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SEEMIG Historical Analysis Romania Dynamic Historical Analysis of Longer Term Migratory, Labour Market and Human Capital Processes in Romania Horváth István Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities Kiss Tamás Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities 2013 Dynamic Historical Analysis – Country Report Romania This country report was developed in the framework of SEEMIG – Managing Migration and its Effects in SEE – Transnational Actions towards Evidence-based Strategies. SEEMIG is a strategic project funded by the European Union’s South-East Europe Programme. Project code: SEEMIG - SEE/C/0006/4.1/X The country report was prepared within the SEEMIG activity Conceptual framework for modelling longer term migratory, labour market and human capital processes coordinated by the University of Vienna. The information published here reflects the authors’ views and the Managing Authority is not liable for any use that may be made of the information concerned. © István, Horváth - Kiss, Tamás All Rights Reserved. Information for reproducing excerpts from this report can be found at www.seemig.eu. Inquiries can also be directed to: University of Vienna, Dept. of Geography and Regional Research, Universitaetsstrasse 7/5, A-1010 Vienna or by contacting [email protected]. Suggested citation: István, Horváth - Kiss, Tamás (2013): Dynamic Historical Analysis of Longer Term Migratory, Labour Market and Human Capital Processes in Romania. Country report developed within the project ‘SEEMIG Managing Migration and Its Effects – Transnational Actions Towards Evidence Based Strategies’. http://www.seemig.eu/downloads/outputs/SEEMIGHistoricalAnalysisRomania.pdf 2 Dynamic Historical Analysis – Country Report Romania Content Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 8 Rezumat (Romanian) ...................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Methodology ........................................................................................................ 12 1.2. Definitions ............................................................................................................ 13 2. HISTORICAL-DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LABOUR MARKET, HUMAN CAPITAL AND MIGRATION DEVELOPMENTS .......................................................................................... 14 2.1. Political and Socio-Economic Overview ................................................................. 14 2.2. Development of international migration ............................................................... 16 2.3. The Evolution of Migration Policies and the Legal Framework ............................... 17 3. NATIONAL POLICIES AND PERSPECTIVES REGARDING INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION .... 18 3.1. The Legal and Policy Framework of International Migration .................................. 18 3.1.1. Migration policies during state socialism ............................................................... 18 3.1.2. Migration policies following 1989 .......................................................................... 19 3.1.2.1. Confronting irregularity.................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.2. Managing emigration and addressing the condition of emigrant Romanian citizens ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2.3. Harmonizing legislation on immigration and asylum with EU regulations ...... 21 3.2. Perceptions of International Migration ................................................................. 21 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON LABOUR MARKET, HUMAN CAPITAL AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION .................................................................................................................... 23 4.1. Social and Economic Development ........................................................................ 23 4.1.1. Economic development ........................................................................................... 23 4.1.1.1. Personal remittances of emigrants .................................................................. 28 4.1.2. Social development ................................................................................................. 29 4.1.3. Social Policy ............................................................................................................. 30 4.2. Main international migration trends and the main characteristics of migrants ....... 31 4.2.1. The general trend and periods of migration during state socialism ....................... 31 4.2.2. Statistics on migration flows during state socialism .............................................. 32 4.2.3. General trends and periods after 1989 ................................................................... 34 4.2.4. Data on emigration flows ....................................................................................... 36 4.2.5. Data on emigrant stock .......................................................................................... 38 4.2.6. The possibility of return .......................................................................................... 40 4.2.7. (Re)aquirement of Romanian citizenship ................................................................ 41 4.2.8. Asylum seekers and refugees .................................................................................. 43 4.2.9. Foreign national residents ...................................................................................... 44 4.3. Demography and Human Capital ........................................................................... 45 4.3.1. Population change .................................................................................................. 45 4.3.2. The structure and spatial distribution of the population ........................................ 52 4.3.2.1. Age structure .................................................................................................... 52 4.3.2.2. Regional disparities .......................................................................................... 53 4.3.2.3. Ethnic structure ................................................................................................ 54 3 Dynamic Historical Analysis – Country Report Romania 4.3.3. Education ................................................................................................................ 56 4.4. Labor Market ........................................................................................................ 60 4.4.1. General characteristics of the labor market ........................................................... 60 4.4.2. The impact of emigration on the labor market ...................................................... 62 4.4.3. Immigrants on the Romanian labor market ........................................................... 63 5. CASE STUDY: DYNAMIC HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF LONGER TERM MIGRATORY, LABOR MARKET AND HUMAN CAPITAL PROCESSES IN HARGHITA AND COVASNA COUNTIES ...... 64 6. OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 67 7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 70 4 Dynamic Historical Analysis – Country Report Romania List of figures and tables Table 1: The total number of employees and share of sectors............................................................................. 24 Table 2: The economic growth rate in Romania between 1950 and 2010 ........................................................... 24 Table 3: The share of informal economy, the volume of foreign direct investment and the evolution of public debt between 2001 and 2011 ............................................................................................................................... 27 Table 4: The at risk of poverty rate in Romania and in EU between 2007 and 2011 ............................................ 30 Table 5: Expenditure on social protection in % of GDP in Romania and the EU ................................................... 30 Table 6: Asylum requests submitted by Romanian citizens between 1980-1989 in OECD countries .................. 32 Table 7: Ethnic German emigrants (de)registered in Romania and ethnic German immigrants from Romania registered in Germany (1975-1989) ...................................................................................................................... 33 Table 8: Emigration to Hungary registered in Romania and immigration from Romania registered in Hungary . 33 Table 9: Synthetic table of the main characteristics of Romanian emigration since 1990 ................................... 34 Table 10: Emigration to Spain registered in Romania and immigration from Romania registered in Spain (2001- 2011) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Table 11: Emigration to Italy registered in Romania and immigration from Romania registered in Italy (2001- 2011) ....................................................................................................................................................................
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