'Distributed to the Council Official No. : C. 329. M. 200. 1932. XI. and the Members of the League.] [0 . C. 1410.J
Geneva, March22nd, 1932,
LEAGUE O F N A T I O N S
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
Seminary of Annual Reports of Governments on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Years 1929 and 1930
I. Summary of Annual Reports.
II. Synoptic Statistical Tables.
Series of League of Nations Publications XI. OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS 1932. XI. 3. TABLE OF CONTEXTS.
Page I n tr o d u c tio n ...... 5 first Part.— S u m m a ry o f A n n u a l R e p o r t s ...... 9
Second P a rt.—Synoptic Statistical Tables : I, Synoptic Table showing the Production of Raw Opium during the Years 1926-1930 86 II. Synoptic Table showing the Raw Opium Exports from the Principal Producing Countries 1926-1930 88 III. Synoptic Table showing the Quantities of Raw Opium utilised for the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs 1926-1930 ...... 90 IV. Synoptic Table showing the Quantities of Raw Opium utilised for the Manufacture of Prepared Opium 1926-1930 92 V. Synoptic Table showing the Production of Coca Leaves 1926-1930 ...... 94 VI. Synoptic Table showing the Available Quantity of Coca Leaves and the Quantity utilised in Manufacture during the Years 1926-1930 and the Stock at the end of the Years 1929 and 1930 ...... 96 VII. Synoptic Table showing the Manufacture and Conversion of Morphine, the Manufacture of Diacetylmorphine and of Cocaine during 1929 and 1930 in the Manufacturing Countries ...... 98 VIII. Synoptic Table showing the Exports of Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocair.e from the Manufacturing and Non-manufacturing Countries during the Years 1929 and 1930 ...... 100 IX. Synoptic Table showing the Imports of Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine during 1929 and 1930 in the Countries indicated in the T a b l e ...... 102 X-A. Table showing the Rate of Consumption of Morphine in 1930 of the Countries indicated in the Table and the Consumption for Different Geographical G ro u p s ...... 104 X-B. Table showing the Rate of Consumption of Diacetylmorphine in 1930 of the Countries indicated in the Table and the Consumption for Different Geographical G r o u p s ...... 105 X-C, Table showing the Rate of Consumption of Cocaine in 1930 of the Countries indi cated in the Table and the Consumption for Different Geographical Groups. 106 XI. Synoptic Table showing the Manufacture of Prepared Opium 1921-1930...... 108 XU. Synoptic Table showing the Consumption of Prepared Opium 1921-1930 .... 110 XIII. Synoptic Table showing the Number of Registered or Licensed Smokers 1921-1930 112 XIV. Synoptic Table showing, for the Period 1921-1930, the Percentage of Net Revenue obtained from Prepared Opium in Relation to the Total Revenue of the C ountry...... 114
' 8 (F.) 825 (A.) 8/32.— Imp. Réunies, Chambéry, — 5 —
SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORTS FROM GOVERNMENTS
O N THE TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS
FOR THE YEARS 1929 AND 1930.
INTRODUCTION.
1. The years 1929 and 1930 mark a transitory period as regards the method of presenting the summaries of the annual reports on the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. Up to 1929, the form and contents of the annual reports and, consequently, of the summary of annual reports were based upon the questionnaire adopted by the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs on April 26th, 1922, and approved by the Council on May 16th, 1922.1 In accordance with the revised questionnaire—the text of which was adopted by the Advisory Committee on February 14th, 1930, and approved by the Council on May 14th, 1930,3 and which was established for the purpose of simplifying the task of Governments, avoiding the necessity for them to include in their annual reports the statistics which they supply to the Permanent Central Opium Board— the Secretariat requests from Governments information which is principally of a non-statistical character except in regard to seizures, prepared opium, raw opium and coca leaves (as regards the two last- mentioned, only the information concerning the cultivated area is requested). A great number of countries had already in 1929 established their annual reports on the basis of the revised questionnaire, and the majority of them have done so for 1930. 2. On February 5th, 1931, during its fourteenth session, the Advisory Committee adopted the following suggestion contained in the report of the Sub-Committee on the Organisation of the Work of the Committee : The Sub-Committee concluded that it was not desirable that the Secretariat should attempt to produce a summary of the annual reports for the year 1929 before the end of this year, but suggests that the possibility of including a brief summary of the more important reports in the summary to be presented to the spring session of the Committee next year should be considered by the Secretariat. ” In accordance with this decision, the Secretariat submits to the Committee in the present document a summary of annual reports covering the years 1929 and 1930. During the same session, the Advisory Committee, on the basis of the report of the Sub- Committee quoted above,3 decided that, subject to the approval of the Assembly, in the future the annual reports of a great number of colonies and territories enumerated in a list annexed to its report to the Council should not be distributed to the Committee and to Governments, but th a t the Secretariat should, in its summary of annual reports, pay more attention than in the past to these reports. On September 23rd, 1931, the Assembly, adopting the report of its Fifth Committee, approved this suggestion of the Advisory Committee. 1 The Assembly further decided that the annual reports of Governments on the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs should no more be distributed in extenso except to the Advisory Committee, and that the printed summary of annual reports should alone be distributed both to the Advisory Committee and to all Governments.4 The summary of annual reports for 1930 has been compiled taking into consideration the above-mentioned decisions ; it should be mentioned, however, that the annual reports of certain colonies and territories did not contain information of sufficient importance to warrant their inclusion in the present summary. 3. On February 14th, 1930, during its thirteenth session, the Advisory Committee, when adopting the report of the Sub-Committee appointed to consider items 10, 11 and 14 of the agenda,5 gave the Secretariat general instructions in regard to the compilation of the statistical Part of the summary of annual reports, as follows : As regards the summary of annual reports, prepared each year by the Secretariat, it is proposed that this document should no longer contain statistical tables, except as regards prepared opium and possibly seizures (amount seized and method of disposal), but that the Secretariat should extract from the statistical tables issued by the Central Board, and use in summarising each report, such statistical information as might seem of special importance.”
‘ | ee document O.C.23(2). document O.C.23 (4) (docum°CtU? ent °-c -1375, annexed as Appendix 7 to the report to the Council on the work of the fourteenth session, the disbT ’r 6nt A.6593L V ,g e^ . ( The Secretariat has further had to take into consideration the decision of the Advisory Committee contained in the following passage of the report to the Council on the work of the twelfth session r1 “ After an exhaustive discussion, the Committee noted that its rights and duties would be in 110 way restricted by the creation of the Central Board Nevertheless, by the fact of the new body having entered upon its duties, the Committee will be relieved of a large part of its technical work, more particularly the detailed examination of the different statistics. “ The Committee will continue to examine those statistics . . . but the Committee’s examination will be restricted to what it may consider necessary for the purposes of its work. It will thus be possible in future to avoid any overlapping between the work of the two bodies.” In order to enable the Advisory Committee to continue the examination of the statistics to the extent it may consider necessary for the purposes of its work, and to follow, on the basis of these figures, the development of the problems which occupy the Committee without having to examine in detail the different statistics, the Secretariat has followed the instructions of the Committee requesting the Secretariat to “ extract from the statistical tables issued by the Permanent Central Board, and use, in summarising each report, such statistical information as might seem of special importance ”. When undertaking the preparatory work of the summary of annual reports, the Secretariat has come to the conclusion that the method of presenting statistical information by inserting the relevant figures in the text of the summary of each report would cause serious disadvantages which the Advisory Committee desired to avoid. This statistical information for any given country, once extracted from the statistical tables of the Central Board and inserted in the text of the summary of the relevant annual reports, would lose the significance it had in the frame of the table, where its value could be estimated with reference to the statistical information concerning the other countries which appear in the same table. Thus, these figures would become isolated and a comparison with thé statistical information for the preceding years impracticable. Further, the Secretariat had to take into account the fact that, if the statistical information became scattered by reason of its insertion in the text of the summaries, it would not be possible to reach the goal desired by7 the Advisory Committee—namely, to be able to undertake a quick study " of all the statistical information which seemed to be of special importance ” without having to proceed to “ a detailed examination of the different statistics ”. Taking into account the above-mentioned decisions of the Advisory Committee, the Secretariat has therefore decided to present the statistical information in the most concise and simple form possible—i.e., as symoptical tables, which are inserted after the texts of the summaries. Although these tables—as compared with the statistical tables hitherto inserted by the Secretariat in the summary of annual reports and with the detailed statistical tables now published by the Central Board—are only a numerical illustration of certain of the most important questions, they furnish nevertheless a comprehensive review of certain aspects of the national and international situation in regard to opium and dangerous drugs. When compiling these tables, it has been the intention of the Secretariat to assist the Advisory Committee in disentangling, without a detailed examination of the different statistical sources, the factors influencing this problem. The tables may be classified in four groups : I—Raw Materials (Raw Opium and Coca Leaves) : Production, exports, quantities utilised for the manufacture of narcotic drugs and quantities utilised for the manufacture of prepared opium ; II—Manufactured Drugs (Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine) : Manufacture, conversion, exports, imports, rate and geographical distribution of consumption ; III—Prepared Opium : Manufacture, consumption, number of smokers, percentage of net revenue from prepared opium in relation to the total revenue of the country ; and IV—The Illicit Traffic : Quantities of prepared opium seized, number of prosecutions and judgments given. The statistical information utilised for the compilation of the tables regarding manufactured drugs (group II) has been extracted from the statistical tables published by the Central Board except in a fewr cases indicated in footnotes to the relevant tables. The tables in this group concern the years 1929 and 1930. As regards the tables dealing with raw materials (group I), a distinction should be made between the statistics of the area under cultivation of poppy and coca, on the one hand, and other statistics (production, quantity utilised for the manufacture of drugs, etc.), the firs! having been extracted exclusively from the annual reports furnished to the Secretariat, the other from these reports and from the statistical tables of the Central Board. . The principal source of information for the compiling of the tables concerning prepare opium (group III) has been, in regard to the years 1921 to 1928, the annual reports furnisher to the Secretariat, and, for certain information, the report of the Commission of Enqun) into the Control of Opium-Smoking in the Far East (document C.635.M.254.1930.XI, Vol. 11). the figures regarding the manufacture of prepared opium for 1929 and 1930 have mainly been obtained from the statistical tables of the Central Board. „ The tables belonging to group I (raw materials) cover a period of five years (1926 to 1 and those belonging to group III (prepared opium) a period of ten \*ears (1921 to 1930), W“eie , Inoi? dealing with the manufactured drugs (group II) refer to two years only (19- ® , 1930). 1 he explanation for this is that the Advisory Committee has already at its dispo^’ 1 Document C.33.1929.XI (O.C.943(l).). as r e g a r d s manufactured drugs, abundant statistical material which was published for the use of the Conference for the Limitation of the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs.1 These statistics c o v e r a period of five years (1925 to 1929) and thus offer a possibility of comparing the figures of t h e manufacture of narcotic drugs published after that period with the statistics for the p r e c e d i n g years, in order to fix a starting-point and thereby ensure continuity in the publication of the statistical information which i s essential if one desires to establish a sequence of statistics which might be compared over a sufficiently l o n g period, and from which well- f o u n d e d conclusions can be drawn, the Secretariat has in the present summary inserted, for the use of the Advisory Committee, synoptical tables regarding raw materials and prepared opium w h ic h go back to the years 1926 and 1921 respectively. It h a s not been possible to compile ta b le s in regard to raw materials for the same period as for prepared opium (1921 to 1930), due to t h e absence of sufficient statistical information for the years 1921 to 1925. During the study of the statistical information concerning the various aspects of the illicit traffic, the Secretariat experienced the same difficulties which it met during the preparatory work for the Conference for the Limitation of the Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs, 2 and which, even this lime, proved insurmountable. These difficulties are clearly brought out by the document regarding the methods used for the disposal of seized drugs and the manner in which these drugs appear in the national statistics (document O.C.1407), and it is therefore not necessary here to deal further with this question. As regards the tables belonging to group IV, the Secretariat has endeavoured to present in a statistical form certain aspccts of the illicit traffic in prepared opium; the results of this research will be submitted to the Advisory Committee in a separate document. The Committee further has at its disposal, as regards the illicit traffic and the seizures, the quarterly summary of seizures prepared by the Secretariat and the statistical tables of the Central Board. 4. (i) Since the compilation of the summary of annual reports for 1928,3 reports relating to t h e year 1928 for the following countries have been received in the Secretariat : Bolivia, 4 India, Lithuania, Mexico,5 Philippine Islands, Poland, Siam. (ii) L is t o f A n n u a l R e p o r t s r e c e i v e d f o r t h e Y e a r s 1929 a n d 1930.6 X indicates that a report has been received. — indicates that no report has been received. Year Year Country Country 1929 1930 1929 1930 South Africa (Union of) XX I c e l a n d ...... — X A lb a n ia ...... — X Japan ...... X X G erm any...... XX Latvia ...... XX A ustralia...... XX Lithuania ...... — X Austria ...... XX Luxemburg ...... — X B e lg iu m ...... XX Mexico ...... — X Bolivia ...... X X M o n a c o ...... X 8 — B u lg aria...... XX Nicaragua ...... — X Canada ...... X X N o r w a y ...... -— X Chile ...... X — New Zealand...... XX China ...... X X P a n a m a ...... X — Denm ark...... XX N e th e rla n d s ...... X X Danzig ...... XX Persia ...... X X % p t7 ...... XX Poland ...... XX Spain ...... XX P o rtu g a l...... X X E s to n ia ...... XX Siam ...... X X United States of Am erica7 XX Sweden ...... X X F in la n d ...... XX Switzerland ...... X X France ...... X X Czechoslovakia ...... XX Great B rita in ...... X X Newfoundland7 ...... X ■—• Greece ...... X X Turkey7 ...... — X Haiti ...... X — Uruguay ...... X X Hungary .. X X Yugoslavia ...... X X India X X Part* t Ânalysis the Internationa! Trade in Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine during the Years 1925 to 1929 , j I’ Il anrl 111 (document C.587.M.228.1930.XI). ' . ^ 100, . , Q„0 Part it Analysis of the International Trade in Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine for the tears iy-o to ij z j , StatisticT’’)1161^ Anal>'sis’ Morphine and Diacetylmorphine ” (document C.587.M.228.1930.XI, page 7Seizure ! Document O.C.1072 ; Minutes of the thirteenth session of the Advisory Committee, page 210, Annex 3. o t i rePort f°r Bolivia covers a part of the period 1927 to 1929. e t ^JpPort of Mexico covers the period from January 1st to April 30th, 192S. Frmri, i s list the names of States Members and non-members of the League of Nations, which are arrangedin the tPrt? ,ahAabetical order, are followed by the names of the colonies, possessions, protectorates, leased territories ana ,°^Ies under mandate. a t! non"member of the League of Nations. he report for Monaco covers the period from June 1st, 1928, to June 30th, 1929. Colonies, Possessions, Protectorates, Year Colonies, Possessions, Protectorates, Year Leased Territories, Mandated Territories Leased Territories, Mandated Territories 1929 1930 1929 1930 Australia : Windward Islands ...... y x New Guinea (mandate) X — Leeward Islands ...... X x United States of America : Iraq (m an d ate)...... X Y Philippine Islands ...... X — Jamaica ...... X Y France : Kenya ...... X Y French Equatorial Africa X — M a l t a ...... X Y French West Africa...... X — Mauritius ...... X x Cameroons (mandate) X — Nigeria ...... X Y Somali Coast and dependencies.. X — New7 Hebrides (condominium) 1 . . X Y French Settlements in Oceania.. X — N y a s a la n d ...... X Y Guadeloupe ...... X —- Uganda ...... X X French G u ia n a ...... X — Palestine (mandate)...... X Establishments in India X — Northern R hodesia ...... __ V Indo-China...... X — Southern R hodesia ...... __ Y Madagascar ...... X — - Solomon Islands ...... X M artinique...... X — Sarawak ...... X X New C aledonia...... X — S ey c h e lle s...... X X Réunion ...... X — Sierra Leone ...... X X St. Pierre and Miquelon X — Som aliland ...... X X Syria and Lebanon (mandate) .. •— X Sudan (condominium) X X Togoland (mandate)...... X — S w a z ila n d ...... X X Great Britain : Tanganyika (mandate) X — Bahamas ...... — X Tonga Islands ...... X __ Barbados ...... XX Trinidad and Tobago2 X X B asutoland...... XX Zanzibar ...... X X Bermuda ...... — X Japan : Bechuanaland ...... XX Chosen (K o rea)...... X X North Borneo ...... X X K w a n tu n g ...... X X B ru n e i...... X X Taiwan (Formosa) ...... X X C evlon...... X X Netherlands : Cyprus ...... X X Curaçao ...... X X Gold C o ast...... X X Netherlands Indies ...... X X Straits Settlements...... XX Surinam ...... X X Federated Malav States X X Portugal : Unfederated Malay States XX A ngola...... X X Falkland Islands ...... XX Cape Verde ...... X X Fiji Islands ...... XX Portuguese Guinea ...... X X Gambia ...... X X Portuguese India ...... X X Gilbert and Ellice Islands XX M a c a o ...... X X Gibraltar ...... X X Mozambique ...... X X British G u i a n a ...... XX S. Thomé and Principé X X British Honduras ...... XX T i m o r ...... X X Hong-Kong...... X X (iii) At the time of completing this summary of annual reports, March 22nd, 1932, no report has been received for 1929 and 1930 from the following countries : Argentine, Brazil,5 Colombia, Costa Rica, 3 Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, 3 Abyssinia, Guatemala, Honduras, Irish Free State, Italy, Liberia, Liechtenstein, 3 Paraguay, Peru, Roumania, San Marino, 3 Salvador, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 3 Venezuela. fiv) In the following list of territories under mandate, the sign x indicates that the annual report addressed by the mandatory Power to the Council contains information from the point of view of narcotic drugs ; the sign — indicates the contrary. 1929 1930 Cameroons (British m andate) ...... x x Cameroons (French m andate) ...... x x South Sea Islands (Japanese m an d a te )...... x x Iraq (British mandate) ...... Nauru (British Empire mandate) ...... x x New Guinea (Australian m an d ate )...... x x Palestine and Transjordan (British m an d ate) ...... x X Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian m an d ate)...... x X Western Samoa (New7 Zealand m andate)...... x X South West Africa (Union of South Africa mandate) .. x — Syria and Lebanon (French m a n d a te ) ...... x X Tanganyika (British m andate)...... x — Togo (British mandate) ...... — Togo (French mandate) ...... x 1 British Government’s report. 2The 1929report onlyconcerns Trinidad. 3 State non-member of the League of Nations — 9 — Part I. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL REPORTS. Union of South Africa. O.C.23 (y) 17. 1929. During the year have been issued : Regulations regarding the importation, sale and use of opium and other habit-forming drugs made under Section 72 of the Medical, Dental and Pharmacy Act, No. 13 of 1928, and Government Notice No. 2262 of December 27th, 1929, regarding additional ports of entry. The import certificate system is working satisfactorily and no difficulties have arisen in carrying it out. Fifty-seven certificates were issued for the export of small quantities to neighbouring territories. The report contains a return of prosecutions and seizures. Cultivation of Indian hemp is prohibited except under special permit. A permit for the cultivation of dagga for export for medicinal purposes was issued to a farmer in the Koster district, Transvaal. 0.C.23H 20. 1930. Regulation No. 9 of the Regulations under Section 72 of Act No. 13 of 1928 has been amended so as to extend the list of plants and narcotics subject to the provisions of the Act. The system of import certificates is working satisfactorily. Section 64 of Act No. 13 of 1928 prohibits the cultivation and sale of Indian hemp except under special permit. Smuggling of Indian hemp is prevalent, mostly by natives. Codeine and its salts are exempted from the provisions of Section 64 of Act No. 13 of 1928 and regulations framed thereunder. Ten convictions have been recorded in respect of illicit traffic in narcotics (excluding Indian hemp). The penalties inflicted consisted of fines ranging from £6 to £50 and of terms of imprisonment, with hard labour, ranging from 12 days to 3 months. A total of 5,179 convictions wrere recorded in respect of illicit traffic in dagga (India hemp). Germany. 0.C.23^; 18. 1929. The following law's and decrees concerning narcotic drugs have been issued : (1) Law on Traffic in Narcotics (Opium Law) of December 10th, 1929 (Reichs- gesetzblatt 1929, Part I, No. 43, page 215) ; (2) Decree of December 19th, 1929, concerning additional narcotic drugs to be subjected to the provisions of the Law on Traffic in Narcotics (Opium Law) (Reichsgesetzblatt 1929, Part I, No. 45, page 225) ; (3) Two Decrees dated April 1st, 1930, containing regulations for the application of the Law7 on Traffic in Narcotics (Opium Law) (Reichsgesetzblatt 1930, Part I, No. 11, pages 113 and 114) ; (4) Decree dated April 14th, 1930, containing regulations for the application of the Law7 on Traffic in Narcotics (Opium Law) (Reichsgesetzblatt 1930, Part I, No. 13, page 144). Germany only grants permits for the export of narcotic drugs to countries which have acceded to the International Opium Convention of 1925 or have adopted the certificate system, on condition that an import certificate from the country of destination is produced, imports into Germany are also only allowed on production of import certificates. These measures facilitate the supervision of exports and imports of narcotic drugs, and have proved effective. Difficulties have only arisen when the authorities of th e country of importation have ®sked for import certificates which had only been made out in a single copy to be returned 0 them for checking purposes. In some cases, requests are also made that the im p o rt certificate should be submitted in Germany to the consulates of the importing country7 for the Purpose of the law7 governing consular invoices. A s the certificate is seldom returned, the 0ri§inal document proving that permission has been granted by the country of importation is available. It would therefore be well to arrange for these certificates to be prepared in r uplicate —as is already done in many instances—if the country of importation attaches ltnPortance to having a copy returned to it. Dealings with certain countries which have n o t yet adopted the certificate system or have fo° ^ ce<^ed to the International Opium Convention of 1925 are subject to special agreements r the supervision of the export and import of narcotic drugs. — 10 - Germany notifies the country of importation of all quantities exported by sending it a third copy of the export authorisation. These third copies are not always sent back, so that in these cases confirmation of importation by the country of destination is lacking. Sometimes the third copies are returned through the diplomatic channel ; but this involves a w aste of time and labour. The countries in question should therefore be asked to return th e third copy of the export authorisation direct to the competent authority—viz., in Germany, the Health Office of the Reich. This is already done by Germany in her dealings with other countries. The Opium Law of December 10th, 1929, and the administrative regulations so far issued have proved effective. Further regulations are being drawn up. The import, transit, export and manufacture of prepared opium together with the traffic therein are prohibited in Germany. Indian hemp is grown in Germany by certain firms for medical purposes. The use of Indian hemp for non-medical purposes is unknown in Germany. During the year in question Indian hemp was not subject to the German Opium Law7. At the end of 1929, 657 commercial firms and 84 public authorities and scientific institutions were in possession of licences to trade in narcotic drugs. The licences granted to the public authorities and scientific institutions only apply to the purchase of narcotics for scientific purposes. In 1929, 222 persons were sentenced for illicit traffic in narcotics. In 30 cases narcotics were seized and confiscated by order of the court. These narcotics were either destroyed or used for legitimate purposes. No narcotics were seized on account of illicit import or export. O.C.23(o) 21. 1930. The following regulations w:ere promulgated in 1930 : (1) Decree of December 19th, 1930, concerning the prescribing of medicaments containing narcotics and the supplying thereof by chemists ; (2) Decree of December 10th, 1930, concerning the imposition of a tax on vouchers for the supply of narcotics. The certificate system has proved satisfactory. Even those States which were not parties to the Opium Convention issued import certificates in most cases. Only in a few instances was it necessary to require the presentation of other official documents justifying the import of narcotics. The situation is not quite so favourable as regards exportation. Import certificates could not always be submitted by all countries, because even in some States bound by the Geneva Opium Convention the substances in question arc not all subject to the opium laws. The authorities of certain importing countries require import certificates to be returned to them for checking purposes. According to German law, import certificates must remain at the Health Office of the Reich. It would therefore seem desirable to arrange that certificates should be made out in duplicate. Special agreements concerning the supervision of imports and exports of narcotics have been concluded with certain countries which have not yet adopted the certificate system. The third copies of export certificates w-hich, under the terms of the International Opium Convention, are to be returned to the Government of the exporting country are only sent back by certain countries. Moreover, they are generally very late in arriving. The German Government is in a position to exercise complete control over the narcotics in the country and over consignments for export as far as the frontier. In cases in which products of German factories have formed the object of illicit traffic, the origin of the pro d u cts and the route they followed could almost always be discovered by means of the labels and factory marks (serial numbers). The import, conveyance in transit, export and manufacture of prepared opium, together with the trade therein are prohibited in Germany. Indian hemp is grow7n in Germany in small quantities by certain firms for pharmaceutical purposes. At the end of 1930, 515 commercial firms and 87 public authorities and scientific institutions held licences for trading in narcotics. The licences only apply to the p u r c h a s e o narcotics for scientific purposes. In 1930, 275 persons wrere sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from one to si. months and to fines not exceeding 1,000 RM. The export of narcotics to China, including those which are only subject to the Convention by virtue of Article 10, is only permitted on production of a Chinese import certificate prop61 - made out. The export of German narcotics to China is very small. No figures can be given as regards the manufacture, import, export or c o n su m p ti011 codeine. — 11 — Australia. O.C.23fX) 19. 1929. In New South Wales, the Regulations issued under the Police Offences Amendment (Drugs) Act 1927 w7ere amended to provide for more effective supervision of the transactions of legitimate traders. In the State of Victoria, the Poisons Act 1928 came into operation on February 12th, 1929. The effect of this Act was to consolidate the legislation previously in force. The Dangerous Drugs Regulations made pursuant to the Poisons Act 1928 were consolidated and gazetted on January 31st, 1930. Regulation 16 is new and reads as follows : “ A medical practitioner, registered dentist or registered veterinary surgeon shall not “ (a) Knowingly give a prescription for a dangerous drug merely for the purpose of addiction, or “ (b) Knowingly supply or administer a dangerous drug merely for the purpose of addiction. ” No difficulty has been experienced in administering the import certificate system. The police authorities in New South Wales report that, despite the provisions of the law, the drug traffic in that State does not appear to have diminished. The prevalence of the drug- taking habit has again been noticeable during the year and great difficulty is experienced in the treatment of those addicted to drugs, as there is no institution for that purpose in the State. Authorised traders are strictly supervised and it is believed that illicit traders obtain their supplies from various vessels entering Commonwealth ports. In other parts of the Commomvealth, there is no evidence of any increase in the illicit drug traffic. Opium-smoking amongst the national population of Australia is negligible, but it has not been absolutely suppressed among the alien population, principally among the older Chinese residents ; but there is no evidence that the practice has increased in any way. The main difficulty in the way of complete suppression of opium-smoking is the smuggling of the drug from vessels arriving from oversea countries. Every effort is made to prevent the smuggling of opium. Customs officers maintain a strict supervision, especially on vessels from the East manned by coloured or Eastern crews. Every such vessel carrying a Chinese crew, and where practicable those carrying crews of other nationalities, are searched by Customs officers. Members of the crew on going ashore have their persons searched for opium. Premises suspected of being opium-dens are raided from time to time by the police, who are continuously on the alert to suppress illicit opium traffic. Indian hemp is not indigenous to Australia and is not cultivated. Cultivation is not perm itted in Australia. Indian hemp, extract and tincture of Indian hemp and Indian hemp resin (including preparations wdiose basis is resin of Indian hemp, such as hashish, esrar, chiras and djamba) are subject to the same restrictions as apply to the other substances covered by the Opium Convention. There is no evidence of any illicit traffic in Indian hemp in Australia. There are no factories producing drugs to w'hich the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply. Persons to whom permits or authority for use or possession of the drugs have been granted are licensed importers w7ho may dispose of the drugs in restricted quantities only to physicians, chemists, dentists, hospitals, veterinary surgeons and manufacturers. Statistics of prosecutions and penalities in connection with the illicit traffic are given. The report mentions 54 prosecutions for illicit traffic in drugs, practically all of W'hich (53 cases) were for the illicit possession or selling of cocaine. All the offences in connection with cocaine took place in the two Eastern States, New South Wales (34 cases) and Victoria (19 cases) ; one offence in connection with morphine and atrophine tablets took place in Queensland. There were no prosecutions in the States of South Australia, Western Australia or Tasmania. The report contains also information as to prosecutions (in 192 cases) and penalties imposed for illicit traffic in opium ; all opium seized wTas destroyed. The drugs confiscated are destroyed by fire. 0.C.23(g) 22. 1930. In the State of New South Wales, Indian hemp wras declared, as from September 19th, 1930, to be a prescribed drug within the meaning of the New7 South Wales Police Offences Amendm ent (Drugs) Act 1927. On December 31st, 1930, the Poisons Act 1930 was enacted by the legislature of the ^tate of Victoria, in amendment of the Poisons Act 1928. The Poisons Act 1930 provides for more effective control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. In the State of Queensland, it is hoped that, in 1931, it will be possible to amend the law7 50 as t° facilitate the arrest of offenders and increase penalties in respect of drug trafficking. A comprehensive Bill for the effective regulation of the manufacture, sale, possession, istribution and supply of narcotic drugs was introduced b y the Government of South Australia during 1930. The Bill is to come up for consideration this y e a r (1931). — 12 — No difficulty has been experienced in administering the import certificate system. In Victoria, the names of two registered chemists wrere erased from the pharmaceutical register after conviction for selling cocaine not on prescription. Cocaine and opium suitable for smoking are the only drugs in w’hich trafficking takes p lace to any extent. As regards cocaine, the illicit traffic in the drug does not appear to be extensive and would seem to be more prevalent in New South Wales than in other States. Those addicted to the use of this drug belong mainly to the lowest class. Despite the efforts of the Customs officials, it has been found impossible altogether to prevent the illicit introduction of drugs by foreign vessels. Opium-smoking amongst the national population of Australia is negligible, but it has not been possible entirely to suppress the habit amongst the alien population. There wrere nine convictions in connection with seizures of prepared opium. Only one case of Indian-hemp smuggling came under notice during the year, but no evidence was obtained as to the origin of the drug or the route by which it was smuggled. There are no factories in Australia producing drugs. As at December 31st, 1930, the number of wholesalers licensed to deal in drugs in the Commonwealth was 51. In the State of New South Wales, there were, during the year, 26 prosecutions for the illegal possession of cocaine, one for the illegal possession of heroin and one for the illegal possession of morphine. There wras also one prosecution mentioned for the illegal possession of Indian hemp. The total penalties imposed amounted to £1,790 and the terms of imprisonment imposed in default of payment of fines ranged from 6 to 12 months’ hard labour. Terms of imprisonment without the option of a fine ranged from three months to one year. In the State of Victoria, there were 10 prosecutions for the illegal possession of cocaine, Monetary penalties were imposed amounting to £195 in default of imprisonment for various terms. In one case, a term of six months’ imprisonment w7as imposed without the option of a fine. The only other State in wrhich legal proceedings were necessary during the year in connection with the illegal traffic in the drugs under notice w7as Queensland, where there were three prosecutions for the illegal possession of cocaine. Fines amounting to £125 were imposed —in default, imprisonment. Approximately 32 ounces of cocaine and 23 pounds of Indian hemp were seized during the year. Seizures of other substances covered by the Opium Convention, with the exception of smoking-opium, wrerc negligible. All drugs seized were destroyed by fire. Austria. O.C.23fyj 18. 1929. There was no new law7 or regulation issued in 1929 regarding the suppression of the illicit traffic in drugs. The laws and regulations mentioned in the Report for 1928, which were issued w ith a view to carrying out the Geneva Opium Convention, only came into force in Austria a b o u t the end of 1928: It was therefore only in 1929 that they produced their full effect. Some months later, it was noted that the illicit traffic had considerably diminished, particularly after the first administrative penalties had been applied in virtue of the new7 regulations. The number of forged prescriptions also greatly decreased ; this is due, in the first place, to the action of the Federal Police Headquarters at Vienna, w'hich, in their capacity as the central office on narcotic questions, sent out a number of instructions to retail chemists with a view to suppressing this abuse, and, in the second place, to effective co-operation on the part of the pharmacists themselves. In 1929, there were 145 prosecutions for infringement of the regulations regarding the sale of narcotics ; up to the end of the year, 18 of the persons concerned were sentenced by the courts, and 47 w:ere sentenced, after administrative procedure, to fines up to 3,000 Schillings or to imprisonment up to 6 w7eeks. In 1929, 213 persons, of whom 130 were men and 83 women, underwent hospital treatment for the drug habit. According to the statistics, most of the addicts belonged to the liberal professions, with a particularly high percentage for the medical and similar professions. The treatment is generally shorter for women than for men, and shorter for cocaine th a n for morphine addicts. The legal consumption of opium per person in 1929 amounted to approximately 2 mg. of medicinal opium. The narcotic drugs falling under the Geneva Convention are not p r o d u c e d in Austria, but only converted into various preparations. O.C.23f/; 21. 1930. The regulation of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs has u n d e r g o n e no modification during 1930. The application of the certificate system has in general yielded satisfactory r e s u l t s . The quantity of drugs illicitly sold within the country is inconsiderable. Clandestine traffic seems to be decreasing, and during the year the number of forged doctors’ prescriptions has again diminished. — 13 — Apart from pharmacies, the only persons authorised to manufacture, convert, acquire and possess drugs are makers of pharmaceutical preparations and wholesale-drug merchants, who in addition to their concession under § 15, paragraph 14, of the Occupations Code (Gewerbeordnung) have obtained a special permit from the Federal Ministry of Social Assistance (§ 15 of the Poisons Regulations) valid for one year. In 1930, 31 firms obtained s u c h licences. In 1930, informations were lodged in Austria against 134 persons for offences against the poison laws. Thirty-eight of these persons were sentenced by the judicial authorities to terms of imprisonment amounting in some cases to 18 months. Twenty-one cases are still pending. In addition, 51 persons were sentenced in 1930 to administrative penalties in the form of fines amounting in some cases to 2,000 Schillings. At the same time, the authorities ordered the drugs to be destroyed. Codeine does not come under the general regulations applicable to narcotic drugs. It is therefore impossible to supply exact statistical information regarding this drug. In 1930, the hospitals treated 163 persons (116 men and 47 women) for addiction to drugs ; 133 of these were morphine addicts. As compared with 1929, the number of persons treated has decreased by 50— i.e., by 23 per cent. The decrease has been greater in the case of women. Cocaine addiction has decreased to a greater extent than addiction to other drugs. Belgium. 0,C.23fs; 18. 1929. There have been no changes in the regulations during 1929. The system of import certificates has caused no difficulty. There has been no export of drugs to countries w'hich have not adopted the system of certificates. Certain Governments authorised the export of drugs to Belgium without demanding the production of an import certificate in cases where the importation was not authorised by the Belgian authorities. There is no Belgian factory producing drugs. Several firms produce pharmaceutical preparations containing these substances —in particular, opium extract, Dover powder, laudanum, liquid coca extract, coca tincture, ampoules of morphine, cocaine and diacetyl morphine, and pastilles and tablets of the same substances. The persons authorised to trade in drugs are divided into two categories : 1. Persons holding a general licence authorising them to import, export, manufacture, stock and sell to pharmacists ; 2. Persons holding a licence for the home trade only. These persons are authorised to purchase within the country for sale to pharmacists. The first list includes all the representatives of foreign producing firms and some large Belgian firms ; licencees number 24. The second includes small retailers, popular pharmaceutical societies and pharmaceutical syndicates ; licencees number 65. Strict supervision is maintained over all these persons. In 1929, no infringement was reported in respect of persons authorised to trade in drugs. On the other hand, seizures took place in respect of unauthorised persons. °.C.23fyj 21. 1930. The bases of the regulations at present in force have not been altered, though eucodal, dicodide, dilaudide and all morphine esters have been added to the products coming under the Royal Decree of September 6th, 1921. The Regulations of September 6th, 1921, have been replaced by a Royal Decree dated December 31st, 1930, based upon the provisions of the Opium Convention of 1925 and the ®ost recent recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium. This Decree came into force on January 20th, 1931. The import certificates system for the control of imports and exports continues to give entire satisfaction. Certificates have been required for all exports to destinations other than the Belgian Umgo. An import certificate is issued at the same time as the authorisation to import, even the importer has not expressly made application for such a certificate. No seizures have been made by the Customs authorities either on import or export. Six drug seizures have been effected within the country. Twenty-tw'o accused persons "ere sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from six weeks to four years. The fines ‘toposed ranged from 350 francs to 21,000 francs. — 14 — Bolivia. O.C.23 (f) 17. 1929. The following circulars and decrees concerning narcotic drugs were issued in 1929 : 1. Circular dated August 23rd, 1929, dealing with the trade in narcotics, and specimen form for drawing up the reports to the Public Health Department ; 2. Circular addressed to the managers of pharmacies reminding them of the obligation imposed upon them to apply the provisions of the Decree of May 19th, 1928, concerning the sale and use of, and the trade in, narcotics ; 3. Decree dated September 21st, 1929, entrusting the Public H ealth Department with the direct control of narcotics and instructing it with regard to the execution of the Decree of May 19th, 1928. The report also contains information concerning the import, export, sale, distribution and use of narcotics, together with a detailed statistical table concerning all alkaloids imported into Bolivia in 1927, classified according to their country of origin. O.C.23ftf) 20. 1930. The Presidential Decree of December 6th, 1929, determines the functions of the General Directorate of Public Health and of the Customs Administration in regard to the importation, registration and sale of, and permits for, the products referred to in the Presidential Decrees of May 19th, 1928, and September 21st, 1929. The Presidential Ordinance concerning the production of national pharmaceutical products provides that : Any person dealing in drugs must be a qualified chemist duly authorised by the Ministry of Education ; permits to import narcotics will be granted by the General Directorate of Public Health on presentation of the balance of the importer’s stock of drugs in hand at the time, to enable the total stocks to be accurately checked. Importers or dealers in drugs must send a quarterly report to the General Directorate of Public Health, giving full particulars of the class and quantities of alkaloids sold, and mentioning the pharmacies or establishments to which these products were sold. Pharmacists must also send a quarterly statement of their sales, mentioning the class and quantity of drugs sold and the number of prescriptions made up. Any person dealing in drugs or importing, exporting, keeping in stock, preparing, buying, selling or supplying these products in any other manner, even free of charge, without a previous authorisation, will be sentenced to a term of imprisonment varying from six months to one year, and to a fine of not less than 3,000 or more than 5,000 Bolivian pesos. A similar penalty will be imposed on chemists supplying drugs to the public without a medical prescription, or in a larger quantity than that specified in the prescription, and on persons who endeavour to obtain drugs by means of false prescriptions. If the offender is a foreigner, the Law relating to residence will also be applied. Bulgaria. O.C.23(t) 20. 1929. On March 9th, 1929, the new Law on Public Health came into force. Part X X II c o n ta in s provisions relating to the production, importation, exportation and internal traffic in n a rc o tic drugs. These provisions cover all drugs mentioned in the 1925 Convention, with which they are in full agreement. The system of import certificates for the control of imports and exports works satisfactorily in Bulgaria. Narcotic drugs may only be imported into Bulgaria in virtue of im p o r t certificates issued a t the General Directorate of Public Health, irrespective of whether the countries concerned are parties to the Convention or not. Export certificates are issued on production of a permit issued by the importing country, except where the latter is not a signatory of the Convention. Only galenical preparations of opium and other galenical forms for home consumption are manufactured in Bulgaria. These are manufactured in special laboratories, holding a special licence, or in pharmacies. The laboratories and drug stores only sell drugs wholesale, while the pharmacies alone are authorised to sell drugs direct t o the consumer on production of a medical prescription. The pharmacies keep these prescriptions. Every establishnien which handles narcotic drugs keeps a special register. The application of the Opium Convention and the other provisions relative to this matter meets with no difficulties in Bulgaria, and no cases of abuse of drugs have come to light. No drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply are manufactured in Bulgar13, During the year 1929; no opium was imported from abroad. — 15 — The cultivation of Indian hemp and the preparation of hashish are forbidden in Bulgaria, and the former was not cultivated in 1929. The Bulgarians generally are not familiar with the cultivation of such drugs, which were introduced into the country by refugees from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish war. Thus in 1923-1925, a certain amount of Indian hemp was grown and the quantities remaining over were searched for and destroyed ; 2,000 kg. were d e s tr o y e d in 1929. No case of the use of hashish has been discovered in Bulgaria. As there were no cases of abuse of drugs in Bulgaria in 1929, no penalties were inflicted. A p a r t from the 2,000 kg. of Indian hemp mentioned above, there has been no seizure of drugs. 0.C.23(f) 22. 1930. The system of import certificates which has been adopted and enforced in Bulgaria is working satisfactorily. The area sown with “ pa paver somniferum ” in 1930 was 597 hectares. The cultivation of “ cannabis indica ” is forbidden in Bulgaria both by the Public Health Law of 1929 and by the L aw on the Improvement of Agricultural Production of 1925. Only “ Herba cannabis indica ” and “ Extr. cannabis indica ” are imported into the kingdom for medicinal use. Bulgaria does not manufacture morphine, or heroin, or cocaine. As regards illicit traffic, there is nothing to report for 1930. Canada. O.C.23 (b) 19. 1929. During the year 1929, a revised “ Opium and Narcotic Drug Act ” was passed by the Parliament of Canada and became law on June 14th, 1929. The regulations made in pursuance of this Act were passed by Order-in-Council, July 2nd, 1929, and are practically the same as those previously in force. The import certificate system is working satisfactorily, although, as is naturally to be expected, difficulties have arisen. In particular, on several occasions one country issued export authorisation certificates based on Canada’s import certificate for a certain preparation, the exporting country issuing certificates for the same number of articles as that covered by Canada’s import licence, but with a greater or lesser narcotic content. This occasioned difficulties at the Canadian Customs port of entry. However, action has been taken with the Canadian importers which should obviate any future difficulties in this connection. The only country from which Canada imports narcotic drugs which has not adopted the import certificate system is the United States of America. The United States of America, however, require Canada’s import licence before they authorise an exportation to Canada, and no difficulties have arisen. Owing to the distance of Canada from European exporting countries, the goods covered by Canadian import licences issued late in the calendar year might quite possibly reach Canada early in the subsequent year, [although shipped by the exporting country late in the previous calendar year. As a result, the transactions would be reported by the exporting country as exportations in one calendar year and by Canada as importations in the subsequent calendar year, occasioning misunderstandings in connection with reports of quarterly imports and exports. Narcotic drugs are not manufactured in Canada. Every narcotic transaction of the 111 licensed wholesalers in Canada is reported monthly. All retail drug stores are regularly inspected and narcotic registers checked. It is considered that new addicts are not being made to the same degree as obtained five or ten years ago. This impression is confirmed by the increasing average age of the criminal addicts who come to the notice of police authorities. Addicts of this type are, of course, completely divorced from the drug of addiction while undergoing imprisonment, but in the vast majority of cases they revert to their vicious habit shortly after their release. In so far as eases of addicts amongst people of a good station of life are concerned, very considerable success has been achieved in effecting cures. Very little difficulty is experienced in the application of laws to particular cases. With a centralised administrative control of narcotic matters in Canada, backed up by the much- appreciated efforts of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, it is possible to a large extent .° co-ordinate matters so that the same standard obtains in all parts of the country. For mstance, the Canadian law makes possession of opium a criminal offence, punishable by a Minimum of six months’ imprisonment and a $200 fine, with automatic deportation in the case 0 an alien. The same law provides a minimum fine of $50 for smoking opium. Obviously 110 person can smoke opium and thus commit the offence in relation thereto without at some foment of time also committing the more serious offence of possession, whereas, if such person 'ere charged with possession, there would never be a charge of smoking, and the intention of arham ent to differentiate between a possessor and a smoker would be defeated. Every Precaution is taken to ensure that proper and uniform discrimination is made between these tWo ^Pes of cases. — 16 — Much less difficulty is now experienced in the proper enforcement of the narcotic law In 1927 and 1928, a corps of special lawyers was organised at the various points in Canada where narcotic cases usually occur. They soon acquire a thorough knowledge of narcotic cases from all angles, and as they are kept constantly posted on important judgments, etc, rendered in various parts of the country, they are well equipped to fight on an equal footing the numerous expert lawyers who are almost invariably retained by the defence in im portant cases. Similarly, a number of typical cases have been taken to appeal, and various points of law definitely decided. In several cases, penitentiary sentences have been very materially increased on appeal, with the result th a t the Canadian courts now have a series of judgments w'hich are exceedingly useful and form valuable precedents for all concerned. The Government was singularly successful during 1929 in convicting many im portant opium traffickers on the Pacific Coast, both occidental and oriental, and there are now over eighty in the Federal penitentiary on the Pacific Coast serving sentences of not less th a n two years, and many serving sentences of five years and over, for narcotic offences com m itted in British Columbia. In so far as the Pacific Coast is concerned, the source of supply of the illicit opium which it is endeavoured to send into Canada is China, and the foreign possessions contiguous thereto. In so far as the Atlantic Coast is concerned, the supplies of illicit drugs come from overseas — some upon boats entering Canadian ports —but the largest proportion from the underworld in New York, whose difficulties with regard to illicit oversea importations must be similar to those of Canada, as in this country there has never been a case encountered involving illicit narcotics actually manufactured in the United States. The co-operation between the narcotic services of Canada and the United States h as been of the closest possible kind. Communication between the two services, either by personal interviews or correspondence, is of almost daily occurrence, and Canada owes a very considerable debt of gratitude to the United States for their valuable assistance, not only in connection with the exchange of information, but in connection with the loan of personnel. During 1929, the Chief of the Canadian Narcotic Service visited England and was afforded most valuable and welcome opportunities to discuss narcotic matters and exchange views with the officials of that country. No new international arrangements or treaties were entered into during the year, b u t the special treaty between Canada and the United States with regard to the extradition of narcotic offenders proved its value to both countries on several occasions, when narcotic offenders were successfully extradited. Canada does not produce raw* opium or coca leaves, all requirements being imported as needed. The importation, manufacture and use of prepared opium is contrary to Canadian law. Opium-smoking among the national population of Canada is very small. The smoking of prepared opium in Canada is practically confined to the oriental population. Its suppression is being conducted with rigour, with the result that it can be safely said that, while the smoking of prepared opium is still being carried on to a limited extent, the high price of prepared opium, occasioned by its scarcity as the result of the arrest and conviction of a number of large traffickers in British Columbia during the year, has caused the number of smokers to be materially decreased. Convictions for opium-smoking are, however, still being obtained, although in decreasing numbers. The quantities of drugs confiscated were destroyed in the presence of Government officials. Indian hemp is neither indigenous to, nor cultivated in, Canada. The production and use of this drug in the form of charas, hashish, ganja, bhang, etc., is not permitted. Licensed narcotic wholesale druggists may import Indian hemp into Canada for purely medicinal purposes, by means of the import licence system. It may be safely stated that Indian hemp is not smuggled into Canada in any quantity, no seizures having been made in the past five years. None of the drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply is manufactured in Canada. The classes of persons to whom permits or authorisations for the use or possession of drugs have been granted are as follows : Licensed Wholesale Druggists, Retail Druggists (licensed and registered), Dentists’18* I (registered and in good standing with P r o v i n c i a l Veterinary Surgeons ) Colleges). The number of wholesalers licensed during the calendar year 1929 was one hundred and eleven (111), The penalties imposed in connection with the use of drugs or the illicit traffic fines of $50 for smoking opium, frequenting opium dens, etc., to seven years and $1,000 i selling, distributing, or possessing any narcotic drug, with the addition of the lash at discretion of the judge and the deportation of aliens convicted. — 17 — The increasing success of the campaign against the trafficker has resulted in addicts experiencing extreme difficulty in obtaining their drugs of addiction. On several occasions, important arrests in a particular city have resulted in a number of addicts applying to the medical profession or to the hospitals for relief, while attempts to obtain narcotics by holding up or stealing from drug stores and by the use of forged prescriptions, etc., has materially increased. Cases of the latter kind, however, have been carefully followed up, and numerous convictions have been obtained as a result. Experience shows that, in dealing with the illicit traffic, it is absolutely necessary to co-operate closely from a number of angles with several Departments of the Canadian Government. This co-operation has been freely accorded in such matters as the control or prohibition of passes issued to certain members of Chinese crews of vessels in Canadian harbours, which has proved to be a most prolific source of trouble in connection with the smuggling of opium into Canada. Co-operation with the Post Office Department, with regard to th e scrutiny of money orders and other financial transactions in connection with the s u s p e c te d distribution of opium from certain points is also necessary. O.C.23faj 21. 