-Malay raceriotsleadtoanestimated 1945 . Sultanate Armyinvadeacoastalvillage in 200 armedFilipinosfromtheRoyal 2013 Mahathir stepsdown. financial crisisandmountingopposition, His coalitionweakenedbytheAsian 2003 The Asianfinancialcrisis. 1997 the Pan-MalayanIslamicParty(PAS). UMNO amidconflictbetweenMahathirand Young IslamicleaderAnwarIbrahimjoins 1982 entrench ’preferentialstatus. It willsucceedinreducingpoverty,but The New Economic Policy (NEP) is launched. 1971

* Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. Malaysia inal violence,however,are lowcomparedtomanycountriesintheregion. widespread in the country. Rates of local electoral violence, resource conflict, and crim be to appear views extremist and elsewhere, attacks in involved been have Malaysians violence in the future. Terrorist attacks on Malaysian soil have been relatively rare, but of risk the raises advantage political for communalism of use continued The brutality. has increasingly been challenged,protestshave often been met with arrests and police coalition ruling the of hegemony the As transparency. and reform electoral freedoms, Ibrahim, making room for an emboldened civil society to assert itself and demand civic Anwar Minister Prime Deputy of sacking the over coalition ruling the within appeared The aftermath of the 1997 Asian financial crisis alteredexpression. the politicaldemocratic landscape.on Divisions restrictions legitimate to tensions racial latent using turn, semiauthoritarian a took government Nasional Barisan the as freedoms, civic of cost experienced rapid growth and kept racial tensions in check. This, however, came at the Malaysia rule, its Under all. benefited that policies economic introducing time same remained continuously in power by safeguarding Malay political supremacy while at the politics. (National Front), a broad, intercommunal political coalition, lasting a left that event watershed a 1969, May in riots race in ed of political formations organized along communal lines. Simmering tensions culminat emergence the to led communities Indian and Chinese the and Malays ethnic between disparities economic growing followed, that decade the and independence to leading years the In dynamics. religious and ethnic by shaped been have Malaysia in Politics At a glance a At Overview Low Separatism andautonomy Medium Transnational Medium National politicalconflict Absent National civilwar Urban crimeandviolence Low Local resource conflict Low Local politicalandelectoralconflict Medium Communal/ideological conflict Low

mark on Malaysian on mark - -

81 | Malaysia 82 | Malaysia ner of Barisan Nasional). The MIC and MCA’s support for UMNO was based on a compromise a on based was UMNO for support MCA’s and MIC The Nasional). Barisan of ner 1948 (seethesectiononlarge-scale communalandideologicalconflicts,below). in erupted Chinese, by ethnic was dominated Communist PartyofMalaya(CPM),which by the 1949—to gain political leverage to bargain for in better status. (MCA) At the same Association time, an Chinese , led Malayan the and 1946, in (MIC) Congress Indian Malaysian tunities continued, however. The Chinese and Indian communities formed political parties—the restored theauthorityofSultansunderBritish highcommissioner. which 1948, in Malaya of Federation the by Union Malayan the of replacement the to led This 1946. in established was which (UMNO), Organization National Malays United the from sition oppo vocal with met were provisions These Indians. and Chinese to service civil the to access the of power the reduced considerably independence, for 1945, Sino-Malayraceriotsledtoanestimated2,000deaths. the Japanese, fought antifascist forces armed by the British and composed mainly of Chinese. In violence during the Japanese , when Malay anticolonial forces, trained and armed by Malays increasingly lagging behind, leading to an increase in racial tensions. These erupted into plantations. The growing urban working class became largely composed of such “foreigners,” with to workin Indians continued dominant intrade,while Indian Theformerbecame populations. economy of mining and large-scale planting improved the economic welfare of the Chinese and new the to exposure Nevertheless, residents. foreign temporary considered were Indians and Chinese advantages, other and education, free rights, land customary from benefited and lays continued to live by subsistence farming. While Malays were subjects of the Ma rural while administration, colonial the in employed were Malays urban better-educated rubber plantations. The British ruled through the feudal Malay Sultanate system. A minority of on and industry mining the in laborers as work to government colonial British the by numbers communal divides. movement. Demands for electoral reform and an end to corruption have mobilized citizens across civil society has increasingly challenged the status quo, as evidenced by the success of the emboldened an however, 2000s, the Since independence. since interruption without Malaysia ruled has which coalition, political Nasional Barisan multiethnic the for minorities of support calated into violence since the 1969 riots, the threat of social unrest has been used to secure the es rarely have tensions these While stability. and growth economic broad-based for trade-off a as percent) 7 and percent 23.4 (respectively communities Indian and Chinese large the by Malaysia The MIC and MCA eventually rallied around the UMNO to form the Alliance (the forerun (the Alliance the form to UMNO the around rallied eventually MCA and MIC The Chinese and Indian demands for equal citizenship and educational and employment oppor Following World War II, the short-lived Malayan Union, established by the British to prepare large in peninsula Malay the to brought were Tamils and Chinese 1930, and 1870 Between known as landscape. Policies favoring ethnic Malays and other indigenous political people, collectively Malaysian the define part large in communalism religious and Ethnic National politicalconflict National civilwarhasnotbeenpresentinMalaysiasinceindependence. National civilwar (68.6 percent of the population

