DOCSLIB.ORG

Pest Survey of Citrus Crops in Lebanon (2011-2012)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pest Survey of Citrus Crops in Lebanon (2011-2012) Strengthening Production and Marketing of Lebanese Agricultural Products Project GCP/LEB/021/ITA Pest Survey of Citrus Crops in Lebanon (2011-2012) Final specific crop pest survey report prepared for The Ministry of Agriculture Survey Coordinator Pest Diagnosis Coordinator Imad NAHHAL1 Elia CHOUEIRI2 This Report was prepared by: Imad NAHHAL1 Elia CHOUEIRI2 Wassim HABIB3 Zinette MOUSSA3 Caroline OJEIL3 Claudine SEBAALY3 Ziad RIZK3 Youssef MASRI1 April 2013 1: Plant Protection Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Bir Hassan Embassies Street, Beirut, Lebanon 2: Plant Protection Department, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) Tal Amara, P.O. Box 287, Zahlé Lebanon 3: Plant Protection Department, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) Fanar, P.O. Box 90-165, Jdeidet-El-Metn, Lebanon Contents 1. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 5 2. Executive Summary ................................................................................................... 8 3. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 4. Methods.................................................................................................................... 10 4.1. Crops Surveyed ................................................................................................. 10 4.2. Number and Distribution of Sites Sampled....................................................... 10 4.3.1. Field Collection .......................................................................................... 11 4.3.2. Hygiene ....................................................................................................... 14 4.4. Laboratory Determinations ............................................................................... 14 4.4.1. Arthropods and Gastropods ........................................................................ 14 4.4.2. Nematodes .................................................................................................. 14 4.4.3. Fungi ........................................................................................................... 15 4.4.4. Bacteria ....................................................................................................... 15 4.4.5. Viruses and Phytoplasmas .......................................................................... 16 4.5. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 16 4.5.1. Nature of Association ................................................................................. 16 4.5.2. Status of the Record .................................................................................... 17 4.5.3. Key to Results Tables ................................................................................. 17 5. Results and Discussion: Arthropods and Gastropods .............................................. 18 5.1 Lemon (Citrus limon) ......................................................................................... 18 5.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 19 5.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 20 5.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 22 5.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 22 5.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 23 Page 2 of 104 6. Results and Discussion: Nematodes ........................................................................ 53 6.1. Citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans ................................................... 53 6.2. Burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis ........................................................ 53 6.3. Root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus species ................................................... 54 6.4. Root-Knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica.................................................... 54 6.5 Dagger nematode, Xiphinema species ................................................................ 55 6.6. Other nematodes ................................................................................................ 55 6.7. Summary of new Records ................................................................................. 55 6.8. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 56 7. Results and Discussion: Fungi ................................................................................. 62 7.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 62 7.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 64 7.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 65 7.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 66 7.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 66 7.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 67 8. Results and Discussion: Bacteria ............................................................................. 78 8.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 78 8.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 78 8.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 78 8.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 78 8.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 78 8.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 78 9. Results and Discussion: Viruses and Viroids .......................................................... 84 9.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 84 9.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 85 9.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 85 Page 3 of 104 9.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 86 9.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 86 9.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 86 10. References .............................................................................................................. 