1930. On July 7th and July 14th, 1930, coca leaf, crude cocaine, ecgonine, eucodal and dicodide were added to the schedule of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act. The import certificate system is working in an eminently satisfactory manner. No difficulties have arisen with regard to transit, transhipment and diversion, or with regard to free ports, free zones and bonded warehouses. No narcotic drugs are manufactured in Canada. Every narcotic transaction of every licensed wholesaler in Canada is reported monthly to the central control service. In addition, our Narcotic Auditor travels from coast to coast inspecting wholesalers. All retail drug stores are regularly inspected and narcotic registers checked by officers of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and by means of special reports of sales covering specified periods submitted at the request of the control authorities. It may be safely stated that the drug habit in Canada is not increasing. A minimum of difficulty is experienced in the enforcement of the Canadian narcotic law, as its provisions are far-reaching and the control system centralised. In narcotic centres, the various police forces specialise on such cases, while the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, who are the chief instruments of control, cover the country as a wTiole and deal with the more important cases of trafficking. The local police concentrate on smaller cases, such as smoking opium, etc. In so far as the Pacific Coast is concerned, the source of supply for narcotic drugs is, of course, the Orient, whereas the source of supply along the Atlantic Coast is mainly from the boats plying between this point and oversea centres, as also from the underworld of New York. International co-operation, in so far as narcotics are concerned, has been excellent, particularly as exemplified by the United States of America, The seizures of the Department of National Revenue were all made as a result of attempted illicit import. Drugs confiscated were destroyed in the presence of Government officials, or occasionally sold to licensed wholesalers. It may be safely stated that Indian hemp is not smuggled into Canada in any quantity, bo seizures having been made in past years. The classes of persons to whom permits or authorisations for the use or possession of drugs have been granted are as follows : licensed wholesalers, retail druggists, physicians, dentists, veterinary surgeons. The number of licensed wholesalers during the calendar year 1930 was 107. Four hundred and forty-one men and 17 women w ere sentenced for illicit drug trafficking. Penalties imposed range from a fine of $5 for obtaining prescriptions for narcotics, or narcotics, from more than one physician without first disclosing the fact to other physicians concerned, to seven years’ imprisonment and $1,000 fine —as also, in two cases, the lash w as imposed — for selling, distributing and possessing narcotic drugs. Aliens upon completion of sentence are automatically deported. China. °.C.23frj 20. 1929. During the calendar year 1929, the Opium Suppression Act was revised and new administrative regulations were introduced, affecting the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. . It was found necessary to revise the Act promulgated by the State Council on September Wh, 1928, providing for the total prohibition of opium-smoking after March 1st, 1929, and the equal enforcement of suppression in the various provinces. Some amendments and additions 2 — 18 — were made to this Act by the National Opium Suppression Committee early in January 1929 in conformity with the 44th Resolution adopted by the First National Opium Suppression Conference. The revised Act, after careful consideration by the State Council, was approved and promulgated on July 25th, 1929. The revised Act is to give effect to the enforcement of administrative regulations, defining the authority of supervisory organs as differentiated from that of executive organs. Anv person found guilty of cultivating poppy or being in any way connected with the illicit traffic in opium and narcotic drugs, as stipulated by this Act, incurs severe penalties. Many new administrative regulations were prepared during the year, including : 1. Regulation dated January 3rd, 1929, relating to the examination of Government employees suspected of opium addiction ; 2. Regulation dated February 24th, 1929, relating to the rewarding and reprimanding of Government officials for meritorious or blameworthy conduct in the discharge of their duties in connection with opium suppression ; 3. Regulation relating to the laying of information by private persons, approved on February 28th, 1929. The object of this Regulation is to make offences known to the public and to protect private persons and Government employees from false accusation. 4. Regulation relating to the Inspection of Poppy Cultivation by District Magistrates, promulgated May 7th, 1929 ; and 5. Regulation relating to the employment of fines levied in opium cases. The? latter Regulations were approved by the State Council on September 28th, 1929, and were promulgated with a view to utilising the fines imposed in opium cases for rewarding officials and police who have distinguished themselves in combating the drug problem, or who have reported cases to the authorities. The actual texts of the foregoing regulations can be consulted in the bulletin, “ Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs in 1929-30 ”, issued by the National Opium Suppression Committee. There have been no new arrangements for the control of international trade during the period covered by this report, apart from the revision of the Regulations relating to Narcotic Drug's. Import certificates were not issued, since the proposed organisation for the control of narcotics had not yet been formed. The importation and sale of narcotic drug's, according to the revised Regulations approved on November 11th, 1929, by the State Council, will be undertaken by a national agency to be designated or formed by the Ministers of the Interior and of Health. The amount of narcotics to be imported will be determined each year at a meeting of the Executive Yuan, and their manufacture will be prohibited pending the promulgation of regulations governing such manufacture. In the provinces and municipalities, pharmacies will be designated as agencies for the distribution of drugs. Licences m ust be issued jointly by the said Ministries for the importation of drug's and must show the name, quantity, quality, uses and places through which such drugs will pass, the only port of entry being Shanghai. Hospitals, medical practitioners, dentists, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists or medical schools alone are entitled, by written application, duly signed, sealed and substantiated, to make purchases from the distributing agencies, which in turn may only purchase from the national agency. Preliminary steps were taken during the latter part of the year to carry out these arrangements, and there is every reason to anticipate that the regulations will gradually become fully operative. The transit, transhipment and diversion of raw and prepared opium and narcotic drugs are forbidden by law. China is not a drug-manufacturing country. During the period covered by this report, the position as regards illicit traffic has been rendered more serious by the renewed military operations between the Government and reactionary factions, because unscrupulous foreign nationals have always taken advantage of disturbed conditions to smuggle narcotics in enormous quantities with the connivance of the authorities in the concessions. In making this statement, China does not wish to blame other countries, but merely to point out that, as this situation has an important bearing on the enforcement of Chinese laws, the co-operation of the several Powers concerned in suppression is urgently necessary. Without such co operation China’s bitter struggle against the drug evil cannot possibly succeed. The manufacture of narcotic drugs continues to be prohibited by law pending the promulgation of Regulations. The sale, distribution, use, etc., of narcotic drugs are, under the Regulations relating to narcotic drugs, strictly restricted to medicinal and scientific requirements : such transactions may only be undertaken by the National Agency an d phar macies under the joint supervision of the Ministries of the Interior and of Health. A c c o r d in g to these Regulations, the National Agency must, upon the arrival of narcotics, divide them ini° labelled and packed quantities, showing the name and price of the contents. The Ministries of the Interior and of Health and the National Opium Suppression Committee may fr0I1J time to time send officers to national and local distributing agencies for the purpose ot making investigations into the actual conditions of the sale and distribution of narcotics, the quantities in stock, etc. The Ministries of the Interior and of Health must periodically report to the National Government through the Executive Yuan and to the National Opium — 19 — - suppression Committee on the basis of the statistical reports submitted by the national and distributing agencies. As these Regulations were not approved by the State Council until November 11th, 1929, the sale, distribution and use of narcotic drugs were, for the greater part of the year, subjected to severe restrictions. All sales without special permits from the Ministry of Health were strictly prohibited. During the period covered by this report, there has been no particular new development in the co-operation with other Governments to prevent the use of narcotic drugs for other than medical and scientific purposes, or to prevent or suppress the illicit traffic in such substances. The problem of opium and narcotics in China is such that it can only be successfully solved by the united efforts of Government and people on the one hand, and the closest co-operation of the foreign nations on the other. The official policy of the Chinese Government has always been the total prohibition of the production and the consumption of opium except for strictly legitimate purposes. Although political disturbances have at times necessitated a variation of method to meet a changing situation, the ultimate aim of exterminating the drug evil has itself never varied. Since the installation of the National Government at Nanking in 1927, drastic steps have been taken to enforce the prohibition of poppy cultivation and the prohibition of the transport, sale and smoking of opium. Investigations show that wherever, in the country, the campaign against opium is most successful, the drug problem becomes more acute. The habit-forming drugs illicitly introduced into China from Europe and Japan, such as morphia, cocaine, heroin, and their derivatives, are gradually taking the place of Chinese-produced opium—though the latter is far less pernicious than the former. China cannot, therefore, possibly deal successfully with the opium question so long as the Powers fail to take effective steps to greatly diminish, if not entirely to abolish, the illicit traffic in narcotics. T here is yet another aspect of the opium question to which considerable importance should be attached. In the Far-Eastern colonies of the various Powers there are millions of Chinese labourers suffering from the bondage of opium addiction. The colonial Governments of the British Straits Settlements, Malay States, Hong-Kong, Netherlands East Indies, French Indo-China, Macao and Formosa have adopted the so-called Government opium monopoly policy, which derives its revenue mainly from the Chinese residents. The Chinese Government, which is responsible for alleviating the sufferings of its own people, both at h o m e and ab road, earnestly hopes that the Powers’ colonial Governments will immediately take steps effectively to prohibit the production within their jurisdiction of opium for other than strictly medicinal and scientific uses, and will impartially prohibit its use for smoking purposes, by either nationals, foreigners or Chinese. China has in the past produced opium in large quantities, though correct statistics are not available. Since the installation of the National Government at Nanking, drastic steps have been taken to enforce the suppression of opium, and in particular the effective prohibition of poppy cultivation. Though reliable information is not available regarding the acreage under cultivation, it must regretfully be admitted that, during the period covered by this report, poppy still existed to a certain extent in the areas where the remnant militarists exerted their last efforts in defiance of the authority of the Government, and in bandit-infested regions. But, in other parts of the country, notably in Manchuria, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Shansi, Hopei, Shantung and Kwantung, poppy cultivation has practically come to an end. Great improvements are also noticeable in Fukien, Anhwei, Hunan, Hupeh and Kiangsi, as far as me enforcement of the suppression of production is concerned. Coca plants are not cultivated in China. All supplies thereof are introduced from abroad. The import, manufacture and use of prepared opium were totally prohibited in strict accordance with the Opium Suppression Act and its By-laws. Opium-smoking was effectively suppressed among the national population, except those who reside in the concessions and jeased territories. Government employees suspected of smoking opium have been examined in accordance with the Regulations relating to the examination of Government employees, the higher local governments have been instructed to see that their affiliated organisations in charge of opium suppression enforce the prohibition measures in respect of opium-smoking !n their respective areas, and arrangements have been made for the establishment of mfirmaries where addicts may gradually be weaned of their habit. Prohibition could not be extended to the alien population on account of the existence of consular jurisdiction. Protests were lodged by local authorities against the violation by °reigners of Chinese laws as resards the smoking of opium in the concessions and leased territories. The report expresses the hope that the Powers concerned will actively co-operate with rua and will take the necessarv steps : (1) to prevent their nationals from introducing prepared °P1Um into Chinese territory or encouraging its illicit use therein; (2) prevent their — 20 — representatives in China from in any way facilitating the Chinese in the matter of opium, smoking or the opening of dens in the concessions ; and (3) observe their existing international obligations with regard to the suppression of prepared opium as stipulated by Chapter II 0f the Hague Convention, 1912, and the Geneva Opium Agreement of February 11th, 1925 Information regarding the quantities of prepared opium seized and burned by the v a rio u s courts is given in the report together with details of prosecutions and sentences i m p o s e d in 1929. Indian hemp is not cultivated in China and its importation is prohibited by law. During the year 1929, no permits or authorisations were issued for the use or possession of drugs. In some provinces, pending the promulgation of new Regulations by the Government the use or possession of morphine, heroin and cocaine in stock for legitimate purposes was authorised, the system being to register all persons or firms dealing therein commercially or professionally, pending the promulgation of new Regulations by the Government. The influx of narcotic drugs in increasing quantities from Europe and Japan threatens to bring the Chinese Government face to face with a very serious problem. The notorious ingenuity of the traffickers so engaged in loading and concealing contraband in steamers flying foreign flags either along the coast or in inland waters can only be counteracted by the closest co-operation among the Powers concerned. Detailed information regarding seizures of narcotics during 1929 is contained in the report, together with particulars of (1) total seizures of narcotic substances ; (2) seizures of narcotic substances and utensils exclusively smuggled by foreign nationals ; (3) the countries from which narcotic substances and utensils were smuggled ; and (4) foreign nationals detected in smuggling narcotic substances. Investigations reveal that there are more than 200 shops under the management of Japanese nationals at Tsinan professionally selling narcotic substances in the guise of dispensaries, firms, hotels, etc. Stations along the Kiaochow-Tsinan line, such as Chowtsun, Weihsien, Paoshan and Changtien, are crowded with Japanese traffickers. The situation in Tsingtao is similar. During the second half of the year, more than 30 seizures have been made by the Chinese police. The report gives two tables which convey a general idea of the extent of illicit traffic carried on by Japanese nationals in the province of Shantung, including the municipality of Tsingtao. I n addition to the companies, dispensaries, hotels, etc., which have been detected by the local public safety bureaux as agencies illegally trafficking in narcotic substances, it has been reported that there are about 100 individual dealers scattered around the cities of Tsinan and Tsingtao. The traffic has been indulged in to a considerable extent under the present system of imposing mere fines on the traffickers, as practised by the Japanese authorities in China. In most cases, traffickers are by no means dissuaded from continuing their lucrative operations by the imposition of an insignificant fine of less than 100 dollars. In Dairen, Port Arthur, Shihchiachuan and Tientsin, there are also reported hundreds of drug stores run by Japanese, and newly-created Chinese addicts can be counted by hundreds of thousands. With regard to the application of the provisions of Articles 15-19, Chapter IV, of the Hague Convention, 1912, the Chinese Government is of the opinion that the signatory Powers should actively co-operate in exterminating the opium evil in the concessions a n d leased territories in China and should take immediate steps to lessen greatly, if not wholly to eliminate, the illic it traffic in narcotic drugs conducted by their nationals in China. Effective measures can best be enforced by (1) prohibiting the importation into China of all narcotic substances, except such as are admitted under import certificates to be issued by the Chinese Government; (2) co-operation between the authorities in the concessions and the local governments in combating the smuggling into Chinese territory of opium and narcotic drugs by unscrupulous traffickers ; (3) dealing with prohibition matters in strict accordance with the Opium Suppression Act and its By-laws as promulgated by the Chinese Government ; and (4) abolishing, pari passn with the local governments, all the drug stores and dens in the concessions and leased territories. The report emphasises the fact that, unless these m e a s u re s are effectively carried out by the signatories, the provisions of Articles 15-19, Chapter IV, oi the Hague Convention, 1912, will remain a dead letter. As narcotic drug addiction is becoming an increasingly urgent problem, the Chinese Government deems it necessary to take drastic steps to curtail its extension. Preliminary arrangements were made for limiting the supply of narcotic drugs to the quantities re q u ire d for medical and scientific purposes. The maximum quantity to be supplied for such p u rp o se s must not be exceeded if the evil effects are to be curtailed and practical needs met. Taking the total number of patients in the country to be 20,000,000, the legitimate supply of n a rc o tic drugs as approximately estimated will be as follows : Opium : 2,000 kilograms ...... 1 gram for 10 persons per annum ; Morphine : 200 k ilo g ra m s ...... 1 gram for 100 persons per annum ; Cocaine : 200 kilograms ...... 1 gram for 100 persons per annum ; Codeine : 200 kilograms ...... 1 gram for 100 persons per annum. — 21 — 0.0.23(e) 22. 1930. During 1930, the following legislative and administrative measures were introduced. The By-laws of the “ Opium Suppression Act ”, as promulgated on February 14th, 1930, o p e r a t e to enforce the Revised Act in four successive steps —namely, the prohibition (1) of th e cultivation of poppy, (2) the transportation, (3) sale, and (4) smoking of opium. For the enforcement of the prohibition of the cultivation of poppy, it is provided in the By-laws of t h e Opium Suppression Act that, during each sowing season, the higher local governments or local opium suppression organs shall see to it that the officials concerned take proper m e a s u r e s for the enforcement of such prohibition. Poppy discovered in any region shall be uprooted by force, and the offender shall be handed over to the court and dealt with according to law. The By-laws provide for the searching of all merchant vessels, vehicles and planes suspected of smuggling contraband drugs. The By-laws lay down that the higher local governments shall instruct their affiliated o rg a n s responsible for the prohibition strictly to suppress sales of opium and other dangerous d ru g s and to have the guilty parties punished. The prohibition of the opium-smoking, a c c o r d i n g to the provisions of the By-laws, shall be enforced throughout the country, including the concessions, settlements and leased territories. Reformatories shall be erected for helping a d d ic ts to give up their habit within specified periods. The officials to be rewarded, according to the revised Regulations, are as follows : Those (1) who have reduced the cultivation of the poppy within the areas under their jurisdiction ; (2) who have made successful inspections and led to many seizures of opium and narcotic substances ; and (3) who have worked for the rehabilitation of addicts and have successfully enforced the prohibition of smoking opium or using substitutes therefor. The Regulations relating to Reformatory Hospitals promulgated on May 1st, 1930, are intended to give effect to the designation of hospitals in various provinces and municipalities to superintend concurrently the rehabilitation of addicts. Under the Regulations, promulgated on August 16th, 1930, relating to the disposal of fines imposed in respect of opium charges, a part of the fines collected by the judicial organs from addicts shall be awarded to those who have successfully detected offences or brought them to the attention of the authorities. On September 16th, 1930, the Regulations relating to examination of post offices used for the illicit traffic in narcotics were promulgated to give effect to the examination of postal parcels suspected of unlawfully containing narcotics. On December 15th, 1930, the Regulations relating to examination offices were promulgated, authorising the establishment of a Central Office under the National Opium Suppression Commission and of local offices under the provincial opium suppression commissions. According to these Regulations, Government employees suspected of being addicts will be sent, after accusation, to these offices for examination. China does not export narcotic drugs. Importations continued under stringent restrictions during the period covered by this report. Import certificates were issued temporarily by the Customs, pending the constitution of the proposed National Agency for the Control of Narcotic Drugs, as provided in the Regulations relating to Narcotic Drugs. Local hospitals, medical practitioners, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, medical schools, or nationals or institutions of foreign States not having treaties with the Chinese Government nor enjoying extra-territorial privileges in China are required, on application for imports, to submit a list of drugs or paraphernalia properly signed and sealed and stating the purposes for which they are to be used, before certificates may be granted. In the case of hospitals, medical practitioners, pharmacists, etc., of foreign States having treaties with the Chinese Government and enjoying extra-territorial privileges in China, these are required to submit written notices to their respective Consuls stating the reasons for which, and the place from which, importation is to be made, before certificates from the Chinese Government can be secured. Importations from Germany and Switzerland are still carried on in accordance with the Sino-German Agreement of 1924 and the Sino-Swiss Agreement of 1927 respectively, by exchange of notes providing for the application by the Contracting Parties of the import certificate system for the sole purpose of efficiently controlling their traffic in narcotics. The Regulations relating to narcotic drugs and the Regulations relating to patent and proprietary medicines, as promulgated on November 11th, 1929, were continued in force without change and applied in a satisfactory manner during the period covered by this report. In addition to the measures stipulated in the By-laws of the Opium Suppression Act as regards the prohibition of the transportation of opium, the Regulations relating to the search of merchant vessels, vehicles and aeroplanes to prevent smuggling of contraband drugs, promulgated on April 24th, 1930, aim at the enforcement of prohibitory measures against the smuggling of opium and narcotic substances into China and against the illicit traffic within Chinese territory. The greatest difficulty experienced in enforcing these Regulations remains that of Preventing the improper use and unlawful introduction of narcotic drugs into China from abroad. Narcotic drugs, principally morphine, cocaine and heroin, appear to be smuggled •nto the country largely through the ports of Shanghai, Tientsin and Canton, from which places they are distributed to the interior by well-organised groups of traffickers, which are composed — 22 — of both Chinese and foreigners. The illicit traffic was in most cases carried on with the connivance of the municipal authorities in certain concessions and leased territories. It is not possible to enumerate all the particulars available of the illicit traffic carried on or the channels by, and the sources from, which this traffic was fed. The circumstances connected with some of the important seizures are illustrative of the manner in which the illicit traffic was conducted. The report gives thirteen detailed examples of seizures. Raw opium was produced in certain bandit-infested regions. Correct statistics with regard to the total acreage under cultivation are lacking. During the year covered by the present report, strict prohibition was enforced of the import, manufacture and use of prepared opium, in accordance with the Opium Suppression Act and its By-laws. There were 6,649 cases tried and 8,620 persons convicted of offences against the law- relating to prepared opium. The principal difficulty in suppressing opium-smoking was experienced in the prevention of unlawful importation of the drugs. Opium used for smoking purposes was smuggled through the seaports into the interior. During the period covered by this report, permits were temporarily issued by the Customs pending the constitution of a national agency for the control of narcotic drugs, for thé importation of prepared opium1 from the following countries : England, 268 kg. ; France, 9 kg. ; Japan, 1 kg. ; Dairen, 5 kg. ; Italy, 3 kg. ; Switzerland, 2 kg. ; America, 1 kg,’ Hong-Kong, 2 kg. China does not manufacture narcotic drugs. During the year 1930, permits were issued provisionally by the Customs authorities for the importation of prepared opium from the above countries. As stated elsewhere in this report, the principal difficulty experienced by the Chinese Government lies in the prevention of the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs. The influx of such drugs in increasing quantities from Europe and Japan threatens to present a very serious problem for the Chinese Government. The numbers of foreign nationals detected in smuggling narcotic substances were : Japanese, 10; Russians, 2; French, 4; Koreans, 2; Persians, 1; Annamites, 10 ; Total, 29. The consignments were generally smuggled through the port of Shanghai, from which point they were distributed by groups of traffickers to the interior. Apart from the seizures by the Customs, large seizures of narcotic substances were made by postal authorities in various provinces and municipalities during the period covered by this report. Denmark. O.C.23(a) 20. 1929. In 1929, no new special provisions were promulgated concerning the trade in opium and other dangerous drugs. The certificate system, which has been in force since October 1st, 1922, worked, on the whole, satisfactorily. None of the drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply is manufactured in Denmark. O.C.23(n) 21. 1930. The following legislative provisions were promulgated in 1930 : Law of March 31st, 1930, on the manufacture of, and trade in, opium, etc., by which the supervision of narcotic drugs was brought into line with the 1925 Opium Convention ; Ordinance of the Ministry of the Interior dated April 25th, 1930, concerning the manufacture of, and trade in, opium, etc. ; Decree of the Ministry of the Interior dated September 30th, 1930, by which the following substances were brought under the Law of March 31st, 1930 : benzoyl- morphine and all other morphine esters, dihydromorphinone (dilaudide), dihydrc- codeinone (dicodide) and dihydrohydrooxycodeinone (eucodal) ; Decree of the Ministry of the Interior dated December 29th, 1930, exempting “ cardiazol-dicodide drops ” from the provisions of the Law of March 31st, 1930. On the whole, the certificate system has worked satisfactorily. The International Opium Convention of February 19th, 1925, was ratified by D e n m a r k on April 7th, 1930. Danzig. O.C.23frJ 18. 1929. In 1929, two regulations were issued bringing dilaudide, ecgonine and methylecgonine under the Opium Law7. 1 During the fifteenth session of the Advisory Committee, the representative of China stated that the opium in should have been described as medicinal. The figures for England and Switzerland doubtless referred to the (IuaI1. 0[ for which import certificates had been issued. The representative of Great Britain pointed out that English - orv medicinal opium to China in 1930 amounted to only 19 lb. (see Minutes of the fifteenth session of the Aci' Committee, twenty-second meeting. — 23 — The trade in opium preparations within the country has been regulated by laws and decrees. The report contains a list of the names and addresses of the wholesale merchants licensed by the Senate to distribute and sell opium preparations. There is no production or conversion of drugs ; only production of ampoules and tablets of the imported substances. There is no factory producing drugs in the Free City of Danzig. The following are authorised to use or possess drugs : (a) The pharmacies, in accordance with the law ; (b) Five wholesale firms and one medical pharmaceutical laboratory under special permits. O.C.23f?J 21. 1930. In 1930, the following two regulations were issued : (a) On February 21st, 1930, a regulation subjecting paramorphine (dihydro morphine) to the opium law ; (b) On February 22nd, 1930, a regulation abolishing import certificates for certain preparations containing dicodide, dilaudide and eucodal, and providing that the said preparations shall only be supplied to pharmacies or authorised firms. In the territory of the Free City, no difficulties have been encountered in connection with import and export certificates. T he only persons authorised to distribute and sell opium and opium preparations are wholesale dealers in possession of a special permit issued by the Senate. Six wholesale firms are in possession of such permits. There are no factories for the manufacture of narcotic drugs in the territory of the Free City. Opiates are only converted to the extent required for the manufacture of ampoules and tablets. The consumption of opiates is only permitted for medical purposes. The consumption of narcotic drugs remains within the limits of past years. The application and enforcement of the law:s give rise to no difficulties. Two cases of illicit traffic have been dealt with by the courts of summary jurisdiction. In the Customs tariff, codeine is not separately mentioned, but figures under the same heading as various other medicaments. For Customs and economic purposes, moreover, the Free City and the Republic of Poland form a single territory. Egypt. O.C.23 (I) 17. 1929. T he report, which is a statement on the working of the Egyptian Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau during the first year of its existence, reveals the ravages caused by the illicit traffic in Egypt, furnishes information as to the methods successfully employed by the Egyptian authorities in dissolving some of the organisations engaged in this traffic and traces the sources from which they obtain their supplies. The report contains also estimates of the number of addicts in Egypt and of the sum spent by them annually on drugs, as well as information concerning successful results which have been obtained by co-operation between the police authorities of different countries (e.g., Austria, France, Switzerland). Figures and statistical tables published in the report show the kind and quantities of narcotics seized, the number of persons reported to be trafficking in narcotics, their nationality, age and profession, the number of persons convicted, the number of foreigners expelled from Ëgvpt, and the amount of sentences awarded, and fines paid during the year under review. O.C.23 20. 1930. The first part of the Egyptian report for the year 1930 gives noteworthy examples of the illicit traffic and supplies interesting details 011 large traffic organisations in Vienna and Alexandria. Turkey is indicated as a source of supply for the illicit traffic, mainly owing to the ever-increasing manufacture of morphine and diacetylmorphine (heroin) by three factories. The Cairo Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau asserts that there is not a gramme of illicit heroin in Egypt to-day which is not of Istanbul manufacture. The report also states that contraband hashish coming from Svria amounts, according to the Central Bureau’s estimates, to 12,435 kg. for 1930. Smuggling is carried out on a large scale by practically every steamship line touching Egyptian ports. The methods of procedure may be divided into four classes : (a) individual smuggling of small quantities by means of passengers and ships’ crews ; (b) systematic smuggling in which ships’ crews are in league with smugglers ; (c) drugs consigned in transit . - firms in Europe or at Istanbul, Smyrna, etc., whereby the steamship lines become ^voluntary accomplices ; (d) collusion of the crews with the traffickers whereby the former, acting under definite orders, change the contents of cases en route—i.e., removing the drugs ''hich are then hidden in various parts of the ship and replacing the contents of cases with 0 boots, rags and other rubbish. In no single case has it been proved, however, that the 0Wners of the steamship lines are implicated or connive at this traffic ; 011 the contrary, full — 24 — co-operation and prompt assistance have always been afforded by the companies to the police in the stamping out of the illicit traffic. To give some idea of the smuggling which takes place through steamships, the quantify of drugs seized between December 1929 and November 1930 totalled 7,800 kg., of which 4,994 kg. w'ere discovered in water or at the coast, and 2,805 kg. on board vessels. Much hashish-smuggling takes place on the lines plying between Egypt, Syria and Istanbul. White drugs are consigned “ in transit ” and smuggled by individuals on the lines plying between Marseilles-Piræus-Egypt, and on the express line Italy-Trieste-Egypt. In order to cope with this state of affairs, the Central Egyptian Bureau has obtained permission to display on ships notices printed in three or more languages offering immediate reward for information leading to seizure of drugs or arrest of traffickers. As was stated in last year’s report for Egypt, it would be desirable to alter the conditions regarding Customs clearing agents so as to allow only reputable firms to clear goods through the Customs, and to refuse licences to private individuals. It is further recommended that a cash guarantee should be paid in advance by the various firms for each person employed by them as a clearing agent. Alexandria has a large and flourishing transit and transhipment trade. Customs control over goods in transhipment is necessarily superficial, whence opportunities for smugglers to have access to merchandise of this nature during the process of off-loading, removal on barges and on other occasions. The inscription on bills of lading to “ bearer ” enables persons put up and provided with funds by the smugglers to become the legal owners of such merchandise and to give orders for its movement. In 1929, an attempt was made to form an estimate of the number of drug addicts in two of Egypt’s provinces. The figures obtained cannot be taken as scrupulously accurate; the same calculation has, however, been made again this year in the same villages and in the same way, and the results show a considerable reduction in addiction, although caution should be exercised in view of the tendency of the local officials to supply figures showing a favourable reduction. Thus in Sharqiya, where the number of drug addicts for the year 1928-29 was 6,800 and for the year 1929-30 5,058, a reduction of 1,742 is shown. The total numbers of persons reported as traffickers in narcotics during the period from December 1st, 1929, to the end of November 1930 is 3,128. The number reported for the period June 16th, 1929, to the end of November 1929 had been 1,614. No comparison has yet been drawn, since the Bureau’s records only date from June 16th, 1929. Of the total of 3,128 traffickers for the year 1929-30, 2,531 were Egyptians, 317 Greeks, 93 Italians, 89 French and 58 British. The number for any other country in no case exceeds 7. The foreign consular authorities have consented to the expulsion of their nationals in the following proportion of cases : Greece 66 out of 80 ; Italy 26 out of 40 ; France 20 out of 30 ; Great Britain 11 out of 11 applied for. During the period from December 1st, 1929, to November 30th, 1930, the summary courts dealt with 11,235 persons in cases concerning narcotics, amongst whom 10,294 persons W'ere convicted and 930 acquitted. The total number of persons dealt with by the courts of appeal was 9,253, of whom 7,796 were convicted and 1,457 acquitted. The fines im posed in 1930 amounted to £E1,353,357, of which £E7,144 w'ere actually paid. A large num ber of persons sentenced to fines have no property at all, and simply work out the fines by extra imprisonment ; this extra imprisonment can in no case exceed ninety days. It has been calculated that, in 1930, 57 deaths were caused by drugs ; during the same period 246 judgments of divorce were passed by the Mohammedan law courts for the abuse of narcotics, as follows : 187 cases of husbands becoming insolvent through addiction ; 56 cases of husbands being imprisoned on account of addiction, thus justifying sentence of divorce ; 3 cases of husbands being imprisoned for trafficking in n a r c o t ic s . Total.. .. 246 cases. The records concerning divorce for addiction or trafficking only began on June 1st, 1929. According to the report, the statistics tend to show that the bulk of drug addicts are not entirely normal from a mental point of view. In 1930, for example, of 317 persons mentally affected, 71 became insane as a result of the abuse of drugs, while 246 were insane prior to addiction. A credit of £E10,000 has been granted for the establishment of a hospital for drug addicts. This hospital will relieve the Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau of the unpleasant duty of turning away drug addicts who implore the Government to bring about their cure treatment. Active anti-narcotic propaganda has been carried out during the year, not only by the Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau, but also by a large number of independent societies, among them the following : the International Salvation Army Society, the Society — 25 — of Egyptian Moslem Sheikhs, the Society for the Prohibition of Alcoholic Liquors, the Society of Human Brotherhood for combating Narcotics, the Egyptian Labour Syndicates, Friends of the Bible Society, Students’ Society for combating Narcotics. Poppy cultivation is forbidden in Egypt. In October 1930, the quantity of opium in stock in the country amounted to 234\ kg. The quantity remaining in stock up to September 1929 was 450 kg. in the hands of some fifty persons. It would thus seem that the licensed merchants sold only about half of the stock remaining with them. This, however, is not the case. The Bureau felt certain that the merchants were selling much larger quantities than they a d m i t t e d . Investigations were therefore made and i t was found that, while showing so-called opium still in stock, they had actually sold the true opium and replaced it by discs of a paste prepared of brick dust, gum and spices painted over with a solution of opium and albumen of eggs to give the discs the smell and colour of real opium. Spain. 0.C.23(%) 21. 1930. During the year 1930, the following decree and edicts were promulgated : Royal Decree of July 8th, 1930, approving the provisional regulations regarding the control (restriction) of narcotics. This Decree comes into full force six months after its promulgation ; Royal Edict of July 12th, 1930, setting up twelve areas for the purposes of the control of narcotics ; Royal Edict of November 8th, 1930, approving the regulations regarding the technical inspection of narcotics ; Royal Edict of December 19th, 1930, postponing the application of the regulations regarding the control of narcotics until March 1st following. Under an Order of the Ministry of the Interior dated September 4th, 1931, a National Technical Narcotics Council was set up in place of the Social and Administrative Committee which had previously been the responsible organ. So far the system of export certificates has given satisfactory results. A few seizures were effected in the following places : Customs warehouses at Port-Bou, La Roda, Madrid, Palma de Majorca and Valencia. Some of these drugs bore the marks of Boehringer, Merck, and Givaudan Lavirote and Co., of Lyons. The others bore neither marks nor labels. All drugs seized will be destroyed. Estonia. 0.C.23 faj 19. 1929. The import certificate system for narcotics has given entire satisfaction. The drug habit does not exist in Estonia. No case of seizure of opium or other dangerous drugs was recorded during 1929. None of the drugs dealt with by the Hague and Geneva Conventions are manufactured in Estonia. Authorisation was granted in 1929 to eight firms or pharmacies for the import of medicinal opium, seven for morphine, two for heroin and nine for cocaine. There are three licensed wholesalers. There was no case of smuggling or of seizure of drugs during 1929. O.C.23 (I) 22. 1930. In 1930, the State Assembly adopted and put into force : (a) The International Opium Convention adopted by the Second Opium Conference and signed at Geneva on February 19th, 1925, and the law relating thereto (Riigi Teataja (Official Journal), No. 51, 1930) ; (b ) A law concerning the importation, exportation and sale of opium and other dangerous drugs and preparations containing the same (Riigi Teataja (Official Journal), No. 51, 1930). During the same year, the Ministry of Education and Social Questions put into force : (a) Regulations concerning the registration of opium and other dangerous drugs and the preparation of reports relating thereto (Riigi Teataja (Official Journal), No. 59, 1930) ; ...... _ n (b) List of opium and other dangerous drugs (Riigi Teataja (Official Journa ), No. 59, 1930). . On the order of the Health and Social Welfare Section of the Ministry of Education and ^0c!al Questions, establishments, such as chemists’ shops, stores, hospitals and out-patient •inics, must introduce and keep up to date a “ co-ordinated register of opium and dangerous drugs ”. — 26 — The system of import certificates for the control of the importation and exportation of narcotics is working quite satisfactorily. The definite introduction of “ co-ordinated registers of opium and other dangerous drugs ” has occasioned some temporary difficulty, owing to the fact that the proper keepinn of these registers and the drawing up of reports based thereon involve considerable additional labour for chemists’ shops, hospitals and other establishments, and call for a certain amount of experience. It is to be hoped that, in a few years, the co-ordinated register will be in use in all the establishments referred to. Up to the present the new system has been applied most completely in chemists’ shops, in which the keeping of the opium register is supervised by an inspector who, on each inspection, also verifies the stocks of narcotics in the shops, Wholesalers supplying chemists’ shops and hospitals are also very strictly supervised. There are no factories producing narcotics in Estonia. As regards drugs delivered on a prescription, chemists’ shops prepare tinctures and extracts of opium, fluid extracts and tinctures of coca leaves, and tinctures and extracts of Indian hemp. In addition to chemists' shops, two pharmaceutical laboratories prepared in 1930, with the permission of the Health and Social Welfare Department, a very small quantity of these extracts and tinctures for small chemists’ shops which do not prepare them themselves, and for hospitals, in which drugs are not prepared. In 1930, permission to possess and dispense narcotics for medical purposes was granted to 202 chemists’ shops, 65 hospitals and laboratories, 2 pharmaceutical laboratories, and 5 wholesale dealers. No case of the confiscation and seizure of drugs was reported in 1930. United States of America. O.C.23 (I) 20. 1929. A new federal law, approved and effective on January 19th, 1929, provides for the establishment of two United States narcotic farms for the confinement and treatment of persons addicted to the use of habit-forming narcotic drugs who have been convicted of offences against the United States. Detailed information regarding the internal regulation of the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, and so on, of narcotic drugs is given in the report. Additional attention was given and is being given to the examination of monthly returns submitted by manufacturers and wholesale dealers for the purpose of noting apparently excessive purchases of narcotic drugs by dispensing dealers such as physicians, dentists and retail druggists. Wherever apparently excessive purchases were noted, field enforcement officers have been directed to investigate the suspected parties, with the result that a number of such dealers have been found to be making unlawful sales and have been punished. It is difficult to trace to the point of origin such drugs as are seized in illicit traffic within the country. As might be expected, such drugs rarely bear the labels of the foreign manufacturer. In a few cases, however, where rather small quantities of drugs were involved, the containers thereof did bear labels purporting to be those of foreign manufacturers, and brief statements of the circumstances of a few such cases are given in the report. The report contains also brief statements of the circumstances connected with some typical seizures made during the period under review and shows the quantities of narcotic drugs seized under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act and under the Internal Revenue Narcotic Laws, and indicates the method of disposal. The informal arrangement for the direct exchange of information relative to known or suspected illicit drug traffickers and their operations, previously concluded between the United States and several other countries, has been accepted during the period by three additional countries—Portugal, Roumania and Switzerland. Statistics concerning all drugs to which the Hague Convention apply and information with regard to the internal control of the legitimate traffic in these drugs are given. The importation, manufacture, sale and dispensing of narcotic drugs and preparations thereof for proper purposes is authorised through a system of registration of all persons oi firms dealing therein commercially or professionally. The system is the same for a l l opium products and for coca leaves, cocaine and preparations thereof. There were 5,377 convictions for offences against the Narcotic Drugs Import and Expojt Act and the Federal internal revenue narcotic laws reported for the year. The aggrega e sentences imposed amounted to 12,346 years, 1 month and 20 days. The total of fines impose > plus the amounts accepted in cases compromised, was $290,970. The report closes with information concerning certain insular possessions, Porto Rico allt* the Virgin Islands. — 27 — O.C.2322, 1930. The following clauses and regulations were enacted during 1930. A Federal law, approved June 14th, 1930. The report contains detailed information as to the extensive change effected by this law in the organisation of Federal narcotic law enforcement activities. A new Federal law, approved June 17th, 1930, identified as the “ Tariff Act of 1930”, e x te n d e d the liability to a penalty of $25 per oz. with respect to smoking-opium or opium p r e p a r e d for smoking found upon any vessel to the owner thereof, and such penalty was made a l i e n upon such vessel enforceable by a libel in rem subject to t h e exception that the master or owner of a vessel used by any person as a common carrier in the transaction of business as a common carrier should not be liable to the penalty, and the vessel should not be held subject to t h e lien if it appeared to the satisfaction of the court that neither the master, nor any of the officers, nor the owner of the vessel knew, and could not, by the exercise of the highest degree of care and diligence, have known that the smoking-opium or opium prepared for s m o k in g was on board. The provisions of the former law (Federal law, approved September 21st, 1922, identified as “ The Tariff Act of 1922 ”) relative to withholding clearance of the vessel were retained. The Federal law approved July 3rd, 1930, empowered the Commissioner of Narcotics to pay to any person, from funds then or thereafter appropriated for the enforcement of the narcotic laws of the United States, for information concerning the violation of any narcotic law of the United States, resulting in a seizure of contraband narcotics, such sum as the said Commissioner might appropriate, without reference to any rewards to which such person might otherwise be entitled by law. A new regulation (Treasury Decision No. 1) was issued on July 1st, 1930, amending existing regulations under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, by substituting the Commissioner of Narcotics for the Federal Narcotic Control Board as the administrative agency authorised to perform the duties detailed in such regulations. This amendment was made necessary by the Federal law approved June 14th, 1930, mentioned above. A regulation (Treasury Decision No. 2, dated July 1st, 1930) transferred from the Commissioner of Prohibition and the Bureau of Prohibition to the Commissioner of Narcotics and the Bureau of Narcotics the necessary pow7ers and duties, and the facilities to enable the newly created Bureau and the Commissioner in charge thereof to function as directed by the Federal law approved June 14th, 1930. A regulation, Treasury Decision No. 3, was issued on November 7th, 1930, to give effect to the portion of the Federal law approved June 14th, 1930, authorising the importation of certain supplies of coca leaves in addition to those found necessary to be imported under the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act, for medical purposes ; with the proviso that all cocaine, ecgonine and all salts, derivatives or preparations from which cocaine or ecgonine might be made, contained in the said additional supplies of coca leaves, should be destroyed. The report gives a summary of the provisions of this regulation. A new regulation (Treasury Decision No. 4) was issued on November 19th, 1930, by the Secretary of the Treasury to provide rules of procedure whereby an appeal, permitted by the Federal law approved June 14th, 1930, might be taken by aggrieved parties from any order, rule or decision of the Commissioner of Narcotics to the Secretary of the Treasury. The regulation also provided rules of procedure in appeals to the Secretary of the Treasury from *at m a y be termed the inaction of the Commissioner—i.e., the failure of the Commissioner oiNarcotics to rule upon or decide any matter presented to him. Shortly prior to, and soon after, the establishment of a new Bureau of Narcotics, orders Were issued to its field enforcement officers giving effect to a new policy with respect to Federal narcotic law enforcement. These orders required Federal field officers to concentrate their ^forcement efforts largely against the sources of supply of the illicit traffic, with a view to attempting the elimination of the more important dealers. The report gives details concerning several sums of money appropriated during 1930 for the execution of the Federal law approved January 19th, 1929, providing for the establishment °f two Federal institutions (“ narcotic farms ”) for the confinement and treatment of persons addicted to the use of habit-forming narcotic drugs. As to the control of international trade, the definition of the term “ narcotic drug ”, as used in the law relating to imports, exports and in-transit shipments, includes opium, coca leaves and all their salts, derivatives and preparations— thus covering morphine, heroin, codeine, cocaine, ecgonine, the so-called esters, and all preparations containing such substances. , Importations during the period continued to be restricted by law to crude opium and coca eaJes and were limited to such quantities as were considered necessary to provide tor medical legitimate uses only. No exportation of narcotic drugs by post is permitted. No permit is issued for the Importation of crude opium or coca leaves, as such, and the exportation of smoking-opium 1 °f opium prepared for smoking is absolutely prohibited. Exportations of other narcotic m§s during the period were by law restricted to shipments only to a country which had ratified — 28 — and become a party to the International Opium Convention of 1912 and the Final Protocol thereto and which had adopted a system of licences for the control of imports of narcotic drugs Most of the narcotic drugs exported were contained in medicinal preparations in comparatively small proportions together with other active medicinal ingredients, and in this form they were not so readily adaptable to abuse. In-transit shipments of smoking-opium or opium prepared for smoking are prohibited by law. Other narcotic drugs may be shipped through the United States or a port thereof only pursuant to a formal permit. No in-transit shipment of narcotic drugs through the United States designed for a country that has not adopted the import certificate system has been permitted. There are no free ports or free zones in the United States. Crude opium and coca leaves are imported only by the manufacturers, who remove them as promptly as possible from Customs custody and, with the possible exception of an occasional importation of coca leaves do not have occasion to store them in bonded warehouses. Information regarding the internal regulations of the manufacture, sale, distribution use, and so on, of narcotic drugs is given in the report. There were seized in illicit traffic in 1930, of morphine alone, a total of 26,492 oz., as compared with seizures in 1929 of only 3,440 oz. The great increase in the total seizures of morphine should not be interpreted as indicating an increase in the number of narcotic drug addicts in the United States but is fairly attributable to increased enforcement efficiency, particularly as based upon the new policy inaugurated and developed by the new administrative organisation established under the new Federal law. The sum of $1,712,998 was appropriated for enforcement of the Federal narcotic laws for the fiscal year 1931, this amount being in addition to the amounts appropriated for the two new Federal narcotic farms. The principal enforcement problem remains that of preventing unlawful introduction of contraband narcotics into the United States from abroad. There can no longer be a n y doubt that quantities of narcotic drugs, particularly morphine, cocaine and heroin, are unlawfully introduced into the country, especially through the port of New York, from which p o in t they are distributed by groups of traffickers to the interior. There is also some unlawful importation across the border from contiguous territory. Prepared or smoking-opium is generally smuggled through the western ports of the United States. In order to show the nature a n d extent of the illicit traffic and the manner in which it is supplied, the report reviews the circumstances surrounding some of the important seizures made during the year. Statistics concerning all drugs to which the Hague Convention applies, as well as information with regard to the internal control of the legitimate traffic in these drugs, are given. The importation of morphine, its salts, derivatives, preparations, etc., of cocaine, refined cocaine, its salts or any preparation containing cocaine, of heroin and of opium for the purpose of manufacturing heroin is prohibited. There were reported for the year 3,914 convictions for offences against the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act and the Federal internal revenue narcotic laws. The aggregate sentences imposed amounted to 10,390 years, three months and eight days. The total of fines imposed, plus the amounts accepted in cases compromised, was $312,549.88. An enquiry has been made during the year into the prices of drugs prevailing in the illicit market. A table giving a summary of such prices in different cities of the United States is found in the report. The report contains statistics with regard to the quantities of drugs confiscated and tie method of disposal and gives information concerning the insular possessions, the Panama Canal zone, Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Finland. O.C.23^; 19. 