Sultans and granted citizenship and citizenship granted and 2 1 ), are by and large accepted National level Bersih - - - - -

at least 22 people were killed and 454 injured. 454 and killed were people 22 least at which during riots, communal 1964 the in culminated parties two the between Tensions level. large majority, from the 1959 elections onward, posing a political threat to UMNO at the federal . ’s People’s Action Party (PAP) dominated Singapore, where Chinese are a northern in Sarawak and Sabah of states the and Singapore integrating after Malaysia of ation politics withoutinterruptiontothisday. Malaysian dominated has coalition same The landslide. a by elections 1955 the win to on went Alliance The affairs. economic their in interfere not would government the that understanding whereby minorities would support Malay preferential status in exchange for security and a tacit PAS, Mahathir groomed his own Islamic leader, the charismatic , and championed revolution, PAS challenged UMNO dominance within the Iranian ethnic-Malay the community. and wars Arab-Israeli the as such events global by fueled revival, religious a from 1977. in the to return to Nasional Barisan the left had which party, PAS Islamic the by posed challenge political the to response in state the of Islamization the nessed tensions. racial inciting allegedly for (ISA) Act Security Internal the under arrested were activists society civil and politicians opposition 106 1987, in Lalang, the Malay vote, keep minorities in line, and suppress dissent. In a major crackdown, Operation mobilize to manipulated frequently were issues racial and curbed, were freedoms Democratic however. cost, a at came This growth. economic rapid to leading planning macroeconomic led hamad, whobecameprimeministerin1981andremained inthatofficeforthenext22years. Mo Mahathir politician conservative the of power to rise the enabled This UMNO. the within Another effect of the 1969 riots was the growing influence of ultra-Malay nationalism, especially it entrenched the preferential status of Bumiputera and fed resentment among ethnic minorities. growing middle class. The NEP’s effects on interracial harmony are more debatable, however, as representation of ethnic Malays in nonagricultural sectors, tertiary education, and the country’s 1990. in percent 16.3 to 1970 in percent 49.3 from line poverty the under living Malaysians of share the reducing success, significant achieved NEP the 1990, to 1971 from Implemented professions. salaried and commerce, business, in representation their increase and agriculture subsistence on Bumiputera of dependence the decrease to provisions action affirmative many included it practice, In activities. economic specific with groups ethnic was meant to foster interracial harmony by reducing poverty and eliminating the association of NEP The (NEP). Policy Economic New a of launch the justify to used also were riots 1969 The Alliance reformed as Barisan Nasional, integrating opposition parties such as PAS and Gerakan. 1948 Sedition Act to further suppress contestation of the preferential status of Bumiputera. The 14, and the parliament was suspended for two years. When it reconvened in 1971, it amended the power and a long-lasting authoritarian turn. A state of national emergency was declared on May properties werelooted,andatleast196people,mostofthemChinese,killed. Chinese election. the after days three 13, May on out broke riots supporters, Gerakan and DAP constitutional amendments in the federal parliament. Following incidents during celebrations by Alliance, which failed for the first time to achieve the crucial two-thirds majority needed to pass the on setback major a inflicting elections, 1969 the in gains historic made parties Opposition privileges. Malay abolition of for the campaigned (Gerakan) of which Movement in1968,both People’s Malaysian the and 1965, in (DAP) Party Action Democratic the of formation the to led performance MCA’s the over frustration Chinese Meanwhile, north. conservative and rural the in clerics Muslim by 1951 in founded (PAS), Party Islamic Pan-Malayan the by challenged was opposition also resulted in racial violence. UMNO’s control over the ethnic-Malay constituency political developing a and Alliance the between competition Malaysia, of rest the In 1965. in The achieved independence in 1957, and in 1963 became the Feder the became 1963 in and 1957, in independence achieved Malaya of Federation The Under Mahathir rule, Malaysia became a relatively successful developmental state, Malay of consolidation the by marked politics, Malaysian in shift major a to led riots The 3 Singapore was expelled from the Federation the from expelled was Singapore 8 The 1980s and ’90s also wit also ’90s and 1980s The 6 It also resulted in greater in resulted also It 10 5 To undercut 9 7 Benefiting with state- - - - 4