98 Page 4 of 104 1. Acknowledgements H.E. the Minister of Agriculture Dr. Hussein EL HAJJ HASSAN for his continuous and endless support to accomplish this work The Italian Cooperation for the financial support to the project FAO and FAO Representative in Lebanon, Dr. Ali MOUMEN The Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Director General, Dr. Michel AFRAM The Director of Plant Resources in the Ministry of Agriculture, Eng. Mohammad ABOU ZEID The Project Manager Eng. Dany LICHAA EL-KHOURY and the National Project Coordinator Eng. Hanadi JAAFAR Copyright Plant Protection Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or strored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which may be made to the publisher and copyright holder. Page 5 of 104 This survey utilised the skills and efforts of the following people: Ministry of Agriculture Role Name Pest Survey Activities Coordinator Imad Nahhal Field Survey Supervisor Youssef Al Masri Chadi Khoury Dany Bassil Elie Fares Habib Awada Hadi Messelmani Hussein Al Sakka Marwa Hammoud Milia Chbeir Pauline Eid Rosine Habchy Roula Mello Sonia Abiad Tarek Aziz Field Surveyors Wissam Bou Daher Zaher Ayoub Ali Rammal Ali Sayfeddine Ali Taha Bassem Houmani Charles Richa Farida Hajj Chehadeh Mohammad Kawtharani Moukhless Boukdal Nabil Sarieddine Rania Bou Rached Wehbe Bou Orm Zeid Slika Page 6 of 104 Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Role Name Pest Diagnosis Coordinator Elia Choueiri Zinette Moussa Entomologists Dany El Yammouni Caroline Ojeil Abdo Tannoury Nematologists Valérie El Kazzi Fadia Mounsef Wassim Habib Elvis Gerges Mycologists Carine Saab Farah Baroudi Claudine Sebaaly Bacteriologists Ziad Rizk Elia Choueiri Christina Mortada Fouad Jreijiri Samer Wakim Virologists Souheir El Zammar Jony El Hajj Zeina Chaalan Diane Abou Yaghi External Experts / Reviewers Role Name Institution Entomology Specialist Hani Abdul Nour Freelance American University of Virology and Pathology Expert Yusuf Abou-Jawdah Beirut - Faculty of Agriculture Lebanese University - Nematology Expert
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bean Thrips Surveys
    Blackwell Publishing AsiaMelbourne, AustraliaAENAustralian Journal of Entomology1326-6756© 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2006 Australian Entomological SocietyMay 2006452122129Original ArticleSurvey for Caliothrips fasciatus in Australia M S Hoddle et al. Australian Journal of Entomology (2006) 45, 122–129 Populations of North American bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae) not detected in Australia Mark S Hoddle,1* Christina D Stosic1 and Laurence A Mound2 1Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. 2Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Abstract Caliothrips fasciatus is native to the USA and western Mexico and overwintering adults are regular contaminants in the ‘navel’ of navel oranges exported from California, USA to Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere. Due to the long history of regular interceptions of C. fasciatus in Australia, a survey for this thrips was undertaken around airports, seaports, public recreational parks and major agricul- tural areas in the states of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia to determine whether C. fasciatus has successfully invaded Australia. Host plants that are known to support populations of C. fasciatus, such as various annual and perennial agricultural crops, urban ornamentals and weeds along with native Australian flora, were sampled for this thrips. A total of 4675 thrips specimens encompassing at least 76 species from a minimum of 47 genera, and three families were collected from at least 159 plant species in 67 families. Caliothrips striatopterus was collected in Queensland, but the target species, C. fasciatus, was not found anywhere. An undescribed genus of Thripidae, Panchaetothripinae, was collected from ornamental Grevillea (var.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ERIOPHYID MITES of CALIFORNIA (Acarina: Eriophyidae) by H
    BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 2, NO. 1 THE ERIOPHYID MITES OF CALIFORNIA (Acarina: Eriophyidae) BY H. H. KEIFER (California Scare Department of Agriculture) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1352 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. 0. Essig, S. B. Freeborn, E. G. Linsley, R. L. Usinger Volume 2, No. 1, pp. 1-128, plates 1-39 Submitted by Editors, May 6, 1952 Issued December 12, 1952 Price $2.00 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATBS OF AMERICA Contents Page Introduction .......................... 1 Hostlist ........................... 5 Keys to Genera. Species. and higher Groups ...........11 Discussion of Species ..................... 20 Bib 1iography .......................... 62 Host index ........................... 64 List of comn names ...................... 67 Index to mites. Genera. Species. etc .............. 08 Plate symbols ......................... 71 List of plates ......................... 72 Plates ............................. 74 THE ERIOPHYID MITES OF CALIFORNIA Introduction ’IhisBulletin is the result of fifteen years would classify these mites at the present, faces of intermittent exploration of California for the prospect of a growing number of species in the Friophyid mites. hhen the work began in 1937 the large genera, and of broad revisions to come. But principal species recognized were the relatively I believe the average type of Eriophyid to have al- few economic species. ‘Ihis situation not only left ready been pretty well defined, since these mites an opportunity to discover and describe new spe- are widespread, and ancient in origin. cies, it also demanded that as many new Eriophyids As we now know these tiny creatures, they con- as possible be put in print in order to erect a stitute a closed group, structurally pointing to taxonomic framework.