1929. The system of import certificates for narcotics continued to operate regularly. The names and addresses of the firms which manufacture narcotics, especially medicinal opium, are mentioned in the report. Permits or authorisations for the use or possession of narcotics were delivered to pharmaceutical chemists, druggists, Government scicntiM institutes and the chemical manufacturers mentioned above. No illicit traffic was discovered. O.C.23(%) 21. 1930. On May 23rd, 1930, a Decree was promulgated providing for the application of the International Opium Conventions. The import certificate system has in general worked satisfactorily. Certain discrepance have, however, been revealed between the figures supplied to the Permanent Central upi — 29 — B o ard by the Finnish Government on the one hand and by the German and Danish Governments on the other. These discrepancies were subsequently explained. No illicit traffic has been discovered. A list (with names and addresses) of factories preparing narcotic drugs is to be found in the report. France. O.C.23((m) 18. 1929. An important decree for the supervision of the manufacture of, and trade in, drugs was published on March 20th, 1930. Paragraph 7 of Article 31 provides for a direct limitation of manufacture. An order will be issued annually specifying the quantity of each drug which may be manipulated by each manufacturer and the quantity of the products to be obtained therefrom. This decree, which is supplementary to the Decrees of September 14th, 1916, and December 12th, 1928, effectively ensures in every respect the administrative control recommended by Circular Letter 307.1929.XI, of December 2nd, 1929. The Central Judicial Enquiry Service corresponded direct with foreign central offices, notably those of the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Egypt. Personal descriptions of international traffickers, with photographs, were thus exchanged, and this made it easier to keep the traffickers under observation. The decline in the number of opium-smokers observed last year seems to be continuing, but the number of cocaine and heroin addicts is increasing. The sentences pronounced on traffickers and addicts varied between seven dayrs’ and two years’ imprisonment and between 50 francs and 1,000 francs fine. The penalty of local banishment was imposed in several cases. O.C.23(o) 22. 1930. During the year 1930, the persons arrested in France or prosecuted for being in illicit possession of narcotic drugs numbered 376, including 222 in the area of the Prefecture of Police for the Department of the Seine and 154 in the provinces. Among the drugs seized may be mentioned 739 kg. of heroin. This was seized in the port of Marseilles in June 1930 on board the steamers Italia, Bulgaria and Rajputana ; it came from Istanbul. The case is under investigation by the Public Prosecutor’s Office at Marseilles. Five opium dens were discovered. The use of opium appears to be gradually falling off. There were 251 persons described as possible drug traffickers or users placed under supervision, and their movements investigated, though the results have not been such as to warrant criminal proceedings. Special files relating to these persons as well as to traffickers actually arrested have been compiled and circulated by the Contrôle Général des Services de Recherches judiciaires (Central Judicial Enquiry Service) to police and gendarmerie authorities throughout the country. Sentences passed on drug traffickers or addicts by the appeal courts or ordinary criminal courts have ranged from 15 days’ to 2 years’ imprisonment and fines of 50 to 3,000 francs. In 15 cases, accused persons have been sentenced to the additional penalty of expulsion (interdiction de séjour) for periods of from 5 or 10 years. The Contrôle Général des Recherches judiciaires, which is a clearing-house for information relating to offences of this kind, has been in direct touch with the corresponding services in foreign countries, more particularly the United States of America, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Great Britain. Descriptions, with photographs, of international drug traffickers have been exchanged. 0.C.1428 i. Trade in the products covered by the 1925 Convention is subject in France to particularly shict supervision. On September 26th, 1930, the date of the entry into force of the Decree of March 20th, 30, licences which traders had obtained under previous regulations ceased to be valid. As from that date, according to the provisions of Article 31 of the aforesaid Decree, Manufacture, transformation, extraction, preparation, being in possession of, offering for sale, istribution, commission trade in, purchase, sale, import and export of drugs and, generally Peaking, all industrial or commercial operations relating to such products became subject Authorisation given by ministerial Order on the advice of a special Commission. The Order of authorisation mentions by name each of the substances or preparations oi the extraction, transformation, manufacture or trade is authorised. AdviJ?eJo!lowing is a summary of the statement made by the French representative during the 1f LntS0°C l°428h } Committee, containing information additional to that given in the annual report for 103 ( — 30 — As regards manufacturers, the Order states the quantity of each of the substances th a t can be treated annually and also that of the products obtained. For the purposes of making out these new licences, every manufacturing dealer or pharmaceutical specialist was subjected to a very exhaustive enquiry covering, not only his commercial operations, the nature thereof products, annual quantities, name of the firm, arrangement of premises, etc., but also his personal standing and reputation. Directly the investigations concerning him were completed, each trader or manufacturer received an acknowledgment of his application, permitting him to continue his operations pending the issue of the final Order of authorisation. The adoption of this provisional measure appeared necessary to the Commission appointed to examine applications, in order that, once in possession of all the dossiers, it might, on the basis of this material, classify the persons applying for authorisation and, if necessary, cut down the number of authorisations to be issued. This measure was approved by a ministerial Circular dated September 17th, 1930. The Circular also requested inspectors of pharmacies to exercise strict supervision to ensure that persons not provided with the new authorisation should not engage in the manufacture of, or trade in, narcotic drugs. In addition to this authorisation to carry on trade in the products in question, importers and exporters are required to comply, for each operation, with the provisions of the Decree of December 12th, 1928. That Decree set up in France, as from January 1st, 1929, the system of certificates provided for in the Geneva Convention of 1925. The scrupulous and systematic application of the system produced the excellent results noted by the Advisory Commission last year. In 1930, with a view to even stricter supervision, the French Administration introduced the system of certificates, as from April 1st, for imports and exports from the Colonies. Lastly, the Decree of March 20th, 1930, recalls the provisions of the Stockholm Convention concerning postal consignments. It is prohibited to insert narcotic drugs in letters or packets sent by post, except in the case of drugs intended for medical purposes. In that case, consignments must be despatched in the form of “ packets of declared value ”. As regards the circulation of the products themselves, the Decree of March 20th, 1930, contained provisions concerning labelling, purchase, sale, and supervision over such operations. The orange label must bear the name of the substance, the quantity, the name and address of the seller and also a reference number for each envelope or receptacle. The envelopes or receptacles must also bear an orange band marked " Poison ”. The outer coverings of consignments intended for export, checked by the Customs Service, are exempt from the orange label and band, but must bear the names and addresses of the consignor and consignee and the serial sale number. Traders and manufacturers must enter in a special register purchases and sales of drugs, stating the name, profession and address whether of the purchaser or of the seller, the name and quantity of the product, and the reference number marked on each receptacle. The Inspector of Pharmacies inspects these registers and satisfies himself that they are in order. Lastly, at the end of each quarter, manufacturers, dispensing pharmacists and specialist pharmacists forward to the Narcotic Drugs Bureau returns of their sales of narcotic drugs and of preparations containing the same. Further, the Decree of 1930 prohibits the handing over of narcotic drugs to any person not in possession of the ministerial authorisation. Each purchase must form the subject of a written order, dated and signed by the purchaser, giving the latter’s name, occupation and address and the quantity (written out in full) of the substance requested. In the case o medicinal products, purchasers not in possession of authorisation must produce a medical prescription. The latter must prescribe only the quantity required for a period of seven days. It cannot be renewed except in the case of "preparations to be taken internally and not containing more than 250 milligrammes of officinal opium or more than 25 milligrammes of m o rp h in e , benzoylmorphine, hydrocodeinone, dihydrohydrooxycodeinone or cocaine. Prescriptions may be renewed which prescribe pure laudanum if the dose does not exceed 5 grammes. The Decree of December 12th, 1930, brought under the regulations ethers—salts of morphine and salts thereof, dihydromorphine and salts thereof. Lastly, an Order of August 12th, 1930, in application of the provisions of Article 8 of the Geneva Convention of 1925 and the decisions of the League of Nations Health Committee o October 31st, 1928, and March 8th, 1930, released from the regulations the follow111» preparations : pilulæ hydrargyri bichlorcdi cum opii extracto; pilulæ hydrargyri iodati ca opii pulvere; emplaslrum opii; pulvis ipecacuanhæ compositus (Dover’s powder). The Decree of March 20th, 1930, having come into force only on September 26th, tie effects of these strict regulations are not yet apparent. Lastly, in 1930, the French Government withdrew the manufacturing licences of three factories and the trading licences of some dozen firms. Apart from pharmacies with a laboratory open to the public, 400 persons only, inclu nj» 3 factories manufacturing opium alkaloids and 2 manufacturing cocaine, are at p r e s e n possession of provisional authorisation to engage in trade in narcotic drugs. — 31 — In addition to the figures showing the manufacture, imports and exports of morphine, diacetylmorphine and cocaine which are inserted in the synoptical statistical tables (see Tables VII on page 98, VIII on page 100, and IX on page 102), the following figures were given for 1931 : morphine : exports 399 kg., imports 39 kg. ; diacetylmorphine : exports 129 kg., im p o rts 8 kg. ; cocaine : exports 181 kg., imports nit. Great Britain. O.C.23fe; 19. 1929.1 No new legislation was found necessary in the United Kingdom in 1929, but an Order-in- Council was made applying the Dangerous Drugs Acts to esters of morphine and their respective salts and to any preparation, admixture and extract containing any of them. The import certificate system, where applied in full conformity with the provisions of the Geneva Convention, is working satisfactorily. The system provided for by Article 13 (5) of the Convention of 1925, whereby the Government of the importing country returns a copy of the export authorisation duly endorsed to the Government of the exporting country, does not appear to have been put into operation by some Governments which do not return the copies of the export authorisations which have been sent to them. The exports of dangerous drugs to the few countries which have neither adopted generally ihe import certificate system nor entered into an arrangement to the same effect with the British Government are inconsiderable. In such cases, careful watch is kept on the quantities both of the individual consignments proposed to be exported and of the drugs already exported to the country in question; and licences are refused in all cases in which it would appear that legitimate requirements are being exceeded. This method (the best which can be devised under th e circumstances) is admittedly far from satisfactory, as the amounts of dangerous drugs imported to such a country from other countries are not known. No difficulties have arisen in regard to transit, transhipment or diversion. There are no free ports or free zones in Great Britain. Dangerous drugs are not allowed to be deposited in bonded warehouses in Great Britain. No licences or authorisations under the Dangerous Drugs Acts to import, export, possess or deal in the esters of morphine (other than diacetylmorphine) are being granted, as it is understood that there is no medicinal use of these drugs. Drug addiction is not prevalent in Great Britain. During the year, the British authorities continued to co-operate closely with the responsible authorities of other countries—notably with those of Canada, Egypt, the Nether lands, India, Japan and the United States of America. Countries differ very much in th e degree of co-operation. From some important countries, it is difficult even to get replies to letters. Information was also transmitted in the course of the year to the Opium Advisory Committee of the League of Nations in regard to 61 cases of illicit traffic occurring in India, British colonies, and in Great Britain itself. Some known or suspected drug traffickers have, at the request of the authorities of other countries, been watched in passing through Great Britain ; others have been refused leave to land. The use of Indian hemp is permitted only for medicinal purposes. The system of control isthe same as that over the other drugs to which the Dangerous Drugs Acts apply. The report contains a list of the names and addresses of the firms licensed to manufacture Medicinal opium, morphine, diacetylmorphine and cocaine. Any qualified pharmacist is authorised to manufacture in the ordinary course of his retail business any extract or tincture of Indian hemp. Dihydrohydrooxycodeinone, dihydro- c°deinone, benzoylmorphine, esters of morphine other than diacetylmorphine are not Manufactured in Great Britain. The report contains a statement giving all details concerning the classes of persons to ]'aom permits or authorisations for the use or possession of the drugs have been granted, indicating separately the number of licensed wholesalers. No person has been authorised to possess or supply benzoylmorphine or the esters of m°rphine (other than diacetylmorphine). The report gives detailed information as to seizures and disposal of smuggled drugs, as ehas of prosecutions and penalties imposed in 1929. No seizures of importance occurred in Great Britain during the year, and the year s ecord helps to confirm the experience of previous years that illicit traffic in the drugs exists % on a very small scale. Traders in Great Britain, however, report that they from time to e receive enquiries from abroad for drugs (in one case as much as 1,000 kg. of Indian ®P) obviously intended for supply to the illicit traffic. 1 This report covers Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. — 32 — No information has been received that any person or firm in Great Britain has been engaged in smuggling drugs abroad nor—with the exception of a small number of bottles containing cocaine seized under circumstances described in the report—have any seizures of drugs of British manufacture or exported from Great Britain been reported during the Year The Committee appointed to consider the law relating to poisons and pharmacies referred to in the summary of annual reports annexed to the Minutes of the eleventh session of the Advisory Committee (page 166) presented its report shortly after the close of the year, it recommended a revision of the general law relating to poisons and proposed that there should be power to prohibit the sale of certain poisons to the public except on the prescription of a registered medical practitioner, dentist or veterinary surgeon. The Committee recommended that these restrictions should be applied to the barbituric acid group of drugs, including veronal, The Committee’s report did not deal with the control of drugs falling within the Dangerous Drugs Acts. O.C.23(7V 22. 1930.1 An Order-in-Council has been made applying the Dangerous Drugs Acts to dihydro- morphinone and its salts, and to any preparation, admixture, extract or other substances containing dihydromorphinone, No licences or authorisations under the Dangerous Drugs Acts to import, export, possess or deal in dihydromorphinone have been granted during the year. The ports approved for the importation and exportation of raw opium and coca leaves remain unchanged—viz., London, Liverpool and Southampton. Licences were granted during 1930 to 6 firms for the manufacture of medicinal opium, to 2 for the manufacture of morphine and to 2 for the manufacture of diacetylmorphine ; 1 firm was granted a licence for the manufacture of cocaine. As stated in the report for 1929, any qualified pharmacist is authorised to manufacture in the ordinary course of his retail business any extract or tincture of Indian hemp. During the year 1930, 17 persons in charge of private dispensaries were licensed to be in possession of one or more of the drugs for supply, on doctors’ prescriptions, to members of the dispensary. Six schools of pharmacy were licensed to be in possession of certain dangerous drugs for the purpose of instruction of the students thereat. Eight persons were licensed to possess various drugs for analytical and research work; 7 persons were authorised to be in possession of specimens of certain of the drugs. Twenty-five unregistered veterinary surgeons were licensed to be in possession of certain dangerous drugs for use in the treatment of animals. Twenty persons were licensed to possess one or more of the drugs for the purpose of manufacturing patent and special medicines. Fifteen persons were licensed to possess certain drugs for the purpose of manufacturing medicines required in the treatment of animals. There were 120 wholesalers licensed to deal in one or more of the drugs, 20 persons licensed as merchants and 18 persons as brokers in respect of one or more of the drugs. N o person in Great Britain has b een authorised to possess or supply benzoylmorphine or the esters of morphine (other than diacetylmorphine) or dihydromorphinone, and during the year there was no person licensed to possess or supply dihydrocodeinone. There were no seizures of importance in Great Britain during the year, nor was there any indication of illicit traffic on more than a very small scale in the country. Information has been forwarded to the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs concerning 43 cases of illicit traffic in India, the British colonies and Great Britain. No information has been received that any person or firm has been engaged in smuggling drugs abroad. In one case, drugs manufactured in Great Britain and exported abroad under licence (issued upon the production of an import certificate of the Government of the im p o rtin g country) were seized in the illicit traffic. An illustration of the enormous demand for drugs for the illicit traffic is a f f o r d e d by a recent enquiry received from Japan by firms in London for a shipment of no less than 1,400 Kg. of heroin to Shanghai. The Home Office continues to co-operate successfully, by the interchange of information in regard to the illicit traffic, with the Central Authorities of several other countries, n o tâ t) , those of Canada, Egypt, Netherlands and the United States of America. Great difficulty still continues to be experienced in regard to the applications Jo’ permission to export dangerous drugs for medicinal purposes in China. It is understood tn > 1 This report covers Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. — 33 — u n d e r a recent Chinese Law, import certificates are required to be issued by the Ministry of the interior after consultation with the official Opium Suppression Committee, but, as far as can be ascertained, the system is not in effective operation, and no such certificate has yet accompanied any order from importers in China. On the other hand, importing firms in the neiohbourhood of Shanghai forward certificates issued by the Commissioner and Superintendent of C u s t o m s under authority said to be delegated to them by t h e Chinese Ministry of the Interior. T he work of the Home Office in dealing with exports of dangerous drugs to China would be ureatly facilitated by a definite statement by the Chinese Government of the authorised p r o c e d u re for the issue of import licences and certificates. Greece. O.C.23 (d) 19. 1929. The report gives details on the working of the Narcotic Drugs Monopoly from its establishment until the end of 1929. The opium poppy is very little grown in Greece, the only areas under this crop being in Serres (Eastern Macedonia). According to information obtained by the authorities responsible [or supervising the production of opium, 2,701 stremmata (270 hectares) were under cultivation in 1928, yielding 3,428 kg. of opium, whereas in 1929 only 245 stremmata (24.5 hectares) were under cultivation, the opium production being 230 kg. Home-grown opium may not be exported unless a permit is obtained from the General Administration of Salonica, this being given on the strength of corresponding permits from the importing country (country of destination). As an additional guarantee, the exporter must deposit a security which is returned on production of a certificate showing the delivery of the opium in the country of destination. In the free zone of Salonica is also warehoused raw opium of Yugoslav or Turkish origin, exported on production of permits issued on the strength of corresponding import permits from the country of destination. Narcotic drugs do not pass through the Greek free zone in Salonica, at all events not under their own names, for the reason that the warehousing or transhipment of such drugs is prohibited in Greek ports. It is, however, possible that they pass “ in transit ” under the general description of “ pharmaceutical or chemicalproducts ”. A few years ago, the cultivation of Indian hemp was permitted in Greece and became fairly widespread, particularly in Arcadia, the product (hashish) being exported mainly to Turkey and the East. The Law 2107, of 1920, prohibited the cultivation of Indian hemp throughout the country, and this law is still in force. Small quantities of Indian hemp remaining in the hands of a few dealers may still be exported in accordance with the procedure laid down for home-grown opium. An export duty of 39 drachmae per kilogramme is levied on Indian hemp. O.C.23^ 22 . 1930. No change has been made in the Decree-Law of October 14th, 1925, which set up a Narcotic Drugs Monopoly. The Presidential Decree of July 8th, 1930, however, prohibited transit through the country and storage with a view to transit, both in Government bonded warehouses and in the Salonica free zone, of foreign Indian hemp and preparations with an Indian hemp resin basis. The Government procures the drugs for the Monopoly and places them at the disposal oipharmacists and clinics, on production of special authorisations issued by the Ministry of Health, for medical purposes only. Greece does not manufacture narcotic drugs and there is fins no export trade. The small quantity of home-produced opium is exported through the Salonica free zone under the system of export and import permits provided for in the Geneva Convention. The Present system has not given rise to any difficulties. Monopoly narcotic drugs are sold on production by pharmacists of medical prescriptions for the pharmaceutical use of the drugs in question, all pharmacists being required to keep a register of the consumption and sale of narcotic drugs, open to inspection by the Health Service. Home-grown opium is exported in a raw state in accordance with the legislation in force. During 1930, the seizures effected by the service dealing with the contraband traffic included 117 kg. of opium and 80.5 kg. of hashish. Most of the drugs seized were of Turkish origin and were consigned to various foreign Ports, the usual means of transport being sailing vessels or steamships. Hungary. °'C.23(a) 22, 1930. v The control of the trade in dangerous drugs is maintained in Hungary, first, under Decree t 7430/1924 M.E., which regulates the application of Law XXII of 1923 ratifying the k Rational Opium Convention, and, secondly, under other decrees and ordinances that have een in force for a number of years. — 34 — In conformity with these decrees and ordinances, the State and the competent authorities keep a very strict control and record of the external and internal trade and the production and manufacture of all dangerous drugs and preparations. The new decree to be published shortly, which will regulate the application of Law XXXVII of 1930, will contain only a few- new provisions concerning additions to the list of drugs to be placed under control, the preparation of more complete and detailed statistics by those required to furnish such data and further control measures and severe penalties for those engaged in illicit traffic, as laid down in the new law. The measures connected with the trade in dangerous drugs come under four heads, as follows : first, the opium permit system ; secondly, the system of import and export permits and inland permits to purchase ; thirdly, the control of the trade in dangerous drugs ; and fourthly, collaboration with the League of Nations and with other countries. Dangerous drugs can be traded in, produced, manufactured, stored and so forth only by manufacturers or firms in possession of permits. Permits are issued by the Roval Hungarian Ministry of Social Welfare. The Ministry arranges for the periodical inspection of the business or industrial premises of firms in possession of permits. If the person or firm in possession of a permit moves to other premises, a new permit is required. Under Decree No. 7430/1924 M.E., detailed records of their dealings in dangerous drugs must be kept by the firms concerned, and the authorities responsible for control must be kept constantly supplied with particulars of this trade. This permit system works very satisfactorily in Hungary ; during the space of six years no licensed firm attempted to earn' out any illegal transaction and no licence had to be withdrawn on that account. Firms possessing opium permits have to procure a separate permit in each case for the importation, exportation or inland purchase of dangerous drugs. Import permits are issued in duplicate, one original and one certified copy ; export permits and permits for inland purchase each consist of a single original. The competent authorities of the importing countries are duly advised of the export in every case ; the League of Nations is notified in the annual general reports. The Ministry of Social Welfare keeps a register of the permits and all the data contained therein. There was no transit traffic in dangerous drugs through Hungary in 1930. Hungary’s legitimate requirements of dangerous drugs in 1930 were almost entirely covered by imports. Opium and opium alkaloids, other dangerous drugs (cocaine, etc.) and medicinal preparations containing such drugs were imported from the following countries : Germany, France, Switzerland, Great Britain and Yugoslavia.1 The dangerous drugs which were required in 1930 were imported by fifteen Hungarian firms holding import permits. The dangerous drugs imported were for the most part in a crude state ; only a small part consisted of pure drugs. In 1930, Hungary exported dangerous drugs and medicinal preparations containing such drugs to the following countries : Poland, Yugoslavia, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Great Britain. In 1930, opium was produced and opium alkaloids were manufactured in Hungary by the firm of Baron Adolf Kohner, Jun., Budapest, and by the Alcaloida Chemical Products Company, of Büdszentmihâly. The first-mentioned establishment is an agricultural company which produces opium as a by-product from poppies grown primarily for food purposes. The raw opium produced is not refined by this firm. In 1930, the opium poppy was grown on two Hungarian estates. The morphine content of the opium obtained averaged 15.6 per cent according to laboratory analyses. The Alcaloida Chemical Products Company of Büdszentmihâly is only equipped to produce opium alkaloids direct from the green poppy plant ; manufacture is still at the experimental stage. This compiany did not grow poppy in 1930. It was engaged entirely in refining and in the production of alkaloids from its 1929 poppy crop. In 1930, four firms manufactured patent medicines containing dangerous drugs. The illicit traffic in dangerous drugs showed no increase in 1930 as compared with previous years.2 India. O.C.23(a) 17. 1928. The area- under poppy cultivation in British India was reduced by 26 per cent in 192/ and by a further 8.2 per cent in 1928. The area sown in 1928 was 47,964 acres (19,410 hectares) —i.e., 34,1 per cent of the area in 1923 (November 1st, 1922, to October 31st, 1923) and 26.9 per cent of that in 1913 (November 1st, 1912, to October 31st, 1913). The production in 19-“ amounted to 579,658 lb. (263,454 kg.). 1 The names of the firms supplying the drugs are given in the report. 2 See summary of seizures for the last quarter of 1931. — 35 — An approximate estimate of the average morphine strength of the opium is 10 to 11 per cent a t 70° consistence. Small quantities of opium are also grown in the Punjab Hills, where the area under poppy cultivation measured 890 acres (360 hectares), and the opium produced amounted to 3,892 lb. (, 768 kg.) during 1928. Having failed to find some suitable substitute crop for opium, the Punjab Government are making persistent efforts to induce the Hill States to assimilate their excise policy with that of British districts in the province. No difficulties were experienced in applying the import certificate system. The only transactions with countries that have not yet adopted the certificate system were the exports of small quantities of certain medicinal preparations to Henjam and Muscat. The report contains detailed information regarding the poppy cultivation, the internal regulation of the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, etc., of dangerous drugs, the illicit outward traffic in opium, the illicit import of drugs into India, the channels by, and the sources from, which this traffic is fed. A brief account is given of the ingenious and cunning devices adopted by the smugglers of dangerous drugs, and a statement is made showing the total number of prosecutions and convictions (with an indication as to the nature of the offence leading to conviction) for offences relating to various drugs separately, quantities of each drug seized, the method of disposal of the drugs seized and penalties imposed during the year 1928. All Customs ports are approved for the importation of raw and medicinal opium. No raw opium was imported during the year under report. The only factory in British India for manufacturing morphia and other alkaloids of opium is the Government factory at Ghazipur. The material utilised at the factory is either contraband opium or the waste, which would otherwise have to be destroyed. The first claim on the drugs manufactured is for the use of the Indian Medical Department, which, however, requires only a small quantity ; the surplus is disposed of to the chemical trade in the United Kingdom. The export of opium by sea from India is permitted only through the ports of Calcutta and Bombay, and, in practice, is confined to Calcutta, except for negligible quantities sent by sea from Bombay to such places as Zanzibar. Figures and statistical tables illustrate the position in regard to imports, manufacture, and exports of all drugs falling under the Hague and Geneva Conventions. An appendix to the îeport contains particulars concerning the situation in Indian States. O.C.23fuJ 19. 1929. The rules and regulations governing the dealing in opium and other dangerous drugs that were in force in British India on January 1st, 1929, were in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Agreement and Convention. The report gives detailed information concerning the changes in the law made during the year under review. The area under poppy cultivation in British India was reduced by 8.2 per cent in 1928 and %a further 12.07 per cent in 1929. The area sown in 1929 was 42,185 acres (17,072 hectares) -i.e., 29.97 per cent of the area in 1923 and 23.7 per cent of that in 1913. A Conference of representatives of Local Governments and Administrations was held in May 1930 for the purpose of considering : (a) a number of questions relating to opium and other drugs and, in particular, the reports of the Local Committees appointed by the Governments of Bengal, the Central Provinces, Bihar and Orissa, Bombay, Madras and the United Provinces, to investigate th e apparently high average consumption of opium in certain areas ; and (b) measures for dealing with the problem. The Government of India thinks that the policy of high prices, reduction of the number of shops, reduction of the limit of sale and of personal possession, rationing of shops and restriction of consumers in those areas where conditions are favourable, will prove effective 111 reducing consumption of opium. As regards the administration of opium to children, there was a consensus of opinion th at propaganda and welfare work are the only possible means of combating it. The Government of India have always held that it is neither practicable nor desirable to depart from their traditional policy of tolerating the moderate use of raw opium and of hemp drugs, while taking every possible measure to prevent abuse. The cultivation of the poppy in British India is confined, except for a few wild and ^accessible regions, to the area that supplies the Government opium factory at Ghazipur in ! ® .United Provinces, where it can only be cultivated under licence. Importation from the udian States is controlled by a prohibition of imports, except on Government account, and - agreements with the States concerned that they will not allow exports to British India except — 36 — by arrangement. Cultivation in British India is being progressively and rapidly reduced Distribution has been checked by a continuous enhancement of prices and by limiting thé amount of opium that any individual may possess. There is a considerable amount of opium smuggling from Yunnan into the Shan States which can only be checked by effective measures for the suppression of cultivation in Chinese territory. The introduction of this opium into Burma is checked by the Excise Preventive Staff on the frontier; but the physical difficulties of guarding this frontier are enormous and the quantities smuggled have been increasing in recent years. At times, opium manufactured in Afghanistan and Nepal also finds its way into British India. The Government of Nepal, to whom representations were made, has issued orders prohibiting altogether the cultivation of the poppy throughout the Tarai—i.e., near the British Indian border. To check the illicit export of opium from the Presidency of Madras both to Malaya and Ceylon, the Madras Government were reducing the quantities of opium supplied to shops in the Presidency which were suspected of smuggling. The report gives detailed information as to the illicit import of drugs into India and the illicit outward traffic in opium. In the Central Provinces, the price of opium has been raised from Rs.85 to Rs.90 per seer, In order to stop the sale of illicit opium in the province, the Assam Government appointed an official vendor of opium towards the close of the year. The Opium Convention with the French Administration at Chandernagore was renewed for a further period of three years from January 1st, 1930. Rules regarding the disposal of confiscated drugs in the provinces are indicated in the report, which gives also detailed information concerning the area under poppy cultivation, the production of raw opium and its average morphine content, the imports and exports. All Customs ports are approved for the importation of raw and medicinal opium. The position in regard to opium-smoking in general, as well as the policy adopted by the Government of India to accomplish the ultimate suppression of the use of prepared opium for smoking, are fully described in the report. The coca plant is not grown in India. So far as is known, there is no trade in coca leaf in India, and the export of such leaves by sea out of British India has been formally prohibited with effect from March 12th, 1927. There is neither any illicit cultivation of the coca plant nor any illicit manufacture of cocaine. Nevertheless, as a matter of precaution, the cultivation of the coca plant has been formally prohibited by all local governments. The use of hemp drugs is mainly an internal problem, though there is also known to be an illicit market for the drug in Egypt. The consumption of the drug is controlled on lines very similar to those applied to opium. An appendix to the report contains detailed information concerning the situation in Indian States. 1930. The Dangerous Drugs Bill, which was designed to vest in the Central Government the control over certain operations relating to dangerous drugs and to increase and render uniform throughout British India the penalties for offences relating to such operations, was passed by the Indian Legislature during the year 1930 and has come into force since the close of the year. The following changes in the law were made during the year : 1. Resolution of the Government of India, Finance Department, Central Revenue, No. 22, dated June 7th, 1930. As certain preparations (mentioned in a detailed schedule) have been the subject of a finding under Article 8 of the Drugs Convention, 1925, by the Health Committee of the League of Nations, the restrictions contained in the notifications of the Government of India of 1927, as subsequently amended, will not be enforced against them. 2. Notification of the Government of India, Finance Department, No. 24, dated July 5th, 1930, prohibiting the bringing into British India, through the medium of the post office, of any opium, morphine, cocaine or other narcotic. Other measures affecting traffic during 1930 were as follows : The area under poppy cultivation in British India was reduced by 13.2 per cent in 1930. The area sown in 1930 was 36,613 acres (14,817 hectares)— i.e., 26.01 per cent of the area in 1923. The consensus of opinion amongst local governments was in favour of the establishment of a central intelligence bureau to collect and circulate information relating to dangerous drugs traffic. Owing to financial stringency, the Government have, however, postponed setting up the bureau for some years. An investigation has been initiated as to the origin of various brands of cocaine imported illicitly into India (Fujitsuru, Budha and Elephant). Amongst administrative measures, it is worth mentioning that local g o v e r n m e n t s |jaVlj been invited to consider the utility of making an analysis of the figures of n o n -m e d ic a — 37 — consumption of opium in selected places in India where the average consumption was high but where no special measures to deal with it had been taken. They have also been requested to furnish more exact information as to the extent to which opium is administered to children, and to investigate the extent to which opium sold in one place is consumed by persons residing e ls e w h e re . The local government of Madras took an important step when it decided, in consultation with th e Ceylon Government, that meetings should be held periodically in India and Ceylon with a view to improving co-operation in suppressing the illicit traffic. In Assam, in pursuance of the opium policy, the rations of persons still under fifty years of age were reduced further in most districts so as to bring each ration down to 70 per cent of the figure at which it stood on April 1st, 1928. No further reduction was, however, made in the backward and frontier tracts in view of various complications—geographical, political and administrative. In the United Provinces, a special excise staff was appointed to check inter-provincial smuggling of charas (Indian hemp). In Bengal, the Dangerous Drugs Act was brought into force from February 1st, 1931. No difficulties were experienced with the import-certificate system. The only transactions with countries that have not yet adopted this system were the exports of small quantities of certain medicinal preparations to Muscat and imports of certain restricted drugs by Nepal from the United Kingdom that passed in transit through India. W ith regard to the internal regulation of the manufacture, sale, distribution and u se of the drugs, the Government of India have ahvays held that it is neither practicable nor desirable to d e p a rt from the traditional policy of tolerating the moderate use of raw opium and hemp drugs, while taking every possible measure to prevent abuse. T he uses of opium in India are threefold : medical, quasi-medical and non-medical. Between the second and third of these, it is impossible in practice to distinguish. The total consumption of raw opium for British India was 512,216 lb. (232,802 kg.), whilst the population, according to the 1921 census, is 247,003,293, which means a consumption per head of 14.5 grains (0.942 gramme) . 1 The net revenue from opium in 1930 was Rs.2,75,64,756. The distribution of opium has been checked by the continuous enhancement of prices and by limiting the amount of opium that any individual may possess. A limited number of shops is licensed ; the right to sell in these shops is sold by auction or given to approved persons against payment of fixed fees or a sliding scale of fees dependent on consumption. The licensed vendors are required to take their supplies from Government depots and the amount that a customer may possess is strictly limited. In the provinces of British India, excluding Burma and Ajmer-Merwara, the rates at which supplies are issued to the shops vary between Rs. 57 and Rs. 125 per seer (935 grammes) and the limits of personal possession from £ to 3 tolas (8 tolas is equivalent to 93 grammes). In Burma, the price at which supplies are issued to licensed vendors is much higher than elsewhere, ranging from Rs. 30 in a few districts on the Chinese frontier to Rs. 187. In Assam, the sale of opium by the licensed vendors is not allowed to anyone who is not in possession of a pass or ticket granted by the district officer, and is limited to the monthly ration fixed in the pass or ticket. Since September 30th, 1929, no new passes could be issued except to newcomers to the Burmese province on strict proof that they are consumers. Between January 18th, 1929, when the registration of concealed consumers was begun, and September 30th, 1929, when it was stopped, 7,011 applications for passes were made by residents of the province, of which 3,414 were granted. Close supervision is maintained over the licensed vendors in all parts of British India. As a result of the Shan States Opium Order of 1923, satisfactory progress has been made in the restriction of opium cultivation in this territory. During 1930, the areas in which opium was grown in the Shan States were Kokang, Kengtung and Monglun east of th e Salween river. T h e production during the year was 36,803 lb. (16,727 kg.). Enquiries were made unng th e year as to the truth of the allegation that an opium factory existed in th e Shan .es. Investigations disclosed that the opium factory alluded to was an opium shop wheie °Pium was cooked and sold. Thus the smuggling of opium from this area into Siam was Practically stopped. There is a considerable amount of smuggling from "Y unnan into the On th e n,Ui in g the fifteenth session of the Advisory Committee, the representative of India stated that thissfi_gureï was t5ased than« ce?5US- A calculation made on the basis of the new census showed that the consumption per head was grains (0.858 gramme). — 38 — Shan States which can only be checked by effective measures for the suppression of cultivation in Chinese territory. There is practically no illicit outward traffic in cocaine, morphine or hemp drugs. The illicit outward traffic in opium is mainly carried on by steamships plying to the Far East or from Bengal to Burma, where prices are much higher than in India proper. The smuggling of opium into British India from the Indian States, from China and over other land frontiers, and of charas from across the Peshawar Border and Kohat Pass are serious problems, but no less serious is the smuggling of cocaine by means of steamers from the Far East and from Europe. The smugglers of drugs by means of steamers take every precaution, concealing the contraband on their persons, under waist-belts, pillows, handles of umbrellas or in hollow heels of their shoes. Sometimes they place the drug in rubber bags which are put in oilcloth bags placed inside a gunny bag. As the ships near port, the bundles are thrown overboard to be picked up by small boats waiting in the neighbourhood for the purpose. Within the country the contraband is transported either by rail or motor and such other conveyances as bullock- carts, mules and camels, or even by post. At limes, opium manufactured in Afghanistan and Nepal also finds its way into British India. The Government of Nepal, to whom representations were made, issued orders prohibiting the cultivation of poppy throughout the Tarai— i.e., near the British Indian border. The Madras Government were reducing the quantities of opium supplied to shops in the Presidency which were suspected of smuggling in order to check the illicit export of opium from the Madras Presidency both to Malaya and Ceylon. The Opium Convention with the French Administration at Chandernagore has been renewed for a further period of three years from January 1st, 1930. Smuggling of charas from Chinese Turkestan constitutes a serious problem, and the only effective means of suppressing the traffic appears to be the assumption of complete control by the Chinese authorities over the production of charas. It is hoped that the recent methods adopted by the Japanese Government in tightening up control over the manufacture of cocaine, and closer co-operation between that Government and the Government of India in suppressing illicit traffic between these two countries, w ill go a long way towards stopping this nefarious trade. With regard to prepared opium, the aim of the Government of India’s policy is the ultimate suppression of its use for smoking. In India, generally speaking, opium-smoking does not constitute a live problem. It is a vice of towns, not of the countryside, but there are certain areas where opium-smoking has been, and in some cases still is, a problem : Burma, Assam, Orissa and Calcutta. In Burma, the importation and sale of prepared opium are prohibited, but its manufacture and use are allowed, subject to certain restrictions. Those who desire to smoke opium have to prepare it themselves. The total number of registered smokers of opium on December 31st, 1930, was 11,269 ; over 96 per cent of these were Chinese. Of 47,043 lb. (21,381 kg.) of opium consumed during the year 1930, approximately 26,078 lb. (11,852 kg.) were issued to registered smokers and 20,265 lb. (9,210 kg.) to eaters. The Burmese Government recently appointed a Committee to examine certain aspects of its opium policy in the light of the recommendations of the League of Nations Commission of Enquiry into Opium-Smoking in the Far East. Very drastic measures prohibiting and penalising the smoking of opium are already in force in Assam. In Bihar and Orissa, the Act prohibiting opium-smoking allowed tw o years for registration; after January 1st, 1931, unregistered smokers were to become liable to punishment. The Act has now been amended so as to allow the register to be re-opened fora short period to register 3,500 suspected smokers, in addition to the 4,020 already registered. In Bengal, a Bill was passed by the Legislative Council on July 21st, 1931, penalising opium- smoking by persons other than those registered. As registration of opium-smokers has not yet been enforced in a majority of provinces, it is not possible to give the total num ber of opium-smokers and the amount of prepared opium consumed. During the year 1930, the total number of prosecutions for opium-smoking in India amounted to 880 and the total number of convictions to 158. Indian hemp is both indigenous and cultivated. The preparations known as bhang and ganja are made from the native products, whereas the preparation known as charas is imported overland from Central Asia. Ganja is produced in the provinces of Madras, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, the Central Provinces and Bombay proper. The area of cultivation was 1,849 acres (748 hectares) during the year. The total consumption of hemp drugs during 1930 was as follows : Maunds Seers Kg. Bhang . . 7,887 2 294,960 Charas .. 1,563 24 58,476 Ganja 5,018 36| 187,697 — 39 — There is no Government factory for ganja or bhang, but the cultivation of the plant and the wild product are governed by the issue of licences. Imports of charas are controlled closely- There is practically no outward illicit traffic in hemp drugs, but, despite the vigorous efforts of the excise and police departments, some smuggling of contraband charas from Chinese Turkestan continues. Inter-provincial smuggling of charas has been increasing lately. Cocaine and heroin are not manufactured in India. The manufacture of opium alkaloids, m o rp h in e and its salts is only permitted at the Government opium factory at Ghazipur. The use of these drugs is only permitted for medical or scientific purposes. Possession of the drugs is p r o h i b i t e d , except for the following classes of persons : officers in charge of hospitals, registered medical practitioners, licensed chemists and druggists, private individuals to the e x te n t of such quantity as has been purchased on the prescription of a medical or veterinary practitioner, educational or research institutions or persons specially authorised to possess the drugs. During the year 1930, the total number of prosecutions for offences (other than smuggling from or to places outside India) relating to the various drugs amounted to 10,161. The total number of convictions was 8,819. The number of prosecutions and convictions for each drug js as follows : Prosecutions Convictions Opium ...... 5,247 4,442 Hemp d r u g s ...... 4,167 3,775 C o cain e...... 741 597 Morphine ...... 6 5 The total number of cases of seizures of various drugs during 1930 amounted to 654, of which 575 are import cases and 79 are export cases. Iceland. 1930. No new law or regulation of importance was promulgated with regard to narcotics in 1930. The importation of medicaments, opium and other dangerous drugs is a State monopoly and u n d er the strictest official supervision. Iceland does not manufacture or export narcotics and no contraband traffic has ever been discovered. Japan. O.C.23 fyj 19. 1929. The Government promulgated under date of September 3rd, 1929, the Home Office Ordinance No. 37 concerning control over the cultivation of the coca plant. Raw opium is imported by the Government for the exclusive purpose of manufacturing drugs and no one is permitted to export it. With regard to the export and import of narcotics, authorisation must be obtained from the Minister for Home Affairs. When authorisation is given for import, the Government issues a permit for import together with an import certificate made out in English. For export, permission is granted upon inspection of the permit issued by the author ities of the country for which the substances are destined. In administering the laws and regulations concerning the control of opium and narcotics, the authorities make a point of enforcing strict control over the manufacture, sale, transfer, etc., of these drugs and preventing and suppressing all illicit export thereof. Information concerning the drugs seized is given in the report, which also contains a table showing the number of prosecutions instituted in 1929. In view of an excessive increase in the area of land devoted to the cultivation of poppies, we Government partially amended last year (1928) the Regulations for the Enforcement f, P.Pium Law, with a view to restricting the area of such land. In consequence, the area °tiand in which poppies were sown this year and from which crops will be harvested in 1930 Was only 842 hectares (as compared with 1,570 hectares in 1929). The average morphine content of the raw opium produced this year was 16.21 percent, as compared with 15 per cent in 1928 and 13.83 per cent in 1927. Raw opium was only used for the manufacture of drugs and no export permit was granted. As regards prepared opium, no change has occurred since last year’s report. The following persons are authorised to be in possession of morphine and its salts, heroin, arf 1C1Iial °Pium> cocaine and its salts and other drugs to which the Convention of 192o and y other Conventions may apply : medical practitioners, veterinary surgeons, cMmists of n Urers and dealers in medicaments as defined in paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article XXXv 11 e Regulations concerning the Trade in, and Sale of, Medicaments. — 40 — Last year, Japan concluded an agreement with the United States of America providing for co-operation in regard to the control of illicit traffic in narcotics. Another agreement was concluded this year between the two countries for the purpose of aiding each other in th collection and communication by (1) officials in the Japanese and American diplomat]6 and consular services (outside Japanese and American territory) and by (2) officials in th° Japanese and American diplomatic and consular services and Japanese and American officials entrusted with the control of illicit traffic (within Japanese and American territory) 0f information likely to facilitate the seizure of narcotics and the detection and apprehension of those engaged in illicit traffic therein. O.C.23(t) 21. 1930. Control of the cultivation of coca plants was introduced on September 5th, 1930, by Home Office Ordinance No. 127. The object of this measure was to ensure the complete enforcement of the International Opium Convention signed at Geneva on February 19th, 1925. On March 17th, the Government also promulgated Ordinance No. 5, “ Rules for the Control of the Transport of Opium in Vessels ”, with a view to the control of vessels secretly engaged in such trade. The import certificate system has been working satisfactorily since it was put into effect and has given rise to no difficulties. The Government makes a special point of enforcing the control of the manufacture and sale of the drugs with particular stringency. The right to purchase narcotics is confined to medical practitioners, dentists and veterinary surgeons and, even from them, dealers are required to insist upon the production of documents issued by the chief of the local police certifying their status and profession. Since the promulgation of the Drug Control Regulations, however, the numbering of all goods manufactured has become compulsory, and purchasers are required to produce certificates issued by Government authorities. It is therefore considered that illicit traffic of the kind just mentioned has become extremely difficult. Occasionally Chinese residents are detected smoking prepared opium procured from smugglers. Thirty-nine persons were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 3 months (and under) to 3 years for offences against the law on prepared opium. Twenty-eight persons (including 25 Chinese) were implicated in offences connected with opium-smoking. The following figures show the number of persons duly authorised to have drugs in their possession or to make use thereof : medical practitioners, 43,676 ; dentists, 14,549 ; veterinary surgeons, 12,499 ; pharmacists, 13,776 ; dealers in medicines, 28,154 ; manufacturers of drugs, 1,605. Eighty persons were implicated in cases of illicit trafficking. Twenty persons were sentenced to terms of imprisonment not exceeding 6 months. Forty-one persons were fined. Latvia. O.C.23<7J 19. 