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The Ethnic History Transylvania THE ETHNIC HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA BY ENDRE HARASZTI B.A., Cert. Educ., B.Ed., M.A. Published by the Danubian Press, Inc. Astor Park, Florida, 32002 With the approval of the Danubian Research a.nd Information Center Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 69-19410 International Standard Book Number 0-87934-004-5 Copyright 1971. Danubian Press, Inc. Astor Park, Florida, 32002 This book was publiJshed with the cooperation of The Frigyes Balazs Thardy 1lfemorial Foundation. Lectured by Zsolt Gyorffy Printed by The Sovereign Press, Toronto, Canada PREFACE What does the average western person know about Transylvania? Usually, he knows absolutely nothing. Now, let me ask the same question this way : What does the average but supposedly enthusiastic geography - or history - sctudent know about Transylvania, spending many years in various high schools and univer­ sities of the North American Continent? The answer is the same again, in most cases : he knows absolutely nothing. Being a schoolteacher in Canada, but being a person of East-Central European origin, and still having basically European historical and poli­ tical interests, I felt that it was a very interesting experiment, when I ask­ ed senior high school students, university students, postgraduate students, even members of history or geography faculties : "What do you know about Tranylvania ?" I received various answers. In most of the cases, the answer was very frank : "I know nothing." In many cases the answer was associated with a question : "Where is this Transylvania, after all ?" I had a very intelli· gent student, who remembered that he had he�rd mention of this world already, and he also remembered that "Count Dracula was born there." Most of the high school students were not sure that Transylvania was a European, Asian or African country, and one of them, - a very "self­ conscious" boy and proud of his origin, - even expressed his personal feeling, according which : "I do not know where this mysterious place is, but I do not care. It is probably an unimportant country. It was never a member of the British Commonwealth." Students of American origin, sur· prisingly, showed much more interest about Eastern Europe than Cana;di­ ans, but their actual knowledge in most cases did not go farther and one of my disappointments was that I found that some of the encyclopedias, pub­ lished in America know only one "Transylvania", which is "a colonizing enterprise wnd separate government in the Kentucky country just preced­ ing and during the Revolutionary war." (Thus, the editors and the highly respected academic contributors knew only about the American Transyl­ vania (the so-called Louisa Co.), which was organized at Hillsborough, North Carolina, in Aug. 1774 by Richard Henderson and his five as­ sociates.) Other Transylvania simply "did not exist", and I suppose most of the contributing academic personalities imagined that "the other Tran­ sylvania, the mysterious birth place of Count Dracula, exists only in the fictious world of the fables and horror stories." These simple, and actual­ ly very uneducated, western academic personalities did not even suspect that Transylvania is a real country somewhere in Eastern Europe, and Count Dracula was also a real person, though historically not an important one, whose castle still represents some sort of touristic spectacle among the "fearful" Transylvanian mountains. Knowing that the average East-Central European student often knows much more about the West than the western student himself, I was shocked by my very first experiences. Later I found many excuses for the West. I realized that psychologically it is very hard to build, to look the future, and simultaneously to dream, looking only the past. We are meditating and dreaming often, when the West looked the future practically, and built the future, becoming more and more ignorant about the "melancholy" of the past. European student-life was filled with the atmosphere of "historia magistra vitae est", and now, witnessing the fantastic trips of the Astro­ nauts, I am wondering : does this sentence represent reality anymore? A Yes, perhaps, it does. Only the World wrus transformed around us, only our environment was recreated by the human technological genius, but we, mankind, we actually did not change our physical and emotional nature in these, quite well known, few thousand years. We conquered Mesopo­ tamia and Egypt and we fought bloody wars among us. We conquered "Mother Earth", fighting cruel, imperialistic wars among us, often con­ cluding those wars with unjust treaties, ignoring natural ethnic and cul­ tural frontiers, ignoring the suffering and crying claims of "non-impor­ tant" minority groups. Yes, we did not, and we are not going to change ourselves. We will conquer this Galaxy system, sooner or later, step by tep. We will fight for certain planets and we will kill other claimants from our mother-planet, or from other planets. We will arrange inhuman, idiotic treaties in the future too, and we will ignore any knowledge about another "Transylvania" in the future, - perhaps