83 | Malaysia 84 | Malaysia channeled the discontent of Malaysia’s growing middle class. The that (Reformasi) movement a of leader the into protégé former Mahathir’s transforming rage, measures. recovery economic on disagreements over sacked was minister, finance then Ibrahim, Anwar reform movement cutting across communal lines. During the Asian financial crisis (1997–1998), to localandIndonesianterrorgroups,brandthepoliticalpartyasextremist. PAS’s support for Sharia-inspired criminal punishments ( of advantage took Mahathir 1990s, the In bureaucracy. the of Islamization progressive the and policies supporting the establishment of Islamic courts, banks, universities, and medical centers Muslim women to convert to Christianity. the of a state assemblyman in Penang who was believed to have persuaded Malay and 2000 in Lumpur Kuala in temple Hindu a of bombing the included incidents High-profile officials. government of murder the and bombings, robberies, for responsible was group The . the and Thailand of parts southern the and , Malaysia, comprising state state. in Committee Youth State PAS the of member a and veteran jihad Afghan an Ismail, Zainon by established was KMM) Movement, Mujahideen Malaysian (the Malaysia Mujahidin Kumpulan organizations. radical Malaysian other to birth gave and PAS, by sponsored allegedly was group The Indonesia. and , , in institutions religious of graduates together sians returning from the jihad formed a clandestine “prayer group,” Halaqah Pakindo, bringing together were trained in Pakistan and Afghanistan as anti-Soviet mujahedeen. mented, a USAID report estimated that around 300–400 fighters from Malaysia and Indonesia state areboundtoresurface. Bumiputera of status preferential the over differences fundamental But constituencies. different together bring governance good and reform electoral regarding PAS. by promoted he proposed to further Islamicize Malaysian law by adopting the same hudud punishments once lead-up to the 2018 general election, Najib has allegedly been resorting to old communal tactics: over his alleged involvement in the 1MDB corruption case. shrink. to continued parliament federal the in majority Nasional’s Barisan election, general 2013 the In arrests. and brutality police with met often were crowds. multiracial large attracted () with PAS and DAP. Four more Bersih protests, in 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2016, time since 1969. Anwar Ibrahim’s PKR won five states out of 13first andthe formedfor themajority People’stwo-thirds Alliance its lost Nasional Barisan election, general year’s following the Bersih drew between 10,000 and 30,000 protestors into the streets in November 2007. During Elections (Bersih, or “Clean”). Focusing on a practical set of simple demands regarding elections, the reform movement regain momentum with the establishment of the Coalition for Free and Fair Chinese community relayed by DAP. Only in the 2007, four years from after Mahathir stepped demands down, did and PAS by implemented policies Islamist state-level about DAP and PAS new party (later known as the People’s Justice Party, PKR), collapsed amid disagreements between initial success was, however, short lived. A coalition formed by PAS, DAP, and Anwar Ibrahim’s movement’s The corruption. to end an and justice, social representation, democratic genuine The The firstdecade ofthe 21 Although no precise number of Malaysians joining the Afghan jihad in the 1980s was docu 13 The 2016 “Bersih 5.0” protesters called for the resignation of current prime minister prime current of resignation the for called protesters 5.0” “Bersih 2016 The 11 His subsequent trial for alleged sodomy and corruption was met with public out public with met was corruption and sodomy alleged for trial subsequent His 19 to thespreadofextremistviewswithinMalaysia. hedeen and more recently with the Islamic State. Jihad returnees have contributed muja Afghan the with first jihad, wage to abroad gone have volunteers Malaysian Transnational terrorism KMM’s goal was to overthrow Mahathir’s government and create a regional Islamic 15 Within the opposition, communal divides also persist. Common demands Common persist. also divides communal opposition, the Within st century was marked by the growth of a more vocal civil society and 20 KMM was closely linked with the Indonesian terror hudud 16 ordinances), and links alleged