1929. Two Decrees concerning narcotic drugs were promulgated in 1929, one dated January 22nd, 1929 (Official Journal Valdïbas Vëstnesis), No. 18), and the other dated February 6th, 1929 (Official Journal Valdïbas Vëstnesis), No. 30). The application of the system of import certificates has not so far caused any difficulty. In conformity with the Decree published in the (Official Journal Valdïbas Vëstnesis), No. 182, of 1928, narcotic or poisonous drugs or drugs producing a violent effect may not be purchased or kept except by establishments or persons to whom, under the legislative provisions in force, pharmacies or drug stores may distribute such drugs. The present regulations governing the ordering and purchase of drugs and the control over trade in the drugs in question may be regarded as adequate. None of the drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply is manufactured in Latvia. Fifteen cases of illicit traffic were recorded, but none of them in connection with pharmacies. Of these cases, 14 concerned cocaine and 1 morphine. The offenders were prosecuted and penalties were imposed, consisting of fines varying from 25 to 100 lats or terms of imprisonment varying from 7 days to 3 months, or both punishments combined. O.C.23(k) 21. 1930. A Decree promulgated by the Public Health Department on March 12th, 1931 (Official Journal Valdïbas Vëstnesis), No. 57), has increased the number of products to which the law applies. „ Another Decree published in the Official Journal Valdïbas Vëstnesis, No. 71, 0 March 28th, 1931, provides for the inclusion among controlled products of dilaudide an spasmin. Up to the present, the application of the import certificate system has not given rise to an} difficulty. . Thirteen cases of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs were reported, but none of them i connection with pharmacies. In every case, the drug in question was cocaine. P roceeding — 41 — were taken against the guilty persons and the following penalties were imposed : in 1 case a fine of 300 lats or imprisonment for 2 months, and in Z cases imprisonment for a period varving from 2 weeks to 6 months. In the other 5 cases, the accused were acquitted. Lithuania. O.C.23(d) 22. 1930. On August 5th, 1930, the Ministry of the Interior issued a Decree prohibiting the importation inio Lithuania without special authorisation of the following drugs : (1) ssther sulf., (2) dionine, (3) cannabin, (4) capit. papv., (5) cocaine, (6) codrenin, (7) heroin, (8) dilaudide, (9) ecgonine, (10) eucodal, (11) fol. coca, (12) herb. cann. indica, (13) laudanum, (14) modiscop, (15) morphium, (16) narcophin, (17) opium, (18) pantopon, (19) psicain, (20) spasmaigin, (21) omnopon, (22) trivalin. In 1930, Lithuania had not yet acceded to the International Opium Convention and did not therefore use import certificates. No case of illicit traffic was recorded. Lithuania does not manufacture any of the drugs to which the Hague Convention applies and no special authorisations are required for their use or supply. Medicinal drugs are kept and sold by druggists ancl pharmaceutical chemists. No information is available regarding the use of codeine in Lithuania. Luxemburg. O.C.23(%) 21. 1930. The traffic in narcotic drugs is regulated as before by the Law and by the Grand-Ducal Decree of April 28th, 1922. The import and export certificate system has not given rise to any criticism. In accordance with the Grand-Ducal Decree of April 28th, 1922, only chemists who keep a public pharmacy and doctors and veterinary surgeons authorised to stock medicaments are allowed to possess and sell narcotic drugs. The wholesale firm of the name of Comptoir pharmaceutique, registered at Luxemburg, has also been authorised to do so by ministerial decree. In 1930, no judicial proceedings on account of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs were recorded by the competent department. No seizures were effected. Mexico. O.C.23(mj 22. 1930. The trade in and the importation, exportation, preparation, possession, use and consumption of narcotic drugs generally are governed by the provisions set forth in Chapter VI of the existing Public Health Code, and the provisions of March 2nd, 1920. A Committee has been appointed to consider new regulations on the import, sale, trade, consumption, etc., of narcotic drugs, which will come into force as soon as completed. The import of narcotic drugs is effected under the system of certificates or permits, which are handed, not direct to the parties concerned, but to the Customs officials through whom the S°°ds are to be imported. Import permits are granted only to authorised druggists and pharmacies, and the goods may be brought into the country only through the following Customs offices : Nogales in the State of Sonora, Laredo in Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz in the State of Vera Cruz, Progreso in Yucatan, La Paz in Lower California, Mazatlan in Sinaloa and the Import Customs Office of Mexico City, provided there is a railway connection between the latter and one of the Import Customs Offices mentioned above. Special agreements were concluded with the United States authorities with the object of securing stricter supervision of the frontiers and putting down the illicit drug traffic to the u«nost possible extent, . The opium-smoking habit has not spread in the country ; only on rare occasions have °Pium-smoking dens been discovered in recent years, and the smokers are generally of Chinese nationality. Indian hemp (Marihuana) grows wild in certain parts of the country and is also clandestinely grown. The cultivation, use, importation, exportation, preparation, possession and consumption of Indian hemp are prohibited by Article 200 of the Public Health Lode. 18 Plant is used to some extent by the natives and by persons of doubtful repute for snio ing Purposes, either mixed with tobacco or alone. The Department of Public Health is watchmg e Matter carefully and is aiming at the complete suppression of the drug, in , , Iedic'inal opium, morphine and its salts, cocaine and its salts, etc., are not manufactured n 3 exico- The Mexican Government has granted no permit to anyone to prepare these and, it being desirable not to permit the existence of such industries, the import, port- manufacture, possession, use and consumption of heroin and its salts and derivatives are — 42 — prohibited, as is also any commercial transaction in such substances, by Article 200 of the Public Health Code. In accordance with Clause. 1 of the provisions of March 2nd, 1920, importation can take place only by permit issued in each case by the Department of Public Health to establishments duly licensed for the purpose. Importing concerns (drug firms) alone supply these products to pharmacies and dispensaries which hold an authorisation from the Department of Public Health. In every case, drugs are supplied under a special permit, which is issued by the Department of Public Health for each sale and purchase transaction. Codeine is not manufactured in the country. Particulars regarding imports and consumption cannot be given, it having hitherto been considered that the substance is one which may be sold without restriction (non-narcotic). The Mexican Government does not import narcotics ; for the medical needs of its hospitals institutions for the infirm, public relief services and army dispensaries, it obtains narcotic drugs from importers authorised to procure such drugs from abroad. Nicaragua. O.C.23(w) 21. 1930. The Law of December 6th, 1925, as amended on August 11th, 1926, is still in force, The system of certificates adopted has yielded satisfactory results and has not so far proved in any way defective. The application of the laws regarding narcotics is entrusted to the General Health Board, which is attached to the Ministry of Public Health and Relief. Permits to deal in drugs are only issued to drug stores, pharmacies (farmacici or botica) and laboratories which comply with certain requirements. There are only two pharmacies in Nicaragua engaged in the small-scale production of patent medicines containing narcotit drugs. The number of wholesale dealers is 12. In addition to chemists and druggists, doctors make up their own prescriptions or have them made up. Shops authorised for the retail sale of narcotics number 270 in all, including doctors’ dispensaries. As the position is somewhat anomalous, the Ministry of Health is drawing up regulations for restricting the use of narcotic drugs in doctors’ dispensaries. The total number of importers is 38. There is no export trade and there is no re-exportation. Import certificates are granted in accordance with Article 20 of the Law of August 11th, 1926. The narcotic control authorities in Germany and France, where Nicaraguan importers generally obtain their supplies, advise the General Health Board of all exports, and their reports are compared with the permits issued by the Board. Export advices are not sent by the United States of America. In Nicaragua there is no opium addiction. A seizure was effected at the house of two Chinamen and heavy fines were inflicted upon them. Norway. O.C.23(%) 20. 1930. By a Royal Decree of December 30th, 1930, it was decided to put the Law of June 1st, 1928, on opium, etc,, into operation as from March 1st, 1931. At the same time regulations were issued, in conformity with the Royal Ordinance of December 30th, 1930, concerning the import, sale, transport, conveyance in transit, export and manufacture of opium, etc. The import certificate system seems to have operated in a satisfactoryway. No cases of illegal sales of narcotics were reported in 1930. There are two factories which manufacture narcotic drugs. These two factories and such other establishments as are authorised to manufacture poisons and drugs are allowed to import narcotics up to the extent of their requirements for manufacture. Chemists and wholesale druggists are also granted licences to import narcotics. There are 23 wholesale firms, including factories, which are allowed to sell narcotics and which make use of this right at present. New Zealand. O.C.23(u) 18. 1929. During the year the only amendment to existing legislation was the issue of regulations made by Order-in-Council on July 1st, 1929, and gazetted on July 18th, 1929, d e a l i n g with tn use of dangerous drugs by veterinary practitioners and by masters of vessels t r a d i n g 1 New Zealand waters. No difficulties have arisen in the working of the import certificate system. , ■ There is no reason to believe that the drug habit is prevalent to any appreciable exten New Zealand, or that there is any organised illicit traffic in dangerous drugs. It is sUSPe5me that small quantities of smoking opium are smuggled into the country from time to i despite the vigilance which is exercised. — 43 — The report gives detailed information as to seizures of prepared opium, prosecutions and convictions, and the amount of penalties imposed in 1929. The opium seized is held in the custody of the Customs Department and the Department of Health in Wellington for subsequent destruction. The report contains a list of the ports at which raw opium may be imported. Under the law in force during the year 1929, it was unlawful to import into, or manufacture within, New Zealand opium in any form suitable for smoking, or to smoke opium, or to permit o r abet the smoking of the same, or for a person to be found on premises being used for the smoking of opium. The nationals of New Zealand are not addicted to the smoking of opium. The smoking of opium is indulged in to some extent among the Chinese population, which was estimated to number approximately 3,083. The quantity of smoking opium illicitly brought into New Zealand is believed to be small, and it is considered that the use of this drug is being effectively suppressed by the measures at present in force. There is no manufacture of morphine and diacetylmorphine or of their salts or preparations in New Zealand. All the morphine preparations and the diacetylmorphine imported are used for medicinal purposes in New Zealand, with the exception of small quantities of morphine preparations exported. No medicinal opium was manufactured or exported during the year. All the medicinal opium imported is used for medicinal purposes in New Zealand. There are no factories in New Zealand in W’hich cocaine is extracted from coca leaves or I refined from crude cocaine. Other drugs to which the Convention applies, such as ecgonine | and Indian hemp (extraction cannabis indicæ and tinctura cannabis indicæ), are not manufactured and all these drugs imported are used for medicinal purposes in the country. O.C.23(c) 21. 1930. Regulations were issued on July 21st, 1930, declaring dihydrooxycodeinone (eucodal), dihydrocodeinone (dicodide), dihydromorpbinone (dilaudide) and benzoylmorphine and all other morphine esters to be dangerous drugs within the meaning of the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1927. The import certificate system is working satisfactorily. There is no trade in dangerous drugs between New Zealand and countries which have not adopted that system. There is no transit or transhipment trade in dangerous drugs through New Zealand ports, and there are no free ports or free zones in New Zealand. Nineteen convictions were recorded for breaches of the opium law. There are no factories in New Zealand for manufacturing dangerous drugs from raw materials. Raw opium is used in New Zealand by chemists for making extracts and tincture of opium, and in the preparation of cattle medicines. Licences to deal in dangerous drugs have been issued to 26 wholesale chemists or druggists, and the superintendents or matrons of 61 hospitals have been authorised to receive and be in possession of dangerous drugs. Further, registered chemists, registered medical practitioners, registered dentists and veterinary surgeons and practitioners are authorised to deal in dangerous drugs for the purposes of their respective professions. In the course of the year, five prosecutions were instituted in respect of illicit traffic and îour convictions were recorded. Netherlands. °-C.23foj 19. 1929. The regulations regarding opium and other dangerous drugs were modified only by the Recréé of the Minister of Labour, Trade and Industry dated February 18th, 1929, No. 192 E.P., ublic Health Department. In virtue of Article 2, Section 1, of the Opium Law of 1928 (Legal gazette, 1928, No. 167), this Decree makes dilaudide a narcotic coming within the scope of that law. With a view to the satisfactory working of the import-certificate system for the control 0 1InPorts and exports, the report contains the following observations : (a) Article 13, paragraph 6, of the Geneva Convention of 1925 cannot be interpreted as prohibiting the despatch of a copy of the export authorisation to the authorities of the importing country, in accordance with paragraph 4 of that article, before the consignment itself is exported. In order to prevent any delay in this matter, it wrould seem preferable not to wait for the exportation of the consignment ; ( b) The authorities of the importing country should return as soon as possible to the authorities of the exporting country the copies of the export authorisations which they have received from those authorities, in accordance with Article 13, Paragraph 5, of the Convention of 1925. — 44 — Delays in the return of these documents place serious difficulties in the way of effective control, and, as regards the point referred to in (b), also prevent the immediate institution where necessary, of an enquiry into any differences between the quantity indicated as exported and that actually imported. The authorities of certain countries at present return the copies of export authorisations only once a quarter, or after several months have elapsed, so that, if the quantity imported into a foreign country differs from the quantity exported from the Netherlands, the difference cannot be accounted for before the quarterly statistics are drawn up. The Decree issued by the Minister of Labour, Trade and Industry dated July 24th, 1928 No. 500 P. II, Public Health Department (Official Journal of July 25th, 1928, No. 144)’ Article 13, paragraph 5, prescribes the procedure to be followed as regards the export of narcotics to countries which do not employ the certificate system. Export certificates are issued only if the Inspector-in-Chief of Public Health, by whom certificates are issued, is satisfied that the consignee is a proper person to receive exported narcotics, or that there is no reason to believe that the drugs are intended for other than lawful purposes. As regards the export of narcotics to China, the preceding paragraph of the article referred to provides that export certificates are issued only if tbe request is accompanied by a declaration issued or confirmed by the Netherlands Consul of the area where the place of destination is situated to the effect that importation into China is permitted. The Inspector- in-Chief of Public Health, by whom certificates are issued, may, however, in special cases, accept an equivalent declaration by another authority. During 1930, the administrative rules on this subject were amplified and made more precise. An import certificate is required for the importation into the Netherlands of narcotics even in the case of a country which has not adopted the certificate system. No difficulties have arisen with regard to transit, transhipment or diversion, or with regard to bonded warehouses. There are no free ports or free zones in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Europe. As regards opium and all preparations thereof, including morphine, codeine, heroin, dionine and their salts and preparations, the consumption was equivalent to 2,442 kg. of raw opium containing 10 per cent of anhydrous morphine. The consumption of cocaine and its salts was equivalent to 32 kg. of cocaine base. The report indicates that close co-operation has been maintained with other countries, especially in police matters. Among the Chinese population of the cities of Rotterdam and Amsterdam the habit of opium-smoking still exists, though it is only practised secretly. Despite all the efforts of the police, it has not been entirely stamped out. The Chinese addicted to opium are regularly supplied with the drug through secret channels. The police and Customs authorities are doing their best to prevent opium being smuggled into the country. There is no doubt that almost every ship entering a port and having Chinese among its crew has a few kilogrammes of opium on board, often hidden in the coal bunkers. This state of affairs can only be remedied by effective co-operation among all the authorities inspecting vessels in the various ports of the world, particularly those ports where opium is taken on board. As has been shown by the seizures made, opium for smoking is smuggled into the Netherlands, even in quantities of some dozens of kilogrammes. Most of the opium seized was of Turkish or Persian origin. Drugs seized at Rotterdam are sold by auction to licence-holders. Prepared opium has been sold under special authorisation to the Netherlands Pharmaceutical and Chemical Products Works at Apeldoorn, wThich uses it for the manufacture of codeine. The Inspector-in-Chief of Public Health instituted in 1925 an enquiry into the cultivation of Indian hemp (Cannabis saliva L.) in the Netherlands. This enquiry showed that the area in which this plant was grown was only 17 ares ; the plant is employed solely for the production of fibre and tow. The chemical and pharmacological researches carried out by the Central Public Health Laboratory at Utrecht showed that the flowering tops of the pistillate plant cultivated in the Netherlands cannot be used for the production of narcotics on account of the small quantity of active substances they contain. For that reason the use of Indian hemp as a narcotic is absolutely unknown in the Netherlands. According to the Opium Law, it is forbidden to import, export or convey in transit Indian hemp, the resin obtained from Indian hemp or the usual preparations of which the resin is the base (e.g., hashish, esrar, chiras and djamba) except by authorisation of the Minister of Labour, Trade and Industry. The number of licences issued was as follows : fa) for purely scientific purposes and for purposes of demonstration, 19; (b) for wholesale trade, 41 ; (c) for wholesale trade and the preparation of medicaments, 17 ; (d) for the manufacture of narcotics, 2. . . The report contains a table giving details of prosecutions, convictions and penal ie imposed in connection with cases of illicit traffic. , The total quantity of raw opium seized was 85 kg. The whole of this quantity must regarded as seized on account of illicit import. The drugs seized and confiscated are sold by auction, generally once a year. In the campaign against the illicit traffic in drugs, the Rotterdam police eo-cpera with the police of Amsterdam and The Hague. In 1929, it was in constant touch Wit police of Hamburg and London in connection with cases of illicit traffic in drugs. — 45 — In virtue of the arrangement concluded with the United States of America regarding the direct communication of information as to cases of illicit traffic, the Rotterdam police also maintain direct correspondence with the American police authorities. O.C.23(i) 22. 1930. During 1930, the Opium Law of 1928 (Legal Gazette, 1928, No. 167) remained in force without change. By a Decree dated July 4th, 1930, No. 921 P., benzoylmorphine and the other esters of morphine, dicodide, eucodal and dilaudide and their respective salts and all preparations based on these substances were declared to be narcotic drugs. By a Decree dated December 18th, 1930, No. 1587 P., acedic-on (acetylodemethylo- dihydrothebaine) was also declared to be a narcotic drug. The application of the import-certificate system gave rise to the following special case : A Dutch licence-bolder, when applying for an export authorisation, submitted to the authorities an import certificate on which a firm established abroad was shown as the exporter. That firm, according to an endorsement appearing on the back of the import certificate, was transferring the export of the substances in question to the Dutch firm, and, as the Geneva Convention does not preclude such a transfer, the Netherlands Government did not consider that it was acting contrary to the provisions of the Convention in issuing an export authorisation in this case, and in other similar cases. Since then, several similar certificates have been issued, but the firm mentioned on the import certificate as the exporter was asked to state on the back of the certificate that it had transferred the order to the Dutch firm holding the licence. When a copy of the export authorisation was sent to the authorities of the importing country, special mention was made of this transfer. A number of countries do not seem to apply paragraph 5 of Article 13 of the Geneva Convention, and do not return the export authorisation to the exporting country. Only one diversion certificate was issued in 1930. The import and export of drugs other than raw opium and coca leaves may be effected through all Customs offices. In pursuance of Article 3 of the Geneva Convention, it has been stipulated that the import and export of raw opium and coca leaves should only be effected through the Customs offices at Oldenzaal, Roozendaal, Zevenaar, Lobith and Hansweert, and through the ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, unless such import or export is effected by post. An investigation made in 1930 in the Netherlands proved that the number of persons using drugs for non-medical purposes was negligible. Close co-operation is maintained between the Netherlands police authorities and those of other countries—in particular, Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium and the United States of America—with a view to combating illicit traffic. The Minister of Labour, Trade and Industry may authorise the import, export or conveyance in transit of prepared opium or preparations thereof, but only for scientific or police purposes. In 1930, 6 kg. of prepared opium were seized. The following factories established in the Netherlands were authorised to manufacture the drugs enumerated after their names : 1. The N.V. Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek (Netherlands Cocaine Manufacturing Company) at Amsterdam : crude cocaine, ecgonine, morphine, diacetylmorphine and cocaine and its respective salts. 2. The Nederlandsche Fabriek van pharmaceutisch-chemische producten (Netherlands Pharmaceutical and Chemical Products Works) at Apeldoorn : crude cocaine, ecgonine, morphine, diacetylmorphine and cocaine and its respective salts. 3. T h e N.V. Koninklijke Pharmaceutische Fabrieken voorheen Brocades & Stheeman en Pharmacia (Royal Pharmaceutical Factories, formerly Brocades & Stheeman and Pharmacia) at Meppel : crude cocaine, ecgonine and cocaine and its respective salts. More than 132 kg. of raw opium was seized in all on account of illicit import. The number of persons holding licences wTas as follows : (a) for purely scientific purposes and for purposes of demonstration, 26; (b) for wholesale trade, 48; (c) for wholesale trade and the preparation of medicaments, 18 ; (d) for the manufacture of narcotics, 3. Persia. °'C.23(k) 20. 1929.1 ,qJ he Imperial Government has issued a Law dated the 3rd Azar, 1308 (November 25th, ti? 11 suPPression of smuggling, the details of which are given in the report. can s Law was enacted in order to render effective the measures taken to restrict tne Gumption of opium, to prevent addicts from procuring smuggled opium and to oblige them March 21st, 1929, tu March 20th, 1930 (the solar year 1308). — 46 — to apply for opium to the monopoly services, who will only issue it on special authority, and to obtain for these services exact statistics on the number of opium addicts with a view to decreasing the number by 10 per cent annually, as a result of wThich the use of opium, except for medicinal purposes, should be completely abolished in ten years, and thus to apply the Lav of the 26th Tir, 1307 (July 18th, 1928). The Persian Government does not issue opium import certificates for Persia, because the import of opium to Persia, either in transit or otherwise, is strictly forbidden by the provisions of the Monopoly Law. Although opium is considered to be one of the important export articles, and is a primarv factor in the country’s economy, its cultivation is being reduced to the lowest possible minimum. Since the establishment of the monopoly service, an increase in the export tax is made twice a year, and this measure has also contributed to the progressive reduction of the cultivation of opium. The Persian Government has not yet signed an undertaking to prohibit the export of opium without an import certificate, but most of the opium is, in fact, exported from Persia under import certificates. Narcotic drugs are not used in Persia except for medical purposes. The necessary quantities for medicinal use are imported from Europe under a special regulation, and through the Public Health Department. It is distributed to duly authorised chemists in accordance with the regulations in force. As drugs such as morphine and others imported from abroad and distributed under the control of the Public Health Department cannot be illicitly consumed in Persia, the question of the co-operation of other countries in order to suppress the use of these drugs in Persia does not arise. Last year (1308) the area under poppy cultivation totalled 456,888 djeribs (about 49,343 hectares). The fact that the area under cultivation in 1308 is greater as compared with 130/ does not prove that the cultivation of the poppy has increased, but only that it was possible to obtain more accurate figures in 1308. The coca leaf is not cultivated in Persia. Since the use of opium has not been entirely stamped out, addicts can procure monopoly opium under the supervision of the monopoly agents, but, as stated in Article 15 of the Monopoly Law, measures have been taken for the gradual suppression of the use of opium by supplying the addicts with pills prepared for this purpose which are issued by representatives of the Public Health Department. The quantity of opium consumed during the year 1308 and issued by the monopoly service to addicts amounted to 3,985,405 miscals (about 18,366 kg.), This figure "does not include smuggled opium obtained and consumed in the interior of the country. The price of the opium consumed in the interior of the country varies from 3 krans 9 chah is to 3 krans 10 chahis the miscal (1 miscal equals 4.64 grammes, and 3 krans 10 chains are equivalent to 1.50 Swiss franc). Out of these 3 krans 10 chahis, 2.5 represent the monopoly tax and the remainder the price of the goods and the cost of manufacture. According to the information available, the number of persons smoking opium obtained from illicit sources is greater than that of persons consuming monopoly opium. Revenue from the sale of opium for the year 1308 amounted to 9,963,514 krans. During the year 1308, 12,926 cases of illicit traffic were discovered. The cultivation of Indian hemp is not prohibited in Persia and certain persons cultivate it for the purpose of preparing hashish secretly. Hashish is also smuggled into the country from Afghanistan and India. The consumption of hashish is punishable by fines and even imprisonment (Article 275 of the Penal Code). There are no factories in Persia for the preparation of opium or for the manufacture of other narcotic drugs such as morphine, heroin and cocaine. The quantity necessary for medicinal use is imported from Europe and issued to authorised chemists, in accordance witii special regulations, through the Public Health Department. Narcotic drugs smuggled into the country and confiscated were handed over to the Public Health Department and subsequently sold to authorised chemists. O.C.23fZ>; 22. 1930.1 The main object in organising the Opium Monopoly Service was to restrict the use of this product. But since addicts supply their needs by procuring contraband opium, and a Pal of the population takes advantage of the increased monopoly tax to engage in various ways m the illicit traffic in opium, it is impossible to compile accurate statistics. The Governmen, therefore, after a thorough investigation of the situation, proposes to reduce the monopo ) tax from 2 krans 10 chahis to a maximum of 1 kran 10 chahis per miscal. It is not customary in Persia to require exporters to submit import certificates, b1 °1^1' to regularise exports of Persian opium and to prevent various abuses, a monopoly of°J}lU7!1 exports has been granted for a period of five years to one of the exporters, M. Hadji -hi Habibollah Amine Isfahani. 1 The Persian year 1309 corresponds to the year beginning March 21st, 1930, and ending March 20th, 1931- — 47 — The necessary quantities of narcotic drugs for medicinal use are imported from Europe to persia through the Public Health Department and distributed, in accordance with special regulations, to duly authorised chemists. Persia is one of the countries which produces opium. Owing to the damage caused to the opium harvest during 1309 (1930), the area under poppy cultivation has decreased. The use of opium could not be abolished straightaway. In order, therefore, to make it impossible for opium-smokers to obtain the drug through illicit or contraband channels and also in order to secure statistics on the subject, the Persian Government instituted the Opium M o n o p o ly Service, which, after preparing the opium needed for consumption, puts it at the d isp o sa l of addicts. At the same time, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the Opium Monopoly Law, anti-opium pills have been prepared in agreement with the Public H e a lth Department and are offered to the public free of charge, with directions for their use. Obviously, in addition to the quantity provided b y the monopoly, a large amount of s m u g g le d opium was also consumed. As stated at the beginning of this' report, the reduction in t h e monopoly tax will probably have the effect of making addicts give up the use of contraband opium. This will enable accurate figures to be compiled. The number of cases of smuggling discovered during 1309 (1930) was 13,594 ; the offenders were prosecuted under the Law of 3rd Azar, 1308 (November 25th, 1929). The goods thus discovered were confiscated on behalf of the State. The cultivation of hemp is not prohibited in Persia ; certain persons use it secretly for the preparation of hashish. Hashish is also smuggled in from Afghanistan and India. Persons addicted to the consumption of hashish are prosecuted under the Penal Code. There are very few addicts. During 1930, very small quantities of morphine and cocaine smuggled into the country were confiscated. Poland. O.C.23(7J 19. 1929. An Ordinance was issued on May 20th, 1929, regulating the distribution, retail sale and storage of narcotics. The system of import certificates, which was introduced in 1922 as a check on imports and exports, has given full satisfaction. The import of prepared opium is prohibited. Very little Indian hemp is imported ; it is only used by druggists and chemists. No pure morphine, cocaine or heroin was imported. Only hydrochlorate of morphine, heroin and cocaine was imported and this was treated by 19 licensed establishments. There are no works for transforming morphine into heroin, codeine, etc. Licences to import morphine, heroin and cocaine were granted only to 54 wholesale druggists and to the retail chemists. The quantities of narcotics confiscated were very small, and there were very few prosecutions and convictions. No confiscations were effected, on the ground that the narcotics were being illegally imported or exported. °'C.23(7V 22. 1930. % a Decree of the Ministry of the Interior dated March 15th, 1930 (Law Gazette, No. 36, W30, text 304), the trade in the esters of morphine, benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine was rought under the provisions of the Decree of May 31st, 1928, on Dangerous Drugs. ... The use of dangerous drugs in hospitals and sanatoria is regulated by Circular No. 33 of the 1 mistry of the Interior, dated March 7th, 1930. 1q The issue of permits for the imports of diacetylmorphine (heroin) ceased on April 1st, p '. As this drug is not manufactured in Poland, it will disappear from the trade when listing stocks are exhausted. The working of the system of import and export certificates is entirely satisfactory. k During 1930, the only narcotics imported were hydrochloride of morphine, cocaine and irinü11#’ w^ich were used by 19 licensed firms. The system of granting licences for t e fn r r ture and conversion of narcotics was modified during 1930, and it is now impossible inth v Sed establishments to manufacture or convert any narcotics other than those specified pT/ e ^cence. In most cases manufacture is confined to the following g a le n ic a l preparations . Erl 4al et Tinctural Opii, Pulvis Doveri, Guttæ Inoziemcovi, Extraction et Tinctura Coccæ, lmnnCSm et Tinctura Cannabis Indicæ, and to solutions in ampoules for use as injections. wh!]p lcences for morphine, heroin and codeine h a v e been granted only to pharmacies and e firms for pharmaceutical products-—i.e., 54 firms in all. — 48 — No restrictions have hitherto been placed on codeine, and it is therefore not possible to give more than an estimate of the imports for 1930. They are about 800 kg. of pure codeine The competent authorities are at present considering the advisability of requiring import certificates in the case of codeine. Portugal. O.C.23 (k) 19. 1929. The following Decrees concerning narcotic drugs were issued in 1929 : (1) Decree No. 16680, of March 26th, 1929, which brings, dilaudide and benzoylmorphine, within the scope of the Convention of February 19th, 1925 ; (2) Decree No. 17363, of September 16th, 1929, which brings not only benzoyl morphine but also all esters of morphine within the scope of the Convention ; (3) Decree No. 17640, of November 22nd, 1929, reorganising the Criminal Investigation Service. Articles 19, paragraph 3, and 27 et seq. deal with the offences enumerated in Decree No. 12210, of August 24th, 1926, which regulates the traffic in narcotic drugs in Portugal. Imprisonment is prescribed in respect of these offences, and no option of a fine may be granted if the offence is repeated. The import-certificate system worked satisfactorily. The report emphasises the fact that, contrary to what occurred previous to the end of 1928, exporting countries have this year complied with the provisions of Article 13, paragraph 4, of the 1925 Convention. The trade in narcotic drugs with Brazil has had to be suspended since the issue of Decree No. 12210, which applies the provisions of the 1925 Convention in Portugal, as Brazilian importing firms did not submit the import certificates required by Portuguese law. As, however, Brazil has neither ratified the 1925 Convention nor adopted the import-certificate system, the Public Health Board, in accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of the Convention, authorised the export of 85 kg. of coca leaves to that country in 1929. Before authorising any export, the Public Health Board satisfies itself, in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the Model Code drawn up by the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, as to the honesty of the exporter and importer, and ascertains that the substance exported is intended for medical or scientific purposes. The only consignment of narcotic drugs exported from Portugal to a Portuguese colony in 1929 was sent to the colony of Cape Verde. It was authorised by the Health Department of the colony and amounted to less than 1 kg. The Government intends to revise the laws in force regarding the drug traffic in order to bring them into line so far as possible with the provisions of the Model Code drawn up by the Advisory Committee. An agreement was concluded in 1929 between the Portuguese and American Governments. In accordance with the terms of that agreement, correspondence has been exchanged direct between the officials appointed by the two Governments. The import, manufacture and consumption of opium are prohibited and the habit of opium-smoking does not exist either among the national or among the foreign population. Indian hemp is not grown in Portugal. The small quantities used in the preparation of medicaments are subject to the special laws concerning narcotic drugs. None of the drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply is manufactured in Portugal. There are 76 commercial and scientific establishments (including hospitals) authorised to import narcotics. In addition to pharmacies, laboratories for pharmaceutical products and welfare and scientific establishments, there are three firms which hold licences to deal in narcotic drugs, but not to import them. The licences are granted in accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 12210, which stipulates that the firms must be registered at the offices of the Tribunal of Commerce. In the year 1929, the Criminal Investigation Court gave judgment in two cases concerning persons charged with being engaged in the illicit traffic. No information can be supplied concerning the import, export and consumption of codeine, which is not manufactured in Portugal. Accurate information as to the trade m and use of this substance can only be secured if it is subjected to regulations similar to those applied to the drugs enumerated in the 1925 Convention. O.C.23(d) 21. 1930. During the year 1930, the following Decrees regarding narcotics were issued : (1) Decree No. 19044, dated November 13th, 1930, extending the pr°vi®ioIjS of Decree No. 12210, dated August 4th, 1926, to the import, export, purchase and of all salts and preparations of the esters of morphine, of dihydrooxicodein (dicodide) and of dihydromorphinone (dilaudide). — 49 — (2) Order of November 4th, 1930, appointing a Commission to examine the measures to be proposed to the Government with regard to narcotics, in conformity with the international conventions. This Commission has already concluded its work and the Portuguese legislation will shortly be brought up to date accordingly. Narcotics were imported from Great Britain, Germany, France and Switzerland. Certain quantities were re-exported to Brazil and the Portuguese colonies. The certificate system continues to work satisfactorily. During the year 1930, two individuals charged with being engaged in illicit traffic were tried and sentenced. Siam. O.C.23 (i) 17. 1928. During the year 1928, there wras no amendment to the Harmful Habit-Forming Drugs Law, B.E. 2465, except one supplement and alterations in the Ministerial Regulations issued by the Minister of the Interior under the Harmful Habit-Forming Drugs Law, B.E. 2465, the full details of which are given in the report. The total amount of prepared opium sold for consumption in 1928 was 1,639,639 tamlungs and 64| hoons (100 hoons = 1 tamlung = 37.5 gramm?s), being an increase of 1.6 per cent over the sales of the previous year. The quantity consumed is assumed to be the same as that sold. The retail price varied in the different circles from a minimum of 5.40 ticals per tamlung to a maximum of 15 ticals per tamlung. With the exception of those who are allowed to smoke outside the dens (of whom there were, in 1928, 434), no smokers have as yet been licensed or registered. The revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium was, in 1928, 16,660,796 ticals, which represents 15.29 per cent of the total revenue of the State for 1928 (108,995,744 ticals) . 1 During the year 1928, there were 5,785 prosecutions for violation of the Opium Law, resulting in 5,288 convictions and in 429 acquittals ; 68 cases were pending judgment at the end of the year. In 154 cases the defendants could not be found, but the opium was declared forfeited to the Government. In the case of opium smuggled by sea, the offenders were in all cases Chinese. The maximum fine during the year was 45,462 ticals ; the minimum fine during the year was 1 tical ; the maximum sentence of imprisonment was 1 year and the minimum wras 1 day. The figures for the opium and dross seizures by the Customs and Police Authorities during the year 1928 were : prepared opium, 1,178.76 kg. ; raw opium, 347.57 kg. ; dross, 208.5 kg. Most of the illicit opium, both raw and prepared, entered Siam over the northern frontier. 0.C.23(g) 20. 1929. The Opium Act, B.E. 2472, wras promulgated and put into force on November 25th, 1929. New Ministerial Regulations were issued simultaneously. With respect to the retail sale of prepared opium, a novel feature wras introduced as an experiment. To overcome the difficulty regarding personnel, the Government evolved a system of official retail sale under which the business of retailing opium in an opium shop I is carried out by salaried officers, wiiile that of providing the necessary facilities for smoking and collecting dross is put in the hands of a licensee. In this manner, official retail sale can be carried out with fewer officers, only two or three being necessary for each shop. This system was introduced during the year under report, and may be considered to be in an experimental stage. An annex to the report gives the total number of opium shops in Siam, classified as licensed shops, Government shops and Government retail shops. The total amount of prepared opium sold for consumption in 1929 was 1,551,192 tamlungs 861 hoons (100 hoons = 1 tamlung = 37.5 grammes), being a decrease of 5 per cent as compared with the sales of the previous year. The quantity consumed is assumed to be the same as that sold. The retail price varied in the different circles from a minimum of 5.40 ticals Per tamlung to a maximum of 15 ticals per tamlung. A rough-and-ready census of opium-smokers has been taken in the following manner. A record wras made of all persons who smoked opium in the shops on January 15th, 1930 ; there were 87,825 men and 1,096 women, making a total of 88,921 smokers. This must be considered as a minimum figure, as smokers who did not happen to smoke on that day were naturally not recorded. The revenue derived from the sale of opium was 16,022,668.54 ticals, which represents to.35 per cent of the total revenue of the State for 1929 (104,371,002.27 ticals). tical' The Siamese financial year commences on April 1st. For the year 1927-28, the revenue from opium was 18,183,041 uus>and the total revenue 117,442,510 ticals, giving a percentage of 15.48. 4 — 5 0 — Information concerning the number of prosecutions, convictions and penalties imposed the quantities of prepared opium and other drugs seized and the disposal of the amounts confiscated are given in the report. Indian hemp is cultivated in the country, and the area under cultivation, as surveyed in the year B.E. 2471 (April 1928 to March 1929), is approximately 688 rai (equivalent to 110.08 hectares). Export of Indian hemp is prohibited by a Royal Decree of B.E. 2457 (1915), while the medicinal use, import and export of medical preparations of Indian hemp are controlled by the Harmful Habit-Forming Drugs Law, B.E. 2465 (1923). O.C.23<77 21. 1930. The Harmful Habit-Forming Drugs Law, B.E. 2465 (1923), and the Ministerial Regulations issued in connection therewith are still in force. Under Articles 4 and 6 of this Law, orders were issued for the following substances to be placed under control : ecgonine, methylecgonine, benzoylecgonine and psicaine. The import-certificate system has continued to work satisfactorily. No trade has taken place with countries which have not yet adopted this system. The Government retains the monopoly of the distribution of dangerous drugs and no licences or permits are granted to manufacturers or wholesale merchants, except in the case of pharmacists who comply with the terms of the Ministerial Regulations. The new system introduced last year for the official retail sale of prepared opium has been found to work satisfactorily. In consequence, in 1930, the retail sale by official agents was undertaken in eleven more shops. Another five shops were converted into Government establishments. The number of shops open during the year was as follows : (a) Government establishments...... 66 (b) Official retail sale estab lish m en ts...... 30 (c) Licensed s h o p s ...... 777 making a total of ...... 873 In addition, 36 temporarily licensed shops were opened in the vicinity of mills and mines. The total quantity of prepared opium sold for consumption in 1930 is about 15 per cent below the sales for the previous year. With the exception of 309 persons who obtained special licences to smoke outside the smoking-dens, no smokers have been licensed or registered. According to the census of 1929, the number of Chinese residents in the country was 445,272 ; therewere also 113,050 Chinese born in Siam. Opium addiction cannot be said to be prevalent among persons of any other foreign nationality. For the year 1930, opium provided about 14.06 per cent of the revenue of the country. During the year 1930, there were 6,328 prosecutions for infractions of the opium law, resulting in 6,122 convictions and 185 cases in which judgment is pending. The maximum sentence of imprisonment was one year and the minimum sentence was one day. The maximum fine was 212,163 ticals and the minimum fine was 60 satangs. Most of the smuggled opium entered Siam through the north ; a certain proportion came on vessels from Singapore, Koh- kong, Hong-Kong, Swatow and Hatien. Permits or authorisation for the use or possession of narcotics were granted during the year to the following persons : 26 qualified pharmacists and 3 unqualified pharmacists, 158 qualified medical practitioners and 19 unqualified medical practitioners, 4 unqualified dentists, 1 qualified veterinary surgeon, 1 analyst in charge of the Government Laboratory for Research Work. No licences are granted to wholesale dealers. Sweden. O.C.23 (c) 19. 1929. No new regulations were issued in 1929 regarding the trade in opium and other narcotics. The results of the import-certificate system continue to be satisfactory. In the rare cases in which application has been made for a permit to export dangerous drugs to a country not yet applying the system, the quantity has been very small and has been e x p o r t e d for evidently legitimate purposes. The administration of the regulations in force has given rise to no difficulties and has proved effective, no breaches of the regulations having occurred. The system of permits and of control applied to manufacturers, wholesale traders and chemists is producing satisfactory results. No international conventions concerning traffic in dangerous drugs have been concluded. There is no manufacture in Sweden of morphine, heroin, cocaine or other similar drugs referred to in the Hague and Geneva Conventions, with the exception of the conversion oi raw opium into medicinal opium. Under the regulations in force, this conversion must taKe place within two months from import. During the year 1929, five chemists have converted raw opium into medicinal opium. — 51 — A permit to manufacture and export dangerous drugs has been granted to a dental surgeon ; other permits have only been granted to chemists. Six chemists, who are wholesale dealers in pharmaceutical products, including dangerous drugs, have been granted permits to import narcotic drugs, and a similar permit has been granted to the Pharmacy of the Stockholm Garrison Hospital. The number of factories manufacturing chemical products, which have been granted a permit to use dangerous drugs, is seven. No penalties for a breach of the regulations concerning traffic in drugs have been inflicted and no drugs have been confiscated. O.C.23 (I) 21. 1930. The Royal Decree issued on October 17th, 1930, on trade in opium and certain other narcotic substances and preparations, which replaces the Decree of April 6th, 1923, enumerates the substances and preparations to which the rules of the Geneva Convention apply. It also contains provisions with regard to the import, export and manufacture of narcotics. These provisions differ from those previously in force, mainly in respect of the number of narcotics to which they relate. They also provide for stricter supervision, particularly in connection with the issue of permits to manufacture narcotics. By Royal Rescript of October 17th, 1930, the Directorate-General of Medical Services was instructed to take steps for the observance of the obligations incurred by Sweden in virtue of her accession to the Geneva Convention in connection with the execution of the Decree in question. The Directorate-General is also responsible for the preparation and despatch of the statistics for which provision is made in the Geneva Convention. On December 31st, 1930, the Directorate-General of Medical Services issued an Order containing regulations for the execution of the Royal Decree of October 17th, 1930, on trade in opium and certain other narcotic substances and preparations. The Order provides for a stricter system of control than that hitherto in force. It contains provisions which are entirely new for strengthening the supervision in regard to the prescription and supply of medicaments constituting narcotic substances or preparations. The system of import certificates continues to give satisfactory results. As regards narcotics, Sweden is essentially an importing country, her exports being insignificant. The Directorate-General of Medical Services dealt in 1930 with one case of abuse by a doctor of the right to prescribe narcotics. The enquiry showed that the doctor in question had been guilty of irresponsible action, and his licence entitling him to exercise his profession as a doctor was accordingly withdrawn. During the year 1930, five chemists converted raw opium into medicinal opium. One permit to manufacture and export narcotics was granted to a dental surgeon ; all other permits were granted to chemists. There is no illicit traffic. Switzerland. O.C.23 (zj 18. 1929. No new legislation relating to the traffic in drugs was promulgated in 1929. The intended revision of the Federal Narcotics Law of October 2nd, 1924, necessitated ■r Switzerland’s ratification of the Geneva Convention, has had to be deferred until some solution is found for the problem of limiting the manufacture of drugs. Towards the end of the year, it was proposed to the Federal Council that eucodal, dicodide, dilaudide and their salts, benzoylmorphine, acetvlpropionylmorphine, and all esters or scylated derivatives of morphine should be brought under control. The proposals were adopted, and all the products enumerated above have been placed under control as from February 1st, 1930. The import and export certificate system instituted by the Federal Narcotics Law and the ^levant regulations has continued to work satisfactorily. In the case of countries which ave adopted the certificate system, the competent department sends a copy of every drug export licence direct to the competent authority of the importing country. As regards ttwrr'eS w^ich have not yet adopted this system, the export licence is transmitted through e diplomatic channel ; the Swiss Government reserves the right in every such case to reduce e quantities the export of which has been requested. Switzerland has concluded an agreement with the United States for the direct exchange, j,v Veen the competent department of the two countries, of information relating to the lcltdmg traffic. This agreement came into force on November 16th, 1929. , e report mentions seven firms who were authorised in 1929 to manufacture narcotics : hese one—the Société de Chimie Industrielle (C IB A) of Basle—manufactured no _ rc°tics during 1929 ; another—Dr. Hefti, Fabrique de Produits Chimiques, of Altstetten ceased to manufacture opium alkaloids early in 1930. 40 wt1(5ences to manufacture or possess narcotics were issued to 11 manufacturing chemists, wholesale firms, 25 scientific institutes and 175 hospitals, clinics and sanatoria. The — 5 2 — manufacturing chemists produce only preparations containing narcotics (tincture and extra t of opium and of coca and certain proprietary remedies in the form of ampoules, tubunics suppositories, tablets, etc.). s’ The traffic in drugs between Switzerland and China is governed by the agreement concluded between the two countries on September 1st, 1927, whereby drugs may only be exported to China on production of an import permit issued by the Chinese central authority, and after the Chinese Legation at Berne has pronounced this document to be valid. At the present time Swiss exports of drugs to China are practically nil. O.C.23(?J 22. 1930. By Decree dated January 17th, 1930, the Federal Council extended the measures of control provided for under the Federal Law on Narcotic Drugs of October 2nd, 1924 to eucodal, dicodide, dilaudide and their salts, benzoylmorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine and all other esters or acyl derivatives of morphine. This Decree, the provisions of which are also applicable to all preparations containing the substances enumerated above, came into force on February 1st, 1930. The system of import and export certificates introduced by the Federal Laws on narcotic drugs is still in regular operation and calls for no comment. The agreement concluded with the United States of America for the direct exchange, between the competent services, of information relating to the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs is in regular operation. As was pointed out in the report for 1929, the increase during 1929 in the manufacture and importation of morphine was merely a passing phase. It was due largely to the employment of this alkaloid for the manufacture of benzoylmorphine and other morphine esters. Since February 1st, 1930, these drugs have been brought under control and the figures for the manufacture and importation of morphine have been appreciably lower than those for the year 1928. Names and addresses of factories Drugs for the manufacture of which manufacturing drugs a permit bas been granted Fabrique de produits chimiques ci- Medicinal opium, extract and tinc devant Sandoz, Basle. ture of opium, morphine. Société de chimie industrielle All alkaloids and preparations (no (Ciba), Basle. narcotics manufactured in 1930). F. Hoffmann-La Roche et Cie. S.A., Morphine, cocaine, pantopon, Basle. medicinal opium and prepara tions. Dr. Hefti, Chemical Products Fac Heroin (5 kg.). Manufacture en tory, Altstetten. tirely suspended since March. Th. Mühlethaler S.A., Nyon. Opium in all its forms. Dr. Rauch, F.A.R.M.A., Vernier. Esters (acyl derivatives of mor phine). No narcotics manu factured in 1930. S.A. ci-devant B. Siegfried, Medicinal opium and preparations, Zofingen. morphine and cocaine. Further, the classes of persons to whom permits to use or to be in possession of drugs have been granted are as follows : 10 manufacturing chemists ; 40 commercial firms (wholesalers); 27 scientific institutes ; 175 hospitals, clinics, sanatoria. In view of the nature of their activities, public pharmacies are exempt from the regulations relating to permits. In 1930, there were 26 convictions for illicit trafficking in narcotics. Sentences of imprisonment varied from 7 to 120 days, and fines from 50 to 5,000 francs. The traffic in drugs between Switzerland and China is governed by the agreement concluded between the two countries on September 1st, 1927. Codeine not being subject to control under the Federal Narcotics Laws, we are not id a position to supply particulars of the amounts manufactured, imported, exported an consumed. Czechoslovakia. O.C.23 (q) 19. 