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on the Whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Montenegro, Including Three Species New for the Country
    Acta entomologica serbica, 2015, 20: 29-41 UDC 595.754(497.16)"2012" DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.44654 NEW DATA ON THE WHITEFLIES (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) OF MONTENEGRO, INCLUDING THREE SPECIES NEW FOR THE COUNTRY CHRIS MALUMPHY1, SANJA RADONJIĆ2, SNJEŽANA HRNČIĆ2 and M ILORAD RAIČEVIĆ2 1 The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] 2 Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro Abstract Collection data on nine species of whitefly collected in the coastal and central regions of Montenegro during October 2012 are presented. Three species are recorded from Montenegro for the first time: Aleuroclava aucubae (Kuwana), Aleurotuba jelinekii (Frauenfeld) and Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) complex. Two of the species, A. aucubae and B. afer complex were found in Tološi, on Citrus sp. and Laurus nobilis, respectively. Aleurotuba jelinekii was found in Podgorica on Viburnum tinus. KEY WORDS: Whiteflies, Aleyrodidae, Montenegro Introduction Whiteflies comprise a single family, Aleyrodidae, which currently contains 1556 extant species in 161 genera (Martin & Mound, 2007). Fifty-six species occur outdoors in Europe and the Mediterranean basin (Martin et al., 2000). All whiteflies are phytophagous and have three developmental stages: egg, larval (with four larval instars) and adult. Many species are economically important plant pests of outdoor crops, ornamentals and indoor plantings. Feeding by immature whiteflies reduces plant vigor by depletion of plant sap, and foliage becomes contaminated with eliminated honeydew on which black sooty mold grows, thereby reducing the photosynthetic area and lowering the aesthetic appearance of ornamentals. Adults of a small number of species, most notably Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), are important vectors of plant viruses (Jones, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods and Other Biota Associated with the Azorean Trees and Shrubs: Juniperus Brevifolia
    Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences ISSN: 0873-4704 Arthropods and other Biota associated with the Azorean Trees and Shrubs: Juniperus brevifolia RUI NUNES, R. GABRIEL, R.B. ELIAS, F. RIGAL, A.O. SOARES, P. CARDOSO & P.A.V. BORGES Nunes, R., R. Gabriel, R.B. Elias, F. Rigal, A.O. Soares, P. Cardoso & P.A.V. Borges 2015. Arthropods and other Biota associated with the Azorean Trees and Shrubs: Juniperus brevifolia. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 32: 19-48. Appendix I-IV. This work aims to characterize the arthropods and other biota (lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants and birds) associated with the Azorean endemic tree, Juniperus brevifolia. This is the first of a series of publications that will (i) provide a comprehensive list of all the biota associated with the main Azorean endemic trees and shrubs, (ii) describe in detail the diver- sity, abundance and spatial patterns of canopy arthropods, and (iii) whenever possible, to extend biodiversity assessments to communities of bryophytes, lichens, vascular plants and vertebrates. We use standardized sampled data from BALA project for canopy arthropods and for the remaining taxa we surveyed literature data and the Herbarium of University of Azores. Juniperus brevifolia occurs in a wide range of elevation belts in Azores and accommodates a remarkable large number of taxa: besides canopy arthropods (161 species) it is also an important substrate to other vascular species (six species), bryophytes (105 spe- cies), lichens (106 species) and also birds (four species). In addition, the species richness and particularly the abundance of endemics are dominant, and the number of conservation concern species for bryophytes is noteworthy (30 out of 70).