and the role of in the in Islam of role the and 14 To bolster support in the

activists demanded 17 In 1986, Malay 18 In 1995, In 12 - - - -

of theIndonesianpolice,duringaraidinCentralJava2009. (2009). Hotels Carlton Ritz and in of the JW Marriott Hotel (2003), the Australian Embassy (2004), and the JW Marriott high-profile JI attacks in Indonesia inthe 2000s,such asthe 2005 Bali attacks andthe bombings KMM memberswerelaterfoundjoiningtheIslamicState(IS). former some However, disbanded. was KMM and arrested, were members 14 2002, and 2001 al-Qaeda. to as well as Philippines the in groups militant to out reach KMM helped which and state, Islamic pan-Malay a of goal same the shares which (JI), Islamiyah Jemaah group second-highest scoreglobally( the favorably, IS view Malaysians of percent 11 that found Center Research Pew the However, Indonesian counterparts. than their militants committed and hardened less be to join IStend to trying while arrested Malaysians that found Group Soufan The 2017. April in Syria in killed ordered attacks on prominent Malaysians including Prime Minister Najib Razak. Muhammad Wanndy Mohamed Jedi, a Syria-based IS leader and Malaysian national, who also to reported allegedly perpetrators The officers. police were whom of two arrested, were pects sus Fifteen Malaysia. in IS by claimed first the was 2016, June in people eight injured which foiled several plots. out multiple arrests of suspected militants preparing attacks in the country, and claimed to have combatants than neighboring Indonesia. of departure the preventing at efficient more was state Malaysian the that noted Group Soufan Nusantara, was formed in Syria, although a large majority of its members were Indonesian. The jihad. The government’s official count was 100 in 2015. A Malay-speaking IS combat unit, Katibah A Malaysian national, , was the mastermind of some of the most the of some of mastermind the was Top, Mohammad Noordin national, Malaysian A Following the rise of IS in Syria beginning in 2013, some Malaysians went abroad to join the 100 20 40 60 80 0

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85 | Malaysia 86 | Malaysia centuries, the region of Sabah was under the influence of the , based in the archi the Philippines, over northern Sabah has led to several eruptions of violence. In the 17 countries continue to claim sovereignty over the Ambalat continental shelf. Another dispute, with between Indonesia and Malaysia over the Ligitan and Sipadan islands in favor of Malaysia. Both tration declared a state of emergency after the assassination of three European planters by the by planters European three of assassination the after emergency of state a declared tration Malaysia. rural in farmers landless “squatters,” Chinese ethnic among recruited (MNLA), Army Liberation National Malayan the wing, armed Its Chinese. ly of ethnicity. While the party was a multiethnic organization, its membership was predominant regardless Malaysia of inhabitants all for rights equal demanded also CPM the independence, Japanese occupation during World War II, but started fighting the British after the war. Besides (CPM) was formed in 1930 to oppose colonial rule. It briefly received British support to fight the as the —and then again from 1967 to 1989. The Communist Party of Malaya Sedition Act. the under members SSKM charged and unlawful, initiative the declared authorities Malaysian addressed a petition to the secretary general on the issue of self-determination. independence for the two states. At the same time, a coalition of NGOs, politicians, and activists demand to media social on appeared SSKM) Malaysia, Leave Sarawak (Sabah Malaysia Keluar Sarawak Sabah called group a 2014, In Malaysia. peninsular from separate to calls indigenous Malaysian security forces. the of members 10 and civilians six with along killed, were militants 56 of total A confrontation. military into escalated and month a over lasted stand-off ensuing The Sulu. of torboat. The men were followers of Jamalul Kiram III, one of the claimants to the title of mo by Sabah in Lahad of village coastal the invaded Army, Sultanate Sulu Royal the as of JabidahtraineesbythePhilippinearmyonCorregidorIsland. dozens of massacre the with tragedy, in ended and failed operation the However, claims. torial carrying out sabotage operations to destabilize the region and strengthen the Philippines’ terri combatants, the Jabidah, to infiltrate Sabah,Muslim recruiting amongof the localteam Tausug commando special a trained Marcos Ferdinand President of government the the people of Sabah exercised their right to self-determination in joining the Federation in 1963. that considers Malaysia while 1878, in British the to territory the leased only Sulu of sultan the that basis the on Sabah claim Philippines The 1963. in Malaysia of Federation the of member century and, after the Japanese occupation during World War II, a British colony and a founding pelago of the same name in the southern Philippines. It became a British in the 19 Malaysia fought a domestic communist insurgency from 1948 to 1960—a first phase known been also have there state, Malaysian Borneo North other the Sarawak, in and Sabah In The dispute remained dormant until 2013, when over 200 armed men, identifying themselves 1968, In Sabah. of control gain to try to means military used has times at Philippines The 33 (on this,refertothenationalpoliticalconflictsection, above). Communal tensions have shaped Malaysian politics and society since independence Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts Philippines. In 2002, the International Court of Justice settled a territorial dispute Borneo, have long ofbeen a bone island of contention the between Malaysia, on Indonesia, and situated the states Malaysian two the of one Sabah, of borders The Separatism andautonomy 34 In 1948, the colonial adminis colonial the 1948, In 30 Subnational level 29 population and th and 18 32 31 th th - - - - -