1929. In 1929, the Government Decree of March 14th, 1929 (No. 37 of the Collection ° j^ a^ and Decrees), was published, putting in to force the law relating to the International 0plU Convention of July 13th, 1928 (No. 135 of the Collection of Laws and Decrees). This Government Decree provides that duly-authorised chemists, persons r e s p o n s i for the management of public pharmacies and pharmacies attached to institutions, me 1 — 53 — practitioners and veterinary surgeons owning a private (portable) pharmacy, who are obliged to make exact entries in their books regarding purchases and sales of cocaine, ecgonine, morphine, diacetylmorphine and other salts, and in general all narcotic drugs, must also enter tlie quantity of goods in stock and the amount received, prepared, sold or otherwise delivered and exported, with the date for each substance separately. They are also required to enter under each item the name of the other party concerned (seller, importer, purchaser and the person taking possession). Further, the Decree indicates the places through which the import and export of coca leaves is authorised. The Czechoslovak Government would recommend the preparation of a standard form of export certificate, on the lines of the import certificate, as the export certificates issued in the d iffe re n t countries are not identical and sometimes differ appreciably, which renders the compilation of statistics very difficult. As regards the sale of drugs, only those firms which have a licence to deal in poisons, in accordance with the Industrial Law, are authorised to trade in these substances. Under the terms of the licence, these firms are authorised to sell drugs exclusively to persons in possession of a special official permit and to chemists, and are obliged to keep exact records of purchases and sales. Chemists may only sell narcotic drugs to clients on production of a medical prescription, and are also obliged to enter in their books the quantity of opiates issued on each medical prescription. Thus it is possible to ascertain at any moment whether the drug trade is giving rise to any illegal practices. The Czechoslovak Government suggests that a uniform and accurate list of all preparations and specialities in their original packing, containing substances to which the Opium Convention applies, should be drawn up and submitted to a l l S ta te s parties to the Convention. The compilation and publication of such a list seem especially desirable, as it is often doubtful whether or no this or that medicine possesses properties peculiar to narcotic drugs and should therefore be entered in the books. This applies in particular to medicines placed on the market under various unusual names, which give no indication as to whether a substance to which the Convention applies has been emploved in their manufacture ; even when this is evident, it is not always certain whether "the preparation has properties peculiar to narcotic drugs. As regards medical preparations and proprietary remedies in their original packing, verification is still more difficult, as it is impossible, in view of the enormous quantity of these preparations placed on the European m a rk e t, to know whether such a preparation contains a substance to which the Opium Convention applies or what amount of such substance it contains. Attached to police headquarters at Prague there is a “ Central Office for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs ”, which deals with all denunciations, sentences and fines. Commerce in opium is forbidden in Czechoslovakia, with the exception of pharmacies, firms licensed for the sale of poisons and wholesale stores which supply the pharmacies with opium. There is only one firm in Czechoslovakia which prepares opium-—viz., Dr. Ing. J. Heisler at Chrudim ; this firm manufactures about 20 kg. of medicaments annually with imported opium ; these are placed on the market under the name of " Novopon ” and are not exported, but merely serve to meet internal requirements. In 1929, no case of opium- smuggling was recorded in the Czechoslovak Republic, nor was there a single case of opium- smoking, either among the national or the alien population. The use of opium and all its preparations is forbidden in Czechoslovakia, except for medicinal or scientific purposes. Indian hemp is not cultivated in Czechoslovakia and all requirements are covered by imports. Only 71 persons held licences for the wholesale trade in opiates. The medical laboratories and manufacturing chemists authorised to manufacture medicines and preparations composed of substances to which the Opium Convention applies, in their original packing, number 51. No trade in narcotic drugs is done with China. With regard to other drugs in general and codeine in particular, there is nothing special to report in Czechoslovakia, as these preparations are not manufactured in the country and any requirements are met by imports. This applies particularly to codeine. °'C'23(c) 22. 1930. Decree No. 3029/29, published by the Ministry of Public Health and Physical Education j? October 31st, 1930, brought the following drugs under the Opium Convention : eucodal, iodide, dilaudide, benzoylmorphine, methylecgonine and benzoylecgonine. i . ^ith a view to strengthening control within the country, the Ministry of Public Health cj r°duced another form to be filled in by firms clearing goods through the Customs. Such ®s are required to insert the date on which the goods were cleared, the nature and weight — 54 — of the goods, the full name of the exporting firm and of the country from which the goods were imported. The Central Office in Czechoslovakia for the suppression of the illicit traffic has supply very interesting information with regard to three particularly important cases of illicit traffic Trade in opium is prohibited in Czechoslovakia, except in the case of public pharmacies private pharmacies (kept by doctors in places where there is no public pharmacy), firn^ licensed for the sale of narcotic drugs and wholesale drugs tores which supply pharmacies. A firm in Czechoslovakia—Dr. Ing. J. Heisler of Chrast, near Chrudim—manufactures annually 20-25 kg. of alkaloid which it markets under the name of " Novopon ”. The drug is consumed exclusively within the country. At the end of 1930, this firm organised its factories for the manufacture of morphine and diacetylmorphine also, though production only started at the beginning of 1931. It likewise intends to manufacture codeine, chiefly for the home market. Sixty-nine persons hold licences for the wholesale trade in narcotics only. There are, in all, 52 chemical laboratories and manufacturers authorised to manufacture drugs and medicaments, sold in packets, consisting of substances to which the Opium Convention a p p lie s , Turkey. O.C.23 22. 1930. Law No. 1369 on the Control of Narcotic Drugs has been amended by Law No. 1685, Whereas factories manufacturing narcotics were formerly required to notify the quantities of drugs exported by them by supplying a list thereof at the end of each month, they art required by the new Law to notify their exports before the date of despatch. Exporters o! narcotics are now required, under Law No. 10642 of February 15th, 1931, to produce import certificates issued by the competent authorities of the country of destination. Such is the system at present in force. Even the. import-certificate system is not effective as regards the prevention of smuggling. The importation, distribution and sale of narcotics in Turkey are very strictly controlled under the provisions of Law No. 1369 on Narcotic Drugs, the new Penal Code, the Law on Chemists and Pharmacies, the Law on Wholesale Druggists and the various regulations issued in connection therewith. The very small number of opium addicts who are to be found in certain large towns in Turkey are energetically dealt with by the police. The prepared opium seized by the police is destroyed. Smuggled hashish is occasionally discovered by the police, and the offenders are punished in accordance with Article 403 of the Penal Code. The smuggled hashish comes from the district of Brusa, where very severe measures are being taken. There are three factories authorised to manufacture derivatives of morphine. Pharmacies are only authorised to sell narcotics on the presentation of a doctor’s prescription. Wholesale druggists are only allowed to sell narcotic drugs to pharmacies. Apart from a small quantity of hashish, no smuggled narcotics were seized in 1930. Proceedings were taken against certain chemists in consequence of slight discrepancies noted in the course of the supervision of pharmacies. Uruguay. O.C.23fS; 19. 1929. The Legislature passed a Law in 1929 declaring the Opium Convention to be in force in Uruguay. Accordingly, the internal regulations regarding the trade in, and sale of, narcotics are being amended to bring them into line with the provisions of the Convention. In the control of the international trade by means of import certificates, a certain lack of system is still noticeable. Some of these certificates have reached the National H e a lth Council so late that, by the time the withdrawal authorisation was transmitted to the C u s to m s offices, the goods had already been withdrawn by the importers. Another cause of delay has been the addressing of certificates to the Public Health Department, an official institution in no way concerned with the trade in narcotics. Various draft laws laying down penalties are under consideration, with a view to punishing severely persons engaging in illicit traffic. The report concludes by giving information with regard to the drugs to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply. — 55 — O.C.23frJ 21. 1930. In 1930, no new laws or regulations were promulgated. During the second half of that vear, the regulation was put into force requiring importers authorised to deal in coca, opium and derivatives, to produce an import certificate issued by the National Health Council. Hitherto the application of the import-certificate system has not in practice given rise to a n y difficulties worthy of mention. At the same time, certain European manufacturers h a v e on several occasions carried out orders from traders in this country without requiring certificates, and in certain instances they have applied to traders who were not authorised to deal in drugs. The premature death of M. Emilio Tobler, the chemist, a distinguished official of the N a t io n a l Health Council, has left unfinished a series of draft regulations embodying the various provisions of the Geneva Opium Convention. M. Tobler’s collaborators are carrying on his work. The opium poppy, coca and Indian hemp are not cultivated in Uruguay. There are no opium dens, and trade in these drugs and their derivatives is only permitted for medical purposes, all of them being subject to the control provided for in the Opium Convention of 1925. No alkaloids derived from coca and opium have so far been manufactured in the Republic of Uruguay. All such alkaloids are imported from abroad. In 1930, supplies were obtained from Germany, France and Switzerland. The National Health Council has been notified of two convictions for the illicit sale of cocaine. The quantities seized were small and in neither case amounted to 1 kg. Drugs seized are handed over to the Public Relief Authorities, to be used for medical purposes, provided that they are in good condition. Otherwise they are destroyed. Yugoslavia. O.C.23 fm; 19. 1929. Several laws and regulations on traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs were promulgated in Yugoslavia in 1929— namely : Law of September 4th, 1929, ratifying the International Convention and Protocol of February 19th, 1925, drawn up by the Second Opium Conference at Geneva. The reasons for Yugoslavia’s delay in ratifying the Geneva Convention are the following : 1. Yugoslavia produces a large quantity of opium and could not assume responsibility for the strict application of the Geneva Convention until it had organised its home opium market. Yugoslavia used to sell the whole of its output on the Salonika market, and efforts had to be made to establish direct relations with American, German, French and Swiss firms, which are large consumers of Yugoslav opium. Pending the establishment of native export houses or of a selling organisation by producers’ co-operative societies, the Government has encouraged the agents of the works concerned and foreign merchants to settle in the country, this policy hastened the organisation of the national market, and by 1929 the Government "as able to supervise the distribution of practically the whole of the country’s opium output, ftiere was therefore no longer any serious objection to its ratifying the Geneva Convention. 2. Yugoslavia is not the only opium-producing country and cannot remain indifferent to the attitude of other producing countries towards the Geneva Convention. There is a certain interdependence between the production of opium in Turkey and in Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia had restricted her production of, and trade in, opium while Turkey retained freedom of action, she would have been at a disadvantage compared with Turkey. Public opinion in Yugoslavia accordingly urged that the Geneva Convention should not be ratified until Turkey had acceded. The Yugoslav Government, being anxious to support the League, decided nevertheless to ratify the Convention. It feels sure that the League will appreciate the importance of this act and will, before concluding further conventions, invite other Producing countries to follow Yugoslavia’s example. Law on the Trade in, and Control of, Narcotics and Poisons, signed on November 18th, 1929, and published on November 30th, 1929. , This law does not refer solely to the dangerous drugs covered by the Geneva Convention, ut covers also poisonous drugs and preparations. It applies to drugs to which the League health Committee has drawn the attention of Governments, such as benzoylmorphine and er Morphine esters, dicodide, dilaudide, eucodal and their préparations. Regulations for the Control of the Raw Opium Trade, drawn up under Article 3 of the Law of November 18th, 1929, and published on December 30th, 1929. — 56 — These regulations specify the conditions governing the export of opium. Opium in transit—a matter of no practical importance—is governed incidentally by Article 2 . Lastly the import of opium is controlled by the Ministry of Social Welfare and Health. Yugoslavia does not import raw opium, so that this is merely a formal provision. Regulations on the Organisation of an Advisory Committee for Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, attached to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Offirini Journal, December 30th, 1929). The report contains information on the composition of the Advisory Committee and on its proceedings in 1930. Regulations on the Management of so-called Opium Funds, designed to assist the labours of the Advisory Committee and scientific research on questions connected with the cultivation of the opium poppy (Official Journal, December 30th, 1929). Regulations for the Control of Traffic in Narcotic and Poisonous Drugs, drawn up under Article 4 of the Law of November 18th, 1929 (Official Journal, July 5th 1930). The annual report gives a summary of the 50 articles of the Regulations, which set up a system of control over the internal and external trade in dangerous drugs in Yugoslavia, The import and export certificate system was introduced in Yugoslavia on January 1st, 1930. In 1929, there were eight firms exporting and nine firms importing drugs, and the fact of their being so few in number facilitated the task of the supervisory authorities. Import certificates are issued by the Ministry of Social Welfare and Health for the area of the Belgrade Prefecture of Police, whereas for that of the banovines they are issued by the Health Department of the competent banovine. The question of export authorisations for opium has raised two points : 1. Certain Yugoslav exporters asked to be allowed to address the opium to a bank in the place of destination, so as to have a guarantee for payment. The Yugoslav Advisory Committee was of opinion that this might be allowed, provided it was stated in the certificate that the opium was for a given firm. 2. Should the Yugoslav exporter be allowed to transfer an import certificate received from a foreign firm to another exporter registered in Yugoslavia ? The danger of such transfer lies in the possibility of a refusal on the part of the importing country to recognise the transferee or to accept a consignment of opium which does not exactly correspond with the contents named in the permit. The Yugoslav Opium Advisory Committee, while not expressing a general opinion on this question, considered that the Government might grant an export authorisation to the transferee provided that the latter is despatching the opium for the owner of the import certificate. The Yugoslav Advisory Committee discussed the question of the distribution of import certificates among opium-exporting countries. The Skoplje business circles complain that some importing countries encourage imports from certain countries to the prejudice of Yugoslav opium : with the exception of the United States of America, all the other manufacturing countries purchase from five to ten times more Turkish than Yugoslav opium. The Advisory Committee held that the quota system for raw-opium imports made it possible for manufacturing countries to discriminate in this way against Yugoslavia, and considers it desirable to draw the attention of the Governments concerned to the necessity for an equitable distribution of import certificates among opium-producing countries. Dangerous drugs are imported into Yugoslavia through the frontier stations of Maribor and Subotitsa. Exports, involving Customs formalities at Belgrade or Skoplje, are sent by the following routes : (1) Belgrade-Maribor (the principal line for Germany, Switzerland and France); (2) Belgrade-Subotitsa (a secondary route to Hungary, Czechoslovakia and northern countries) ; (3) Belgrade-Dubrovnik (Gruz) (an important line for consignments to America). Since January 1st, 1930, the port of Salonika, which formerly played so important a part has ceased to be used. There are no free zones in Yugoslav ports. Yugoslavia has, however, a port zone at Salonika, known as the Yugoslav free zone, ceded to her by Greece under t _ Convention of May 10th, 1923, for a period of fifty years. This port zone is not really a rr zone. It is regarded as a Yugoslav Customs area and is under the administration oi Yugoslav Customs authorities. The production of, and internal trade in, raw opium are free, whereas the manufacture and preparation of drugs and the internal trade in those products are subject to a large nunitie restrictions and to very close supervision. The freedom of trade in raw opium is explaine — 57 — th e fact that there is no abuse of this substance in the country. By prohibiting the preparation of opium (except by special authorisation) within the country and by instituting close supervision a t the f r o n tie r , the Yugoslav Government considers" that it h a s carried out its obligations under the Geneva Convention. It cannot and must not go further until other producing countries accede t o the Genexa Convention and agree upon a common policv. Co-operation between \ugoslavia and other countries concerned in the Yugoslav opium trade is at present limited to the exchange of copies of certificates, in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention. The exchange is effected direct between the competent offices of the countries concerned. An attem pt has been made to establish closer co-operation between the competent J u g o s la v authorities and the Opium Control Board of Washington. The Yugoslav Opium Advisory Committee is examining the possibility of limiting poppv- g ro w in g , its studies being carried out in two directions : (1) Examination of the means of increasing other special crops already grown in the opium area (tobacco, cotton, mulberries) ; (2) Examination of the possibility of introducing certain new crops in the opium area (heliotrope, soya, henna, red poppy). Coca leaves are generally imported from Germany, for the preparation of fluid extract and tinctures. Yugoslavia does not produce Indian hemp. In 1927 and 1928, attempts were made by certain growers to introduce it. The soil in the banovine of the Yardar seemed suited to this crop, but the Government decided to check the growers’ attempts at the outset, and Article 10 of the Law on the Control of Narcotics, of November 18th, 1929, prohibits the cultivation and production of Indian hemp in Yugoslav territory. Yugoslavia’s requirements for purposes of legitimate consumption are very small indeed and are covered by imports from Germany. No dangerous drugs were manufactured in Yugoslavia in 1929. For medicinal preparations, the pharmacies employ either native or imported raw materials. Only one case of illicit traffic in drugs wras discovered in Yugoslavia in 1929, this being a cocaine case a t Split, which wras notified to the League at the thirteenth session of the Advisory Committee. O.C.23fp; 22. 1930. A regulation concerning the control of drugs other than raw opium was published on May 10th, 1930. The regulation has been modified in one respect. Article 12 laid down that import and export licences were to be issued by the Ministry of Social Policy for the Belgrade metropolitan police area, and by the respective bans for the territories of the banovines. This decentralisation of the departments entitled to issue licences complicated the control of imports and has accordingly been amended by an Ordinance of the Ministry of Social Policy, which will, from now on, be the only competent authority for the issue of licences. The introduction of import and export certificates as from January 1st, 1930, has been of great assistance in tightening up the supervision of foreign trade in narcotics. During 1930, there were issued 107 raw-opium export certificates. The certificates were issued to four trading firms for a total of 36,268 kg. of opium. During the same year, the Ministry of Social Policy and Hygiene has issued 78 import certificates for narcotic drugs to 13druggists’ shops and pharmacies of the country. During 1930, no request for transit certificates for narcotic drugs was received by the competent authorities. Yugoslav opium is sent direct through the frontier stations of Subotitsa and Ma rib or or yia the port of Gruz (Dubrovnik). No consignment was sent in 1930 via the port of Salonika (Greek territory). The internal trade in the drugs covered by the Geneva Convention is governed by the Regulation of May 10th, 1930. This regulation has given rise to certain complaints. Chemists ound, in particular, that Article 20, which provides for the keeping of special books, laid upon them a complicated task necessitating the employment of extra staff. Moreover, t e o iga ion to keep the original doctor’s prescription caused distrust among patients in the small towns the interior. The Ministry of Social Policy and Hygiene, however, did not consider these objections sufficient to warrant compliance with the chemists requests. ! Jugoslavia produces opium for export. The amount consumed in Yugo^a\ ki’ ^ 3 y ith e amount required for medical and scientific purposes, is insignificant as comp t h e production. Nevertheless, the cultivation of opium poppies; does n.t d e p e n d exclusively on the situation of the world market for opium, an l mp” l rv In 1930 p°ppy seed—being almost entirely consumed in the oil mills o e • ^ Di P^lce index of poppies fell almost simultaneously with that of op > basis 1996 £ ed P0PPy-growing in a precarious position. The price index, calculated on the basis m b e 100, showed the following movements in 1930 : — 5 8 — 1930 Opium Seed 1930 Opium Seed January . . .. 121 111 J u l y ...... 41 77 February .. .. 110 115 August .. .. 39 77 March . . .. 93 109 September .. .. 54 72 April .. .. 70 118 October .. .. 56 66 May . . .. 51 118 Novem ber...... 53 60 June .. .. 42 91 December .. . . 52 56 This unprecedented fall in the prices of the two opium-poppy products has made p o p p y , growing less remunerative. It would have led to a very marked decrease in the areas sown in September if it had occurred at a time when other agricultural produce was suffering less from the general crisis. Crops, however, wrhich can be grown in place of poppies in the poppy- growing areas also suffered from the depression of the market and low prices. As the extension of tobacco-growing in so far as it can replace the opium poppy depends on the Directorate of State Monopolies, the latter has authorised more extensive planting of tobacco for the year 1931. The area under the opium poppy decreased in September 1930 by about 25 per cent, The remainder having again been sown with poppies, growers were forced to adapt themselves to new market conditions—i.e., to reduce the cost of production. The reduction of costs in the poppy-growing industry has had very unfortunate consequences from a social point of view'. In fact, 90 per cent of the costs of opium production consists of wrages, so that agricultural labour has been almost solely affected. A kilogramme of opium represents roughly the value of twenty-six working days : wages therefore wrere reduced in 1931 to 8 dinars (73 Swiss centimes) to adapt the cost price of opium to the new selling prices (220 to 240 dinars per kilogramme-—i.e., 20 to 22 Swiss francs). The area under cultivation in 1930-31 was 9,660 hectares, with a total crop of 60,500 kg, of opium. The stock of raw opium in the country at the beginning of 1930 amounted to about 40 tons, As the crop gave 140 tons of opium, the country possessed about 180 tons of opium in 1930, During the year, however, 36,268 kg. were exported, so that at the end of the year, taking into account the wastage and evaporation of raw opium, the stock had decreased to 120 tons. This figure is obtained on the strength of the following data : (1) Exports of 36,268 kg. of opium made up for the trade represent the equivalent of about 42,000 kg. of raw opium (20 per cent waste) ; (2) The weight of the surplus remaining in the country was decreased by evaporation. This decrease, estimated at about 10 per cent on an average, brings the total down from 138 to 124 tons. The fall in prices having placed growers in a precarious situation, the State proposes to aid them by substituting some other crop for the opium poppy and providing them with more effective protection for the rest of the crop for which no substitute can be found. An endeavour will be made to achieve this result by applying a newr opium law, which is now in preparation and which should come into force on January 1st, 1932. Although possessing raw opium in abundance, Yugoslavia imports from abroad certain quantities of medicinal opium. Sales to retailers in 1930 amounted to 134 kg. of medicinal opium, which would give a consumption of 9.9 mg. medicinal opium per inhabitant. The stocks at the end of the year amounted to 123 kg. of medicinal opium and 31 kg, of preparations ; the surplus which may be noticed in this connection is due to the purchase of medicinal opium from the Yugoslav chemico-pharmaceutical factories Kemika and Kastel, both at Zagreb. In the light of sales to retailers, consumption of morphine and its salts amounted in 1930 to 4.96 mg. per inhabitant. Consumption of diacetylmorphine and its salts, calculated according to the sale to retailers, was 2 kg. in all, or 0.15 mg. per inhabitant. Consumption of eucodal according to sales was about 1 kg. in all— i.e., 0.07 mg. per inhabitant. Consumption of cocaine according to sales to retailers amounted to 25 kg. in all, or 1.85 mg. per inhabitant. During 1930, no case of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs wras reported to the Yugoslav authorities. — 59 — COLONIES, POSSESSIONS, PROTECTORATES, LEASED TERRITORIES AND MANDATED TERRITORIES. 1. FRANCE. Indo-China. O.C.23(i) 20. 1929. The Opium Convention of 1925 was made operative by an Order of March 22nd, 1929. By a Decree of September 12th, 1929, promulgated in Indo-China by an Order of November 6th, Customs officials were empowered to carry out searches and inspections at any hour of the day or night in opium-smoking divans or illicit retail establishments. Nine armed bands were attacked, 1,132 cases of illicit traffic reported and 458 cases brought before the courts. The quantity of opium seized was 14,046 kg., or virtually the same as in 1928 ; fines amounted to 299,665 "francs, and damages to 2,408,384 piastres. Further, 674 cases where the sums involved were relatively large were settled out of court, the total amount collected being 84,417 piastres. The Government-General acquired in 1929 for the Opium Monopoly 1,553 kg. of local opium, as compared with 1,018 kg. in 1928. This opium comes from Laos and Upper Tongking. Under the contract concluded with the Government of India, there were imported in 1929, for the Indo-Chinese Government, 98,071 kg. of raw opium (1,542 chests) as compared with 112,063 kg. in 1928. The number of retail establishments and public smoking divans declined from 2,289 and 1,274 respectively, in 1928, to 2,277 and 1,224 in 1929 (the population, according to the last census, exceeds 20,000,000). The total sales of opium prepared by the Monopoly amounted to 70,493 kg. The receipts were 13,987,000 piastres, being 14.8 per cent of the total revenue of 94,000,000 piastres for the budget as a whole. Syria and Lebanon. 0.C.23(e; 21. 1930. The importation of drugs into the territories in the Levant under French mandate is regulated by Decree No. 1207 of January 17th, 1922, issued by the High Commissioner. This decree requires importers to make a special application which is examined with the utmost care by the Customs and Public Health Service. This import-certificate system provides all necessary guarantees. The cultivation and sale of hashish are prohibited, and all forms of export traffic are strictly forbidden. The most important markets were undoubtedly Egypt and the Sudan. Trade in the drug has now been made impossible. Smuggling used to consist mainly in the export of hashish secretly cultivated in the country, especially in the plain of Bekaa, and in the importation of cocaine and opium. It tas now been almost entirely suppressed. In 1930, there were 25 prosecutions. The quantities of drugs seized on import were as follows : 16 kg. 328 gr. of opium, 92 gr. morphine and 883 gr. cocaine. To these figures must e added 796 kg. of hashish. About 100 permits to import drugs wrere issued during 1930 to qualified chemists established in the country. The drugs thus imported were used entirely for pharmaceutical purposes. 2. GREAT BRITAIN. Bahama Islands. 1930. Islands6 ^°^ow^n§ list contains the law7s and regulations actually in force in the Bahama — 60 — (a) The Opium Act of 1924 and the Amending Act of 1925 and the following rules and orders made under the Opium Act : Order made March 17th, 1925, dealing with import of opium and prepared opium ; Rules made March 17th, 1925, idem ; Rules made July 21st, 1925, dealing with prescriptions containing narcotics • (b) The Dangerous Drugs Act (Chapter 239), passed in 1926, with an amendment in 1929—namely, the Dangerous Drugs Amendment Act, Chapter X, 1929, and the following rules and orders made thereunder : Order made January 30th, 1929, placing under the Dangerous Drugs Act 1926, the following drugs : benzoylmorphine, eucodal, dicodide ancl their respective salts, and any preparation, admixture and extract containing the above-mentioned drugs ; Rule made July 3rd, 1929, dealing with transit of drugs ; Order made September 11th, 1929, giving the Governor power to place certain new drugs under the Dangerous Drugs Act. In the Bahamas, the import-certificate system has been found to wrork quite satisfactorily. Drugs are not manufactured in the colony and the drug habit is practically unknown. So far as is known, no illicit traffic is carried on. The Government endeavours to co-operate in every way with the American Government, through the United States Consul, in tracing or preventing any illicit traffic between this colony and the United States of America. There is no production of opium poppy or coca plant, and Indian hemp is neither indigenous nor cultivated. Its importation is prohibited by the Dangerous Drugs Act. Basutoland. 1930. By Amendment No. 4, of 1925, to Proclamation No. 35, of 1922, Indian hemp wras placed on the habit-forming-drug list and hence its use is not permitted in any form. There W'ere 99 prosecutions and convictions during 1930 for illicit traffic in Indian hemp. Fines amounted to £268 10s., or, in default, imprisonment with hard labour totalling 106 months, Bermudas. 1930. Proclamation of February 26th, 1931, placed esters of morphine and their salts, as veil as dihydromorphinone, under the control of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, 1925. North Borneo. O.C.23 (I) 18. 1929. Under the Poisons and Deleterious Drugs Ordinance of 1928, three notifications were published adding to schedules A and B of the said ordinance certain drugs which can onb be imported by permission of the principal medical officer. The import-certificate system has wTorked satisfactorily, the Government having the opium monopoly and being the sole importer of raw' opium. The sale of chandu wras all under direct control of Government by (a) sale by Government establishments and (b) sale to employers of labour for distribution to their own labour force. The system of employing persons, paid by a fixed salary, for the retail sale and distribution of chandu under Government auspices w'as in force throughout the State. Estates and other large employers of labour in the majority of cases distributed their owrn chandu, being allow ed a distribution fee of 40 cents per tahi! as hitherto. Where they did not distribute, they allow ed their labourers to obtain chandu from the nearest Government-controlled establishment. No licensed chandu shops existed. Thirty-one free licences wrere issued to employers distributing to their own labour force. Twenty-six Government-controlled establishments were operating, consisting of 4 smoking-divans and 22 retail selling-places. This gives a tota of 57 establishments, of which 31 were non-Government and 26 Government-owned. The amount of prepared opium consumed in 1929 wras 8,306 lb.; price at which retailed • $10 per tahil = $120 per lb., or £14 per lb. More careful registration was enforced, and the figures showed 5,087 registered sm o k e rs at the end of 1929. At the end of 1928, the number of registered smokers was 5,127. — 61 — The net revenue derived by the Government in 1929 from the sale of prepared opium was £80,680, and the proportion borne by that figure to the total revenue collected was 16.71 per cent. O.C.23(z) 20. 1930. Under the Poisons and Deleterious Drugs Ordinance of 1928, one notification was published adding esters of morphine, their respective salts, and any preparation, admixture or extract containing esters of morphine to those drugs which can only be imported by permission of the principal medical ofAer. Under the Opium and Chandu Ordinance of 1927, Notification 168 of 1930 was published, reading : " No person other than an adult male Chinese over 21 years of age shall purchase or obtain chandu or be admitted to any smoking-shop. ” Notifications 253 and 254 of 1930 amended the Opium and Chandu Ordinance and rules thereunder, by deleting all references to licences, licensees and licensed warehouses. The import-certificate system has worked satisfactorily. Illicit traffic is only in chandu, which chiefly comes from China via Hong-Kong, and is said to be manufactured somewhere near Amoy. Acreage under cultivation : Coca plants, 2,324 ; grown for ornamental purposes on the Japanese estate at Tawau of the Nippon Industrial Company. The price at which prepared opium is retailed is $10 per tahil = $120 per lb. =£14 per lb. Number of registered opium-smokers : 4,106 at end of 1930. Number of Chinese resident in the country : estimated in 1930 at about 48,000. The net revenue derived in 1930 from the sale of prepared opium was £61,796, corresponding to 14.4 per cent of the total revenue collected. Number of prosecutions for breaches of the law relating to prepared opium, 27 ; number of convictions, 27. Eighteen persons paid fines, 9 persons went to jail, 8 of the above were also fined or sentenced in default to terms of further imprisonment. Ceylon. O.C.23 fn; 18. 1929. Pursuant to the policy of reducing the amount of raw opium exported from India by 10 per cent annually, the Indian Government supplied Ceylon with only 27 chests—a reduction of four chests on the previous year. The annual 5 per cent reduction on the allowances of registered consumers has been continued. Information concerning the regulation of imports and exports, and the internal regulation of the manufacture, sale, distribution, etc., of dangerous drugs, and statistics of seizures made by the Customs, police and excise authorities are given in the report, which deals at considerable length writh the question of the illicit traffic in opium and ganja in Ceylon and the different methods used by smugglers. The report contains statistical data concerning all drugs coming under the Hague and the Geneva Conventions and a statement showing the net revenue derived from the sale of opium. O.C.23fZ>; 21. 1930. The policy of reducing by 5 per cent annually the quantities allowed to registered consumers which was introduced in the year 1928 was continued. Asa result of this policy, the consumers drew only 85 per cent of their original allowance during the course of the year 1930. The total amount of raw opium allowed for Ceylon for the year 1930 by the Government of India was 24 chests, as against 27 in 1929. The Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs Ordinance which was passed by the Legislature and assented to by the Governor has not yet been proclaimed. The import-certificate system for the control of the import of opium and dangerous drugs continued to work satisfactorily. No raw opium or dangerous drugs are exported, and re exportation is prohibited. All raw opium legally imported into Ceylon went to the Civil Medical Stores, where it Was niade ready, under strict control, for eating and smoking. One opium depot was closed during the year, thereby reducing the number of depots 0 pi. There were no new consumers registered during the year. The total number ot Registered consumers drawing opium for eating during the year was 5,244, as against o,o36 ln ™e previous year, showing a decrease of 392 due to deaths. All raw opium is imported from India by the Government of Ceylon and issued to the egistered opium consumers and vedaralas from the opium depots maintained and controlled y the Government of Ceylon. , f Each year, as the number of registered consumers decreases (the number has dropped irom 11,842 in 1920 to 5,244 in 1930) and as less opium is imported by the Government, there is a tendency for illicit traffic to increase. The principal source of supply is through the French territory in Southern India. The maintenance at Kankesanturai by the Customs Department of a motor launch which now patrols the coast has had a good effect in checking smuggljng by this route. A special watch has been kept on steamers entering the Colombo harbour from Southern Indian ports. The use of prepared opium (smoking) is not entirely prohibited in Ceylon, but it is controlled by the Government, which imports the necessary raw opium from India for the manufacture of prepared opium. The quantities of prepared opium allowed to these consumers have been subject to an annual 5 per cent reduction since the year 1928. The price at which the prepared (smoking) opium is retailed is 2 cents a grain, or Rs.140 a pound (Rs.308.03 per kg.). The number of registered consumers who are licensed to receive prepared opium was 44/ —a decrease of 8 on the total of the previous year. The last census, in 1921, show'ed a population of 104 Chinese resident in the island, but none of these is registered as a consumer. The Malays and Moors, whose numbers according to the last census are 13,402 and 284,964 respectively, are the persons who are mostly addicted to the smoking habit. The revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium during the financial year 4929-30 was Rs.38,157.86. The proportion it bears to the total revenue of the country is 1 : 2,712. Indian hemp is illicitly cultivated in the country ; the area under cultivation is not known. There were 1,271 prosecutions and 1,166 convictions for infractions of the law on Indian hemp. All narcotic drugs, with the exception of cocaine, which is imported by the wholesale druggists on an import certificate issued by the Excise Department, are imported by the Director of Medical and Sanitary Services and they are retailed to the persons permitted to possess narcotic drugs : doctors, chemists, etc. There were 20 prosecutions for illicit traffic in opium, and fines amounting to Rs.8,410 were imposed. Sentences of imprisonment for periods ranging from one week to nine months were passed ; where the fines were not paid, the accused were committed to jail. There were 421 prosecutions for illicit possession of opium during the year, as compared with 309 cases in 1929. Of these cases, 363 ended in convictions. In the majority of cases, fines were imposed wrhich amounted to nearly Rs.30,000. Cyprus. 1930. The issue of permits for cocaine and its salts to dentists has been stopped for one year as an experiment. Arrangements were made during the year with the British Consuls in Egypt and Syria for information of any intended smuggling to Cyprus, with a view to co-operating in its detection and seizure. During 1930, there were four prosecutions for illicit dealings in hashish in which nine persons were prosecuted and eight persons were convicted. Straits Settlements. O.C.23 (n) 19. 1929. Rules providing for the registration of consumers of prepared opium were made by the Governor-in-Council and received the approval of the Legislative Council on January 28th, 1929. T he report contains information concerning the regulation of imports and exports as well as the regulation of sale, distribution, etc., of dangerous drugs. A summary of seizures is given in an appendix, which contains also particulars on individual seizures. The n u m ber of prosecutions for breaches of the opium laws was 839, and for breaches of the Deleterious Drugs Ordinance, 52. The quantity of prepared opium sold for consumption in the colony wras 1,152,197 tahils (43,553 kg.). Retail prices were the same as in 1928, except in Christmas Island, where the p r i c e was raised on September 1st, 1929, to $9 a tahil as a first step towards bringing the price there into line with that obtaining in the colony generally. Arrangements were made for a further increase to $12.50 a tahil from January 1st, 1930. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium during 1929 wras $8,276,919.2$, which corresponds to 15.1 per cent of the total revenue of the colony. The $4,000,000) drop in opium revenue, as compared with 1928, is in some measure due to increased expenditur on purchase of opium, but mainly to reduced consumption of Government opium. The report closes with statistics on particular drugs. — 63 — C.23(q) 21. 1930. The Chandu Revenue Ordinance, Amendment Ordinance No. 19 of 1930, was passed during the year. The object of the ordinance is to bring the law into line with the actual practice of the Department : such practice being in conformity7 with the international obligations which the Government has accepted. The import-certificate system has worked satisfactorily, and the question of countries w hich have not adopted this sy7stem has not arisen. The exclusive right of importing and exporting deleterious drugs is vested in the principal civil medical officer under the Deleterious Drugs Ordinance (No. 7 of 1927). Before deleterious drugs can be imported, the importer must obtain a certificate of official a p p ro v a l of import from the principal civil medical officer. Before deleterious drugs can be exported, a permit to export must be obtained from the principal civil medical officer. Such permit is issued only on production of an import permit from the country to which the drugs are to be exported. Export does not in practice extend beyond the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States, Sarawak and British North Borneo. A thorough check is kept on the amount of deleterious drugs imported, exported and c o n s u m e d , so that these drugs may not be used otherwise than for legitimate purposes. All licensed and authorised persons must keep a daily record of the purchase and sale or consumption of deleterious drugs, and submit a regular monthly return, failing which they are liable to prosecution. An important change in administrative arrangements was made by the adoption of the tube-packing system which began to function in April. Advantage was taken of the introduction of the new system to reduce the size of the units of sales of prepared opium : n i.1 New units 01d units Tubes 3-hoon packets 2-hoon (0.006 kg.) 3-chi \ pots 2-chi (0.074 kg.) 1-tahil The retail price of prepared opium was $13 per tahil. There were on December 31st, 1930, in the Straits Settlements 42,751 registered smokers. The total Chinese population of the colony, according to the census of 1921, was 498,547 and the number of males over the age of 21 was then estimated at 247,846. Revenue from sale of prepared opium amounted to $7,387,759, representing just under 23 per cent of the total revenue of the colony7 ($32,408,305). With the exception of a small amount of raw7 opium, all the opium (raw or prepared) which was confiscated reached the colony from China coast ports. Of the raw opium, part was of Persian origin. The proportion of Persian opium was undoubtedly high, but, as the seizures were not assayed, figures are not available. Authorisations to possess and use deleterious drugs under certain conditions are granted to the following : (a) medical practitioners ; (bj veterinary surgeons or analysts in the service of any municipality in the Straits Settlements ; (c) persons in charge of laboratories for purposes of research or instruction attached to any approved institution in the Straits Settlements. There is only one licensed wholesaler in the Straits Settlements. There were 38 prosecutions in connection with possession or use of deleterious drugs other ftan Indian hemp. Generally speaking, it may be said that, except as regards opium, the Straits Settlements are not on a large scale either a receiving or distributing centre. Nearly all the seizures which have been made in the Straits Settlements have been of drugs transit to some other unknown destination and, except as regards the heroin (particulars °f which have already been reported to the League of Nations), there is no definite evidence either of origin or of final destination. Malay States (Federated). °'C.23fp; 20. 1929. Registration of opium-smokers became compulsory from January 28th, 1929. There t e ncre; approximately 60,000 smokers registered. Only registered consumers are permitted t0 Purchase chandu. The import-certificate system has been applied throughout the year. There were 18 seizures of raw and prepared opium during 1929, representing 72.5 ta is. tahiiîher£?tal am°unt of prepared opium sold for consumption during the year was U 39 951 £ - 1 The revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium during 1929 was $11,448,6/0, § 4 per cent of the total revenue of the Federated Malay States, ables are appended to the report giving the import of narcotic drugs. — 64 — Stocks of prepared opium on December 31st, 1929, were 168,209 tahils. This fjou, does not include stocks in Government retail shops and Government smoking-saloons n December 31st, 1929, which would be sufficient only for a few days’ consumption. O.C.23(n) 22. 1930. The Opium and Chandu Enactment No. 15 of 1925 (as amended by Enactment No. i; of 1928) remains in force. Although the import-certificate system is applicable in the Federated Malay States no occasion has so far arisen for its application, and consequently no difficulties have beet experienced with regard to transit, transhipment, diversion, etc. There is no manufacture of drugs, and importation by pharmacists, dentists, hospitals, etc is only permitted under permit issued by the principal medical officer. There are no licensed wholesalers. The total amount of prepared opium sold for consumption in the Federated Malay States during 1930 was 869,362 tahils (1 tahil = l j oz.). Government retail prices to the public are as follows : per 2-hoon tube, 26 cents ; per 2-chi tube, $2.60. The packing and sale of prepared opium in 3-hoon packets and 3-chi pots ceased as from April 1st, 1930, and prepared opium in 2-hoon tubes and 2-chi tubes has been sold from that date. There are now approximately 60,508 smokers registered. Of these, 60,400 are Chinese, 60 Indians, 40 Malays and 8 Siamese. The number of male Chinese over 20 years of age resident in the Federated Malay States, according to the 1921 census returns, was 298,566. The total revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium during 1930 was $8,744,51, being 13 per cent of the total revenue of the Federated Malay States. There w'ere 43 prosecutions for breaches of the law on prepared opium, with 31 convictions, There were 19 prosecutions for illicit traffic in narcotics, with 9 convictions. Ganja accounted for 1 case, raw opium for 2 cases, datura for 1 case and morphia, etc., for 15 cases, Malay States (Unfederated). O.C.23 (t) 18. 1929. Johore.—The following enactments wrere passed : Enactment No. 1, of 1929, to amend the Opium and Chandu Enactment, 1919; Enactment No. 6, of 1929, to amend and to re-enact the Law relating to Deleterious Drugs, repealing the Deleterious Drugs Enactment, 1919 (as amended by Enactment No. 8, of 1923, Enactment No. 4, of 1925, and Enactment No. 8, of 1928), and the Ganja Prohibition Enactment, 1915. The import and export of drugs are regulated by the Deleterious Drugs E n a c tm e n t No. 6, of 1929. The import and export of rawr opium are prohibited. Prepared opium for smoking is imported by the Government only ; there is no export. The sale of prepared opium is now completely under the control of Government and b carried on either through retail shops or smoking-saloons. At the end of the year, there wrere 39 retail shops and 19 smoking-saloons. The total amount of chandu consumed was 393,819 tahils. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium was $4,258,670.45. Deduct®!! the cost of the Department, amounting to $267,092.95, the net revenue was $3,991,667. which represents approximately 23 per cent of the total revenue of the State. Registration of opium-smokers is now well established. Kedah.— On October 17th, 1929, the Deleterious Drugs Enactment (1348) was passed . This enactment brings the law on this subject in Kedah into line w7ith that of the Straits Settlements. , On November 23rd, 1929, the Chandu (Amendment) Enactment (1348) wras passed ''i effect from January 31st, 1930. This enactment amends the Chandu Enactment (1^' by giving authority to purchase or possess chandu only to (a) male Chinese not unde 21 years of age, or (b) persons holding a wrritten permission to purchase or possess; and a s by prohibiting the entry into Government smoking-shops of any persons not authorised above to purchase chandu. fa On the same date, rules were passed under the Chandu Enactment (1347) providing or registration of chandu-smokers, to come into force from January 31st, 1930. . ,|]e The import of drugs is under Government control and follows the system adopted m Straits Settlements. ,.,s. The total amount of prepared opium consumed in Kedah in 1929 wras 175,296 tan the retail price throughout 1929 was $12.50 a tahil. tj,e The net chandu revenue was $1,966,466, o r 26.78 per cent of the total revenue l°r State for 1929. - 65 — Pedis.— No licences are now granted for retail selling or for smoking-saloons. The import of drugs is under Government control. The total amount of opium sold for consumption in Perlis was 16,795 tahils, the retail price throughout 1929 being $13.33 a tahil. The gross figure of chandu receipts, including fines, in 1929 was $224,105. The proportion of n e t opium revenue to total revenue for the year 1929 was 30.15 per cent. Kelantan.— The total amount of prepared opium sold was 50,902.84 tahils at $11 per tahil. The n e t revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium was $416,762.68, being 16.8 per cent of the total revenue of the State. Smokers are not licensed or compulsorily registered, but a voluntary registration system has b e e n introduced. State of Brunei. 1929. R ules for the Registration of Opium-Smokers were brought in during the year, and the system has worked satisfactorily. Import certificates are issued subject to the condition that the drugs may not be re exported. The import of prepared opium is a Government monopoly and import certificates are not issued in respect of this drug. The total amount of prepared opium consumed during 1929 wras 9,250 tahils, the price being $10 a tahil throughout the year. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium in 1929 was $67,360, or 19.51 per cent of the total revenue. O.C.23(y) 20. 1930. Johore.-—The new opium-packing plant in Singapore was opened early in the year, and, commencing from May 1st, all prepared opium sold in Johore was packed in sealed metal tubes containing one-fiftieth of a tahil. As these tubes contain two-thirds of the quantity of the packets wrhich had been in use and which sold at 40 cents each, a slight adjustment of the price was necessary. Tubes are sold at 26 cents each, or at the rate of $13 a tahil. The import-certificate system is w’orking satisfactorily. Five smoking-saloons were closed down during the year, reducing the number to thirteen for the whole State. The total quantity of chandu sold in public during the year was 305,869 tahils, a decrease of 87,950 tahils as compared with 1929. The total number of registered smokers on December 31st, 1930, was 27,213, but of these a considerable number have died or left the country, though it is not possible to estimate the number with any degree of accuracy. Smoking is practically without exception confined to Chinese, of w’hom, according to the 1921 census, there were at that time 67,612 over 21 years of age in the State. The opium revenue for 1930 amounted to $3,321,707. Expenses of administration came to §245,944, giving a net revenue from opium of $3,075,763. The opium revenue represented -1.02 per cent of the total revenue of the State. The number of prosecutions for offences under the Opium and Chandu Enactment was mostly minor offences concerned with the registration system. Kedah.—During 1930, the Government of Kedah commenced to buy from the colony of the Straits Settlements Government chandu packed in tubes, and it became necessary to fix e Prices of these tubes by law, as follow’s : 2-hoon tube, 26 cents ; 2-chi tube, $2.60. By Government Gazette notification of February 1st, 1930, the following narcotic drugs N\ere added to the Second Schedule of the Deleterious Drugs Enactment (1348) : Esters 0 morphine and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing anY of the said esters ”. There were 12,932 registered opium-smokers in 1930 in a total estimated population of in A Persons all races. Opium is also smoked by Malays. The number of Malays resident n tile State is approximately 287,652. 2^0 The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium in 1930 was $1,307,288, or Per cent of the total revenue of $5,485,607. There were 52 prosecutions in 1930 and 43 convictions. n ^ I hreS,.chemists were licensed to possess and sell under the Deleterious Drugs Enactment dr '■ Eight licences were issued to estate medical officers and certain high >-qu3 1 ,e delptm °n estates, under the supervision of estate medical officers, to possess and to use cenous drugs under the Deleterious Drugs Enactment (1348). — 66 — Perlis.—The Deleterious Drugs Enactment No. 2 (1348) was passed at the beginning 0f the year. It forbids the import or export of deleterious drugs except by Government. A new Chandu Enactment No. 4 (1348) was passed. It restricts the right to smoke opium to male Chinese over 21, or persons specially licensed, and forbids the possession of dross exceeding 1 tahil in weight. Import and export of opium, chandu or deleterious drugs can only be done by the British Adviser. Import is always through the Straits Settlements. There were 15 prosecutions for illegal possession of prepared opium or dross, 10 of which resulted in convictions. The possession of any prepared opium is restricted by law to male Chinese over 21 or persons specially licensed by the State Council. The age was raised from 20 to 21 at the beginning of the year. The number of smoking-saloons has been reduced in accordance with the policy laid down in Article IV of the Geneva Agreement. Both retail sale and smokino. shops are Government-owned. There are no licensed shops. The registers showed 2,216 smokers. The number of Chinese resident in the S tate at the last census was 3,206. The registers disclose 90 Malay purchasers. The Malay population was 40,087 at the last census. The gross revenue from opium (including fines) was $147,509. The percentage of net opium revenue to the total revenue of the State was 29.05. Kelantan.—A new Deleterious Drugs Enactment (No. 12, of 1930) was passed to comply with the obligations undertaken by this Government through its adherence to the International Opium Convention of 1925. The import-certificate system is working satisfactorily. The sale of prepared opium is organised by the Government Chandu Department : (a) from 5 Government chandu sale-rooms for consumption off the premises ; fb) from 5 privately- owned licensed retail shops for consumption off the premises ; (c) from 6 privately-owned licensed smoking-saloons ; (d) from 3 Government smoking-saloons for consumption on the premises only. The 5 privately-owned licensed retail shops (b) and 6 privately-owned smoking-saloons (c) are all in remote parts of the State where Government smoking-saloons and sale-rooms cannot be adequately controlled. Privately-owned shops and saloons purchase the chandu from Government ; smoking- saloons are required to produce chandu dross in the proportion of 35 per cent of the amount oi chandu sold. This dross is purchased by the Government and destroyed. Registered opium-smokers numbered 1,893. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium was $467,974, being 21.4 per cent of the total revenue of the State. Trengganu.—The Chandu Enactment No. 5 (1348) was passed on January 27th, 1930, with effect from April 29th, 1930. Regulation No. 1 (1349) (the Sale of Government Chandu Rules, 1349) was passed on July 21st, 1930, with effect from the same day. As regards opium and chandu, the legislative position is that the possession or importation of any opium or chandu other than Government chandu is an offence. There is as yet no legislation to control the import or possession of drugs. Legislation for the machinery of control will b e drafted and put before the State Council within t h e next few months. Since April 29th, 1930, all Government opium sold to the public has been packed in I sealed tubes of 2 chis and 2 hoons each. All opium-smokers in the State are now registered in accordance with the provisions of I the Opium and Chandu Regulation No. 6 (1347), which was passed with effect from April 15th, 1929. There were 3,144 opium-smokers in 1930 : of this number, 1,845 were registered smokers and 1,299 were authorised consumers. Revenue derived from chandu in 1930 amounted to $255,944 out of a total revenue ot $1,373,063. State of Brunei. 