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Reporting Service, 1996, No. 2
    EPPO Reporting Service Paris, 1996-01-02 Reporting Service 1996, No. 02 CONTENTS 96/021 - EPPO Electronic Documentation Service 96/022 - Situation of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum in France and Portugal 96/023 - Fireblight foci in Puy-de-Dôme (FR) 96/024 - Toxoptera citricida found in Florida (US) 96/025 - Hyphantria cunea found in Tessin (CH) 96/026 - Bactrocera dorsalis trapped in California and Florida (US) 96/027 - Anastrepha ludens trapped in California (US) 96/028 - Further spread of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in the Caribbean 96/029 - Tilletia controversa is not present in Germany 96/030 - Present situation of citrus tristeza closterovirus in Spain 96/031 - Citrus whiteflies in Spain 96/032 - Proposed names for citrus greening bacterium and lime witches' broom phytoplasma 96/033 - Report of phytoplasma infection in European plums in Italy 96/034 - Susceptibility of potato cultivars to Synchytrium endobioticum 96/035 - Specific ELISA detection of the Andean strain of potato S carlavirus 96/036 - NAPPO quarantine lists for potato pests 96/037 - Studies on the possible use of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation against Ceratocystis fagacearum 96/038 - Treatments of orchid blossoms against Thrips palmi and Frankliniella occidentalis 96/039 - Soil solarization to control Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 96/040 - Metcalfa pruinosa: a new pest in Europe 96/041 - Phytophthora disease of common alder 96/042 - Potential spread of Artioposthia triangulata (New Zealand flatworm) and Australoplana sanguinea var. alba to continental Europe EPPO Reporting Service 96/021 EPPO Electronic Documentation Service EPPO Electronic Documentation is a new service developed by EPPO to make documents available in electronic form to EPPO correspondents.
    [Show full text]
  • Country – Panama
    DATE – 10/27/16 COUNTRY – PANAMA All products for consumption require a sanitary certificate or an equivalent document, including those that are unrestricted. Prior notification of shipment arrival is required. Import notification form can be found at www.aupsa.gob.pa Commodities intended for consumption: Additional information regarding published phytosanitary requirements for commodities may be available at the AUPSA website. AUPSA does not provide Import permits (IP) for items intended for consumption or processing. Published requirements may be submitted for PC as a form of official correspondence, but make sure an English translation is also provided. Products for consumption AUPSA does not provide import permits for items for consumption. If a document is presented as an IP by the exporter which is entitled "Notification of Importation/Notificacion de Importacion.", this document does not list phytosanitary requirements and cannot be used for certification purposes. Refer to commodity summaries for requirements; if a commodity summary is not listed the exporter must submit the published requirements applicable to the product from the AUPSA import requirement website (with English translation). These may be sent to Export Services in order to construct a commodity summary for the product. If published requirements are used as official communication, include the AUPSA DINAN number on the PC (in lieu of an IP number). Re-Export No re-export shipments will be accepted without a PC from the country of origin. Unless a PC from the country of origin accompanies the shipment, DO NOT CERTIFY. Transiting shipments Plant material transiting through Panama is exempt from inspection and other restrictions provided plants are accompanied by a PC and are packed so as to prevent pest risk.
    [Show full text]
  • AKPAH EDUKU.Pdf
    KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE LABORATORY STUDIES TO DEVELOP CASSAVA BAIT TO CONTROL INSECT INFESTATION OF COCOA BEANS USING COFFEE BEAN WEEVIL, ARAECERUS FASCICULATUS (DE GEER) (COLEOPTERA; ANTHRIBIDAE), AS MODEL SPECIES. BY AKPAH EDUKU JUNE, 2014 i LABORATORY STUDIES TO DEVELOP CASSAVA BAIT TO CONTROL INSECT INFESTATION OF COCOA BEANS USING COFFEE BEAN WEEVIL, ARAECERUS FASCICULATUS (DE GEER) (COLEOPTERA; ANTHRIBIDAE), AS MODEL SPECIES. BY AKPAH EDUKU THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (M. PHIL.) POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY JUNE, 2014 ii DECLARATION I, Akpah Eduku, hereby declare that, except for specific references, which have been duly acknowledged, this project is the result of my own research and it has not been submitted either in part or in whole for any other degree elsewhere. AKPAH EDUKU ……………………….. …………………… Student No. PG418610 Signature Date Dr. B. K. MAALEKUU ……………………….. …………………….. (Main Supervisor) Signature Date Ms. P. D. KALEDZI ….…………………… …………………….. (Co – Supervisor) Signature Date Dr. BEN KWAKU BANFUL ……………………….. …………………….. (Head of Department) Signature Date i DEDICATION After rains comes sunshine, After darkness comes the glorious dawn. There is no joy without its admixture of misfortune, There is no misfortune without its alloy of joy. Behind the ugly terrible mask, Lies the beautiful countenance of prosperity. So, tear the mask. Awolowo (Nigerian) To God be the glory for the great things he has done. This work is dedicated to Him, The Almighty God, and then to my only daughter, Lucina Akpah.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Cacao Agroforests to the Conservation of Lower Canopy Ant and Beetle Diversity in Indonesia