Penang that injured a security guard, two petrol bombs at a BN office in , and the northern in rally BN a at bomb a flags, party opposition the held who Georgetown in men two of harassment physical included These violent. more became incidents April, in started period and egg throwing, and destruction of property. However, when the official, two-week campaign election, resultedinfrequentincidentspriortothe2013 generalelection. base ledthemtoenterpeacetalksandeventuallyendthewarin1989,asUSSRcollapsed. factionalism, and the insurgents’ failure to mobilize national support beyond their ethnic-Chinese internal support, foreign insufficient But border. Thailand-Malaysia the along stronghold their from attacks launched MNLA The Lumpur. Kuala in riots ethnic 1969 the and War Vietnam regulations thatformedthebasisofInternalSecurityAct1960. suppress peacetime contestation in the following decades, such as the Sedition Act and emergency civilians. 2,500 imately the emergencywasdeclaredoverin1960. steam after Malaysia gained independence in 1957; the MNLA retreated to the Thai border, and lost CPM the by waged war liberation the successful, not were talks the Although combatants. surrendering for amnesty of offer an with along election, general first Malaysia’s after 1955 in began talks Peace commissioner. high British the assassinated MNLA the 1952, In camps. into on rubber plantations, to which the British responded by relocating half a million rural Chinese communists in . The ensuing guerilla war was characterized by acts of sabotage and attacks Violent acts prior to the campaign period were limited to blocking access to meetings, stone the of intensification the with parallel in 1968, in started insurgency the of phase second A approx and fighters MNLA 6,710 including people, 10,533 estimated an killed conflict The ruling BN and the opposition Pakatan Rakyat, which made large gains in the 2008 the between competition political increased However, countries. Asian Southeast other many in as Malaysia in prevalent as been not has violence Election-related Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence 35 It also served to justify repressive legislation that would be used to used be would that legislation repressive justify to served also It 36 Local level -

87 | Malaysia 88 | Malaysia in many criminal activities, such as drug trafficking, armed robberies, loan-sharking, and con and loan-sharking, robberies, armed trafficking, drug as such activities, criminal many in police published a list of 49 gangs, with around 40,000 members involved. Gangsters take part from 80percentin2010. reduction a crime, of victims becoming feared 2015 in Lumpur Kuala in people of percent 61 reduction of 47 percent from 2010 to 2016. The Perception of Crime Indicator (PCI) showed that GTP data, there has been an average annual decline of 9 percent to in the Crime According Index, with year. a total that of January in launched (GTP), Program Transformation Government down anddozensoflocalsdetainedbythepolice. developers in Balah Forest, which they claim as their against customary land. blockades Blockades up were set later taken community indigenous an 2016, In livelihoods. indigenous damages development. for slated is occupy they documents that prove their ownership of legal the possess land, and not are involuntarily do relocated Many when the ownership. area land indigenous governing laws the in inconsistencies ( people Indigenous big oilpalmandtimbercompanies. by logging against mobilize to Sarawak in communities assisted actively had who Kayong, Bill 2011, in company an resulted in the deaths of seven gangsters, a clash between 200 natives and 100 armed men from 1997, in headman village a of shooting the included have violence physical of Cases communities. local plantations. scale large- for companies and outsiders to population Dayak indigenous the to belonging lands customary and lands public both providing by eradicated be could poverty that believed of thesegangsaregirlsand women. lines, tract killings. Gang recruitment targets schoolchildren and is generally carried out along ethnic is now a major exporter. Over 200 plantations had opened as of 2014, with 103,156 registered 103,156 with 2014, of as opened had plantations 200 Over exporter. major a now is it which of oil, palm especially and rubber of production Malaysia’s increasing by development the firstweekofcampaign,and43arrests. Klang. in Rakyat torching of two vehicles that belonged to the daughter of a candidate from the opposition Pakatan 1980 to more than one million hectares in 2013. in hectares million one than more to 1980 in hectares 23,000 from rose palm oil with planted area the example, for Sarawak, In rights. land indigenous customary of violation the and loss biodiversity and deforestation as such settlers andmorethan477,000hectaresofdevelopedland. Despite relatively low homicide rates, gang violence in Malaysia is common. In 2013, the 2013, In common. is Malaysia in violence gang rates, homicide low relatively Despite Malaysia. peninsular in prevalent also is development plantation to related conflict Land issues environmental with associated been has however, plantations, palm oil for use Land 50 with 70 percent of gang members reportedly ethnic Indians. 43 a clash between villagers and gangsters hired by an oil palm company in 1999 that 1999 in company palm oil an by hired gangsters and villagers between clash a ment has released data showing its success in reducing the Crime Index under the latest year for which UNODC data is available. the 2010, in people 100,000 per deaths 1.9 was rate homicide criminal Malaysia’s Urban crimesandviolence 1980. to 1970 from families 76,200 over one million acres of land on the peninsula to the poor and resettled more than The land-development policy implemented in the 1970s as part of the NEP provided Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights

37 42 Police reported 1,166 cases of election-related violence and intimidation in intimidation and violence election-related of cases 1,166 reported Police Unsurprisingly, this led to land conflicts between oil palm companies and companies palm oil between conflicts land to led this Unsurprisingly, orang asli 49 44 ) have been vulnerable during land development, in part due to due part in development, land during vulnerable been have ) and the 2016 murder of an indigenous and land rights activist, rights land and indigenous an of murder 2016 the and 45 52 46 Deforestation resulting from land development also development land from resulting Deforestation 38 41 39 47 The Sarawak state government in the 1980s the in government state Sarawak The The program also contributed to economic economic to contributed also program The 48

40 Since then, the Malaysian govern 51 Twelve percent of members - - It alsoreportedabusebythestateduringarrest,custody,andimprisonment. least 16 adult transwomen were arrested at a wedding and sentenced to seven days imprisonment. authorities and related to cross-dressing. It cited an incident state in 2014 by in people which at transgender of assault sexual to related cases several addressed Watch Rights enforced. been rarely has law the although imprisonment, years three to up of sentences with conduct same-sex penalizes which Law, Criminal Sharia the of enactment the to due particularly violence, to vulnerable are and discrimination employment face They 2010, while4,807caseswererecordedin2014( in recorded were 3,173 cases cases: violence domestic in increase recent steady, a show records partners. intimate by violence suffered had women of percent 8 that found Malaysia, Transgender people are stigmatized by their families, communities, and government officials. Source: 1,000 2,000 ,000 4,000 5,000 women’s health and domestic violence against women across 13 states in western in states 13 across women against violence domestic and health women’s study to questionnaires WHO used which 2013, in research Baseline conducted. been have studies few and underreported, is Malaysia in violence Gender-based Domestic andgender-based violence RoyalMalaysiaPoliceandMinistry ofWomen, Family, andCommunityDevelopment 2001 2002 Figure 2. 200 2004 Domesticviolenceandrapecases (2001–2014) 2005 Domestic violence 2006 200 figure 2 2008 200 ). Rape 2010 2011 2012 54 201 A report by Human by report A 55 2014 56 53 Police