another "Transylvania" of the planet Mars. I confess, my feeling is that "historia est magistra vitae" stands very well even in the stormy atmosphere of our technological revolution. Even if we have "internationalist" ideas, we are still living in the age of nations, nationalities and nationalism. Many helpless orphans are around us with­ out any real aid and understanding and there are many multinational states where certain minority groups are without any real aid and under­ standing. Superficial treaties pushed them into the arms of totalitarian dictatorships, or "imperial-minded" political bureaucracies. They are un­ der the pressure of linguicide, which represents genocide for them. A nation or a nationality is able to preserve its identity only by the pre­ servation of her native language and culture. I know that TransylvaniaJ is "a very hard topic", because it is similar to Czechoslovakia, which was, according to many British politicians "only" a distant, little country, "and we know nothing about it." (1938). I know that it was not easy to know Transylvania, because this country has many faces and many names too. For the student of Ancient History it was Dacia, for the student of Medieval History it did not even exist, because it was simply the land of the "Seklers" and an integral part of the Hun­ garian Kingdom. For the student of Modern History it could be Transyl­ vania, out could be Ardeal or Siebenburgen too. However, it does not make any difference, what the "right" name of this country is. The main fact is that Transylvania is - similarly to Switzer­ land - the ancient home of three nationalities, speaking three very dis­ similar languages. The other main fact is, that Transylvania, - very dissimilM"ly from Switzerland, - is one of the poorest and unhappiest countries of the world today. The third fact is that Transylvania's unhap­ piness is the direct and logical result of two factors : ( 1) Totalitarianism and consequently, minority-discrimination, and (2) the historical irres­ ponsibility of the West concluding the First World War, and the historico­ educationall ignorance since then. "Oh, well ! Transylvania is only a distant little country and we do not know anything about it" - you may say. No, my dear reader. I will not give you opportunity for a cheap excuse this time. I am going to introduce this country in detail. I will discuss its geography, its history, its very unique position on the crossroads of many different cultures and its unique minority problems. The three nationality-situation was always an obstacle in the way of solutions, but this situation could also represent the key to the solution. And now, let us ask, - not with the usual western naivity, but with real interest and enthusiasm : - "Where is Transylvania?" B TABLE OF CONTENT I. Introduction. The Transylvanian Problem ............. ................ 1 (The various names of Transylvania. ( 1), The Transylvanian prob- lem. (2). II. The Geographical Unity of Transylvania ... ... .. .. .... .. .. 5 (Transylvanian phisiography (5), Transylvanian ethnography (7). III. Transylvanian Prehistory ....... .. .. .. ........ .......... 8 (The "Danubian Phases", The Bronze Age (8), The Iron Age (9), The Scythians (9), The Thracians and the Daks (10). IV. Ancient Transylvania .... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. 11 (The political effort of Bucharest (11), Dacians and Getans (11), Burebista and the Roman threat (12), Decebal's freedomfight against Trajanus (13), Roman Dacia and the "Dako-Roman Theory" (14:), Dacia from 117 to 271 (16), Visigoths and Ostrogoths (18), The Hun Conquest (20), The Hun origin of the Sz�kelys (22) , Gothia (23), The failure of Attila. The revolt of the Gepidas (24), Archeological evidences 24). V. The Ethno-Linguistic History of Medieval Transylvcu�ia Before the Hungarian Conquest .. .. .. .. .. .... .... 26 (Gepidas, Lombards, Herulians (26), Hun, Bulgarian and Slav ele­ ments, (27), The Avar origin and conquest (28), The ethno-linguistic similarity of Huns, Avars and Magyars (30), The Avar decline, The rise of the Bulgars (31), The possibility of Avar effects in the Euro- pean ethnicum (32), Bulgarian domination in Transylvania (33), The political alliances of the coming Magyars. The Conquest. (33). VI. The Problem of Wallachian Origin and Early Migration .. .... .. 35 (A brief review of Transylvanian ethno-linguistic history until the Hungarian Conquest. ( 35), Historical eVidences versus "Big Power interest" (36), The Wallachians. (Race or linguistic group?), (36), The origin of the Rumanian language (37), The Wallachian ancestors: the •'Megleno-Rumuns", the "Aurumuns", and the "Istro-Rumuns" (38), The early migration of the Wallachians (39). VII. The Effects of the Hungarian Conquest on the Ethnic Transformation of TranS1Jlvania .... ......................... ................. -'0 (Ethno-linguistic situation in the time of the Conquest (4:0), The trine lines of the Conquest. The early settlement. (4:1), "Septem Castra" (4:2). VIII. Transylvania liAS an Integral Part of the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Part I: The Arpad Dynasty and Erdoelve .
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