1930. The system for the registration of opium-smokers, introduced in 1929, continued to work satisfactorily. The import of prepared opium is a Government monopoly and import permits are not issued in respect of this drug. Other dangerous drugs are imported for medicinal purposeS’ for use in Government dispensaries and the dispensaries kept by certain rubber estates and ot e large employers of labour, etc. In the absence of a deleterious-drug enactment, the w° . ij” of the import-certificate system has been enforced by making all dangerous drugs dutia articles and therefore subject to declaration at the port of entry under the Customs Lju Enactment. A prohibitive duty has been imposed on all dangerous drugs imported wit o a certificate of official approval. — 67 — The sale of prepared opium is a Government monopoly. The retail price throughout the year was $10 per tahil. The number of licensed registered smokers increased from 458 to 588 at the end of the year. This increase was accounted for by the large influx of Chinese labour to the oilfield at Kuala Bel ait. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium in 1930 was $52,974, or 13.5 per cent of the total revenue of $333,059. Falkland Islands. 1930. By Proclamation of February 26th, 1931, Part II of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, 1925, has been made applicable to the esters of morphine and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing the said esters, as well as to dihydromorphinone and its salts and any preparation, admixture, extract or other substance containing any proportion of this drug. Gambia. 1930. Order No. 1 of 1930 by Governor-in-Council under Section 12 of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, 1928, was promulgated prohibiting the import or export of the esters of morphine and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing them. British Guiana. 1930. The Dangerous Drugs Ordinance No. 31, of 1929, giving effect to the requirements of the International Opium Convention signed at Geneva on February 19th, 1925, passed in the Legislative Council on December 30th, 1929, came into operation by proclamation in August 1930. Under Sections 10, 11 and 17 of that Ordinance, regulations and by-laws have been made (a) authorising the importation into the colony of certain preparations containing Indian hemp or datura, (b) setting out the conditions under which dangerous-drug licences may be issued, and (c) controlling the possession, sale and distribution of dangerous drugs. Important changes have been made in the administrative arrangements for dealing with the control and traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs by (a) prohibiting the manufacture of any drug to which the Ordinance applies, except on premises licensed for the purpose ; (bj prohibiting the manufacture, sale, possession, movement or distribution of any such drug except by persons licensed or otherwise authorised under the regulations ; (c) regulating the is s u e by medical practitioners of prescriptions containing any such drug and the dispensing of any such prescription ; (d) requiring persons engaged in the manufacture, sale or distribution of any such drug to keep books and furnish information as may be prescribed ; (e) appointing 1 committee of inspectors for inspecting and checking records. Nine prosecutions and convictions for illegal possession of prepared opium resulted from Police action during the year, the penalties inflicted totalling $170. There have been no Prosecutions and no seizure during the year on account of import or export trade. Hong-Kong. O.C.23 (p) 18. 1929. On March 15th, 1929, additional regulations were made by the Governor-in-Council under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, 1923, with the object of bringing within the Ordinance benzoylmorphine, dihydrohydrooxycodeinone and dihydrocodeinone. There are no signs of any real awakening of Chinese public opinion against the smoking opium. The habit seems to be as widespread as ever, and the production of raw opium ln Southern China continues to flourish. 'Vuchow, a port on the West River, port of entry for Kwangsi Province, continued to be e chief source from which illicit opium was derived. During the last six months of the $ ar>a considerable amount of raw opium entered the colony via the railway from Canton, ^uchow has completely usurped the position formerly held by Kwangchow-wan. During e past year, the majority of opium seized came through the latter port because the route rom \\ uchow was barred by civil war. It is reported that the price of Indian opium in 1929 as risen to extraordinary heights in Shanghai, owing to the cessation of the supply from ^ngchow-wan, $60,000" per chest being mentioned with no sellers. — 68 — Two large seizures were made of heroin pills, and there is some evidence that these pi]]$ are coming into vogue in substitution for, or in addition to, prepared opium. Some premises have recently been discovered which were being conducted as divans of a superior class, where both illicit prepared opium and heroin pills were being smoked. According to the information available, it is only in Southern China that these pills are smoked. It is believed th a t, when they first, some years ago, came into vogue in Shanghai, they were swallowed only. Amount of raw opium imported during 1929 was 171 chests (gross weight 6,412 kg) from India. None was imported from elsewhere. For the manufacture of prepared opium in the Government factory, 139 chests of Indian raw opium weighing 5,212 kg. gross weight were used. Full particulars regarding raw opium are given in an annex to the report. The quantity of prepared opium sold in 1929 amounted to 179,983.6 taels, the selling, price during the year being $14.50 per tael. The net revenue derived from the sale of prepared opium during 1929 was $1,958,631, being 8.32 per cent of the total revenue of the colonv ($23,554,475). J There is no manufacture of narcotic drugs in the colony. O.C.23(p) 21. 1930. During the course of the year, the law relating to opium was altered by the passage of further amending legislation comprised in Ordinance No. 3, of 1930. The amendments deal principally with the transport and packing of narcotics. The import-certificate system is in vogue and works satisfactorily. The total amount of prepared opium sold during the year was 7,265 kg. Approximately 80 per cent of the above was sold at H.K.S14.50 per tael (37.8 gr.); tie balance (Kam-Shan opium) was sold at H.K.S16.66 per tael, which was increased to §20 p® tael in December. Owing to the fact that the colony is flooded with illicit Chinese opium, it is impossible to form an estimate as to number of smokers who, on account of the continual ebb and flow of the population, are not registered or licensed. Smoking is prevalent amongst the Chinese resident in Hong-Kong but not amongst other nationalities. The number of Chinese resident in the colony is 800,000.1 The revenue derived from opium during the course of the year was H.K.82,012,171.36 or 7.23 per cent of the total revenue of the colony. During 1930, there were 995 prosecutions in connection with opium dens and illicit possession of opium ; 1,325 persons were convicted and 147 released. There were 282 seizures of raw opium involving a total of 32,120 taels (1,214 kg.), and 543 seizures of prepared opium involving a total of 24,379 taels (922 kg.). Possession of dangerous drugs is limited to doctors, registered chemists and hospitals; there are no licensed wholesalers. Prosecutions under the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance No. 22 of 1923 numbered 16; 13 persons were convicted and 7 released. Yunnan raw opium was in plentiful supply throughout the year, and was exported to Amoy to meet a temporary deficiency in supplies grown in the immediate vicinity of that port. The price remained very low. The Opium Suppression Bureau for the Kwangtung Province passed into new hands early in the year, and new revenue labels for use on each cake of raw opium were issued, omitting all mention of the Provincial Treasury. The Tung Wan Company, which held the monopoly for the transport of raw opium throughout the province, still remained and carried on its old function of controlling the movement of raw opium as agent for the Opium Bureau, charging a fee of ten cents per tael to the owners of the opium. Towards the end of the year, another issue of opium revenue labels was made, on which reference to the Provincial Treasury was restored. The seizure of 66,000 taels (2,495 kg.) of raw Yunnan opium, already reported to the League of Nations, on a stranded launch, enabled the position of the Tung Wan Co. in connection with the official Opium Bureau to be elucidated, and established the fact that private ownership of raw opium was admitted in Canton provided the proper dues were paid, and the services of the transportation company were requisitioned in all cases of removal, and that permits for removal were obtained from the Bureau. It is to be noted that, in all offici" correspondence requesting the return of this opium and in all conversation with the agents in charge, the description used was “ Raw material for the manufacture of medicine for the curing of opium addiction ”. Analysis, however, proved a high percentage of morphia, a™ there is no doubt that it would have produced a good quality of smoking opium if boiled in the usual way. The seizure of 1,522 taels (58 kg.) of prepared opium on the Tetsuzan M am was the first occasion on which the export in large quantities of Canton Monopoly opium has been encountered. It was probably intended for the Netherlands Indies and not for H o n g - K o n g ' 1 Approximate. Detailed figures from the 1931 census are not yet available. — 69 — Heroin pills were frequently met with during the year. They came in from ports in China, and evidence was obtained that a firm in Canton was engaged in their manufacture. Some had come from Macau, where the Portuguese authorities towards the end of the year discovered a flourishing factory. Attention is draw n to the fact that Macau supplied the greater proportion of illicit prepared opium seized during the year. That Macau was the source admits of no doubt in all cases where the origin is ascribed to Macau. Practically all was Red Lion brand which has been seized during the year in Malaya, Netherlands Indies, the Philippines, the United States of America and Australia. This opium is not that officially sold in Macau, but can be bought there with comparative ease in large quantities. Its quality varies considerably from time to time and is, in general, inferior to th at of the official brand. Windward Islands. 1930. Grenada.—There was a serious omission on the part of nearly all chemists and druggists in the colony in not submitting their annual estimates of dangerous drugs for the ensuing year. It was decided therefore by a Regulation published in the Gazette of April 15th, 1930, that no licence to import would be issued to any chemist or druggist who had failed to render an estimate, and that supplies to such chemists would only be made through the Government Colony Drug Store. This is expected to produce more activity on the part of these chemists during the current year. St. Lucia.—During the year, Part 3 of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance, 1926, was made applicable by an Order-in-Council to esters of morphine and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing any of the said esters. St. Vincent.—An Order-in-Council was passed extending Part 4 of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance to certain drugs and preparations. Regulations were made requiring persons engaged in the sale or distribution of dangerous drugs to furnish annual returns and other information in regard to such drugs. Leeward Islands. 1930. A law was passed by the Dominican Legislative Council prohibiting the import of opium, cocaine, or any of the preparations without a permit from the Governor. In the Virgin Islands, there was one local enactment during the year prohibiting the importation of drugs except under permit issued by the Governor. Iraq. O.C.23 (r) 19. 1929. The following rules and regulations were issued during the year : On June 1st, 1929, the Opium Rules and Regulations in a revised form; Opium Rules—issued as Excise Notification (Opium) No. 4, of 1929 ; Excise Notifications Nos. 8, 9 and 10, of 1929. In 1929, the net revenue from opium amounted to Rs.56,503/9, being 0.098 per cent °f the total revenue of the country. In the years 1928 and 1927, this percentage was 0.0656 and 0.106 respectively. Information concerning the internal regulation of manufacture, sale, distribution, use, etc., of drugs falling under the Hague and Geneva Opium Conventions is given. The retail sale of opium for licit consumption continued at the hands of salaried Government officials at the eleven places where sale continued to be authorised. The maximum quantity for sale to any one individual at any one time or day is 25 grammes. The system of direct sale by the salaried Government officials has led to a decrease in the sa'e °f licit opium, as shown in the report. To some extent, this decrease may be due to an tocrease in illicit sales, as the high price charged by the Government admits of a good margin °t profit to illicit retailers, who naturally fix their price as near the Government price as their customers will pay. On the other hand, it is believed that the reduction in licit sales indicates some definite reduction of consumption on the part of addicts. The report contains statements of some of the methods for smuggling employed by ratfickers, and of prosecutions, convictions and penalties imposed during the year. Statistics of the imports, consumption and stocks of narcotic drugs are given. — 70 — O.C.23(m) 21. 1930. The Notification as to Dangerous and Intoxicating Drugs of 1926 remains in force. A Notification was published in the Iraq Government Gazette, No. 2, of January 12th, 1930 amending Article 4 of the Notification as to Dangerous and Intoxicating Drugs of 1926 bv the addition of the following to the list of substances to which the Notification applies : the esters of morphine and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing any of the said esters. Ministerial Instructions were issued on March 2nd, 1930, under the Iraq Post Office Law of 1930, under which the importation and exportation by post of dangerous drugs is prohibited except on the specific authority of the Director of Public Health (Iraq Government Gazette No. 9, dated March 2nd, 1930). A Notification was published in the Iraq Government Gazette, No. 20, dated May 18th 1930, amending Article 4 of the Notification as to Dangerous and Intoxicating Drugs of 1926, By this amendment, a certain number of preparations containing narcotics which no longer come under the Convention of 1925 are exempted from the provisions of the Notification. A Notification was published in the Iraq Government Gazette, No. 38, of 1930, under Article 34 (d) of the Pharmacy Law of Iraq of 1923 controlling the dispensing of dangerous and intoxicating drugs. The details of these regulations are given in the report. The import-certificate system for the control of the import and export of dangerous drugs is working satisfactorily. No opium passed in transit through Iraq during the period under review. There is also no record of licit transit through Iraq of medicinal opium or other dangerous drugs during the year. Cultivation of the poppy plant for the purpose of extracting opium continues to be prohibited. No difficulty was experienced in connection with the State monopoly system and the method of departmental vend of opium has operated suitably. Raw opium, marked for identification, is sold in eleven authorised places by salaried Government officials. The unit for sale continues to be 1 gramme for 4 annas and 5 grammes for 1 rupee. The maximum quantity of opium which can be sold to any one individual at a time in any one day should not exceed 25 grammes. The possession of a greater quantity than 25 grammes is an offence. The number of licensed opium dens, which was reduced from 7 to 5 by the end of 1929, again reached 7 by the re-opening of the dens at Kadhimain and Khaniqin during 1930. But by the closure of the den at Khaniqin again before the end of the year under review, the total becomes 6. Authorised importations of raw opium occurred from Persia via Khaniqin, and consisted of the quality known as “ Kalam All the importation during the year was made by Government for consumption in the country. No export of raw opium has taken place from Iraq during the year under report. The transhipment of opium in Iraq (at Basrah) is prohibited. Complete suppression of opium-smoking is not yet practicable, but consumption is being restricted, as far as possible, to the use of raw opium under supervision. The introduction of monopoly of opium by the Government of Persia, and the increased excise taxation there, has not decreased the amount of illicit traffic in opium into Iraq as was expected. Licensing or registration of smokers has not yet been introduced, but the names of den habitués, the quantity they take to the dens for smoking, and the quantity of opium dross obtained are recorded by den licensees in the form of an account which is periodically inspected by a Customs and Excise official who takes over for destruction the dross obtained. The arrangement, introduced from 1929, whereby opium pipes of a special pattern capable of being sealed are used in licensed dens, in order to retain the dross resulting from smoking in such a manner that it cannot be removed except by breaking of the seal by the Customs and Excise official who secured it, has been continued and is found to be a suitable measure for restricting the illegal use of sukhta (dross). Twenty-three cases of hashish smuggling were detected. Narcotic drugs are not manufactured in Iraq. The only persons authorised to use or possess them are the licensed pharmacists and licensed wholesale druggists. The n u m b e r of the former is 58 and of the latter 11. During the year 1930, 97 cases connected with opium, other than medicinal opium, were dealt with by the local courts. Although the number of cases did not appreciably increase, the quantities seized were materially greater and denote a larger illicit business owing to general trade depression. Of the 97 cases, 86 were in respect of the illegal possession of raw opium, 7 regarding possession of prepared opium and 4 cases of possessing sukhta (dross). No revenue was derived from prepared opium. There were no prosecutions concerning medicinal preparations. Strict preventive control is difficult owing to the nature of the Iraq-Persian frontiers. There is no doubt that considerable smuggling is still being carried on, in spite of the vigilant exercised. The gross revenue (all sources) from opium other than medicinal opium during the VeaJ under review was Rs.61,285/6 and the cost of special administration Rs.17,553/8, compareCl — 71 — with Rs.73,298/1 and Rs.16,794/8 during the previous year. The net revenue was therefore Rs 43,731/14, being 0.0877 per cent of the total revenue of the country. In the years 1929 an('l 1928, this percentage amounted to 0.098 and 0.0656 respectively. The fall in revenue is due to decreased sales compared with last year, as is shown in this report. Jam aica. 1930. The Governor made new rules on July 22nd, 1930, under the Dangerous Drugs Law, 1924, the Dangerous Drugs Amendment Law, 1928, and the Dangerous Drugs Law of 1930, for controlling or restricting the production, possession, sale or distribution of opium in the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Cayman Islands. The drugs to which these regulations apply are opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine and similar drugs, as defined by Section 10 of Law 40 of"1924 (the section confers on the Governor power to apply the Law to any drug productive or apparently productive of ill-effects substantially of the same character or nature as those produced by morphine or cocaine). Import and export of all these drugs are subject to licence, and can be effected only in sealed packages. Every person keeping open shop for the sale or dispensing of any such drugs is obliged to keep a stock-book, to be balanced quarterly, showing the quantity of each article on hand and of each article sold or dispensed. It has not been found possible to suppress opium-smoking, which is carried on chiefly by Chinese and in a few cases by Syrians. Smoking takes place on private premises ; consequently, it is difficult to get sufficient information to obtain search warrants. There were five prosecutions and four convictions for infringements of the law with regard to prepared opium. There was one prosecution for possession of cocaine, which resulted in a conviction and fine of £10. Mauritius. 1930. The Post Office Regulations published under Government Notifications Nos. 98 and 99, of 1930, prohibit the transmission by post, except in insured boxes and for medicinal purposes, of opium, morphine, cocaine and other narcotics. The import certificate system works satisfactorily. Import certificates are valid only for the calendar year following the year of issue. The time-limit is now printed on the certificate itself. The enforcement of the laws was made difficult on account of the following circumstances : fa) Cunning and clandestine methods employed by importers, against whom little or no evidence can be obtained owing to their well-matured plans of action ; (b) The system of espionage employed, both by the importers, distributors and keepers of opium dens, whereby the movements of the authorities are closely watched, and all movements on the part of the police are reported within an astonishingly short time to all the interested parties ; (c) The use of bribery and corruption by importers, distributors and keepers of opium dens alike. The channels by and the sources from which this traffic is fed are : (a) Principally by the Messageries Maritimes steamers, which call fortnightly at this port, and which regularly carry illegal consignments of opium ; (b) Occasionally by the periodical steamers from Hong-Kong carrying consignments of opium presumably from Hong-Kong. Opium-smoking is confined almost entirely to the alien Chinese population, which is approximately 10,000. The cases of contraventions of the Opium Law established in the year 1930 by the Police Department numbered 37, and 46 persons were prosecuted. Forty-three Persons were fined, one sentenced to imprisonment and fine, and two sentenced to imprison ment only. The quantities of opium confiscated in 1930 amounted to 10.7 kg. and they were destroyed Smoking of Indian hemp is fairly prevalent. Indian hemp is brought to the colony by Messageries Maritimes steamers and small steamers plying between Réunion and Madagascar Ports. The use of this drug is confined to Indian residents in this colony. Illicit traffic other than in opium or Indian hemp is almost non-existent. New Hebrides. 1930. Opium is smoked by Tonkinese labourers, but, as this is a habit of long standing, it is not cafried to excess. Smuggling is difficult to detect, owing to the very limited Customs staff - 72 — and the absence as yet of a detective force of any kind. Opium is undoubtedly smuggle the Messageries Maritimes steamers, which employ Tonkinese and which have contact Sydney wTith steamers having called at ports in opium-producing countries. The quantities of opium confiscated during 1930 were 2.27 kg. The origin is unkntnv but probably Indo-China, Annam or Hong-Kong. The confiscated opium wras destroyed ^ Southern Rhodesia. 1930. By Government Notice No. 377, of June 13th, 1930, the following have been declared to be habit-forming drugs : eucodal, dicodide, dilaudide, benzoylmorphine, the methyl and benzoyl derivatives of ecgonine, the morphine esters generally and their respective salts and any preparation, admixture and extract containing any of the said esters. Sarawak. O.C.23(u) 20. 1929. No further action has been taken as yet regarding the consolidating Monopolies Order referred to last year as then under consideration, which is still waiting the attention of the Legal Adviser. The sales of opium during the year amounted to 156,802 tahils,1 as compared will 171,270 tahils during 1928, a reduction of 8.45 per cent. The cash receipts for the sale of opium amounted to $1,254,417, and the net revenue from opium, not including miscellaneous receipts of $259, wras $761,167, as compared writh a net profit showTn for 1928 of $951,118. Tht percentage of opium revenue to the total revenue of the State may be taken as 13.9. The number of smokers appearing on the register at the end of the year wTas 4,664, against 4,633 shown at the end of 1928. The policy of not admitting new smokers to tht register except on medical certificate or for exceptional reason was continued throughout tht year. A summary of prosecutions in connection with offences relating to opium is appended to the report. O.C.23 No new legislation was introduced during 1930, and no change of importance was made in the administrative arrangements. The import certificate system continued to work satisfactorily. It was still apparent that a codification of the Orders relating to opium would be of benefit in the control of smoking and facilitate the framing of charges in connection with cases brought into court. During the year, 110 chests of rawr opium were purchased, consisting of 50 chests of Persian and 60 chests of Benares (India) opium. The sales of prepared opium to registered smokers show' a reduction of approximately 21 per cent. This reduction is due to a great extent to the depressed condition of trade and consequent unemployment and lower earnings. The cash receipts for the sale of opium amounted to $989,712. The percentage of opium revenue to the total revenue of th e State may be taken as 11.75. The number of registered smokers at the end of the year was 4,602, as com pared with 4,664 at the end of 1929. Some doubt is expressed as to the effectiveness of maintaining a closed register. Cases continued to come to notice of unregistered smokers either smoking or in possession of small quantities of, presumably, Government opium. It can only k assumed that this is obtained from registered smokers, probably at a premium, wrho do it* personally consume all they purchase. The consumption of prepared opium in the State p1 registered smoker shows a reduction of 19.83 per cent. Anti-opium treatment was offered free of charge, as in previous years. On the whole, satisfactory results are obtained. Forty-five cases were treated. The average duration o the course is four to five wreeks. The first few days are very irksome to the patients, and it is necessary to keep them under lock and key. This is the only way of preventing them fro® obtaining opium by illicit means. , No factory is licensed to produce narcotic drugs. Only medical practitioners an registered pharmacists are licensed to handle the drugs, and there are no licensed wholesalers. There was no prosecution and no seizure in respect of narcotic substances (other than prepare opium). Sierra Leone. 1930. The only dangerous drug known to be used illicitly in this colony is Indian hemp (a *Peaye of cannabis sativa), w'hich is confined to a small class of people, mainly fishermen. Consu e effort wras made by the police to suppress this illicit traffic. i 1 kilogramme = 26.455 tahils. - 73 — In 1930, there were 24 prosecutions and 24 convictions. Penalties were imposed of fines varying from £1 to £10, or imprisonment of from 3 to 14 days. Sudan. 0.C.23(s) 21. 1930. Apart from the illicit growing of Indian hemp in certain areas of the Southern Sudan (see last year’s report) and the suspected but hitherto unproved cultivation of small plots of opium a n d Indian hemp in Dongola Province, no dangerous drugs are produced in the Sudgn. The number of convictions for trading in or possessing drugs was as follows : Northern provinces : 80, as compared with 85 in the previous year ; Southern provinces : 293, as compared with 228 in the previous year. In the vast majority of cases, the offences for which convictions were obtained wrere in resp e c t of native drugs prepared from Indian hemp. Neither the number of convictions nor the general reports from the provinces disclose any te n d en cy for the drug habit to spread outside the comparatively limited range to which hitherto it has been confined. In the towns of the north, the artisan class are the chief offenders, whereas in the Southern Sudan the use of native-grown drugs is an indigenous custom in certain negroid tribes. All imports of narcotic drugs in 1930 wrere for medicinal use ; none for scientific purposes. Import permits were granted only to licensed medical practitioners, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists and dentists. Swaziland. 1930. During 1930, eighty-seven natives were convicted for being in possession of Indian hemp. Fines varying from £5 to £40 were imposed, or, in default of payment, imprisonment with hard labour for from 5 to 30 days. Trinidad and Tobago. 1930. The Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 1928 came into operation from July 1st, 1929. There were 35 prosecutions of persons for being unlawfully in possession of dangerous drugs during 1930. All were convicted, and fines from £15 to £250 inflicted with, in two cases, imprisonment for three and six months, without the option of a fine. Zanzibar. 1930. There is a certain amount of illicit traffic in opium. During the year, the police successfully prosecuted 30 cases. Permits are issued under the Dangerous Drugs Decree to certain habitual consumers of opium on a certificate signed by a qualified medical practitioner that the withdrawal of the drug would be prejudicial to the individual’s health. 3. JAPAN. Chosen (Korea). 0.C.23(y; 19. 1929. No new laws or important regulations or orders were issued during 1929. No import of opium or of prepared opium is permitted. Permission is given for the import of other narcotic drugs only in such quantities as are required for medical and scientific P rposes. The import certificate system is strictly enforced. Strict control is exercised over the manufacture, sale, distribution, use, etc., of dangerous rU^rln acc0I"dance with the relevant laws and regulations. ,, fhe opium produced in Chosen wras bought by the Government as before, but none was u to the public. It wras decided that it should be used by the Government as material or manufacturing salts of morphine and heroin but, as the factory and equipment needed for °f 19§9r^°Se are n°t yet completed, no manufactured product was turned out up to the end — 74 — With regard to the cure of morphine addicts, work was carried on as prearranged, about 1,000 patients having been treated during the year under review. Though measures of control are being strictly enforced against persons who engage in illicit traffic in dangerous drugs and persons using them clandestinely, the Government intends to revise the relevant laws and regulations in the near future with a view to making the control thoroughly effective. The report contains a table showing the number of cases taken up and penalties imposed during 1929 on account of illicit traffic, and the quantities of opium, morphine and cocaine and their respective salts which were confiscated as a result of these prosecutions. Opium-smoking is absolutely prohibited in Chosen. Practically no Japanese are addicted to opium-smoking, but among the Chinese residents offenders are found from time to time Strict control is exercised over them. O.C.23(t) 21. 1930. On October 4th, 1930, the Chosen Government promulgated General Ordinance No. 89, Rules for the Control of Vessels conveying Opium, for the purpose of controlling vessels smuggling opium. The import and export certificates system works satisfactorily. The whole of the raw opium produced was purchased by the Government and handed over to the Monopoly Bureau, which uses it for the manufacture of morphine and heroin hydrochloride. The manufacture of these drugs was begun in March 1931, the manufactured goods being sold by the wholesale dealers designated by the Government. As defects have been found in the laws and regulations at present in force, the Government authorities are now engaged in drafting a new law. It will, of course, be impossible to suppress illicit traffic until clandestine drug addict) have ceased to exist. B ut the number of addicts in Chosen has been steadily increasing, much to the concern of the Government authorities, who during the past few years h a v e been taking steps to bring such addicts under medical treatment, while at the same time subjecting them to stringent control. The authorities have, moreover, prepared a plan to eradicate addiction in Chosen in the course of the next ten years through a complete system of registration, To this end, Rules for the Registration of Drug Addicts were promulgated in M arch and arrangements were made for the registration of all addicts. These registered patients receive medical treatment at the hands of doctors designated by the police or are admitted to infir maries established and managed by local authorities. Up to the end of December, 4,581 addicts were registered and 876 were taken into the infirmaries and given treatment. The Government authorities hope that, after 1931, these institutions will be able to treat 2,000 patients yearly. The average quantity of narcotics used by drug addicts is about 0.400 gramme of morphine or about 0.424 gramme of heroin per day. Among the Japanese, opium-smoking is unknown, but among the Chinese residents cases of clandestine smoking often come to light. Ninety-nine cases of judicial proceedings were reported in respect of offences connected with prepared opium. Eighty persons were sentenced to terms of imprisonment, while the charges against eighty-seven others were either dismissed or postponed. In all cases of seizure, prepared opium is handed over to the Public Prosecutor’s office. Manufacture is in the hands of the Monopoly Bureau of the Government-General of Chosen. Persons authorised to possess and use the drugs are as follows : medical practitioners, 1,316; h ei (Korean medical practitioners of old Chinese school authorised to practise in specified districts), 4,594 ; dentists, 386 ; veterinary surgeons, 589 ; pharmacists, 234 ; dealers in medicines, 1,060 ; manufacturers of drugs, 45 ; licensed wholesale dealers, 17. Apart from cases of illicit trafficking in prepared opium, there were in all 1,121 cases d illicit traffic, 701 in opium and 420 in morphine, cocaine and other dangerous drugs. Itie persons implicated numbered 1,719, 1,023 of whom were sentenced to terms of imprisonment of varying length or to fines ; in regard to the others, the charges were either dismissed or postponed. Formosa (Taiwan). O.C.23(v) 19. 1929. New laws and important orders and regulations have been issued and new administrative arrangements made in 1929 concerning illicit traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. For the purpose of thoroughly attaining the object of the Convention of 1925 as well as of securing and accelerating the complete suppression of the habit of opium-smoking, t™ Government revised the Opium Ordinance for Taiwan and the Regulations for its Enforcemen ■ Furthermore, in order to make the control of dangerous drugs thoroughly effective, the Government drew up regulations for the control of narcotic drugs in Taiwan. In order to suppress secret smoking once for all and to secure and accelerate the complete suppression of opium-smoking in general, in accordance with the spirit of the revised Opiu Ordinance, the Government adopted, a new policy with regard to secret smokers, consisting — 75 — in the granting of licences for the last time to such addicts as are incorrigible and in subjecting oil others to curative treatment. The enquiry regarding secret smokers was started on D ecember 18th, 1929. E x c e p t as regards the import of raw opium by the Government, the import or export of opium is absolutely prohibited. Permission for the import or export of dangerous drugs is given only when the authorities are satisfied that the goods for import or export are destined for legitimate medical or scientific purposes. When authorisation for import is given, the Government issues an import permit together with an import certificate written in English. In this way, the import certificate system is strictly enforced. Transactions with a country which has not yet adopted the import-certificate system are controlled in the same way as those with a country which enforces that system. Opium is a monopoly of the Government. The manufacture, sale, distribution, use, etc., of dangerous drugs are rigidly restricted to medical and scientific purposes. The Government rese rv e s to itself the right of granting permission to manufacture drugs, while the traffic in, and use of, such drugs are strictly controlled by means of certain restrictions. In particular, the Government makes great efforts to prevent and suppress smuggling and the illegitimate consumption of opium. Illicit traffic is chiefly carried on in prepared opium, mostly by Chinese, in order to meet the demands of illicit smokers in the island. It is generally smuggled in by means of Chinese junks and distributed by natives of Chinese origin. Confiscated opium of good quality is used by the Government for the manufacture of prepared opium to be supplied to licensed smokers, while that of inferior quality is burnt. The raw opium imported was exclusively used for manufacturing prepared opium tu be s u p p lie d by the Government of Taiwan to licensed smokers, the total quantity of the opium so used being 30,116 kg. None of this opium was used for medical purposes. Smoking by addicts who had contracted the habit prior to the enforcement of the revised Opium Ordinance (January 9th, 1929) has been officially recognised. Complete prohibition has been proclaimed and secret smokers are now liable to imprisonment. In addition, a new policy of subjecting smokers to curative treatment has been adopted. The establishment of opium dens has been prohibited. The retail price of prepared opium remained the same as that mentioned in the report for 1923. The number of licensed smokers at the end of 1929 was 25,022. The number of resident Chinese at the end of 1929 was 41,478 and the total native population 4,298,422. The profit obtained from the sale of prepared opium was 2,194,912 yen, which represents 2.04 per cent of the total revenue of the Government of Taiwan for the fiscal year. The following persons are permitted to use, or be in possession of, morphine, heroin, medicinal opium, cocaine and other drugs to which the Convention of 1925 applies : medical practitioners, chemists and persons duly authorised in accordance with the provisions of Article XXVIII of the Regulations for the Control of Narcotic Drugs in Taiwan. O.C.23 (t) 21. 1930. With a view to making the control of the traffic in opium thoroughly effective, the police and Customs forces were considerably strengthened during the year, the police being increased by 5 sergeants and 35 constables. " These officials were placed in exclusive charge of the application of the opium laws and regulations and the detection of opium offences. The Customs House staff has been strengthened by the addition of eight new officials to its force. Furthermore, the Government authorities have designated areas for the sale of this drug and issued instructions to the provincial Governments to collate and examine more closely than hitherto the books in which retail dealers are required to enter all quantities of Prepared opium sold by them. The import-certificate system is regarded as a valuable means of promoting international co-operation for the control of import and export. Police officers visit and inspect all factories, together with the stores of dealers in medicine anc* other persons trading in drugs. No difficulties have arisen in the application or enforcement of the laws. Last year, a sweeping reform was introduced with a view to accelerating the suppression °pium-smoking. The new policy lays stress upon the reclamation of addicts and secret smokers, and during the year an enquiry was started into the situation of such persons, in order that licences may be granted once for all to those who are beyond reclamation, while f u re^ are subjected to curative measures. This work was completed during 1930, with the 0 owing results : 25,527 suspected smokers were subjected to administrative investigation medical examination ; of those, 5,518 persons were granted licences, 13,584 subjected to rap Ve measures (administrative measures for reclamation) and 6,209 ordered to give up rev many as 2,336 addicts have already been cured of the vice during the year under — 76 — The policy of reclamation has caused many addicts to take refuge in secret smoking The authorities accordingly decided to remodel the opium law and framed a new policy, based on the reclamation of confirmed smokers as the principal means of attaining complete suppression. For the prevention of secret smoking, it was decided that clandestine smokers should always he sentenced to penal servitude, with a view to curing them of their vice by restricting their personal freedom. At the same time, the policy of subjecting addicts to curative treatment as an administrative measure was adopted. In this way it is hoped that the effective abolition of clandestine smoking will be attained. At the end of 1930, the licensed smokers comprised 23,237 natives of Taiwan and 231 Chinese. Besides these, there were 14,570 natives of Taiwan and 442 Chinese who were subjected to curative measures but had not yet been cured. At the end of the year under review therefore, the total number of opium-smokers in Taiwan was made up of the above- mentioned licensed smokers, plus those subjected to curative measures— i.e., 38,480. Revenue from the sale of prepared opium represents 3 per cent of the total revenue. Prosecutions for the secret smoking of prepared opium, offences committed and sentences passed were as follows : number of cases prosecuted, 171 ; number of offences committed, 421, The punishment was invariably penal servitude. As regards the disposal of the confiscated prepared opium, that of good quality was converted for the manufacture of prepared opium by the Monopoly Bureau, while that of poor quality was destroyed. Those authorised to use and possess cocaine are : medical practitioners (1,272), dentists (217), veterinary surgeons (255), pharmacists (127), dealers in medicine (2,899), manufacturers of drugs (20) and persons authorised to use it for scientific purposes. There were prosecutions in 283 cases of illicit traffic. The number of offences committed was 656. A total of 143 offenders were condemned to penal servitude and 513 were fined, No drugs were confiscated. Kwantung Leased Territory. O.C.23^; 19. 1929. No new laws or regulations were issued, nor were any revised or rescinded. Raw opium is imported by the Government for the exclusive purpose of manufacturing prepared opium for the use of licensed smokers and for manufacturing medicinal opium. No private persons are permitted to import or export raw opium or prepared opium. For the import or export of narcotics, authorisation must be obtained from the Governor-General of Kwantung, which is given only when they are needed for medical purposes. When the authorisation for import is given, a permit is issued, and an English import certificate is issued to any person importing raw opium from outside Japan proper. The import-certificate system is thoroughly enforced. When transactions are effected with countries which have not yet adopted the import-certificate system, import certificates in English are nevertheless issued. For export, it is the policy of the Government to grant permission after a careful examination of the permit issued by the authorities of the country of destination, but so far there has been no export of this kind. The manufacture, sale, distribution, use, etc., of dangerous drugs are restricted by laws and regulations. Control is strictly exercised over them, special efforts being directed towards the prevention of smuggling and the suppression of illicit opium-smoking. The situation in regard to the drug habit remains the same as related in the preceding reports. The origin and course of illicit traffic have-remained the same as before. In regard to the traffic in opium and narcotic drugs, in co-operation with the Chinese Customs authorities, the police and the Monopoly Bureau authorities are always on t h e alert to e x e r c i s e strict control. Offences are unremittingly prosecuted and penalties are inflicted on offenders in accordance with the Opium Ordinance, the Regulations for the Control oi Narcotic Drugs, and the other relevant laws and regulations. Information regarding seizures is given in the report, which contains a table showing the number of cases taken up and of persons prosecuted in 1929. The seized opium of inferior quality was burnt, and that of good quality transferred to the Monopoly Bureau ; the remaining narcotics were placed in Government custody. The retail price of prepared opium remained the same as last year. The total number of licensed smokers registered at the end of 1929 was 38,858. The Chinese population of Kwantung at the end of last year was 777,300. The net profit obtained from the monopoly sale of opium was 1,322,602 yen (fiscal year)) making 3.5 per cent of the total revenue of the Kwantung Government, which amoun e to 37,474,517 yen. — 11 — O.C.23(t) 21. 1930. On October 24th, the Government promulgated Rules for the Control of the Transport of Opium *n Vessels with a view to the control of ships smuggling opium. On January 30th, 1930, the Government repealed the provision of Clause 3 of the Supplementary Rule to the Rules for the Control of Narcotics, which had come into effect on October 1st, 1927, and provided that narcotics, the purchase of which had been arranged prior to the coming into force of the above-mentioned rules and which were in course of conveyance a t the time of the coming into force of the rules, might be imported without the authorisation of the Governor of Kwantung. The import-certificate system is working satisfactorily. A case was reported in which opium covered by an import certificate issued by the Government of Kwantung had to be transhipped at a port in a third country (Shanghai), where the vessel transporting i t was obliged to put in owing to unforeseen circumstances. This Was taken as an infringement of the Regulations in force in the port in question, the ship was detained, and as a result the importation of the opium gave rise to some difficulty. The Government of Kwantung is not carrying out the licensing system with regard to p e rso n s dealing in narcotics. Effective control is being exercised through the application of the provisions regarding dangerous or poisonous goods contained in the Regulations concerning Medicines, as well as those of the Regulations for the Control of Narcotics. The manufacture of narcotics is not as a general rule permitted, with the sole exception of happoryu (preparation of opium alkaloid) manufactured by the Dairen Drug Factory. During the year under review, however, this factory did not manufacture any quantities of this drug and the Government experienced no difficulties in the way of control. Among the people living under the jurisdiction of the Kwantung Government, the drug habit is recognised to be fairly widespread so far as the resident Chinese are concerned. The Government authorities propose to conduct an enquiry with the co-operation of the local medical practitioners and pharmacists into the prevalence of drug addiction. Practically all the addicts living in the territory under the jurisdiction of the Kwantung Government are Chinese, many of them without means. They are therefore unable to obtain the necessary prescriptions from medical practitioners. To cope with the situation, the authorities hope that medical practitioners will, by way of social service, examine drug addicts in needy circumstances and provide them with prescriptions free of charge. At the fame time, they feel that the most effective wa>r of ensuring control is the adoption, in the case of drug addicts, of a system of rationing similar to the registration system. The retail price ranged between 40 yen and 60.60 yen per kg. The price was changed from time to time according to the market quotations for the drug' in the neighbouring country with which the territory is closely linked, with a view to the prevention of smuggling. The number of licensed smokers registered at the end of the year under review was 30,491. All were Chinese. The revenue obtained during the fiscal year 1930 from the opium monopoly was 2,028,432 yen— i.e., 8 per cent of the total revenue for the yTear. No prepared opium wras confiscated. The persons permitted to use and possess narcotics are medical practitioners (431), dentists (85), veterinary surgeons (6), pharmacists (146) and manufacturers of drugs. The number of offences connected with opium and other narcotics was 207. Cases to the number of 191 led to prosecution and 203 persons were punished. All raw opium confiscated was sold byr the Monopoly Bureau to be used for the manufacture of prepared opium. The country of origin is unknown. 4. THE NETHERLANDS. Curaçao. 1930. The provisions of the Geneva Convention of 1925 have, by an Order of April 22nd, 1930, been made applicable to eucodal, dicodide and dilaudide. Except as regards consignments by post, narcotics may only be imported and exported through the port of Willemstad. There were a few seizures in 1930, mostly on board ship. Netherlands Indies. °'C.23fe; 20. 1929. Owing to the extension of traffic and commerce and the considerable increase in the dumber of Chinese, among whom there were many smokers, illicit traffic flourished in the ^-oeantan districts (sub-district of the Indragiri" district) of the Riouw Residency and Qependencies, wrhere the use of opium has been entirely prohibited since the establishment the Régie. This illicit traffic could not be suppressed even by considerably strengthening e.Police force. It was therefore considered necessary7 to include this sub-district in the e§ions where Chinese may smoke opium if they take out a licence. — 78 — The application of the system of import and export certificates for controlling import and exports of drugs and coca leaves has not given rise to any difficulty. In some cases copies of certificates issued for the export of coca leaves which had been forwarded to the Governments of the importing countries, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 4, 0f the Convention of February 19th, 1925, have not been returned ; it has therefore been impossible to prove that the consignments for which these certificates were issued were imported into the countries of destination. Information has been requested from the countries concerned. There were no exports to countries which do not apply the system of import certificates The lawful consumption of morphine for other than Government purposes is gradually diminishing. In many cases, it has been found that the raw opium seized presumably came from Asia Minor, Persia or Bengal. The quantities of other drugs seized were so small that the question of their origin may be disregarded. The Central Opium Police Service, established in 1927, continued to register persons guilty of opium offences or known to be engaged in illicit opium traffic. By the end of 1929,"more than 1,700 traffickers had been registered. Information regarding illicit traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs was exchanged with foreign authorities. The total area planted with coca was 1,063 hectares, not including roadside plantations, hedges, etc. The total quantity of prepared opium (chandu) sold in 1929 by the Opium Régie was 1,523,462.845 taels (58,806 kg.). The sale prices were not changed during the year 1929, and varied in different areas from 18 to 30 florins per tael, the average price being 26.87 florins. An annex to the report gives a survey of the distribution of Régie opium as between licensed and non-licensed persons, the average consumption of Régie opium per smoker among these two categories of the various groups of the population and the average consumptici per head of the Chinese, native and total population. The average annual consumption of Régie opium in 1929 was 12.60 taels (486 grammes) per Chinese smoker, and 3.96 taels (153 grammes) per native smoker. The annual consumption per 100,000 inhabitants in 1929 was 1,644 taels (63.46 kg.) in the islands of Java and Madura, 5,900 taels (227.74 kg.) in the other parts of the Netherlands East Indies (Buitengewesten), and 2,884 taels (111.32 kg.) in the Netherlands East Indies as a whole. The annual expenditure per head of the population on Régie opium in 1929 was 0.49 florin in the islands of Java and Madura, 1.46 florin in the Buitengewesten and 0.77 florin in the whole of the Netherlands Indies. The gross revenue from opium in 1929 was 40,938,286 florins or 4.86 per cent of the total revenue of the Netherlands Indies which, according to the provisional figures, amounted to 841,760,000 florins. As in the last two years, only 34,000,000 florins of this revenue was used for the ordinary service of the 1929 budget. All the expenditure was charged to the ordinary budget service as in previous years. Indirect expenditure, such as the cost of police work, is not included in these expenses, but is charged to other items in the budget. The net revenue included in the ordinary service was, according to provisional figures, 27,207,592 florins or 5.27 per cent of the total net ordinary revenue of 516,538,572 florins. By net ordinary revenue is meant receipts after deducting all direct expenditure. In 1929, there were 1,387 seizures of prepared Régie opium or of dross derived therefrom, and 495 seizures of other prepared opium or dross. The quantities seized were 34 and 272 kilogrammes respectively. The Customs made 26 seizures (amounting to 3 kilogrammes) and 65 seizures (109 kilogrammes) respectively. According to the marks on the tins, m o s t of the prepared opium imported came from China. Prepared opium seized, confiscated in accordance with existing regulations, or having come into the possession of the Government in some other manner was transferred to the Opium Régie factory if it was capable of being used by the Government ; otherwise it was destroyed. This prepared opium is used to manufacturing Régie chandu. In certain parts of the Netherlands Indies, Indian hemp grows here and there in a wild state. Hemp growing is, however, prohibited by the Drugs Ordinance. This ordinance also prohibits the possession, use, importation and exportation of Indian hemp and the resin o btain ed from it and of the usual preparations of which the resin is the base, such as hashish, bhang, ganja, esrar, chira, charas and djamba. There were no seizures of Indian hemp or i t s resin during 1929. There are no factories manufacturing narcotic drugs in the Netherlands Indies. The use of narcotic drugs is permitted only to persons for whom these drugs have been prescribed in the usual manner by a medical practitioner. In 1929, altogether 89 persons were placed under detention awaiting trial on suspicion of an opium offence. In all, 1,742 prosecutions took place for infringement of the provisions contained in the Drugs Ordinance and the Régie Opium Ordinance in cases where opium o* other narcotics had been seized. Some cases referred to infringements committed in previous years. In 111 cases, the accused were acquitted; in 1,384 cases, fines were administered, in 170 cases, sentences of detention or imprisonment were imposed, and, in 77 cases, sentence of detention or imprisonment together with fines. The fines inflicted varied from 25 cen s to 5,000 florins, and the terms of detention or imprisonment from 1 day to 2 years. There were 117 seizures of raw opium amounting to 149 kilogrammes, 35 of these seizures (22 kilogrammes in all) being effected by the Customs. The total amount of illicit opium seized (raw and prepared opium) was considerably less than in the previous year. It should not, however, be concluded that the illicit traffic diminished to the same extent. The fact that, only a few days after the end of the year 1929, a single consignment was seized at Tandjongpriok, consisting of an enormous quantity (145 kilogrammes of raw opium and 193 kilogrammes of prepared opium) hidden in 200 barrels of cement, shows th at it is not safe to draw premature conclusions. There were 74 seizures of drugs other than raw and prepared opium. The quantities seized were trifling. All the raw opium and other drugs confiscated in accordance with existing regulations were handed over to the Opium Régie Factory if capable of being used for Government p u r p o s e s ; otherwise they were destroyed. The raw opium is used by the factory for the manufacture of Régie chandu ; the other drugs are placed at the disposal of the Army Medical Service if of any use to them ; otherwise they are destroyed. All the confiscated opium—both raw and prepared—had been imported from abroad. Almost all this opium had been seized at the time of importation or immediately afterwards. The report concludes with an account of the campaign undertaken against the abuse of opium, the treatment of opium addicts, and the results obtained in various hospitals. A sum of 50,000 florins was voted in the 1929 budget for the purposes of granting subsidies to hospitals specially engaged in the treatment of opium addicts. O.C.23(g) 21. 