89 | Malaysia 90 | Malaysia 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 14 2 1 Notes sian election amid fraud allegations,” Malay wins coalition “Ruling See vote. the of percent 49 just with secured was majority Nasional’s Barisan www.bersih.org website, 2.0 Bersih parties. all for media the to access voting for the police and military, and (d) free and fair postal of abolition (c) ink, indelible of use (b) rolls, electoral the of clean-up (a) were: demands These http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/163200.stm fired,” minister prime ernment spending and lower rates. “Malaysia’s deputy gov increase to preferred Mahathir while currency, Malaysia’s control to measures austerity and rates interest high preferred bank central the and Anwar porary Politics zation in Malaysia: Processes and Dynamics,” Jason P. Abbott and Sophie Gregorios-Pippas, “Islami confidence againstthestate’schiefminister. no of motion a in PAS back to refused UMNO where , the home state of PAS president Asri Muda, in dispute political a over UMNO with out fell PAS Mahathir Milne, S. R. and Mauzy K. Diane newspapers. opposition several of licenses the During , the government also revoked schools. Chinese-language in staff as nese-speakers non-Chi of hiring the over activists and politicians Chinese by protests was arrests the for pretext The IE15April3.pdf ijie.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/7498/ and Economies tions Growth,” Economic and States velopmental De Democratic Asia’s “Southeast Rock, T. Michael beyond-communalism south-east-asia/malaysia/malaysia-s-coming-election- 2012), (ICG, 235 BeyondCommunalism? Election: (ICG), Group Crisis International deny that the policy had a significant effect on poverty. government have been disputed, but few commentators Malaysian the by used statistics and measures The 800–1,000. See Vengadesan, “Truth and Reconciliation to up estimates, higher much provide sources Unofficial dominant amongmembersandcadres. Both parties were multiethnic, but ethnic Chinese were Journal ofSocialScience Memories of the 1964 ‘Racial Riots’ in Singapore,” Present: the in Past “The Cheng, Hwee Low Adeline tures/may_13_1969_truth_and_reconciliation.html 2017, 12, January accessed website, Bar Malaysian the on ciliation,” Martin Vengadesan, “May 13, 1969: Truth and Recon cvZEYxZz09 Q4TlhUUT09&bul_id=OWlxdEVoYlJCS0hUZzJyRU ctheme&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdz www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ website, Statistics of Department Malaysia “Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2014–2016,” siphoned from the Development Berhad, Development 1Malaysia the from siphoned was million 700 USD least at that alleged was It an-barisan-wins-malaysia-election/4670904 2013, 6, http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/news_fea http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-06/ (London:Routledge,1999). Sunday Star . . 16,no.2(2010):135–151. . https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/ 7, no. 1, (2015): 29–34, (2015): 1, no. 7, BBC News . , May 11, 2008, as reproduced as 2008, 11, May , 29,no.3(2001):431–455. Malaysian PoliticsUnder , September 2, 1998, 2, September , Malaysia’s Coming Asia Report no. Report Asia ABC News Contem . https:// Institu http:// Asian Asian , May .” ------. . ​ ​ ​ ​ 19 18 17 16 15 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 the Afghan war, and some were also PAS members. PAS also were some and war, Afghan the of veterans also were group the of members Most (Singapore: WorldScientific,2004). Terrorism, Focuson Emergency; Planetary TheCultural Session: Nuclearon WarPlanetaryand Emergencies–31st in Malaysia?” from Learned be to Lessons Groups: Terror Ideological-Based of Mohd Kamarulnizam Abdullah, “Limiting The Threats Ibid. PBAAD863.pdf www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2016/ State Islamic USAID, us-malaysia-politics-idUSKBN13O0LO November 29, 2016, support,” bolster to seeks he as laws Islamic for support voices PM “Malaysian Sipalan, Joseph malaysias-leader-1434681241?mod=e2fb www.wsj.com/articles/fund-controversy-threatens- Leader,” Tom Wright, “Fund Controversy Threatens Malaysia’s example, for See, Razak. Najib to linked foundations and accounts to fund, development state-owned a Soufan Group, tack-​ cnn.com/2016/07/04/homepage2/islamic-state-at attack in Malaysia,” Marc Lourdes, “Islamic State launches first successful USAID, uploads/2015/12/TSG_ForeignFightersUpdate3.pdf 2015), Group, and Iraq Syria into Fighters Iraq: An Updated Assessmentof the Flow of Foreign Group, Soufan The 08/2009885495465108.html http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/ raid,” house in dies attacks bomb deadly of planner Suspected Top? Mohammed Noordin was “Who See Asia. Southeast in al-Qaeda of representative a also was He people. 202 killed that bombing Bali 2002 the of preparation the in involved been have also may Top Noordin The combined attacks killed 48 and injured hundreds. Malaysia. USAID, in State Islamic IS-like an create and attacks launch who, along with other Malaysian returnees, planned to muddin, a member of KMM and a returnee from Syria, laysia se-asia/chilling-isis-videos-precede-first-strike-on-ma Times Malaysia,” on strike first precede videos ISIS “Chilling Philippines. the and Indonesia, Malaysia, against attack an of warning IS by released videos in appeared Thalma, Abu member, KMM former a 2016, in soil Malaysia’s on attack successful first the to Prior Ibid. Ibid. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/mujahidin1.pdf ism Journal ofPolicing,Intelligence and CounterTerror laysia (KMM) and (JI): The Links,” Ma Mujahidin “Kumpulan Abdullah, Kamarulnizam 4, no. 1 (2009): 29–46, (2009): 1 no. 4, malaysia/ . A USAID report also identified Murad Halim Murad identified also report USAID A . , July 5, 2016, Indonesian andMalaysianSupport Indonesian and Malaysian Supportfor the Wall StreetJournal ed. (South Arlington: USAID, 2016),