    10.1007/s10531-007-9196-0 Biodiversity and Conservation © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 10.1007/s10531-007-9196-0 Original Paper The contribution of cacao agroforests to the conservation of lower canopy ant and beetle diversity in Indonesia Merijn M. Bos1, 2 , Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter1 and Teja Tscharntke1 (1) Department of Crop Science, Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, Gottingen, 37073, Germany (2) Present address: State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany Merijn M. Bos Email: [email protected] Received: 31 March 2006 Accepted: 13 August 2006 Published online: 13 June 2007 Abstract The ongoing destruction of tropical rainforests has increased the interest in the potential value of tropical agroforests for the conservation of biodiversity. Traditional, shaded agroforests may support high levels of biodiversity, for some groups even approaching that of undisturbed tropical forests. However, it is unclear to what extent forest fauna is represented in this diversity and how management affects forest fauna in agroforests. We studied lower canopy ant and beetle fauna in cacao agroforests and forests in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, a region dominated by cacao agroforestry. We compared ant and beetle species richness and composition in forests and cacao agroforests and studied the impact of two aspects of management intensification (the decrease in shade tree diversity and in shade canopy cover) on ant and beetle diversity. The agroforests had three types of shade that represented a decrease in tree diversity (high, intermediate and low diversity). Species richness of ants and beetles in the canopies of the cacao trees was similar to that found in lower canopy forest trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Steppe Lebt
    Buchrücken 1200 Stück:Layout 1 04.04.2008 14:39 Seite 1 Die Steppe lebt Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Heinz Wiesbauer (Hrsg.) Die Steppe lebt ISBN 3-901542-28-0 Die Steppe lebt Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Heinz Wiesbauer (Hrsg.) Mit Beiträgen von Roland Albert, Horst Aspöck, Ulrike Aspöck, Hans-Martin Berg, Peter Buchner, Erhard Christian, Margret Bunzel-Drüke, Manuel Denner, Joachim Drüke, Michael Duda, Rudolf Eis, Karin Enzinger, Ursula Göhlich, Mathias Harzhauser, Johannes Hill, Werner Holzinger, Franz Humer, Rudolf Klepsch, Brigitte Komposch, Christian Komposch, Ernst Lauermann, Erwin Neumeister, Mathias Pacher, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Birgit C. Schlick-Steiner, Luise Schratt-Ehrendorfer, Florian M. Steiner, Otto H. Urban, Henning Vierhaus, Wolfgang Waitzbauer, Heinz Wiesbauer und Herbert Zettel St. Pölten 2008 Die Steppe lebt – Felssteppen und Trockenrasen in Niederösterreich Begleitband zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung in Hainburg an der Donau Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ISBN 3-901542-28-0 Die Erstellung des Buches wurde aus Mitteln von LIFE-Natur gefördert. LIFE-Natur-Projekt „Pannonische Steppen und Trockenrasen“ Gestaltung: Manuel Denner und Heinz Wiesbauer Lektorat: caout:chouc Umschlagbilder: Heinz Wiesbauer Druck: Gugler Druck, Melk Medieninhaber: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung, Abteilung Naturschutz Landhausplatz 1 A-3109 St. Pölten Bestellung: Tel.: +43/(0)2742/9005-15238 oder [email protected] © 2008 Autoren der jeweiligen Beiträge, Bilder: Bildautoren Sämtliche Rechte vorbehalten Inhalt 1. Einleitung 5 2. Eiszeitliche Steppen und Großsäuger 9 2.1 Was ist Eiszeit? 11 2.2 Die Tierwelt der Eiszeit 14 2.3 Der Einfluss von Großherbivoren auf die Naturlandschaft Mitteleuropas 17 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Associations Between Pteridophytes and Arthropods