1930. The existing legislation on opium and other dangerous drugs was not changed in 1930. The import-certificate system has worked satisfactorily. The lawful consumption of morphine for other than Government purposes remained almost stationary. In view of the increasing number of seizures of morphine or preparations containing morphine and of the quantities of drugs confiscated on such occasions, the Opium Régie opened an enquiry into the question whether the abuse of morphine, hitherto almost entirely confined to the western part of Java, had spread to other areas. The results of the enquiry show a very slight increase in morphine addiction in Western Java only. In many cases, it was possible to determine the country of origin of the raw opium confiscated. Several packages of Persian raw opium bore the stamp “ Haji Cholam Ali & Haji Mohamad Bahar Behbehani & Sons, Bushire”. The total area planted with coca in the Netherlands East Indies was 905 hectares, not including roadside plantations, hedges, etc. The coca leaves grown in the Netherlands East Indies are intended exclusively for export. No new regulations were made regarding the consumption, possession, etc., of Régie opium. The existing regulations were not altered. The total quantity of prepared opium (chandu) sold in 1930 by the Régie was 1,276,645.81 taels (49,278 kg.). The sale prices of Régie opium were not changed in 1930, and varied in the different areas from 18 to 30 florins per tael, the average price being 27.06 florins. Seizures of opium, and the amounts seized, have fallen as compared with 1929. The average consumption of Régie opium in 1930 was 11.99 taels (0.463 kg.) per Chinese smoker, and 3.56 taels (0.137 kg.) per native smoker. The consumption per 100,000 inhabitants in the islands of Java and Madura was 1,263 taels (48.75 kg.), in the other parts of the Netherlands East Indies (Buitengewesten) ->.943 taels (152.19 kg.), and in the Netherlands East Indies as a whole 2,102 taels (81.13 kg.). The gross revenue from opium in 1930 was 34,548,627 florins, or 4.58 per cent of the total revenue of the Netherlands East Indies, which, according to the provisional figures, amounted to 753,973,000 florins. The net revenue appropriated to the ordinary service of the budget was, according to the Provisional figures, 26,907,378 florins, or 6.13 per cent of the total net ordinary revenue of 439,302,246 florins. In 1930, there were 1,359 seizures of Régie opium or dross, and 431 seizures of other Prepared opium or dross. The quantities seized were 29 and 346 kg. respectively. According to the marks on the tins, most of the prepared opium imported came from . some cases, the tins in which the illicit chandu was packed bore a close resemblance those used for packing Macao Government opium. Inspection at the opium factory, imitât^’ S^10we^ that it was certainly not the genuine Macao opium, but a very good a xi,'/,!1 certain parts of the Netherlands East Indies, Indian hemp grows here and there in 1 d state. Further, persons from British India employed in enterprises on the east coast dps+Umatra cultivate Indian hemp in their gardens. The seven plantations discovered were r°yed, as hemp growing is prohibited by the Drugs Ordinance (Law Gazette, 1927, No. _/8). — 80 — There are no factories manufacturing narcotic drugs in the Netherlands East Indies, The possession of narcotic drugs (with the exception of raw and prepared opium, crude cocaine, ecgonine and the resin obtained from Indian hemp) is permitted to : (1) Pharmaceutical chemists in charge of a pharmacy and medical practitioners who have a dispensary ; (2) Veterinary surgeons in places where there is no pharmacy, and wholesale druggists ; (3) Medical practitioners other than those mentioned in (1), veterinary surgeons in places where there is a pharmacy, dentists and also persons holding a prescription from a veterinary surgeon ordering these drugs to be used for veterinary purposes ; (4) Manufacturers of medicaments ; (5) Persons authorised by the Head of the Public Health Service, solely for scientific or other important purposes ; (6) Persons for whom these drugs have been prescribed in the ordinary manner by a medical practitioner for their personal use. Six wholesale dealers in medicaments hold the permit referred to. There are no manufacturers of medicaments. According to the scheme for recording data concerning the illicit traffic in drugs adopted since January 1st, 1930, by the Central Department for Opium Research, 1,298 persons were registered as guilty of opium offences (apart from those committed with Régie chandu), while 537 persons were reported as suspected of being engaged in the illicit traffic. In 1930, altogether 61 persons were placed under detention awaiting trial on suspicion of an opium offence. In all, 1,594 prosecutions took place for infringements of the provisions of the Drugs Ordinance and the Régie Opium Ordinance (Law Gazette, 1927, Nos. 278 and 279) in cases where opium or other narcotics had been seized. In 120 cases, the accused were acquitted ; in 1,351 cases, fines were administered ; in 150 cases, sentences of detention or imprisonment were inflicted, and, in 156 cases, sentences of detention or imprisonment together with fines. The fines inflicted varied from 25 cents to 5,000 florins and the terms of detention or imprisonment from 1 day to 2 years. In addition, there were 62 cases of infringement without seizure of opium or other narcotic. These were cases of infringements of the regulations by persons keeping smoking-establishments or possessing paraphernalia generally used for preparing opium, etc. No cases are reported of infringements in which poppy or coca leaves were seized. The total number of chandu and raw opium seizures has fallen, but the quantity of narcotics, particularly raw opium, seized has risen considerably as compared with the previous year. There was, however, a large amount of chandu and raw opium seized at Tandjongpriok; this seizure will be described below. It follows that the data available cannot give a complete picture of the traffic, and no sure conclusion can be drawn from the figures, as there is always a considerable element of chance in estimating the quantities of narcotics seized. The total quantity of Régie opium, illicit chandu and raw opium seized amounted to 559 kg., or more than 1.1 per cent of the quantity of Régie opium sold in 1930. The large seizure at Tandjongpriok mentioned above was made by the Customs when inspecting 200 barrels of cement brought from Hong-Kong by the s.s. Tjikembang of the Java-China-Japan Lijn. In 15 of these barrels were found 320 packages of raw Persian opium and 5,199 tins of illicit chandu, corresponding to 87 and 193 kg. respectively of good quant) chandu. There were 103 seizures of drugs other than raw opium, prepared opium and Indian chain (including the resin and galenical preparations). Two of these seizures related to 0.084 % of medicinal opium or preparations thereof, 81 to morphine (2.919 kg.), one to other opm® alkaloids (0.004 kg. of heroin), and 19 to cocaine (0.003 kg.). As already stated, the number of seizures of morphine and preparations containing morphine and its derivatives increased by 21 (81 in 1930 as against 60 in 1929), while tn quantity seized was more than 2.919 kg. as compared with 0.166 kg. in 1929. Codeine is not manufactured in the Netherlands East Indies. Imports of codeine amounted to 57 kg. ; there were no exports of codeine. The consumption for medical purpo was 35 kg. For purposes of propaganda against the consumption of opium, the Government subsidies of 5,000, 1,500 and 4,700 florins respectively to t h e Anti-Opium Association, Bata V the Netherlands East Indies Lodge of the International Order of Good T e m p la r s , ?*n Netherlands East Indies Anti-Opium Association, Bandoeng. The treatment of opium addicts calls for increasing attention. , , In 1930, regulations were adopted regarding the subsidies to be granted to treating opium eaters. Under the system adopted (Law Gazette, 1930, No. 135), self-g°x ,grS corporations and other bodies engaged more especially in trying to cure or wean ?Pllin!ioCjical from their addiction are given a Government subsidy paid in a lump sum or in Pel amounts or are supplied free with medicaments from the Government stores. — 81 — Surinam. 1930. No fresh regulations regarding opium and other dangerous drugs were issued during 1930 and the existing regulations remain unchanged. No difficulty has been experienced in the working of the import-licence system ; no wholesale trade exists and there have been no exports. Two persons were prosecuted during 1930 for illicit possession of opium, and sentences of one month’s and six weeks’ imprisonment respectively were imposed. 5. PORTUGAL. Angola. 1930. In accordance with Law 645, of March 24th, 1928, no narcotic drugs can be imported without a licence from the Governor of the colony. Germany was the country of origin of the imports. There is no case of illicit traffic to report. Portuguese Guinea. 0,C.23<%> 21. 1930. By Provincial Decree No. 64A, promulgated on July 31st, 1930, codeine, while remaining exempt from the restrictions applicable to drugs of addiction, has, for statistical purposes, been made subject to a Customs declaration. The import-certificate system has worked satisfactorily, no difficulties of any kind having arisen. Macao. O.C.23f/j 20. 1929. In 1929, the services of the Inspectorate of Taxes were re-organised. That Inspectorate was abolished by Decree No. 73, of July 9th, 1929, published in Official Bulletin No. 28, of July 13th of that year, and in its place the Inspectorate of Economic Services was set up. The previous inspectorate’s functions relating to the supervision of narcotics were transferred to the new body. The import-certificate system has been applied to all drugs in general and has worked satisfactorily. ^ Two consignments of raw opium were imported during the year-—namely, one of 250 cases of 70 kg. each, accompanied by certificate No. 2, of January 30th, 1929, and one of 150 cases, of the same weight, accompanied by certificate No. 3, of September 12th, 1929. The consumption of prepared opium during the civil year 1929 was 327,064 taels ; the usual selling-price was between $2.80 and $3, but in some cases opium was sold at $10 per tael. The population of Macao is as follows : resident, 157,175 ; floating, 1,384,553; total, 1,541,728. The revenue from opium during the civil year 1929 was $996,421, representing 25 per cent of the total revenue of the colony. There were 142 cases of infringements and illicit traffic during the year. The quantities opium seized and the method of disposal are given in a table attached to the report. The total quantity of prepared opium manufactured was 14,116 kg. ; for its manufacture -2,120 kg. of raw opium were used ; the consumption of prepared opium was 12,264 kg. On December 31st, 1929, the Government had 11,200 kg. of raw opium in stock. Raw opiumillicitly imported to the amount of 1,033 kg. was confiscated. Of this, 166 kg. "'ere destroyed, 792 kg. were converted into prepared opium for local consumption and, at the end of the year, 75 kg. were in the Government warehouses. The cases of illicit traffic discovered during the year relate to raw and prepared opium Jftd are shown in a table annexed to the report, which contains also detailed information as the method of disposal of the opium seized. The penalties imposed were as follows : fines varying from $15 to $5,000 for ordinary fences and $20,000 in very grave cases ; imprisonment for periods varying from 8 days to ^ years. °'C.23(7ij 22. 1930. m The legal enactments referred to in previous reports remain in force. Generally speaking, eyjJre adequate to the needs of the colony of Macao. The Government of the colony is, however, anxious to adopt additional administrative easures to deal more effectively with the illicit traffic in opium. These measures are — 82 — embodied in a draft law which has already been approved by the Legislative Council of the colony and now requires only the sanction of the Central Government before being into force. In 1930, import certificates were issued by the Government of the colony of Macao as follows : Chests of raw opium No. 5 ...... 150 No. 6 ...... 50 Nos. 7 to 12: 50 chests each ...... 300 T o t a l ...... 500 The number of chests imported is below the yearly estimate of 500, the difference amounting to 36 chests. No difficulty has been experienced in connection with the imports mentioned above and the system of import certificates has worked well. Consignments arrive at Macao after transhipment at Bombay and Hong-Kong, and every assistance has been given by the competent authorities at these ports. No exports have been authorised. The manufacture of prepared opium is carried on under the direct control of the Government of the colony, this being a State monopoly under direct Government control, as provided in the Geneva Agreement of 1925. The Government of Macao has had occasion to request the co-operation of the Government of China, which was promptly granted. It has also supplied the Government of the United States of America with all particulars requested by the latter in connection with seizures carried out by the American authorities. The quantity of prepared opium consumed during 1930 was 378,398 taels (14,225 kg.), The retail sale price was $3.50 and, in some cases, $10. Receipts from opium during 1930 were $1,203,000, or 25 per cent of the total revenue of the colony. No exact estimate can be given of the number of opium-smokers, but for consumption purposes the number is estimated at about 92,503. The increase in consumption figures must be ascribed to a corresponding decrease in secret consumption, which has been most vigorously punished. Licences for the use or possession of narcotics have been granted solely to doctors and chemists. In 1930, 139 seizures were effected. In certain publications, and even in some official reports, reference has been made to seizures of considerable quantities of prepared opium believed to have come from Macao. The great bulk of the illicitly transported opium thus seized is said to be of the well-known “ Leao vermelho ” (Red Lion) brand. No proof is given in these reports that the opium in question actually comes from Macao ; on the contrary, the reasons adduced in support of these statements go rather to prove that the investigators are on the wrong track. This opium, composed of a mixture of Persian and Chinese opium, gums and other substances, bears no resemblance to the unadulterated product of the Macao monopoly ; nor can any definite proof of Macao origin be found in the quantities seized (which exceed the capacities of legitimate production) or in the statements of the masters of the vessels in which the drug was carried. It is probable that, just as the “ Lam Kee ” brand of opium is falsely ascribed to Macao, so also is that of other brands seized at Hong-Kong, in Java, in the Philippine Islands and elsewhere. The Macao Monopoly would be very glad if more stringent enquiries were made into the origin of these illegal brands which, by taking advantage of the high repute of the lawful product, not only damage the sale of the latter, but also give rise to unjust accusations at laxity in supervision which the Government of the colony formally repudiates. Mozambique. 1930. Decree No. 218, of April 5th, 1930, published in the colony’s Ofjicial Bulletin No. 14 May 16th, 1930, brings into force the Portuguese legislation ensuring the application of the Geneva Convention of February 19th, 1925. This decree introduces the import-certificate system. By this decree, the import of narcotic drugs is intended to meet the colony’s medics and scientific needs. Import is effected through the pharmacies or houses registered u n d e r t e Directorate of the Public Health and Hygiene Services ; such houses must k e e p a record oft e receipt and distribution of narcotic drugs. Persons failing to observe these regulations are subject to a penalty of from six months’ to one year’s imprisonment and to a fine of fro 225 to 450 dollars. The licences of houses which infringe the regulations are instan j withdrawn. The native population does not smoke opium. Some of the Chinese residents in Lorenzo Marques or Beira are taking to opium-smoking in suspected houses or establishments ; t , have up to now, however, not been c a u g h t in th e a c t. — 83 — The cultivation of Indian hemp was formerly introduced in to the colony. Decree No. 1918 ■ tains the former decisions expressly prohibiting the import, cultivation, consumption “Tsale of the plant in question. The C u s to m s authorities exercise strict control in order to prevent illicit traffic, especially vessels arriving from the East. A seizure was made at Lorenzo Marques in 1930 on a trson la n d in g from the Japanese steamer Mexico Maru. San Thomé and Principé. 1 930. Decree No. 32, of March 30th, 1927, remains in force and is entirely satisfactory. Timor. 1930. The most recent census for this colony shows 1,921 Chinese as against 462,270 natives. There were three seizures of opium or opium residues during 1930. All the offenders were Chinese travelling through the colony, upon whom fines were imposed. Deuxième Partie TABLEAUX STATISTIQUES SYNOPTIQUES Part II SYNOPTICAL STATISTICAL TABLES I. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA PRODUCTION DE L OPIUM BRUT POUR LES ANNÉES 192G-1930 I. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE PRODUCTION OF RAW OPIUM DURING THE YEARS 1926-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. 0 a r Cot a M enxU e?t destiné à montrer la superficie des cultures de pavot (colonnes The purpose of this table is to show the area under poppy cultivation (columns 2, 4 b, « et 1U) et la production en opium brut (colonnes 3, 5, 7, 9 et 11) de chaque pays 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) and the raw opium production (columns 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) for each producteur ; ces indications sont données pour chaque année de la période 1926-1930. producing country. These particulars are given for each year of the period 1926 to 1930 ,,, ?ur quelques pays, il manque un certain nombre de données nécessaires à In the case of some countries, certain of the data required for the compilation of 1 établissement de la statistique de certaines années. Cette absence est indiquée par the statistics for certain years are lacking. The absence of such figures is indicated bv un point d interrogation. r a question mark. J 1 2 3 4 6 1 5 7 8 9 10 i i 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Pays (a) Supertic e des cult i l res de pavot. (a) Area under poppy cultivatio Countries b) Product!on d'opium. (b) Opium production. (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (b) hect. kg. hect. kg- hect. A f g h a n is t a n kg. hect. kg- hect. kg- 00 B u l g a r ie B u l g a r ia ? ? ? 4 3 7 1 681 5 1 8 0 142 2 4 1 598 4 8 3 1 Ch in e Ch in a G rèce ? G reece 5 0 0 ? 4 3 0 (a) 270 (a) 3 4 2 8 25 2 3 0 ? 9 9 6 I n d e — I n d ia Inde britannique British India Provinces Unies United Provinces 28 756 4 9 2 0 8 7 21 157 4 0 2 9 0 5 19 410 2 6 3 4 5 4 Pundjab Hills 17 072 14 817 Punjab Hills 631 1 9 4 2 720 2 29(1 360 1 7 6 8 750 720 Etats indiens Indian States Etats Malwa Malwa States 14 600 3 1 3 8 8 9 13 805 1 4 2 0 9 3 Etats du Pundjab 13 218 Punjab States 16 568 3 7 5 5 8 2 8 2 3 211 Etats des Collines 1 044 8 1 9 0 de Simla 190 Simla Hill States 1 Etats Shan 902 5 535 992 ? 1 Shan States : t 7 •.!>» 1 0 - 1 7 7 7 ? ? ? 1 \ T o t a l p o u r l’I n d e | -1 5 9 5 5 0 0 7 O B O \ Total, tor India 3 7 5 2 1 3 2 2 - 1 3 1 ( b ) :ii i r. -.i, 1503A w i,,= “■ = 1 iNDO-CMINA / II ...... 11 1 J a p a n 4 8 3 a c ci 732 s 1 105 12 822 1 570 13 091 8 4 1 ' (c.) 9 182 Corée Chosen 2 79 813 367 769 4 1 5 808 74 6 1 500 7 3 6 (c) 1 255 P erse P e r s ia fd) 30 000 7 (d) 30 000 ? (e) 30 000 (e) 594 000 49 343 685 333 2 7 8 14 (c) 556 610 T u r q u ie T u r k e y ? 7 ? 7 ? ? 7 7 7 7 U. R. S. S. U. S. S. R. 7 7 7 43 019 7 36 530 7 61 174 7 102 341 Yougoslavie (j) Yugoslavia ( j ) 10 500 100 000 11 100 55 000 12 500 205 000 12 200 38 000 12 990 140 000 H o n g r ie H u n g a r y (3 ) 154 (a) Chiffre figurant dans le rapport annuel pour l’année 1929. (a) Figure taken from the annual report for the year 1929. (b) Ce sont les chiffres communiqués au Comité central. Les chiffres pour 1929 représentent seulement (b) Figures communicated to the Central Boaid. The figures for 1929 representmerely the production in la production dans l’Inde britannique. Le rapport annuel adressé au Secrétariat de la Société des Nations British India. The annual report forwarded to the Secretariat of the League of Nations for this year gives the pour cette année donne les chiffres suivants comme production : Provinces unies, 269 900 kg. ; Pundjab Hills, folio wing figures of production : United Provinces, 269 900 kg. ; Punjab Hills, 2 859 kg. ; Malwa States, 2 859 kg. ; Etats Malwa, 140 523 kg. ; Etats du Pundjab, 617 kg. ; Etats des Collines de Simla, 8 265 kg. ; et 140 523 kg. ; Punjab States, 617 kg. ; Simla Hill States, 8 265 kg. ; Shan States, 22419 kg. ; total : Etats Shan, 22 419 kg. ; soit au total : 441 582 kg. Le rapport annuel pour 1930 donne les chiffres suivants 444 582 kg. For the year 1930, the annual report gives the following figures of production : United Provinces, comme production : Provinces Unies, 267 618 kg. ; Pundjab Hills, 2 260 kg. ; Etats Shan, 29 642 kg. 267 618 kg. ; Punjab Hills, 2 260 kg. ; Shan States, 29 642 kg. (c) Chiffres communiqués au Comité central permanent de l’opium. (c) Figures communicated to the Permanent Central Opium Board. (d) Estimations établies d’après les chilires pour 1925 et 1928. (d) Estimates based on the figures for 1925 and 1928. (e) Chiffres approximatifs. (e) Approximate figures. (f) Tous ces chiffres sont indiqués dans le rapport annuel pour 1930. (f) All these ligures have been extracted from the annual report for 1930. (g) Le rapport annuel ne donne que la surface cultivée dans le domaine de Pusztamizse : environ (g) The annual report gives only the area under cultivation on the Pusztamizse Estate : about 2% hec 2 y2 hectares. Production : 104 kg. tares. Production : 104 kg. — 8 8 — — 89 — II. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LES EXPORTATIONS D'J § PRINCIPAUX PAYS PRODUCTEURS POUR LES ANNÉES 1926-1930 II. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE RAW oPltu J THE PRLNCIPAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES 1926-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Dans ce tableau, on s’est efforcé, en premier lieu, de déterminer le volume des J This table attempts, first, to determine the volume of the raw opium exports of the pro tâtions d’opium brut des pays producteurs (sans comprendre les réexportations) et, en sec I ving countries (without re-exports) and, secondly, to calculate the relation, expressed as lieu, de calculer le rapport, exprimé en pourcentage, entre le total des exportations™! percentage, between each country’s total exports and its exports (a) to narcotic manu- chaque pays et le chiffre de ses exportations : a) à destination des pays fabricants destiij cturing countries, ( b) to countries consuming prepared opium and (c) to all other fiants, b) à destination des pays consommateurs de l’opium préparé, et cj à destination!! tous les autres pays. ^Figures for countries which have not furnished the Secretariat w i t h export statistics, Les chiffres relatifs aux exportations de la Yougoslavie présentent la difficulté suivante! d figures for countries which have not adopted the import certificate system, have been pour les années 1926-1929, la majeure partie des exportations de la Yougoslavie ontraj tablished in accordance with the imports from these countries furnished "by the importing en transit par le port de Salonique et ont été réexportées par la Grèce. La destinatiol untries concerned. These figures are generally lower than the real exports, in view of finale des exportations yougoslaves n’a pu, par conséquent, être indiquée dans les statistiqJ e fact t h a t allowance has not been made for imports from importing countries which have yougoslaves. On a donc obtenu les chiffres des exportations yougoslaves à destination del ot fu rn ish ed import data to the Secretariat ; and also to the fact that, in the case of countries pays fabricants en ajoutant les exportations directes de la Yougoslavie à destination des »ay] hich h a v e n o t adopted the import certificate system, the difference between the export fabricants aux importations indiquées par ces pays comme provenant de Grèce. L ’opiumë] oures g iv en by these countries and those given by the importing countries which have question est supposé être de l’opium yougoslave et non de l’opium grec, étant donné la tri] d o ptedthe system is always very considerable. This is clear in relation to Persia and Turkey faible production d’opium de la Grèce. Quant aux chiffres des importations pour chaqnj the figures regarding them in this table are compared with the figures recorded in the année de ce dernier pays, ils ont été établis d'après les chiffres de la production en supposai] Mistical Year-Book of the League of Nations for 1931-32, Table 102 (b), page 190. que les quantités produites ont été entièrement exportées à destination des autres pays. | The figures for the exports of Yugoslavia involve the following difficulty : ïn th e years Les chiffres concernant les pays qui n’ont pas fourni au Secrétariat les chiffres d’exporl 926 to 1929, the bulk of Yugoslav exports went in transit through the port of Salonika tation et les chiffres de ceux qui n’ont pas adopté le système des certificats d’importation d were re-exported by Greece. The final destination of Yugoslav exports could not, ont été établis d’après les chiffres des importations provenant de ces pays, chiffres fourni] onsequently, be stated in the Yugoslav statistics. The figures for exports of Yugoslavia par les pays importateurs. Ces chiffres sont généralement inférieurs aux chiffres réels d’expoM manufacturing countries have accordingly been obtained by adding the direct exports from tation, du fait qu’on n’a pas tenu compte de certaines quantités importées dans les pay] iigoslavia to manufacturing countries and imports returned by these countries as coming importateurs qui n’ont pas fourni au Secrétariat leurs chiffres d’importation et que, pou] om Greece. The opium in question is presumed to be Yugoslav, and n ot Greek, opium, les pays n’ayant pas adopté le système des certificats d’importation, la différence entre le] s Greece produces only very small quantities of opium. The Greek export figures for every chiffres déclarés par les pays exportateurs et ceux déclarés par les pays importateurs qui ear have been computed as being those of production, assuming that the whole pro- ont adopté ce système est toujours très considérable. On peut la constater pour laPerseel uction has been exported to other countries. pour la Turquie, en comparant les chiffres y relatifs dans ce tableau avec ceux figurant ai] tableau 102 (b), page 190, de l’Annuaire statistique de la Société des Nations pour 1931-32 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 5 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Expor Exporta Exporta Exporta Exporta- tions Exporta tions tions tations Exporta tions Exporta Expor Pays producteurs tions Exporta vers les Expor tions vers les Exporta tions vers les tations vers vers les pays exportateurs vers les les pays tions Exporta pays pays tations Exporta veil Exporta vers les pays tions Exporta vers les vers Exporta vers les tions vers les tions consom vers les tions pays consom les tions pays consom fabri consom tions pays mateurs fabri mateurs autres totales cants mateurs autres totales 'UTS totales fabri mateurs autres totales fabri autres totales Producing cants d’opium pays en 1926 d’opium pays en 1927 ium en 1928 cants d’opium pays en 1929 cants d’opium pays en 1930 Exports paré préparé préparé Exporting Countries Exports préparé Exports Total to préparé Exports Total Total Exports Exports Total Exports Exports Total to manu Exports to other exports Exports to other exports toil "rts exports to manu Exports to other exports to manu Exports to exports manu face pium to opium facturing to opium coun for 1926 facturing to opium coun for 1927 for 1928 facturing to opium coun for 1929 facturing other for 1930 coun- smoking tries smoking tries king coun- smoking tries coun smoking coun coun un- coun coun tries coun coun tries tries tries tries tries tries kg- kg- kg- kg- kg. kg. kg- kg kg. k g . k g . k g . k g . kg- k g . kg- k g . kg- B ulg a rie 232 (a) 232 6 338 6338 2 946 5 378 5 378 861 861 B ulgaria 100 % 100 % I 100 % 100 % 431) G rèce — — 500 500 —— 430 3 428 3 428 230 230 996 996 G r ee c e 100 % 100 % uo % 100 % 100 % In d e 40 000 516 114 18 556 132 39 487 466 188 9 505 684 ? | 697 458 223 36 643 363 199 83 399 925 6 543 310 919 70 317 532 In d ia 92,8 % 0,1 % M % 92,2 % 0,2 % 9,1 % 90,8 % 0,1 % 2,0 % 97,9 % 0,1 % P erse 2 349 209 705 2 519 a ; 214 573 260 579 1 653 a) 262232 a) 124 441 9 250 282 289 a) 291 539 109 929 182 591 a) 292 520 P e r s ia 1,0 % 97,7 % 99,3 % 0,7 % 3,2 % 96,8 % 37,6 % 62,4 % a) 222 241 T u r q u ie 312 093 18 302 4 608 a ; 335 003 213 287 6 929 2 025 951 2 320 a)290 326 258126 35 702 2 11 j a ) 296 603 185 429 32 720 3 950 a) 222 099 T u r k e y 5,6 % 1,2 % 99,6 % 0,1 % M % 87,0 % 12,1 % 83,5 % 1*,5 % 2,0 % 10199 U. R. S. S. (b) ? ? ? ? 10 199 — Jfj 22 741 34 337 34 337 35 000 35 000 U. S. S. R. (b) 100 % 100 % 100 % 82 378 1421 Yougoslavie ( c ) 74 283 — 13 256 87 539 67 457 — 14 921 3 834 146 582 67 604 2 114 69 718 35 285 981 36 266 Yugoslavia (c) 84,8 % 15,2 % 81,5 % 18,5 % W % 96,9 % 3,1 % 97,2 % 2,8 % (a) 107 A u t r e s p a y s ( d ) 5 596 532 ( a ) 6 128 —— 145 106 100 ( d ) Ot h e r Co u n t r ie s 91,3 % 8,7 % 100 % (a) Chiffres indiquant les importations provenant de ce pays, fournis par les pays importateurs- -, „ Imports Irom this country, given by the importing countries. (b) Chiffres donnés par le gouvernement de ce pays, figurant dans le document Conf. L.F.b.oui !cjS i t e e fven s by » the Government ot this country (see document Conf. 1..F.S.60 (a /). (c) Voir troisième paragraphe de la note explicative de ce tableau. (d) k„. ' , 1>;lragraph of the explanatory note to this table. (d) Kouang-Téou-Ouan et Afghanistan. "■wang-ChoW-Wan and Afghanistan. III. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LES QUANTITÉS D’OPIUM BRUT UTILISÉES POUR LA FARRICATION DES DROGUES POUR LES ANNÉES 1926-1930 III. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITIES OF RAW OPIUM UTILISED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF DRUGS 1926-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Dans ce tableau, on se rendra compte du total de la quantité d’opium brut utilisée This table shows the total amount of raw opium utilised annually by the manufac annuellement par les pays fabricants pour la fabrication des stupéfiants au cours de la turing countries for the manufacture of narcotic drags during the period 1926 to 1930. période 1926-1930 ; 011 verra de plus la quantité utilisée dans chaque pays fabricant It also indicates the quantity utilised in each manufacturing country and the percentage et le pourcentage de chacun des onze premiers pays par rapport au total de ces pays. for each of the first eleven countries as compared with the aggregate of them all. By En comparant le pourcentage de chaque année, attribué à chaque pays, on constatera comparing the percentage ascribed to each country each year, the fluctuation of the directement le mouvement, par rapport aux autres pays fabricants, de l’utilisation de amount of raw opium used for the manufacture of narcotic drugs, in comparison with l’opium brut pour la fabrication des stupéfiants, et indirectement le mouvement de the other manufacturing countries, is found as a direct result and, as an indirect result, cette fabrication dans un pays fabricant quelconque donné. Il est également possible the fluctuation in such manufacture in any given manufacturing country. It is also de comparer dans un pays l’augmentation et la diminution annuelle de cette fabri possible to compare in each country the annual increase or reduction in such manufacture cation en observant seulement les chiffres absolus indiquant la quantité utilisée qui le by taking only the absolute figures indicating the quantity utilised in respect of that concerne. country. Pour parvenir à calculer les pourcentages permettant de comparer les chiffres attri To calculate the percentages in order to compare the figures ascribed to each bués à chaque pays, on est obligé de n’établir les totaux que pour les pays qui ont fourni country, it is necessary to establish the totals only for those countries which have des renseignements complets ou bien pour lesquels on peut se procurer les données supplied complete particulars or for which it has been possible to obtain the neces nécessaires, soit par estimation, soit par d’autres moyens. sary data either by estimates or by other means. On adjoindra en tout cas des notes relatives à ces estimations. In every case a note is appended regarding these estimates. to o 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantités utilisées dans chaque pays pour la fabrication des drogues et % par rapport au total des quantités utilisées dans les premiers onze pays figurant au tableau. Pays Quantities utilised in each country for the manufacture of drugs and percentage of the total of the first eleven countries mentioned in the table. Countries 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 kg. % kg- % kg- % kg- % kg- % A l l em a g n e G erm a ny (a) 189 405 41,6 % (a) 117 120 34,9 % (a) 174 948 44,7 % 220 000 44,4 % 96 000 31,4 % E tats-U n is d ’A m é r iq u e U. S. A. (b) 46 124 10,1 % (b) 53 408 15,9 % (b) 56 746 14,5 % 68 472 13,8 % 43 396 14,2 % F rance (c) 39 000 8,6 % (c) 40 000 11,9 % (c) 72 780 18,6 % 121 419 24,6 % 124 950 40,8 % G r a n d e -B r et a g n e G reat B rita in 49 682 10,9 % 40 507 12,0 % 38 828 9,0 % 35 773 7,2 % 14 208 4,6 % H o n g rie H ung ary — .—. ——— 396 0,1 % l I t a l ie I I t a l y 481 0,1 % 331 0,1 % 415 0,1 % 548 0,1 % 196 0,1 % 1 J a i? o n 1 J a v a n 1 17 400 3,8 % 1-1 689 4A % 18 585 - 11 830 2,4 % 9 108 3,1 1,8 % ------„ . % ^ CorSr C h o s e n / 773 0,2 % 70S 0,2 % 11 — . jj 1 319 1 N orvèg e N orway ------— 53 ---- » — Suisse Switzerland (d ) 112 519 24,7 % (e.) 69 258 20,6 % 28 997 7,4 % 37 000 7,5 % 16 152 5,3 % T chécoslovaquie Czechoslovakia — ■— — 70 — 30 — T otal des pays sus mentionnés. T o ta l of the above- 455 38G 100 % 336 111 100 % 391 313 100 % 495165 100 % 306 190 100 % mentioned countries. T u r q u ie T u rkey U. R . S. S. (f) U. S. S. R . ( f ) ? 32 820 13 789 26 837 55 341 In d e (g) In d ia (g) (a) Estimations établies d’après les quantités de morphine fabriquée. (a) Estimates established in accordance with the quantities of morphine manufactured. (b) Chiffres approximatifs. (b) Approximate figures. (c) Estimations : quantité d’opium brut importée qui n’a été ni réexportéa, ni consommée, ni entreposée. (c) Estimates : quantity of raw opium imported which has not been re-exported, consumed or gone into stock. (d) Sur cette quantité, 85 062 kg. ont servi à la fabrication de drogues nuisibles et de préparations contenant (d) This figure is composed of 85 062 kg. utilised for the manufacture of dangerous drugs and preparations de l’opium, et 27 457 kg. à la fabrication de produits non visés par la convention de 1925. containing opium, and 27 457 kg. used for the manufacture of products not coming under the Convention of 1925. (e) Sur cette quantité, 25 471 kg. ont été utilisés pour la fabrication de stupéfiants, y compris les préparations (e) This figure is composed of 25 471 kg. utilised for the manufacture of drugs, including preparations contain contenant de l’opium, et 3 526 kg. pour la fabrication de produits non visés par la convention de 1925. ing opium, and 3 526 kg. used for the manufacture of products not coming under the Convention of 1925. (f) Ces chilïres figurent au document Conf. L.F.S.60 (a) ; ils représentent les quantités utilisées pour la (!) These figures are taken from document Conf. L.F.S. 60fa^. They represent the quantities used for home consommation intérieure. consumption. (g) Voir renseignements au tableau VII, concernant l’Inde. (g) See Table VII for information regarding India. — 92 — IV. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LES QUANTITÉS D’OPIUM BRUT UTILISÉ POUR LA FABRICATION DE L’OPIUM PRÉPARÉ POUR LES ANNÉES 1926-1930 IV. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITIES OF RAW OPIUM UTILISED FOR m E MANUFACTURE OF PREPARED OPIUM 1926-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Ce tableau a pour but de représenter, d’une part, The purpose of this table is to indicate, first, the le total des quantités d’opium brut utilisées pour total amounts of raw opium utilised each year and chaque année et pour l’ensemble de la période 1926- over the whole period 1926 to 1930 by each of the 1930, par chacun des pays fabricants de l’opium countries manufacturing prepared opium ; secondly préparé ; de montrer, d’autre part, le mouvement the annual fluctuation in the quantities of rawopit® annuel des quantités d’opium brut utilisées dans utilised in each of the above-mentioned countries for chacun desdits pays pour la fabrication de l’opium the manufacture of prepared opium. préparé. In the case of certain countries — for instance. Pour certains pays — par exemple, Macao et la Macao and Persia — the Secretariat does not pos Perse — le Secrétariat ne possède pas tous les rensei sess all the information which is required to compile gnements permettant d’établir les statistiques néces the necessary statistics for the entire period 1926 to saires pour toute la période de 1926-1930. De plus, 1930. Moreover, in the case of certain countries of pour certains pays importants au point de vue de importance from the point of view of this table —in ce tableau — notamment pour l’Indochine — il particular, Indo-China — it was impossible for the était impossible au Secrétariat (soit à cause de l’in Secretariat (either owing to the insufficiency of suffisance des données disponibles, soit à cause de the available data or to the complete absence of l’absence complète de ces données), de calculer les such data) to calculate the figures which should chiffres qui doivent figurer dans ce tableau. Cepen appear in this table. Nevertheless the Secretariat dant le Secrétariat estime qu’il peut être d’un grand is of the opinion th at it might be of considerable intérêt de comparer année par année, en suivant les interest to compare year by year, on the basis of chiffres absolus, les quantités de l’opium brut utili the absolute figures, the quantities of raw opium sées par chacun des pays fabricants de l’opium utilised by each of the countries manufacturing préparé. prepared opium. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Quantités utilisées pour la fabrication de l'opium préparé. Pays Quantities utilised for the manufacture of prepared opium. Countries 1926 1927 1928 1929 j 1930 1926-1930 kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. B o r n é o d u N o r d N o r t h B o r n e o 6 122 5 908 5 420 5 758 5 263 28 471 Ce y l a n Ce y l o n Etabliss. des Détroits (a ) Straits Settlements 234 873 214 235 184723 176 689 126 890 937 410 F ormose F ormosa 26 821 7 115 14 253 30 116 33 463 111768 H ong-K ong 9 345 (b) 16 071 13 039 5 212 7 812 51479 I n d f s néerlandaises N e t h e r l a n d s I n d ia 92 703 67 960 113 613 100 490 49 935 424 701 I n d o c h in e I n d o -Ch in a Kouan-Toung (Territoire à b ail de) (c) 33 543 42 883 35 530 51 661 43 901 207 518 K w a n t u n g (Leased Territ.) 45 630 Sa r a w a k 14 417 11 619 9 854 4 847 4 893 575 898 S ia m (d) 84 000 (d) 179 454 (d) 88 468 122 186 101 790 T otal des pays susmentionnés. 2 382875 T ota l of above-mentioned 501 824 545 245 464 900 496 959 373 947 countries. M acao ? (e) 2 353 (fj 11288 22 120 32 270 (g) 68 031 P e r s e P e r s ia j ----- (a) Les Etablissements des Détroits fournissent l'opium préparé à (a) Straits Settlements furnish prepared opium to an tousles Etats malais fédérés et non fédérés, ainsi qu’à l’Etat de Brunei. and Non-Federated Malay States, to the State of £>r (b) Quantité importée moins quantité réexportée. (b) Quantity imported less quantity re-exported. (c) Quantité vendue pour la fabrication de l’opium préparé. (c) Quantity sold for the manufacture of prepared opi (d) Quantité importée. (d) Imported quantity. (e) Pour les 6 derniers mois de l’année seulement. (e) For last six months only. (f) Quantité importée plus quantité saisie. (f) Imported plus seized quantities. 1ûqn (g) Total pour la période allant de juillet 1927 à fin 1930. (g) Total for the period July 1927 to the end of V. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA SUPERFICIE CULTIVÉE, LA QUANTITÉ RÉCOLTÉE ET LES EXPORTATIONS DES FEUILLES DE COCA POUR LES ANNÉES 1926-1930 V. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE AREA CULTIVATED, THE AMOUNT HARVESTED AND THE EXPORTS OF COCA LEAVES 1926-1930 V. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA SUPERFICIE CULTIVÉE, LA QUANTITÉ RÉCOLTÉE ET LES EXPORTATIONS DES FEUILLES DE COCA POUR LES ANNÉES 1926-1930 V. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE AREA CULTIVATED, THE AMOUNT HARVESTED AND THE EXPORTS OF COCA LEAVES 1926-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Pour établir le total mondial de la quantité récoltée des feuilles de coca pour chaque année de la période 1926-1930, et pour relever la The Secretariat has prepared this table in order to determine superficie des cultures et les quantités exportées des feuilles de coca the total world crop of coca leaves for each year of the period 1926 to le Secretariat a préparé ce tableau. 1930, and to indicate the area under coca-leaf cultivation and the quan tities exported. Il est regrettable que le Secrétariat ne soit pas suffisamment It is to be regretted that the Secretariat is not in possession of documente sur les chiffres nécessaires à l’établissement de statistiques pour tous les pays producteurs et que certains chiffres fleurant adequate information as to the figures required for the compilation of clans ce tableau soient incomplets et insuffisamment exacts. Du reste statistics for all the producing countries and that certain figures in les notes que l’on a adjointes à ce tableau perm ettent de se rendre this table are lacking in completeness and accuracy. The footnotes clairement compte de cette situation. Aussi bien, à cause de ces lacunes to the table indicate the position clearly. It follows that, owing to les objets que 1 on recherchait en dressant ce tableau n’ont-ils nas été these deficiencies, it has not been possible to attain all the purposes entièrement atteints. 1 which it was hoped to reach by compiling this table. Les chiffres qui, dans ce tableau, concernent la Bolivie et le Pérou sont ceux des importations provenant de ces pays à destination du The figures in this table for Bolivia and Peru are those of imports from these countries received by Chile, Argentine, the United States UnH de la République Argentine, des Etats-Unis d’Amérique, de la of America, Great Britain, France and Germany. They have been Grande-Bretagne, de la b rance et de l’Allemagne. Ces chiffres sont fournis par ces pays importateurs (voir pages 318-321 du procès-verbal de la supplied by these importing countries (see pages 318-321 of the Minutes of the Advisory Committee’s Thirteenth Session in regard to the years sî sl\on de Commission consultative pour les années 1926- 1 J.iO et le tableau concernant les fouilles de coca du rapport au Conseil 1926 to 1928, and the Table for coca leaves in the Perm anent Central du Comité central permanent de l’opium pour les années 1929 et 1930) Opium Board’s Beport to theCouncil for the years 1929 and 1930). Etant donne qu’on n’a pas constaté l’entrée en Bolivie et au Pérou As no imports of coca leaves from other countries into Bolivia and de touilles de coca en provenance d ’autres pays pour la période 1926- Peru have been returned for the period 1926 to 1930, the Secretariat 1930, on a cru pouvoir considérer, afin de compléter quelques chiffres has considered that, for the purpose of completing a few important importants, les chiffres d’importations susmentionnés comme consti figures, it was entitled to regard the above-mentioned import figures tuant les exportations de ces deux pays producteurs. Il est de toute as representing the total exports from these two producing countries. evidence que ces chiffres peuvent être très différents de ceux des It is evident that these figures may differ widely from those of the exportations reelles;sile Secrétariat a emprunté ces chiffres pour les actual exports. The Secretariat has taken these figures and inserted insérer dans ce tableau, c’est seulement dans l’espoir de donner quelque them in this table in the hope of giving some idea of the exports of idee des exportations de ces pays. these countries. I Superficie cultivée. faj Area, under cultivation. (TV Quantité récoltée, Pays fZV Amount harvested. fcj Quantité exportée. fcj Quantity exported. (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) hect. kg. kg. hect. k g . kg. hect. kg . kg- hect. kg. kg- hect. kg. B o l iv ie kg- B o l iv ia ? 9 ? ? ? ? ? 7 7 ? (a) 439 784 Indes néerlandaises (b) (c) (d) (<■) (e) Netherlands Indies 1 -108 1 01)2 1170 1 043 61:1 1 301 ear, 084 705248 (c) 1162 453120 411 652 (c) 1 063 (f) 485 407 599 096 (c) 905 363 000 373 307 J apon J apan _ — —— —— 142 ____ 736 (j) 21 717 F ormose F ormosa (T a iw a n ) .— (g) 277 49 itii'i — (0) 277 (iit 596 277 129 050 27 857 277 (/) 164 391 43 949 282 (/) 178 939 25 000 Pérou (h) Peru (h) ? 7 ? ? (iO 472 77 379 ? ? 68 782 ?? 51 7 5 2 7 ? 1 4 3 6 1 0 Ca; ChilTre d’importations déclaré par les pays importateurs comme provenant de Bolivie. (a) Import figure declared by the importing countries as coming from Bolivia. (b) Chiflre incomplet, l’une des plus grandes plantations javanaises n’ayant fourni de (b) Incomplete figure, as one of the largest coca plantations in Java did not supply renseignements ni sur l’étendue de la culture ni sur les chilïres de la production. information as to the area under cultivation and the quantity produced. (c) Non compris celle représentée par les plantations le long des routes, sous forme de haies, etc. (c) Excluding the area of plantations along roods, in the form of hedges, and so on. (d) 1.335 hectares (3.299 acres) à Java et 133 hectares (329 acres) à Sumatra. (il) 1,335 hectares (3,299 acres) on Java and 133 hectares (329 acres) on Sumatra (e) 1.182 hectares (2.921 acres) à Java et 122 hectares (301 acres) à Sumatra. (e) 1,182 hectares (2,921 acres) on .lava and 122 hectares (301 acres) on Sumatra. (f) Chilïres figurant dans le rapport au Conseil du Comité central permanent de l’opium (!) Figures taken from the Report to the Council by the Permanent Central Opium Board (document C.439.M.186.1931.XI). (document C.439.M.186.1931.XI). (il) Estimation. La superficie cultivée étant la même pour les années 1924 et 1928, ou ( Note explicative. Explanatory Note. On a donné connaissance, au tableau V, de la situation générale en ce q u i______concerne The general position with regard to the production of coca leaves has been indicated la production des feuilles de coca : il s’agit maintenant de savoir où se. trouvaient in Table V. The next point is to determine where the amounts produced were held géographiquement, au cours de la période 1926-1930, les quantités produites, comment during the period 1926 to 1930, how the countries in possession of these amounts disposed les pays possédant ces quantités en ont disposé, et enfin quels étaient les rapports entre of them and, finally, what was the relation between the three following items : the ces trois éléments : les quantités utilisables pour la fabrication de la cocaïne brute, de quantities available for the manufacture of crude cocaine, ecgonine and cocaine, l’ecgonine et de la cocaïne, les quantités utilisées effectivement pour cette fin et les the amounts actually utilised for these purposes, and the stocks at the end of the stocks existant à la fin de l’année. Les réponses numériques à ces questions forment year. The sole object of this table is to give a numerical reply to these questions. l’unique objet de ce tableau. Pour faciliter la comparaison entre les trois quantités en question, on les a présen To facilitate the comparison between the three quantities mentioned, they have tées parallèlement pour les années 1929 et 1930. been indicated in parallel columns for the years 1929 and 1930. Dans ce tableau, dressé en vue de l’étude statistique des feuilles de coca, on ne In this table, which has been compiled for the statistical study of coca leaves, s’est occupé que des pays principaux. Ces pays peuvent se classer en trois groupes : only the principal countries have been taken into account. These countries may be premier groupe, pays producteurs exportateurs (Indes néerlandaises) ; deuxième groupe, arranged in three categories : first category, countries which both produce and export pays producteurs fabricants (Formose, Japon) ; troisième groupe : pays fabricants de (Netherlands Indies) ; second category, countries which both produce and manufacture la cocaïne brute ou de l’ecgonjne ou de la cocaïne (Allemagne, Etats-Unis d’Amérique, (Formosa, Japan) ; third category, countries which manufacture crude cocaine or ecgonine France, Grande-Bretagne, Pays-Bas et Suisse). Sauf certaines quantités relativement or cocaine (Germany, the United States of America, France, Great Britain, the minimes, exportées à destination de certains pays importateurs * (voir note à la page Netherlands and Switzerland). Except for certain relatively insignificant amounts suivante), la plus grande partie des feuilles de coca cultivées annuellement devrait exported to certain importing countries * (see footnote on following page), the bulk théoriquement être répartie entre ces pays principaux, soit pour renouveler leurs of the coca leaves grown annually should theoretically be distributed among these stocks, soit en vue de la fabrication des produits ci-dessus mentionnés. principal countries, either for the renewal of their stocks or for the manufacture Le sens de « quantité utilisable » peut être défini par la formule suivante : of the above-mentioned products. Quantité utilisable = production + importation — exportation — réexportation. The term “ available quantity ” may be defined by the following formula : Pour les pays appartenant au premier groupe, la quantité utilisable est égale à la Available quantity = Production + Imports — Exports — Re-exports. production moins les exportations ; pour ceux appartenant au troisième groupe, la In the countries belonging to the first category, the available quantity is equal to quantité utilisable est égale à l’importation moins la réexportation. Ce n’est qu'à ceux production minus exports ; in the third category it is equal to imports minus re-exports. classés dans le second groupe que la formule ci-dessus peut être appliquée telle quelle. The above formula as such can only be applied to the countries belonging to the Dans le cas où la quantité à déduire est supérieure à la quantité dont on la déduit, la second group. If the quantity to be deducted is larger than the quantity from which quantité utilisable est accusée par un chiffre précédé d’un signe « ■— » : par exemple, it is deducted, the available quantity is shown by a figure preceded by a minus sign — pour l’année 1930, la quantité utilisable aux Indes néerlandaises était de « — 10.307 kg. », for instance, in 1930 the available quantity in the Netherlands Indies was “ — 10,307 kg.” cela signifie que les exportations de ce pays, pour cette année-là ont dépassé la That means that this country’s exports that year exceeded its production by production d’une quantité de 10.307 kg. 10,307 kg. Si toutes les statistiques concernant la quantité utilisable, la quantité utilisée et If all the statistics for the available quantity, the utilised quantity, and the stocks les stocks sont parfaitement complètes et exactes, on peut faire mathématiquement are absolutely complete and accurate, the following two mathematical deductions au sujet de ce tableau deux constatations : can be made from this table : 1° Le total des quantités utilisables de tous les pays pour une année quel (1) I he aggregate available quantity of all the countries for any given year conque doit être égal à la différence entre la production mondiale et les exporta should be equal to the difference between the world production and the t o t a l e x p o r ts tions totales à destination des pays exclusivement importateurs. to the exclusively im porting countries. 2° I-a quantité utilisable de chaque pays doit être égale à. la somme de la (2) The available quantity for each country s h o u l d b e c n u a l to the aggregate quantité utilisée et des stocks, plus la consommation qui est généralement pou o f fcVevùe (cependant en 1930. ceLLe quantité, pour la France, fclait de 64.303 kg.). ot themeans ulilised ln^li (in quantity France, and however, tl ie stocks tJiis amountedplus coiisuniplion. in 1030 to wliif.li in lex*-.). ifeneraiiv JL»v Il v a s a n s dire: q u e le calcul basé sur les chiffres figurant, riant* «es tableau ne paraît, IJRM HiPIlHIHIHIllIRRIllP _ p a s correspondre à ces constatations parce que ces chiffres sont incom plets. correctness of these deductions, in view of the fact that the 1'igures are incomplete. Il y a lieu de remarquer que les chiffres pour les années 1926-1928 ont été établis It should be pointed out that the figures for the years 1926-1928 have been compiled d ’après les données fournies par les rapports annuels, tandis que les chiffres relatifs aux on the basis of the data supplied in the annual re ports, whereas those for 1929 and 1930 années 1929 et 1930 ont été em pruntés aux rapports au Conseil présentés par le Comité have been taken from the reports of the Permanent Central Opium Board to the central perm anent de l ’o p iu m . Council. * Toutefois les importations de l’Argentine sont fort importantes : 455.913 kg.-en 1929 et 443.725 kg. * However, the imports of the Argentine are quite considerable, viz. î 455,913 kg. in 1929 and 443,725 ke. en 1930 in 1930. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 Quantité utilisée pour la fabrication Quantité utilisable (Production + Importation de cocaïne brute (B), cocaïne (C) Stocks à la fin — Exportation — Réexportation) et ecgonine (E) de l’année Quantity available (Production + Imports — Exports Quantity used in the manufacture Stocks at the end Pays — Re-exports) of crude cocaine (B), cocaine (C) of the year and ecgonine (E) Country 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1929 1930 1929 1930 kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. B o i.iv ie B o l iv ia ? 7 ? ? 7 ? ? ? In d e s néerlandaises N e t h e r l a n d s I n d ia —■ 40 743 — 70 164 41 468 — 113 689 (a)— 10 307 — — —— F o r m o s e O F o r m o sa 49 884 68 59G 101 193 120 442 153 939 125 374 (b, c) 139 11.9(B) 5 067 19 819 ■<1 J a p o n J a p a n 43 231 86 100 90 858 68 917 (c) 97 142 (c) — 20 799 PÉROU 7 7 7 7 9 P e r u ? ? ?? A l l e m a g n e (c) 7 ? ? 1G0 7112 ? 180 001) (b , c) 33 740 G e r m a n y ? E t a t s -U n is d ’A m é r iq u e U n it e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a 119 383 120 747 106 481 61 616 «9 699 66 101 (c) 99 349 (c) ? — F r a n c e 7 F r a n c e 7 ? 31 619 94 708 45 299 (c) — 28 758 59 163 G r a n d e -B r e t a g n e G r e a t B r it a in 170 5 590 7 473 20 719 39 993 9 458(C) 39 390 (c) 12 633 13 062 P a y s -B as N e t h e r l a n d s ? 7 ? 206 929 81 259 (d) 61 046 (d )4 0 G87 575 403 621 106 Su is s e Sw it z e r l a n d 7 ? 38 836 57 579 182 67 277 (c) 6 728 (c) 7 215 <508 (a) En ce qui concerne le signe « — », voir la note explicative de ce tableau. (a) As regards the meaning of the sign “ — ” see explanatory note to this table. (b) Sur cette quantité, 112 174 kg. pour la cocaïne brute, et 13 200 kg. pour la cocaïne. (b) Divided as follows : 112,174 kg. raw cocaine and 13,200 kg. cocaine. (c) Les feuilles de coca n’étaient pas soumises au contrôle en Allemagne avant l’année 1930. (c) Coca leaves were not under control in Germany before 1930. (d) Ces chiffres comprennent les quantités utilisées pour la fabrication de la cocaïne brute, de l’ecgonine et (d) These figures represent the quantities used for the manufacture of raw cocaine, ecgonine and de la cocaïne. cocaine. VII. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA FABRICATION ET LA TRANSFORMATION DE LA MORPHINE, LA FARRICATION DE LA DIACÉTYLMORPHEVE ET DE LA COCAÏNE DANS LES PAYS FARRICANTS POUR LES ANNÉES 1929 ET 1930 VIL SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE MANUFACTURE AND CONVERSION OF MORPHINE, THE MANUFACTURE OF DIACETYLMORPHINE AND OF COCAINE DURING 1929 AND 1930 IN THE MANUFACTURINGCOUNTRIES Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Ce tableau indique non seulement le total de la fabrication de la morphine (colonne 3), This table shows, not only the total quantities of morphine (column 3), diacetyl- ■de la diacétylmorphine (colonne 12) et de la cocaïne (colonne 14) pour chacun et morphine (column 12) and cocaine (column 14) manufactured in each and in all of pour l’ensemble des pays fabricants figurant dans la colonne 1, mais encore les the manufacturing countries mentioned in column 1, but also the quantities of mor quantités de morphine transformée pour la fabrication de substances visées (colonne 5) phine converted for the manufacture of the substances coming (column 5) or not coming ou non (colonne 6) par la Convention de l’opium de 1925. Il montre également la (column 6) under the Opium Convention of 1925. It also shows — expressed in répartition —- exprimée en pourcentage — entre ces pays fabriquants de la fabrication percentages — the distribution as between these manufacturing countries of the de la morphine, de la diacétylmorphine et de la cocaïne (colonnes 4, 13 et 15). Il permet manufacture of morphine, diacetylmorpliine and cocaine (columns 4, 13 and 15). It encore de constater le pourcentage des quantités de morphine transformées pour la further enables the quantities of morphine converted for the manufacture of various fabrication de diverses substances par rapport à la fabrication totale (colonnes 9 et 10). substances to be expressed in percentage of the total quantities manufactured (columns Enfin, on trouvera la quantité de morphine fabriquée restant telle quelle et son pour 9 and 10) ; and, finally, columns 8 and 11 indicate the quantity of manufactured centage par rapport à la fabrication totale dans les colonnes 8 et 11. morphine remaining as such and the corresponding percentage of the total manufacture. Il convient m aintenant de noter ici les deux points suivants : The following two points should be noted here : 1° En 1929, certaines substances telles que la benzoylmorphine, les autres (1) In 1929, certain substances such as benzoylmorphine, other esters of éthers-sels de la morphine et le dilaudide, contrôlées dans certains pays ne l’étaient morphine and dilaudide were controlled by the national legislation of some countries, pas dans les autres ; en vue de l’établissement de ce tableau, ces substances étaient but not by others ; for the purposes of this table, such substances have been recorded . insérées, selon le cas, soit dans la colonne indiquant les « Substances visées par under the heading “ Substances falling under the Convention ” or “ Substances I la Convention », soit dans celle où figurent les « Substances non visées par la not falling under the Convention ” as the case may be for each individual country. Convention ». (2) As regards Switzerland, the figures indicating morphine remaining as 00 2° Pour la Suisse, les chiffres représentant la quantité de morphine restant such in the years 1929 and 1930 are negative ; in other words, in Switzerland, | telle quelle pour les années 1929 et 1930 sont négatifs, c’est-à-dire qu’en Suisse, the quantity of morphine converted for the manufacture of other substances la quantité de morphine transformée pour la fabrication des autres substances a exceeded the total quantity of morphine manufactured in that country. dépassé la quantité totale de morphine fabriquée dans ce pays. 12 13 14 15 Morphine Diacétyl morphine Cocaïne % de la fabri Quantité utilisée Pourcentage Pourcentage Pourcentage cation totale de pour la fabrication Pourcentage de la Pourcentage de la du total de de la fabrica ce pays par Quantity used quantité utilisée pour de la fabrica rapport a la Quantité Quantité de quantité utilisée la quantité de tion totale de tion totale de for the manufacture totale la fabrication de pour la fabrication morphine fa ce pays par Fabrica fabrication to morphine substances visées par ce pays par tion tale de tous les (a) (b> utilisée fabriquée de substances non briquée restant rapport à la rapport à la Année totale de subs pour les restant la Convention par visées par la Conven comme telle par Fabri fabrication Fabri fabrication pays indiqués tances vi de substan rapport à la tion par rapport à Countries Year transfor comme telle rapport à la fa cation totale de cation totale de Total Percentage of sées par la ces non vi mations fabrication totale la fabrication totale brication totale totale tous les pays totale tous les pays manu the total manu Conven sées par la Quantity of facture Total morphine % of the quantity % of the quantity % of the total Total indiqués Total indiqués facture of this tion Convention quantity used for the manu used for the manu quantity of manu % of the total country in com manu facture of substances manu % of the total parison with of sub of substan used for factured facture of drugs not manufactured facture manufacture of facture manufacture of stances ces not coming under the coming under the morphine re this country in the total manu the con remaining Convention in relation this country in facture of all coming com ing versions as such Convention in rela maining as such relation to the relation to the u nder th e under the to the total quantity tion to the total inrelation to the total manufac total manufac the indicated manufactured Iq countries Convention uantity manufacture total quantity ture of all indi ture of all indi manufactured cated countries. cated countries kg- % i kg- kg. % % % % \ ( aJ ■■■“• e s ,y % \ 3i,l % K-1V> 1 / ft 374 / % 5 769 S 769 2 605 13,2 % \ i E tats-Unis d'Améhiqui ■ / 192» 3 461 1 912 % 1 3,5,0 % 1 / 1930 5 3 M 14,0 % ;i 401 = 1 1 % \ 10,6 % 50,9 % 38,5 1 343 | 36,7 14,2 12 141 1 21,0 % 1 284 6 180 7 464 4 677 % % 911 % 1 / F r a n c e 1929 % 30,8 % 2 216 1930 12 495 32,4 % 1 995 e G«7 8 662 3 833 15,9 53,3 % 54,2 % 831 1 14,0 % 193 2 848 3 041 1 536 3,5 % 62,2 % 34,3 % 2 23 6,1 % 238 3,7 % G r a n d e-B retag n e 1929 4 577 7.9 % 94 658 752 1 159 4,9 % 34,4 % 60,7 % 107 2,6 % 318 5,4 % 1 G r ea t B rita in 1930 1 911 4.9 % 1929 H o n g r i e (b) 47 100 % —— H u n g a r y ( b) 1930 47 0,1 % — 100 % 1929 43 0,1 % — 4 3 I n d e 65 100 % In d ia 1930 65 0,3 % 1 12 57 n , 3 % 82,7 % 10 0,2 % It a l ie 1929 69 0,2 % 11 11 18 37,9 % 62,1 % 9 0,2 % Italy 1930 29 0,1 % 9 1 171 8 18 58,9 % 41,1 % 1 5 90 43,5 % 1 215 18,8 % J a p o n 1 9 2 9 1 989 3,4 % 1 171 — 1 080 824 56,7 % 43,3 % 1 396 34,2 % 1 192 20,3 % J a p a n 1930 1 904 4,9 % 1 080 C o r é e 1929 — 43 113 27,5 % 72,5 % 70 1,7 % — Ch o sen 1930 156 0,4 % 43 38 0,6 % F orm ose 1929 — — — 37 0,6 0/o F ormosa 1930 100 % 1929 (c) 6 négligeable — 6 — N o r v è g e 7 100 % 1 négligeable N orw ay 1930 (c) 7 négligeable 281 4,4 % 1929 — — P a y s-B as 34 100 % 135 N e t h e r l a n d s 1930 (d) 34 0,1 % 62 (e) 5 475 5 537 (D— 1 397 1,4 % 132,2 % — 33,6 % 68 1,9 % 344 5.4 % S u is s e 1929 4 140 7,2 % 879 95,1 % 4 0,1 386 6.5 % Sw itz er la n d 1 9 3 0 1 844 4,7 % 127 1 752 1 (D— 35 6,» % % 8 100 % T chécoslovaquie 1929 (9) 8 négligeable — 3 100 % C zechoslovakia 1 9 3 0 (g) 3 négligeable ? ? ? T u r q u ie 1929 ? ? T u r k e y 1930 ? 1 970 1 996 (i) 4 49 S0,6 % 18,3 % 31 1,0 % 735 11,4 (h) 19 2 8 -1 9 2 9 2 445 4,2 % 26 1,1 % % U. R. S. S. 3 408 3 507 (i) 626 2,3 % 82,5 % 15,2 % 117 2,9 % 1 120 19,1 % U. S. S. R. (h) 19 2 9 -1 9 3 0 4 133 10,7 % 99 40 863 43 959 13 883 5.3 % 70 7 % 24,0 % 3 652 100 % 6 4 34 100 % T o ta l 1929 57 792 100 % 3 096 1930 38 556 100 % 3 650 25 008 28 658 9 898 9.4 % 64,9 % 25,7 % 4 088 100 % 5 896 100 % (a) Y compris la benzoylmorphine et les autres esters de la morphine, et la dihydromorphinone (dilaudide), (a) Benzoylmorphine, the other esters of morphine and dihydromorphinone (dilaudide) were not under oui n’étaient pas soumis au contrôle en Allemagne en 1929. . . , , control in Germany in 1929. (b) Le Gouvernement hongrois a demandé qu'on ne tienne pas comptedes statistiquespour 19-9, qui ont été (b) The Hungarian Government has requested that the tentative statistics for 1929, supplied by it previous établies à titre d'essai avant la ratification par la Hongrie de la Convention de Genève sur 1 opium. to its ratification of the Geneva Opium Convention, should not be taken into account. (c) Sous la forme de thébaïcine, allaudan, etc. (c) In the form of thebaicine, allaudan, etc. (d) Quantité fabriquée avec de la diacétylmorphinc saisie. (d) Manufactured from seized diacétylmorphinc. (e) Ÿ compris la benzoylmorphine et autres esters de la morphine qui ont été soumis au contrôle a partir (e) Including benzoylmorphine and other morphine esters which were brought under control only from du l or février 1930 seulement. February 1st, 1930. (f ) Voir la note explicative de ce tableau. (f) See the explanatory note to this table. (q) Sous forme de novopon, qui contient environ 50 % de morphine. (q) In the form of novopon, which contains about 50 per cent of morphine. (h) Années économiques du 1er octobre au 30 septembre. Les chiffres relatifs üi l’U. R. S. S. ont été puisés (h) Financial years from October 1st to September 30th. The figures for the U.S.S.R. have been taken from dans le document Conf.L.F.S.3(l), deuxième partie, page 18, note 7. the document Conf. L.F.S.3(1), Part 11, page 18, note 7. (i) Y compris le pantopon. (i) Including pantopon. VIII. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LES EXPORTATIONS DE MORPHINE, DIACÉTYLMORPHINE ET COCAÏNE DES PAYS FABRICANTS ET NON FABRICANTS POUR LES ANNÉES 1929 ET 1930 VIII. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE EXPORTS OF MORPHINE, DIACETYLMORPHINE AND COCAINE FROM THE MANUFACTURING AND NON-MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES DURING THE YEARS 1929 AND 1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Ce tableau est destiné à représenter les exportations de morphine, de diacétylmorphine This table is intended to show exports for the years 1929 and 1930 of morphine, diacetyl- 'et de cocaïne de chacun des pays exportateurs à destination : à) des pays fabricants, b) des morphine and cocaine from each exporting country to : (a) manufacturing countries, and pays non fabricants pour les années 1929 et 1930. (b) non-manufacturing countries. Au-dessous des chiffres représentant ces exportations, on trouvera ceux qui indiquent Under the figures representing exports will be found the percentages of exports to manu le pourcentage respectif de l’exportation à destination des pays fabricants et des pays non facturing and to non-manufacturing countries respectively in relation to the total exports fabricants par rapport à l’exportation totale, (col. c.) (col. c). On a également indiqué dans ce tableau le total annuel des exportations des pays fabricants This table also gives the total annual exports from manufacturing and non-manufacturing et des pays non fabricants, ainsi que le pourcentage de ces exportations par rapport à l’expor tation de tous les pays exportateurs. countries and the percentage of those exports in relation to the exports of all exporting countries. Il est donc facile de comparer dans ce tableau les exportations totales de 1929 et de 1930, It is thus easy to compare in this table the total exports in 1929 and 1930 and also ainsi que celles de la morphine, de la diacétylmorphine et de la cocaïne. the total exports in these years of morphine, diacétylmorphinc and cocaine. Il est nécessaire de noter l’absence des chiffres des exportations de la Turquie pour 1929, It should be noted that there are no figures for exports from Turkey in 1929, so that the et il en découle que les résultats des calculs de pourcentage des exportations de chaque pays percentages of exports calculated for each country for morphine and'diacétylmorphinc for pour la morphine et la diacétylmorphine pour les deux années ne sont pas basés sur les expor those two years are not based on the total exports of the same countries. The percentage I tations totales des mêmes pays. Le pourcentage ne doit donc pas entrer en ligne de compte pour cannot therefore be taken into account in comparing exports of morphine and diacctyl- >-» la comparaison, pour chaque pays, des exportations de la morphine et de la diacétylmorphine. morphine for each country. © 1 2 | 3 4 5 ti 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Morphine Diacétylmorphine Cocaïne 1929 1930 1929 Pays 1930 1929 1930 exportateurs (a) Exportations à destination des pa> s fabrica tits et % par rapport aux exportations totales dc Exporting ce pays couatr>EXPOrtS t0 thC mimuIacturinS countries and percentage in relation to the total exports ol the countries (b) Exportations à destination des pay s non fa oricants et % par rapport aux exportations totales de ce pays. the ^country r*’S t0 U" non"manuIacturinS countries and percentage in relation to the total exports ol (cj 1Exportations totales et % par rappo rt aux exportations totales de tous les pays. (c) Total exports and percentage in relation to the total exports ol all countries. (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) | (a) | (b) ) (c) (a) (b) I (c) kg. kg. kg. % kg. kg. kg. % kg. kg. kg. % kg. Pays fabricants : kg. kg. % kg. kg. kg. % kg. kg. kg. % Manufacturing countries : Allem agne 1 980 912 2 B92 47,9 % 719 359 1 078 26,8 % 194 98 292 34,4 % 115 60 175 3,3 % G erm any 68,4 % 31,6 % % 33,4 % 223 1 263 1 486 65,1 % 83 949 1 032 57,7% 66,6 66,4 % 33,6 % S5,7 % 34,3 % ™ % 55 % 8,1 % 91,9 % F rance 566' 4S7 17,4 % I 053 109 174 283 7 % 27 139 1GC 19,5 % 52 53,8 % 46,2 % 41 93 1,8 % 29 171 200 8,8 % 48 147 195 10,9% 38,5 % 61,5 % 16,3 % 83,7 % 55,9 % 44,1 % ------14,5 % 85,5 % 24,7 % 75,3 % \ G ram de- \ B r e t a g n e \ 328 682 1 OlO 16,7 % \ 55 SO» 12,7 % 12 1 12 \ G1XEA.T l^RlTMN \ 32,5 % \ «7,-5 "/c 124 14,6 % 70 70 1,3 % — 99 d. 3 % n o liO 7,5% \ io.s ^ 89 3 5/ 9, 7 =/„ io n 9? JOO %/ ------— / JAI'ON / , , , % 57 ; — r.a , % '22 23 ' % 31 \ :tl 1 os s °/ 100 % 100,0 100 % 10 0 ',7 % \ i J / 1 1 ------30 0,0 % Pa vs !’.\s 39 — 120 101 327 7« % 51 109 6 ,7 % N e th e r la n d s 100 % - 46,8 %] 14,8 % 16,4 S u isse 266 625 «91 128 530 658 % 124 78 202 23,8 % 48 52 100 1,0 % 45 197 242 70,6 % -1 2 6 0 ' 284 7 4 ,8 % Sw it z e r l a n d 29,9 % 70,1 % 19,5 % SO, 5 % 61,4 % 38,6 % 48 % 52 % 2 <5,6 % 87,4 % 1,5 % 98,5 % T u r q u ie ? 822 480 1 302 32,3 % ? 721 3 605 4 326 83 % — — T u r k e y 63,1 % 36,9 % (a) 16,7 % S3,3 % T o tal (pays fabricants) 3 179 2 706 5 8«5 97,4 % 1 835 2 140 3 975 98,7 % 357 48 4 841 99 % 936 3 880 4 816 92,4 % 423 1 853 2 276 99,8 % 186 1 557 1 771 99% (manufacturing 54,1 % 45,9 % 46,1 % S3,9 % 42,4 % S7,6 % 19,4 % 80,6 % 18,6 % -»,■* % 10,5 % 89,5 % countries) T otal (pays non fabricants) 103 51 154 2,6 % 51 51 1,3 % 3 6 9 1 % 386 10 396 7,6 % 5 5 0,2 % 4 14 18 1 % (non-manufact. 66,9 % 33,1 % 100 % 33,3 % 66, Z % 2,5 % 100 % 77,8 % countries) T o t a l g é n é r a l 3 282 2 757 6 039 100 % 1 835 2 191 4 026 100 % 360 490 850 100 % 3 890 5 212 100 % 423 1 858 2 281 100 % 190 1 599 1 789 700 % G r a n d T o ta l 54,3 % 45,7 % 45,6 % 54,4 % 42,4 % 57,6 % 26,4% 74,6 % 2 8,5 % 57,5 % 70,6 % 89,4 % (a) En réponse à l’enquête faite par le Comité central permanent de l’opium, les Gouvernements de France, d’Italie (a) In reply to the Permanent Central Opium Board’s enquiry, the Governments of France, Italy and Greece, et de Grèce, pays vers lesquels ces exportations ont été déclarées, ont indiqué qu’aucune importation provenant de la to which countries these exports were shown to have been made, stated that no imports coming from Turkey had been Turquie n’avait été reçue par eux pendant la période en question. received by them during the period in question. (b) En réponse à l’enquête faite par le Comité central permanent, les Gouvernements d’Allemagne, de France, (b) In reply to the Permanent Central Opium Board’s enquiry, the Governments of Germany, France, Italy, Greece d’Italie, de Grèce et de la Ville libre de Dantzig, pays vers lesquels ces 4 326 kg. (à l’exception de 62 kg.) ont été déclarés and the Free City of Danzig, to which countries all but 62 kg. of the 4 326 kg. were shown to have been exported, comme exportés, ont indiqué qu’aucune importation provenant de la Turquie n’avait été reçue par eux pendant la stated that no imports coming from Turkey had been received by them during the period in question. période en question. IX. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LES IMPORTATIONS DE MORPHINE, D E DIACÉTYLMORPHINE ET DE COCAÏNE, DANS LES PAYS FIGURANT AU TABLEAU, POUR LES ANNÉES 1929 ET 1930 IX. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE IMPORTS OF MORPHINE, DIACETYLMORPHINE AND COCAINE DURING 1929 AND 1930 IN THE COUNTRIES INDICATED IN THE TABLE Note explicative. Explanatory Note. On a employé, pour établir ce tableau, la méthode adoptée pour l’établissement du In drawing up this table, the method employed is that adopted for the previous table, tableau précédent, qui concerne les exportations. C’est donc dans le tableau relatif aux which deals with exports. All explanations necessary for consulting the present table may exportations qu’on pourra trouver toutes les explications utiles à la lecture du présent tableau. therefore be found in the table of exports. Ce tableau est destiné à rendre principalement compte des importations, en distinguant This table is intended primarily to show imports by origin (from manufacturing or la provenance (soit de pays fabricants, soit de pays non fabricants), pour chacun des pays non-manufacturing countries) for each of the manufacturing countries, and the total fabricants, ainsi que le total des importations de ces pays par rapport à l’importation totale imports of those countries as compared with the total imports of all countries. de tous les pays. 10 12 16 18 10 Morphine Diacétylmorphinc Cocaïne 1929 1930 1929 1930 1929 1930 Pays importateurs Importing countries (a) Importations provenant des pays fabricants et pourcentage par rapport à l’importation totale de ce pays. (a) Imports from the manufacturing countries and percentage of the total imports ot the country. (b) Importations provenant des pays non fabricants et pourcentage par rapport à l’import. totale de ce pays. (b) Imports from the non-manufacturing countries and percentage of the total imports of the country. (cj Importation totale et pourcentage par rapport aux importations totales de tous les pays. (c)(c) Total import and percentage of total importsimporls ol all countries. (b) (b) (b) (b) kg. kg. Pays fabricants kg. kg. Manufacturing countries F r a n c e 2»:t 40 13 1,9 % 194 194 10,5 % 42 93 % 100 % 100 % G r a n d e -B r e t a g n e 0,5 % (a) 51 105 112 5% G r e a t B r it a in 100 46 2 % 100 % 93,7 % H o n g r ie (b) (b) H u n g a r y 100 % 100 % I n d e 86 27 1,5 % 2 9 I n d ia 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % It a l ie 272 150 5,5 % 151 80 It a l y 100 % 98,7 % J a p o n (d ) 1» 0,7 % J a p a n 100 % 100 % F o r m o s e 12 118 59 70 F o r m o sa 100 % 100% 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 0,8 C h o s e n 100 °/ 100 % IT _ 52 1,0 % l i | 7 0 ,i a a j ,» % / P a y s -B as / 8c IOO % 1 h W ,oo 1 ------104 22,9 % 155 155 8,4 %1 43 5v « 3,4 % 1 198 28,2 % 104 - 2 577 SO, ,3 % 701 — 78 4 25,9 % 197 - ! 89,3 % 16,? %1 / S u is s e 2,478 „ 09,5 % 0,5 % 100 % % 98,2 % S,S % 100 % 115 1 116 1,2 % T chécoslovaquie 302 302 5,9 % 100 % 00,2 % 0,8 % 2 0,4 % 11 11 0,6% 100 % T u r q u ie T u r k e y 287 15,4 % T otal 271 59,7 % 524 7 531 25,9 % 228 30 1301 5 1 , 1 % 421 52 473 67,5 % 2«9 2 (pays fabricants) 3 «18 114 3 73 2 72,8 % 1377 14 (manufacturing 99,3 % 98,6 % ««,3 % U , 7 % 89 % H 0,7 % M % 96,3 % 3,7 % 98,7 % A3 % % T o t a l (pays non 183 40,3 % 1 308 71,1 % 1 580 j) 1 329 48,9 % 228 32,5 % fabricants) 1 303 27,2 % (non-manufactur ing countries) T otal g én é ra l 454 100 % 1 830 100 % 1 867 100% 2 720 100 % 701 100 % G rand T otal 5 125 100 % (a) Includes 49 kg. from Hong-Kong. The corresponding export appears in the export statistics for 1928 received bv the Secretariat from the IIong-Kong Government. (See document O.C.23(Z).15.) . (b) The Hungarian Government has requested that the tentative statistics for 1929, supplied by it previous to its ratification of the Geneva Opium Convention (1925), should be disregarded. . , ilics à titre d’essai avant la ratification par la Hongrie de la Convention üe i opium u morDhine brutc Les (c) In addition, 1 485 kg. of crude morphine were reported by the Japanese Government as imported from (c) En outre, le Gouvernement japonais déclare avoir importe de ^ or^osc^ 1 48o kg. ™01P™ e bmtc* Formosa. The Formosan authorities gave a figure of 1 044 kg. of crude morphine as exported to Japan. O CO autorités de Formose indiquent Lin chiffre de 1 044 kg. comme exportation de raoiphmc brute (d) In addition, 741 kg. were reported by the Japanese Government as imported from Formosa m the form (d) En outre, le Gouvernement japonais déclare avoir importe de Formose 741 kg.b»ous f >r „ of crude morphine. The Formosan authorities report a quantity of 742 kg. as exported to Japan. __ Les autorités de Formose indiquent un chiffre de 742 kg comme exportation a destinât»™ ^ Japon (e) This ligure does not include pantopon, which contains 50 per cent of morphine. This substanceis included (e) Ce chiffre ne comprend pas les quantités de pantopon, qui contient oO /„ de morphine, ucne sumiaiin in the figures for medicinal opium in the returns furnished by the Netherlands Government. r|. comprise dans les statistiques des Pays-Bas sous les chiffres de 1 opium médicinal. donnée dans le This includes a Turkish import of 17 kg. the source of which is not given in the Turkish report. The (D Ce chiffre comprend une Importation en Turquie de 17 kg, dont 1 ougine n est pas uouuec udu» iv report covers only the first nine months of the year. rapport turc. Ce rapport ne donne que les chiffres pour neuf mois de 1 année. , rxx x ET LA RÉPARTITION GÉOGRAPHIQUE DE T A x . d e l a diacétylmorphine e t d e l a COCAt»» CONSOMMATION DE LAi HOBfig i]b a ]vt a u TABLEAU POUR L'ANNÉE 1930 b m e o f CONSUMPTION OF MORPHINE, DIACETYLMORpHC| X. TABLE SH0WM6 THE BAIE ^ ^ INDICATED BEL0W M D T O E CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS Explanatory Note. Note explicative. The following three tallies, relating respectively t Les trois J» morphine, diacétylmorphinc and cocaine, are inter,0 ded to show : SSSïïr^TSSS des«L, à: . rrirp ascendant le taux de la (1) In ascending order, the rate of consumption 1° Indiquer cno 0 ml||ion d-habitants, de chacun per million inhabitants for each of the druj1 COIlSUllllilcl viuii» iJCX , o\ pour chacun des (column 3), for each of the consuming countrif! de ces stupéfiants (co _^s dans la colonne 2 mentioned in column 2 of the table and the total pays consommateurs m ^ ‘ Lo|a] des quantités quantities consumed for each country and it! de ce tableau, a <1 et sa p0puiati0n ; population ; (2) The allocation per geographical groups 0f the quantity consumed and the relative consumption of each country belonging to each group. p0r example, it will readily be seen from these tables appartenant à chaque gr P ,, rme ]es taux that both the lowest and the highest consumption ronstqle facilement dans ces tableaux que les ta rates are found in Asiatic countries ; f= pts b 're t” plus haut de a consommation se (3) In each group, which countries have supply rencontrent dans les pays as'^ ' l 1 ’ |U' ont statistics of the consumption, and the total and 30 indiquer dans chaque gioupt les pays qui ont average consumption per million inhabitants in fourni les statistiques relatives a la^ consommation those countries as a whole : the total population of ainsi nue la consommation totale et moyenne pai the countries is also stated. million d’habitants dans l’ensemble de ces pays ; on m entio n ne e n outre le total de leur population. The following points should be noted : Il y a lieu de noter ici les points suivants : (1) The figures given in these tables are classi 10 On a classé les pays figurant dans ces tableaux fied under five geographical groups according to en cinq groupes géographiques suivant le système the system used by the Permanent Central Opium employé par le Comité central permanent de 1 opium ; Board ; 2° Un grand nombre de pays n ayant pas foui ru (2) As a large number of countries have not given statistics of consumption, the total consump leurs statistiques de la consommation, le total de consommation indiqué dans ce tab eau ne doit pas tion stated in the total must not be taken as repre être considéré comme représentant la consommation senting the world consumption ; (3) Nor may the world consumption be calcu mondiale ^ convient pag davantage de calculer la lated on the basis of these data, since it has been consommation mondiale en se basant sur ces données, found that they arc not always accurate, particu car on a remarqué que ces donnees ne sont pas tou larly in the case of countries with small populations. jours exactes, surtout pour les pays de faible popu As a typical instance illustrating this point, it may lation. Un cas typique peut éclaircir ce point : en be mentioned th a t in 1929 the Falkland Islands, 1929, les îles Falkland avec deux mille habitants with two thousand inhabitants, consumed 3 kg. of ont consommé 3 kg. de morphine et en 1930, un kg. morphine and 1 kg. in 1930. If the consumption Si on calcule, en" se basant sur ces donnees la per million inhabitants is calculated on the bases consommation par million d’habitants, la quantité of these data, the quantity would be 1 500 kg. for sera pour 1929 de 1 500 kg. et pour 19o0 de 500 kg., 1929, and 500 kg. for 1930, which is obvious by quantités qui sont évidemment très éloignées de la far from the actual fact. (4) The average consumption per million in ré a lité . 4° On a obtenu la moyenne de la consommation habitants is obtained, for each group of countries par million d’habitants pour chaque groupe de shown in the table, by dividing the total consumption pays figurant au tableau en divisant la consomma by the population. tion totale par la population. X-A. Morphine. 10 11 12 | 13 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 | 7 8 9 Ordre Consom pays mation Groupe I Groupe II Groupe III Groupe IV Groupe V selon Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V leur million taux de d’habi tants Con mation Countries sump Popula Con- Popula Con Popula Con- Popula Con- Popula Con tion tion en so rn- tion en som tion en som- tion en tion en som In millions nnation millions nmation orderot per millions n iation millions n mation nillions nîation the rate million Popula Con Popula Con ?opula- Gon- Popula Con Popula Con- of con inhabi- tion in sump tion in sump tion in ,ump- tion in sump tion in sum p millions tion millions tion nillions tion millions tion millions tion tion kg. kg. kg. kg- kg- kg. 1 I n d e s néerlandaises N e t h e r l a n d s I n d ie s 0,09 57,8 5 2 M e x i q u e M e x ic o 0,18 16,3 3 E g y p t e 3 8 E g y p t 0,55 14,493 4 V e n e z u e l a V e n e z u e l a 0,63 3,15 2 5 I n d e (a) I n d i a (a) 0,81 271,699 219 6 R h o d é s i e d u S u d S o u t h e r n R h o d e s ia 0,93 1,069 1 7 P a l e s t in e P a l e s t in e 1,07 0,93 1 8 P o r t u g a l 1,29 6,219 8 P o r t u g a l 9 G r è c e G r e e c e 1,74 6,31 (b> h 10 U n io n d e l ’A f r iq u e d u S u d U n io n o f S o u t h A f r ic a 2,14 7,955 17 11 L i t h u a n ie L it h u a n ia 2,56 2,34 (b ) 6 12 F o r m o s e F o r m o s a 2,63 4,56 12 13 E tablissements d es D é t r o it s S t r a it s S e t t l e m e n t s 2,65 1,13 3 14 P o l o g n e P o l a n d 2,99 30,733 92 15 It a l ie It a l y 3,59 41,506 149 16 M a l t e M a l t a 4,29 0,233 1 C o r é e 17 91 Ch o s e n 4,37 20,83 18 P a y s -B as N e t h e r l a n d s 5,74 7,833 45 19 S u è d e Sw e d e n 8,01 6,12 (b) 49 20 E s t o n ie E s t o n ia 8,07 1,115 9 21 T chécoslovaquie C zechoslovakia 8,12 14,567 119 22 G r a n d e -B r e t a g n e G r e a t B r it a in 8,42 45,833 386 23 B e l g iq u e B e l g iu m 8,93 8,06 72 24 L e t t o n ie L a t v ia 8,97 1,9 17 25 I s l a n d e I c e l a n d 9,52 0,105 1 26 L u x e m b o u r g L u x e m b u r g 10,00 0,300 3 27 F in l a n d e F in l a n d 10,44 3,64 38 28 S u is s e S w it z e r l a n d 10,59 4,06 43 29 A u t r ic h e A u s t r ia 11,93 6,704 80 30 A u s t r a l ie A u s t r a l ia 12,32 6,414 79 31 J a p o n J a p a n 13,74 64,02 880 32 C a n a d a C a n a d a 14,40 9,86 142 33 D a n tz ig D a n z ig 14,63 0,41 6 34 S a l v a d o r S a l v a d o r 14,86 1,75 26 35 Etats-Unis d ’Amé r i q u e U n it e d St a t e s o f A m e r ic a 16,89 122,285 2 066 36 F r a n c e F r a n c e 16,99 41,19 700 37 N o r v è g e N o r w a y 17,01 2,88 49 38 A l l e m a g n e G e r m a n y 18,09 64,104 1 160 39 H o n g r ie H u n g a r y 19,15 8,667 166 40 D a n e m a r k D e n m a r k 22,69 3,525 80 K o u a n -T o u n g 41 1,200 110 K w a n t u n g 91,67 42 F a l k l a n d (c) (lies) 500 0,002 1 262,521 184,393 2 «73 21,202 32 23,517 20 422,169 1 321 riz T o t a l - 90 i Moye nne de la consommation par mil- lioi d’habitants pour chaqu e groupe de pays. Aver;ige ol consumption per m illion inh abitants lor each group of coun- 5,35 14,49 1,59 3,13 trie S. 1,1 fa) Les chiffres de la population indiqués pour ce pays sont ceux (a) The population figures given tor this country are those lor d ■ l’Inde britannique seulement. Il est probable que les Etats British India only. It is probable that the autonomous native States i itonomes de l’Inde ont une part dans la consommation indiquée ; partake ol the consumption ; il th at is the case, the population would m c’est le cas, les chiffres de la population seraient de 351,45 millions read 351,45 millions and the consumption rate per million would t le taux de consommation par million serait réduit h û_63 v„ _ , nmnti totuli ■ v compris ces be* tal (b) Total consumpti >n, including that for Governmenl purposes. le) Voir l'tivaat-dBITiier paragraphe il la note explicative de i c ) Sue the penultimate paragraph of the explanatory note Lo — 105 — X-B. Diacétylmorphine. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 Ordre Consom des Groupe IV Groupe V pays m ation Groupe I Groupe II Groupe III selon par Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V leur million taux de d'habi con Pays tants som Con mation Countries sump Popula Con Popula Con- Popula Con- Popula Con Popula Con- tion tion en som tion en tion en som tion en som tion en lu millions mation millions mation order of per millions mation millions mation millions mation therate million Popula Con Popula Con Popula Con Popula Con Popula Con of con inhabi tion in sump tion in sump tion in sum p tion in sum p tion in sump sump tants millions tion millions tion millions tion millions tion millions tion tion kg- kg. kg. kg- kg. kg- 271,699 6 1 I n d e (a) — I n d i a (a) 0,02 2 E t a t s -U n is d ’A m é r i q u e — U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a 0,03 122,285 (b) 4 3 A u t r ic h e — A u s t r ia 0,15 6,704 1 4 Y o u g o s l a v ie - Y u g o s l . 0,15 13,500 2 5 P o r t u g a l 0,16 6,219 1 6 U n io n d e l ’A f r iq u e d u S u d — U n io n of S o u t h A f r ic a 0,34 7,955 3 7 S u is s e — Sw it z e r l a n d 0,49 4,06 2 8 A l l e m a g n e -G e r m a n y 0,59 64,104 38 9 B e l g iq u e — B e l g iu m 0,99 8,06 8 10 H o n g r ie — H u n g a r y 1,04 8,667 9 11 L e t t o n ie — L a t v ia 1,05 1,9 2 12 G r a n d e -B r e t a g n e G r e a t B r it a in 1,05 45,833 48 ; 13 Su è d e ■— Sw e d e n 1,31 6,12 (b ) 8 14 Sa l v a d o r 1,71 1,75 3 15 It a l ie — It a l y 1,76 41,506 73 1G F r a n c e 2,06 41,19 85 17 C o r é e — Ch o s e n 2,06 20,83 43 18 C a n a d a 2,13 9,86 21 19 D a n e m a r k - D e n m a r k 2,27 3,525 8 20 A u s t r a l ie - A u s t r a l ia 2,96 6,414 19 21 F in l a n d e — F in l a n d 6,32 3,64 23 22 F o r m o s e — F o r m o sa 12,94 4,56 59 23 J a p o n — J a p a n 21,1 64,02 1 351 24 Kouan-Toung Territoire à bail K w a n t u n g Leased Territory 33,33 1,2 40 T o t a l 209,195 260 184,392 92 1,750 3 7,955 3 362309 1 499 Moyeiine de la consommation p a r mil- lion d’habitants pour chaqu e groupe de p ay s. Avera ge consumption per m llion in- hab it ants for each group of c ountries. 1,24 0,50 1,75 0,38 4,14 la) Voir note page 60 document C.439.M.186.1931.XI. (a) See document C.439.M.186.1931.XI, page 60, note. l’Etat mrna^ on totale, y compris celle pour les besoins de (b) Total consumption, including that for Government purposes. — 106 — X-C. Cocaine. 8 1 9 10 | 11 5 6 7 1 12 | 13 3 4 2 1 ! Groupe IV Ordre Consom Groupe II II Groupe III Groupe V mation Group e I des II Group III Group IV Group v pays par Groui I Group selon million leur d’habi taux d tants Con Popula Con con- Pays Con Popula Con popula Popula Con som- popula Con tion en som tion en som tion en 1 Countries sump som tion en som som matio tion tion en mation millions mation millions mation millions millions mation millions mation In per Con Popula- Con Popula Con- Popula Con order o f million popula Con Popula sump tion in tion in sump tion in sump sump the rat inhabi tion in tion millions tion millions tion millions tion of con tants millions tion millions 1 sump tion kg. kg. kg. kg- kg. kg. (a) 271.699 29 1 i.NDE 0,11 2 In d es néerlandaises N eth er la n d s 57.800 9 0,15 5,479 1 3 Ce y l a n 0,18 Ve n e z u e l a 3,15 1 4 0,32 M e x iq u e 16,3 6 5 0.37 ______j M exico E g y pt e 14,493 8 6 0,55 7 E tablissements des D é tro its 1,13 1 Str a it s S ettlem en ts 0,88 8 Co r é e 20,83 19 Ch o sen 0,91 G r èc e 9 6,31 (b) 10 G r e ec e 1,58 P o r tu g a l 10 6,219 10 P o rtug al 1,61 P o lo g n e 11. 30,733 56 P o lan d 1,82 Y o u g o s la v ie 12 13,5 Y u g o sla v ia 1,85 25 13 U n io n d e l ’A f r iq u e d u Sud U n io n o f S o u th 7,955 15 A fr ic a 1,88 ü a n t z ig 14 0,41 D a n zig 2,44 1 15 It a l ie 2,82 11,506 117 It a l y — — 16 L it h u a n ie L it h u a n ia 2,99 2,340 (b) 7 17 M a lte 0,233 M alta 4,29 j 1 18 P a l e s t in e 0,93 4 P a l e s t in e 4,30 19 F in l a n d e F in l a n d 4,39 3,64 16 20 P a y s -B as N e t h e r l a n d s 4,72 7,833 37 21 H o n g r ie H u n g a r y 4,84 8,667 42 22 N o r v è g e N o r w a y 4,86 2,88 14 23 G r a n d e -B r e t a g n e G r e a t B r it a in 5,54 45,833 254 24 C a n a d a Ca n a d a 5,58 9,86 51 J / J —.—.— / ■ ------— f 25 B e l g iq u e B e l g iu m 6,08 8,06 49 26 A l l e m a g n e G e r m a n y 6,43 64,104 412 E t a t s -U n is u ’A m é r iq u e ' United States of A m e r ic a 7,06 122,285 b) 864 n F ormose 28 35 F ormosa 7,67 4 ,5 6 29 L et to n ie L atvia 7,89 1,9 15 30 Danem ark D enm ark 8 ,2 3 3,625 29 31 xouan-T ouno 1,2 10 K w antu n o 8,3 3 32 Su isse Sw itzer la n d 8,37 4,06 34 33 su è d e Sw e d e n 8,82 6,12 (b) 54 34 Tchécoslovaquie Czechoslovakia 8,92 14,657 130 35 Au t r ic h e 8,95 0,704 60 A u st ria ------36 I UXEMBOURG L u x em bu r g 10,00 0,30 3 37 F range 10,07 41,19 415 F rance — 38 S alvador Salvador 10,86 1,75 19 39 E sto nie E stonia 11,66 1,115 13 40 A USTRALIE A u s t r a l ia 12 6,4 14 77 41 J AVON 64 ,0 2 948 J apan 14,81 2 2 ,4 4 8 23 427,648 1 056 T otal 27 M oyenni de la consommation p ar mil- lion d habitants pour chaque groupe de pa ys. Average consumption per mill on in- habiU nts for each group of coun- 1,02 2,47 tries. 5,62 6,89 1,23 (a) Voir document C.439.M.186.1931.XI., page 78, note (d). (a) See document C.439_M.18b\1931.XI^ g ^ T S ^n o teJd ).^ (b) Consommation totale, y compris celle pour les besoins de (b) Total consumption, including P l'E tat. XI. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA FABRICATION DE L’OPIUM PRÉPARÉ POUR LES ANNÉES 1921-1930 XI. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE MANUFACTURE OF PREPARED OPIUM 1921-1930 XI. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA FABRICATION DE L’OPIUM PRÉPARÉ POUR LES ANNÉES 1921-1930 XI. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE MANUFACTURE OF PREPARED OPIUM 1921-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Quel est le total mondial de la fabrication de l’opium préparé au cours de la What is the total world manufacture of prepared opium in the period 1921-1930 ? période 1921-1930 ? Comment la fabrication totale se répartit-elle entre les pays How is the total manufacture divided among the countries manufacturing prepared fabricants de l’opium préparé ? Quel est le mouvement de cette répartition pour opium ? How does that division vary for each country during the period in question ? chacun de ces pays pendant la période envisagée ? C’est pour répondre à ces questions It is with the object of giving exact figures in answer to these questions that the par des chiffres précis que le Secrétariat a préparé le présent tableau. Secretariat has prepared the present table. Malheureusement, le Secrétariat ne possède pas les données complètes de Unfortunately, the Secretariat does not possess complete data for certain very certains pays très importants, notamment celles qui concernent la Perse, Macao, important countries — more particularly Persia, Macao, Indo-China, Sarawak and l’Indochine, Sarawak et l’Inde. On ne peut donc pas connaître exactement le montant India. Thus it is impossible to ascertain the exact world manufacture for the years de la fabrication mondiale pour les années de la période 1921-1930. of the period 1921-1930. En ce qui concerne les données utilisées pour établir le présent tableau, il y a lieu As regards the data used to prepare the present table, it should be noted that, for de remarquer, d’une part, que pour les années 1929 et 1930 on a emprunté généralement the years 1929 and 1930, the figures are generally taken from the statistical returns ces données aux relevés statistiques publiés par le Comité central permanent dans son published by the Permanent Central Board in its report to the Council, and further rapport au Conseil et, d’autre part, que pour les années 1921-1928 certaines données that, for the years 1921-1928, certain figures are taken from Volume II of the Report , ont été empruntées au volume II du rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur le of the Commission of Enquiry on the Control of Opium-smoking in the Far East I contrôle de l’opium à fumer en Extrême-Orient (document C.635.M.254.1930.XI). (document C.635.M.254.1930.XI). - On a également constaté qu’il existe quelquefois une divergence, quant aux données It has also been found that there is sometimes a discrepancy, as regards the data oo relatives à la fabrication de l’opium préparé, entre les chiffres qui figurent dans le for the manufacture of prepared opium, between the figures in the annual reports rapport annuel et dans le rapport du Comité central permanent de l’opium, et ceux and in the report of the Permanent Central Board and those in the report of the I qui proviennent du rapport de la Commission d’enquête. Quand cette divergence Commission of Enquiry. Such discrepancies are mentioned in footnotes if they atteint environ 500 kg., on en a tenu compte dans des notes. amount to not less lhan approximately 500 kg. Certains chiffres ont été calculés pour quelques pays d’après la quantité de l’opium Certain figures have been calculated for various countries according to the brut utilisée pour la fabrication de l’opium préparé ; on trouvera à la suite de ce tableau quantity of raw opium used for the manufacture of prepared opium. Notes on this des notes sur ce sujet. subject will be found at the end of this table. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 Countries 1921 1927 1928 1929 (a) 1930 (a) kg- kg- kg. kg. k g . kg. kg. kg. k g . kg. Bornéo (Nord-) ( b) North Borneo ( b ) 5 581 .3 7G8 3 937 4 108 4 133 4 510 4 735 3 745 3 445 3 519 Ceylan Ceylon G3G 340 302 219 193 2 1 0 178 180 133 125 M a la isie britannique f.t B r u nei B ritish M alaya and B r u n e i 126 612 109 152 110 847 102 533 99 719 140 405 138 626 120 619 114 809 87 351 F o rm o s e (b) F o rm o sa (b) 47 978 48 780 5*2 G53 39 847 4 3 005 36 711 35 6 8 6 32 999 32 04 G 37 878 I H o n h -K o n g (<:) 1 1 O 205 1 11 887 8 072 1 0 095 7 635 5 606 12 283 7 853 J ( d ) 5 378 1 8 101 / I n d e s néerlandaises 33 703 64 035 63 170 51 451 82 324 71 196 35 644 N e t h e « l a n d s I nd ia 81 90 2 63 426 61 420 53 662 G8 899 84 471 82 897 70 633 S ia m (e) 57 418 ( f) 48 169 (g ) 50 300 45 030 T o t a l des pays mentionnés ci-dessus. T otal of above-mentioned countries. 330 332 522 259 457285 236 435 280 140 304 274 311 858 332 191 309 904 In d o c h in e I n d o -C h in a 59 238 91 230 74 875 84 985 63 531 66 845 81 210 91 938 Kouan-Totjno (Territoire'T .—"-I_J à bail) K w a n t u n g (Leased Territory) 48 695 46 766 (h) M acao 9 010 10 440 (h) 13 600 (h) 3 520 191 4 000 14 11610 P e r s e P e r s ia S a r a w a k (j) 6 817 9 854 9 066 7 651 3 739 3 712 (a) Les chiffres pour 1929 et 1930 ont été pris dans le rapport au Conseil du Comité central permanent de (a) The figures for 1929 and 1930 have been taken from the report to the Council of the Permanent Central l’opium, à l’exception des chiffres, pour 1929, des Etablissements des Détroits et de Kouan-Toung, et pour Boards, except the ligures for 1929 of Straits Settlements and Kwantung and for 1929 and 1930 for Sarawak. 1929 et 1930, de Sarawak. Le chiffre pour les Etablissements des Détroits pour 1929 figurant dans le rapport du The figure for Straits Settlements in 1929 in the report of the Central Opium Board is 110 302 kg. Comité central de l’opium est de 110 302 kg. (b) Les chiffres pour les années 1921-1928 ont été empruntés aux rapports de la Commission d’enquête (b) The figures for the years 1921-1928 have been taken from the reports of the Commission of Enquiry sur le contrôle de l’opium à fumer en Extrême-Orient. into the Control of Opium-smoking in the Far East. (c) Les chiffres de 1921 à 1928 ont ôté calculés en supposant que l’on perd en poids 40 % lorsque l’on (c) The figures for 1921 to 1928 have been calculated assuming a loss ol 40 per cent when chandu is fabrique du chandou avec l’opium brut indien. Pour les années 1923,1924 et 1928, ces chiffres sont bien différents manufactured from raw Indian opium. For the years 1923, 1924 and 1928, there is a large difference in de ceux figurant dans le rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur le contrôle de l’opium à fumer en Extrême- comparison with the ligures of the Commission of Enquiry into the Control of Opium-smoking in the Far East Orient (1923 : 11 146 kg. ; 1924 : 15 203 kg. ; 1928 : 9 839 kg.). (1923 : 11 146 kg. ; 1924 : 15 203 kg. ; 1928 : 9 839 kg.). (d) Ce chiffre est différent de celui figurant dans le rapport de la Commission d’enquête (6 365 kg.). (d) This figure differs from the figure of the report of the Commission of Enquiry (6 365 kg.). (e) Du 1er avril 1920 au 31 mars 1921. (e) From April 1st, 1920, to March 31st, 1921. (f) Du 1er avril 1921 au 31 mars 1922. (f) From April 1st, 1921, to March 31st, 1922. (g) Du 1er avril 1922 au 31 mars 1923. (d) From April 1st, 1922, to March 31st, 1923. (h) Toutes les quantités d’opium brut importées en vue de la fabrication de l’opium préparé ont été (h) All quantities of raw opium imported for the purpose of being manufactured into prepared opium considérées comme utilisées pour cette fabrication. have been taken as utilised for such manufacture. (i) La fabrication pour six mois a été de 2 732 kg. (i) The manufacture during six months was 2 732 kg. fj) Chiffre figurant dans le rapport de la Commission d’enquête. (j) Figure taken from the report of the Commission of Enquiry. XII. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LA CONSOMMATION DE L’OPIUM PRÉPARÉ POUR LES ANNÉES 1921-1930 XII. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE CONSUMPTION OF PREPARED OPIUM 1921-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. L’objet du tableau, comme le titre l’indique, est de rendre compte de l’état de As the title indicates, the object of the table is to show the position as regards choses en ce qui concerne la consommation de l’opium préparé dans les pays con the consumption of prepared opium in consuming countries during the period sommateurs au cours de la période de 1921-1930. 1921-1930. Certains chiffres manquent pour quelques pays, d’autres chiffres ne sont que le Certain figures are missing for various countries, while other figures only résultat d’estimations ; d’autres, qui indiquent la vente, ont été considérés comme represent estimates. Others which indicate sales are regarded as representing con représentant la consommation ; on ne saurait donc, à la simple lecture des chiffres sumption. Thus it is not possible, by simply taking the figures in the table, to figurant au tableau, se rendre un compte exact de la consommation de l’opium préparé ; ascertain the exact consumption of prepared opium ; but an examination of the table son étude, toutefois, permettra de se faire une idée générale à ce sujet. will make it possible to obtain a general idea. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pays — Countries 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 kg- kg- kg. kg. kg. kg. kg- kg. kg- kg. B ornéo (N ori> ) N orth B orneo 5 124 4 396 4 209 4 137 4 571 4 674 4 375 3 942 3 776 2 923 B r u n e i (a) 205 178 225 336 342 407 455 433 350 288 Ce y l a n Ce y l o n 306 288 256 216 196 185 175 157 137 1 2 0 E tablissements d u D é t r o it (b) St r a it s Se t t le m e n t s (b) 57 392 51 492 50 246 44 721 46 323 53 549 52 692 50 814 43 553 33 316 E tats M a l a is (fédérés) M a l a y States (Federated) 37 390 32 140 38 072 (c) 38 771 (c) 43 709 (c) 55 339 (c) 51 788 (c) 43 926 (c) 43 090 32 948 E tats M a l a is (non fédérés) M a l a y States (Unfederatcd) 23 611 20 364 23 483 22 817 27 663 35 897 32 417 25 488 25 285 19 024 F ormose (Taï-Ouan) F ormosa (Taiwan) (d) 52 838 (d) 54 166 48 126 44 230 41 991 40 236 37 323 34 970 31 967 36 359 H o n g -K o n g (d) 9 934 (d) 13 999 14 520 13 288 8 826 7 379 11 068 9 350 6 803 7 264 I n d es N éerlandaises N e t h e r la n d s I n d ia (d) 83 399 (d) 64 450 53 534 50 341 (c) 52 807 (c) 55 185 (c) 59 103 (c) 61 797 (c) 58 806 (c) 49 278 Sia m (e) 58 484 50 160 (c) 50 779 (c) 51 589 (c) 54 634 (c) 55 462 (c) 60 483 (c) 61 486 58 170 49 436 T o tal des pays mentionnés ci-dessus T o tal of above-mentioned countries 3 3 6 2 7 3 3 0 0 7 0 5 2 8 8 7 1 0 2 7 5 8 8 4 2 8 6 7 5 7 3 1 4 0 4 9 3 1 7 1 9 8 2 9 9 201 284 201 245 211 B ir m a n ie (g) B u r m a (g) 37 946 (1) 30 778 ?? 18 180 16 928 14 570 14 451 13 756 12 171 Inde française ^ F rench I ndia | 524 ------. h. 510 24 (i ? 24 (i 246 j 693 j - / I nd oc hine f/ij 7 06 4 91 58 465 (c) 59 689 (c) 66 0-18 68 267 i 70 493 1 I ndo Ch in a (h) j 73 211 1 6 8 254 73 918 / I r a k (j) 564 (j) 488 ( j) 385 (!) 355 296 I raq ? ? ? (i) 1 48 4 ( i) 1 093 Kouan-Toung (Territoire à bail) K w a n t u n g (Leased Ter 44 079 rito ry ) 8 636 ? 7 ? ? ? ? ( k ) 30 000 48 160 Kouano-Tchéou-Ouan (I) 1 234 7 Kwang-Ciiow-Wan (I) 7 505 I t 874 10 620 780 1 028 (c) 2 060 (c) 1 962 (c) 2 065 6 838 12 264 14 225 M acao (c) 7 560 (c) 9 072 5 260 5 438 5 695 5 736 7 319 P erse 7 7 ? ? P er sia ? 7 ? 7 ? ? 6 475 5 927 4 676 Sa r a w a k 7 1 7 (m ) 6 850 7 846 7 127 (a) Chiffre figurant au rapport de la Commission d'enquête sur le contrôle de l’opium il fumer en (a) Figure obtained from the Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Control of Opium-smoking Extrême-Orient. in the Far East. (b) Les chiffres relatifs à ces pays représentent les quantités d’opium préparé^ vendues pour la consom ( b) The figures regarding these countries show the quantities of prepared opium sold for consumption in mation dans la colonie. Ces quantités ne comprennent pas les ventes directes aux Etats de la Malaisie. the Colony. These quantities do not include direct sales to the Malay States. (c) Quantité vendue par les Etats pour la consommation. (c) Quantity sold by the States for consumption. (d) Ces chiffres sont différents de ceux qui figurent dans le rapport de la Commission d’enquête, qui (d) These figures differ from those given in the report of the Commission of Enquiry, which shows, for sont, pour Formose, 57 831 kg. en 1921 et 53 624 kg. en 1922; pour Hong-Kong, 8 000 kg. en 1921 et 11 003 kg. Formosa, 57 831 kg. in 1921 and 53 624 kg. in 1922 ; llong-Ixong, 8 000 kg. in 1921 and 11 003 kg. in 1922 ; en 1922 ; pour les Indes Néerlandaises, 84 717 kg. en 1921 et 65 450 kg. en 1922. Netherlands Indies, 84 717 kg. in 1921 and 65 450 kg. in 1922. (e) Les chifïres pour les années 1923,1924,1925,1927 et 1929 sont différents de ceux qui figurent dans le rap (e) The figures for 1923, 1924, 1925, 1927 and 1929 differ from those in the report of the Commission of port delà Commission d’enquête, qui sont 47 097 kg., 52 053 kg., 51 584 kg., 56 273 kg. et 60 917 kg. respectivement. Enquiry, which arc 47 097 ltg., 52 053 kg., 51 584 kg., 56 273 kg. and 60 917 kg. respectively. (1) D u 1 er avril 1922 au 31 mars 1923. (f) From April 1st, 1922, to March 31st, 1923. (g) Chiffres approximatifs. La vente de l’opium préparé est interdite; la quantité exacte d’opium préparé (g) Approximate figure. The sale of prepared opium is prohibited ; the exact quantity of opium par les consommateurs eux-mêmes pour leur propre usage est inconnue. prepared by consumers themselves for their use is unknown. . (h) Les chiffres pour les années 1923-1925 ont été empruntés au rapport de la Commission d’enquête. (h) The figures for 1923-1925 have been obtained from the report of the Commission of Enquiry. The Les chifïres des rapports annuels pour 1926 et 1927 diffèrent sensiblement de ceux du rapport de la Commission figures given in the annual reports for 1926 and 1927 differ from those in the report of the Commission of d’enquête, qui sont 57 629 kg. et 64 086 kg. respectivement. Enquiry, which are 57 629 kg. and 64 086 kg. respectively. (i) Y compris 551 kg. de « sukhta » (cendre) en 1924 et 187 kg. en 1925. (i) Including 551 kg. “ sukhta ” (dross) in 1924 and 187 kg. in 1925. (j) Y compris les quantités mangées. (j) Including quantities consumed by eaters. (k) Chiffre approximatif du rapport de la Commission d’enquête. (k) Approximate figure obtained from the report of the Commission ofEnquiry. (I) Chifïres figurant au rapport de la Commission d’enquête, qui ne se rapportent qu’aux quantités d opium (I) Figures taken from the report of the Commission of Enquiry referring only to quantities of prepared préparé de la fabrique de Saigon vendues par la Régie. opium of Saigon manufacture sold by the Régie. (m ) La consommation pour six mois a été de 2 611 kg. (m ) The consumption for six months was 2 611 kg. v i n . TAULEAXJ synoptique INDIQUANT LE NVMBtlE üti FUMEURS IMMAHUtULÉS UU rOUHVLS DE LlM SNM ft l'U U ll LES ANflfilïS 19S1- 193V XIII. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF REGISTERED OR LICENSED SMOKERS 1921-1930 Note explicative. Explanatory Note. L’intention du Secrétariat était d’établir un tableau complet indiquant, non seulement The Secretariat’s intention was to draw up a complete table showing, not only le total du nombre de fumeurs d’opium préparé immatriculés ou pourvus de licences the total number of registered or licensed smokers of prepared opium in each dans chaque pays consommateur, mais aussi leur classement par nationalités (par consuming country, but also their classification by nationalities (e.g., Chinese, Euro exemple : Chinois, Européens, indigènes, etc.). peans, indigenous population, etc.). Dans certains pays, l’immatriculation des fumeurs d’opium préparé n’est pas obli In some countries, the registration of opium-smokers is not compulsory and, gatoire ; par conséquent, les renseignements y relatifs sont incomplets ou manquent for this reason, data is either incomplete or non-existent. In accordance, however, complètement. Toutefois, conformément à la décision prise par la Commission with the decision taken by the Advisory Committee, the Secretariat indicates in this consultative, le Secrétariat indique dans ce tableau les noms de ces pays ainsi que tabic the names of these countries and the population figures of all the countries les chiffres de la population de chaque pays figurant au tableau. recorded in the table. 12 Pays — Countries Population (millions) 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 B i r m a n ie B u r m a (a) 18 86119 219 15 577 14 003 13 364 12 151 11 269 B o r n é o (N o r d -) N o r t h B o r n e o 0,294 8146 276 5 127 5 087 4 1065 B r u n e i 0,029 458 588 C e y l a n Ceylon 5,479 688 671 666 643 622 582 549 509 455 447 E tablissements d u D é t r o it S t r a it s S e t t l e m e n t s 1,13 40 956 42 751 Etats Malais (fédérés) (a) (a) (a) M alay States (Federated) 1,562 25 282 46 859 52 402 60 508 Etats Malais (non fédérés) (a) (b) M alay States (Unfederated) 1,357 24 496 47 398 (c) 4,56 45 832 42 925 39 463 37 285 34 359 31 982 29 536 27 378 25 022 38 480 H o n o -K ono (d) 1,144 In d e I n d ia 352,923 I n d e s f r a n ç a is e s F r e n c h I n d ia 0,289 7 810 8 780 6 810 Indes néerlandaises (/) N etherlands Indies (I) 128 231 172 703 157 173 151 121 176 122 186 110 167 206 In d o c h i n e In d o -Ch i n a 20,5 Irak Iraq 3,3 Kouan-Touno (Territoire à bail) (a) (a) fa) K w a n t u n g (Leased Territory) 5 535 5 364 27 154 28 252 521 29 172 31 06229 31 176 30 858 30 491 K o u a n o -T c h é o u -O uan K w a n q -Gh o w -W an 0,220 M acao 0,16 P e r s e P ersia Sarawak 0,6 4 724 6 258 900 4 783 4 633 4 664 4 602 Siam (g) 11,62 (a) ChitTre figurant dans le rapport de la Commission d'enquête sur le contrôle de l'opium à fumer en (a) Figure given in the Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Control of Opium-smoking in the Extrême-Orient (document C.635.M.254.1930.XI.) Far East (document C.635.M.254.1930.XI). (b) Ce chlflre ne représente que les données de Johore (23 426) et de Perils (1 070). (b) This figure includes only Johore (23 426) and Perl is (1 070). (e) Ce chlflre se compose de 23 468 tumeurs titulaires d'une licence et de 14 992 tumeurs en cours de (c) 23 468 licensed smokers and 14 992 smokers subjected to curative measures but not yetcured. traitement mais non encore guéris. (d) Le rapport de la Commission d'enquête ne donne que le nombre de tumeurs de « Kamshan ■ (opium (d) The report of the Commission of Enquiry shows only smokers of “ Kamshan ” opium (higher-grade de qualité supérieure à celle vendue par les vendeurs munis d'un permis). Ces chifïres sont : 1921, 159 ; opium than that sold through the licensed vendors). Their number was : 1921, 159 ; 1922, 181 ; 1923, 230 ; 1922, 181 ; 1923, 230 ; 1924, 283 ; 1925, 252 ; 1926, 168 ; 1927, 189 ; 1928, 199 ; 1929, 214. En dehors de 1924, 283 ; 1925, 252 ; 1926, 168 ; 1927, 189 ; 1928, 199 ; 1929, 214. With this exception, there is no ^ cette exception, les fumeurs ne sont ni enregistrés, ni munis d’une licence, ni rationnés. Le rapport annuel de registration, licensing or rationing. The Annual Report for 1930 says that it is impossible to estimate the 1930 dit qu’il est impossible d’évaluer le nombre des fumeurs, qui, en raison du mouvement de la population number of smokers, who, because of their continual flow of population, are not registered or licensed. CO flottante, ne sont ni immatriculés ni titulaires de licences. (e) Nombre approximatif. (e) Approximative number of smokers. (f) Y compris les fumeurs non pourvus de licences et dont voici le nombre à partir de 1923 : 1923, 29 973 ; d) Including the non-licensed smokers, the number of whom was, since 1923 : 1923, 29 973 ; 1924, 23661 ; 1924, 23 661 ; 1925, 24 832 ; 1926, 22 452 ; 1927, 78 805 ; 1928, 85 071 ; 1929, 84 688 ; 1930, 74 376. 1925, 24 832; 1926, 22 452 ; 1927, 78 805 ; 1928, 85 071 ; 1929, 84 688 ; 1930, 74376. (g) Les fumeurs ne sont pas enregistrés. Leur nombre a été estimé, en 1921, à 200 000. Un recensement (g) No smokers registered. Their number was in 1921 estimated at 200 000. A census taken on January fait le 15 janvier 1930 a donné, pour la durée de 24 heures, les chiffres minimums suivants : 88 921 fumeurs 15th, 1930, gave the following minimum number of smokers during 24 hours : 88 921 smokers (87 825 men (87 825 hommes et 1 096 femmes), répartis dans 907 fumeries. Le nombre des personnes autorisées à fumer and 1 096 women) in 907 smoking establishments. The number of persons allowed to smoke outside the en dehors des fumeries a été : en 1921, 1 505 ; 1922, 1 209 ; 1923, 1 189 ; 1924, 1 329 ; 1925, 1 186 ; 1926, dens was : 1921, 1 505 ; 1922, 1 209 ; 1923, 1 189 ; 1924, 1 329 ; 1925, 1 186 ; 1926, 1 163 ; 1927, 525 ; 1928, 1 163 ; 1927, 525 ; 1928, 434 ; 1929, 344 ; 1930, 309. Depuis le mois d’avril 1927, des licences sont délivrées 434 ; 1929, 344 ; 1930, 309. Since April 1927, licences have been issued to *' dross ” consumers, whose aux consommateurs de « dross », dont le nombre était, pour chaque année, en 1927 et en 1928, de 2 580. number was, in 1927 and 1928, 2 580. N ote. — Les fumeurs du Nord-Bornéo, de B ru n e i, du Territoire à bail du Kouan-Toung, sont tous des N o te . — All smokers in North Borneo, Brunei and K w a n tu n g *Leased Territory, and the majority of the Chinois. La majorité (au-dessus de 90%) des fumeurs de B irm anie, des Etablissements du Détroit, de Sarawak smokers (more than 90%) in B u rm a , Straits Settlements, Sarawakfand Federated M alay States are Chinese. In et des Etats Malais fédérés est chinoise. A Formose, la majorité des fumeurs immatriculés sont des Formosans. Formosa, the greater part of the registered smokers are Formosans. In the Netherlands Indies, the m ajority Dans les Indes néerlandaises » la majorité des fumeurs est indigène ; dans ce dernier pays, il y a également of the smokers consists of indigenous population. In this last country, there are a few European smokers quelques tumeurs européens (5 en 1930). (5 in 1930). 114 — XIV. TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE INDIQUANT LE POURCENTAGE DES RECETTES NETTES PROVENANT DE L’OPIUM PRÉPARÉ, PAR RAPPORT AUX RECETTES GÉNÉRALES Dl PAYS, POUR LES ANNÉES 1921-1930 XIV. SYNOPTIC TABLE SHOWING FOR THE PERIOD 1921-1930 THE PERCENTAGE OF NET REVENUE OBTAINED FROM PREPARED OPIUM, IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL REVENUE OF THE COUNTRY Note explicative. Explanatory Note. Le pourcentage figurant au tableau pour chaque The percentage given in the table for each country pays indiqué représente le rapport entre les recettes indicates the amount of revenue from prepared provenant de l’opium préparé et les recettes géné opium in relation to the general revenue of the rales des pays. En comparant le pourcentage relatif respective countries. B y comparing the percentage à un pays donné pour chaque année de la période for a given country in each year of the period 1921- de 1921-1930 avec la moyenne annuelle, on constatera 1930 with the annual average, it is easy to ascertain facilement la situation générale en ce qui concerne the general position as regards revenue from prepared les recettes provenant de l’opium préparé. La compa opium. A comparison between the percentages raison entre les pourcentages des divers pays inté of the various countries concerned for any year ressés pour une année quelconque permettra de gives the relative amount of the revenue in question juger de l’importance relative desdites recettes de for each country in comparison with other countries. chaque pays par rapport aux autres pays. Il n ’est pas inutile de souligner que les pourcentages It should perhaps again be pointed out that the en question ont été calculés par rapport aux recettes percentages in question are calculated in relation générales de chaque pays. L’augmentation ou la to the general revenue of each country. An increase diminution du pourcentage ne signifie pas nécessai or decrease in this percentage does not necessarily rement l’augmentation ou la diminution des chiffres imply an increase or decrease in the absolute figures absolus des recettes correspondantes. C’est pour for the corresponding revenue. For that reason, cette raison que le Secrétariat a décidé d’indiquer the Secretariat has decided to show the gross and ultérieurement les recettes brutes et nettes, expri net revenue expressed in gold francs later in another mées en francs-or, dans un autre tableau qui est en table which is in preparation. cours de préparation. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Pays 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Country o/ 0/ % % % % Jo % % 0/Zo /o % M acao 52,53 58,02 44,05 15,53 35,42 32,64 27,08 22,16 25,00 25,00 E tablissements du D é t r o it Str a it s Set t l e m e n t s 37,40 41,80 43,60 38,90 23,30 30,50 34,00 32,30 15,10 23,00 E tats M alais n o n FÉDÉRÉS Unfederated Malay S t a t e s Johore (a ) 29,39 30.00 28,00 27,00 23,00 23,00 21,02 Kedah 34,55 32,22 25.00 27,90 27.90 26,78 23,83 Perlis 35.85 39,04 32.00 36,29 29.90 30,15 29,05 Kelantan 22.85 20.00 14,50 12,10 16.90 16,80 21,40 Trengganu 28,20 22,20 25,70 21,40 20,50 17,70 18,63 B o r n é o ( N o r d ) N o r t h B o r n e o 24,60 24,60 25,20 24,70 24,40 22,70 21,20 19,20 16,71 14,40 B r u n e i 15,06 18,78 17,93 22,31 20,03 19,29 20,07 21,60 19,51 13,50 Sia m 21,97 19,58 19,96 17,88 18,24 16,68 15,48 15,29 15,35 14,06 Saraw a k ?? 1 ? 17,86 16,26 18,76 15,56 13,90 11,75 H o n g -K o n g 21,20 25,60 23,20 20,00 11,30 10,20 11,60 11,00 8,32 7,23 E tats M alais f é d é r é s F e d e r a t e d M alay Sta tes 16,60 19,00 16,90 15,00 13,40 14,60 13,40 12,30 14,00 13,00 I n d o c h in e I n d o -C h in a 12,35 13,46 13,75 11,33 9,20 6,29 6,67 5,18 4,70 ? K o u a n -T o u n g (Territoire à bail) K w a n t u n g 9,00 7,10 6,40 7,50 8,90 8,40 7,00 6,40 3,50 8,00 (Leased Territory) I n d e s néerlandaises N e t h e r l a n d s In d ie s 10,15 6,64 7,05 6,28 5,81 5,36 4,83 4,91 5,27 6,13 F o r m o s e (Taï-Ouan) F o r m o s a 9,10 5,37 3,81 4,75 1,05 3,42 3,52 2,72 2,04 3,00 (Taiwan) B ir m a n i e ? ? B u r m a 3,36 4,34 4,35 3,51 2,86 3,44 2,93 3,14 Ce y l a n 0,04 C e y l o n 0,11 0,09 0,07 0,05 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,04 Ch i n e Ch in a (a) Un ne voit pas clairement si ce sont les recettes nettes de (a) it is not clear whether it is tne net opium 0f l’opium qui ont été prises en considération pour calculer les pour- been taken into consideration in the calculatio centages de ce pays. percentages.