Antonino Zichichi and Richard Ragaini . http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/ Foreign Fighters. . Al Jazeera Indonesianand MalaysianSupport http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/ CNN http://www.reuters.com/article/ Foreign Fighters inSyria and , July 4, 2016, http://www.platformpk. , September 18, 2009, 18, September , , June 18, 2015, 18, June , . InternationalSeminar (New York: The Soufan The York: (New http://edition. . . . https:// http:// Straits ​ 2009/ . . - - - , . ​

​ ​ ​ 31 30 29 28 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 “Malaysia launches air strikes against squatter sultan’s jabidah-massacre-merdeka-sabah 2013, Story,” Inside The Merdeka: and “Jabidah Gloria, M. Glenda and Vitug Dañguilan Marites See in mystery. shrouded remains “Merdeka” Much of the detail regarding this operation, known as Tausug arethedominantethnicgroupinSulu. muslim-populations-much-dis’dain-for-isis/ org/fact-tank/2015/11/17/in-nations-with-significant- Center ISIS,” for Disdain Much Populations, Muslim Significant with Nations “In Poushter, Jacob Malay MailOnline told,” government Sarawak disputes, land resolve to concept NCR to recognition “Give Tawie, Sulok Ibid. Research_networks/LDPI/LDPI_WP_50.pdf nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Research_and_projects/ 2013), LDPI, Hague: (The 50 Paper Sarawak in Development Palm Oil ofLarge-scale Economy Cramb, Rob Ibid. idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr22(1)14/3.pdf Research Scientific of velopment Authority (FELDA),” De Land Federal of Role the to Referring Malaysia: in Management Land “Rural al., et Mohamad Zulkifli reported.html ge13-around-the-corner-more-incidents-of-violence- http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/146902- Reported,” lence Vio Of Incidents More Corner, The Around “GE13 en-elections 2013/​ 2017, 20, April accessed 2013, 1, May website, Watch Rights Human tions,” Elec Threaten Attacks Cyber Violence, “Malaysia: Kheng, “CommunistInsurgencyinMalaysia.” fulltext/u2/a505882.pdf Corps University, 2005), Iraq in ent Situation andItsRelevancetothePres Insurgency Communist Nazar Bin Talib, org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/14_Cheah_3.pdf 132–152, 2009): (June 1 no. 11, Social Change,” and Nation-State the Contesting 1948–90: Malaysia, in Insurgency Communist “The Kheng, Boon Cheah separatist-movement/ 2015/03/16/court-four-charged-over-sabah-sarawak- 2015, website,” separatist Sarawak Stephanie Lee, “Four charged with sedition over Sabah, wak-and-sabah/ group-draws-up-self-determination-petition-for-sara 2014, Sabah,” and Sarawak for petition self-determination up draws “Group bombs-borneo-expel-sultan www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/05/malaysia- army,” Filipino 05/01/malaysia-violence-cyber-attacks-threat http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/13/ http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/​ , November 17, 2015, http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/ , Land Deal Politics Initiative (LDPI) Working A Malaysian Land Grab? 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Azima in-​ malaysian-land-rights-activist-bill-kayong-murdered- June 24, 2016, daylight,” broad in murdered Kayong Bill activist rights land “Malaysian Gaworecki, Mike 02/​ www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/​ tives,” Joseph Tawie, “Near clashes between gangsters and na wak-government nition-to-ncr-concept-to-resolve-land-disputes-sara themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/give-recog Against+Women+2000-2014_99_6_1.htm www.wao.org.my/Police+Statistics+on+Violence+ 2017, 23, April accessed Organization], Aid website of Pertubuhan Pertolongan Wanita [Women’s 2000–2014,” Women Against Violence on “Statistics Ibid. 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