    FERN GAZ. 12(1) 1979 29 THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PTERIDOPHYTES AND ARTHROPODS URI GERSON The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel. ABSTRACT Insects belonging to 12 orders, as well as mites, millipedes, woodlice and tardigrades have been collected from Pterldophyta. Primitive and modern, as well as general and specialist arthropods feed on pteridophytes. Insects and mites may cause slight to severe damage, all plant parts being susceptible. Several arthropods are pests of commercial Pteridophyta, their control being difficult due to the plants' sensitivity to pesticides. Efforts are currently underway to employ insects for the biological control of bracken and water ferns. Although Pteridophyta are believed to be relatively resistant to arthropods, the evidence is inconclusive; pteridophyte phytoecdysones do not appear to inhibit insect feeders. Other secondary compounds of preridophytes, like prunasine, may have a more important role in protecting bracken from herbivores. Several chemicals capable of adversely affecting insects have been extracted from Pteridophyta. The litter of pteridophytes provides a humid habitat for various parasitic arthropods, like the sheep tick. Ants often abound on pteridophytes (especially in the tropics) and may help in protecting these plants while nesting therein. These and other associations are discussed . lt is tenatively suggested that there might be a difference in the spectrum of arthropods attacking ancient as compared to modern Pteridophyta. The Osmundales, which, in contrast to other ancient pteridophytes, contain large amounts of ·phytoecdysones, are more similar to modern Pteridophyta in regard to their arthropod associates. The need for further comparative studies is advocated, with special emphasis on the tropics.
    [Show full text]
  • Phlaeothripidae: Thysanoptera
    Vol. XXII, No. 3, December, 1977 495 A Review of the Hawaiian Species of Idolothripinae (Phlaeothripidae: Thysanoptera) K. Sakimura and F. A. Bianchi BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Published knowledge of the Hawaiian tubuliferous thrips fauna is meager. This is largely due to the limited extent to which our findings have been reported in the past. Those accumulated findings are being jointly reported in this paper and in others to follow. The primary objective of these papers is to assemble all the information on these thrips together in a ready reference available for local use. All the Hawaiian literatures will be completely cited. Recent innovations in the systematics of the suborder Tubulifera, specifically the two major contributions by Mound (1974a, b) on the Pacific Idolothripinae, provided impetus to the study of the Hawaiian species. The last review of the Hawaiian Thysanoptera (Zimmerman 1948) is in need of extensive clarifications and additions. It listed only six idolothripine species. In the present review, one synonymy and two nomenclatural changes are reported, and four more species, including one new to science, are added. A new idolothripine species described subsequent to the last review was found to have been misplaced in this subfamily. Among nine species listed here, only three are considered endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Materials accumulated in the Sakimura Collection and the Bishop Museum Collection are all pooled in this work. The Bianchi Collection, which included the HSPA Collection and the Hawaiian Entomological Society Collection, is now deposited in the Bernice P. Biship Museum. In our listings of "Material Studied" and "Earlier Collection Recorded", specimens from the Sakimura Collection are all specified by his accession numbers, and those from the Bishop Museum Collection are marked with an asterisk.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithers Final. 25-34Doc
    DR. COURTENAY NEVILLE SMITHERS 1925-2011 A TRIBUTE David Britton, Australian Museum Courtenay Smithers was an entomologist who was a Curator and Deputy Director at the Australian Museum. Dr Courtenay Smithers Photo: Carl Benton, Australian Museum Childhood study at the University of Pretoria under a South Smithers was born in South Africa in 1925. His African Government sponsored grant and loan family migrated to England in 1938 after his father scheme, where he studied Agriculture, with died in 1934. His earliest career choice was that of a entomology and botany as his major subjects. After professional soccer player, but his schooling and the two years there he changed universities and went to impact of the war meant that his interests turned to Rhodes University in Grahamstown to further his natural history, and he spent much of his spare time studies in entomology, eventually finishing with a watching birds and collecting insects. Masters degree in the early 1950s. War and South Africa He served in the British Army from 1943, arriving in Although he wanted to continue on to do a PhD, he France on D-Day, 6 th of June, 1944. He was taken decided it would be better to go out and work for a prisoner shortly after that, and was not released until few years and return to study later. He had no 1945. He wasn’t discharged from the Army until problems finding work, as Rhodes University was at 1947, and after that he went back to South Africa to that time recognised as having one of best 26 GEN.
    [Show full text]