Strengthening Production and Marketing of Lebanese Agricultural Products Project GCP/LEB/021/ITA Pest Survey of Citrus Crops in Lebanon (2011-2012) Final specific crop pest survey report prepared for The Ministry of Agriculture Survey Coordinator Pest Diagnosis Coordinator Imad NAHHAL1 Elia CHOUEIRI2 This Report was prepared by: Imad NAHHAL1 Elia CHOUEIRI2 Wassim HABIB3 Zinette MOUSSA3 Caroline OJEIL3 Claudine SEBAALY3 Ziad RIZK3 Youssef MASRI1 April 2013 1: Plant Protection Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Bir Hassan Embassies Street, Beirut, Lebanon 2: Plant Protection Department, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) Tal Amara, P.O. Box 287, Zahlé Lebanon 3: Plant Protection Department, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (LARI) Fanar, P.O. Box 90-165, Jdeidet-El-Metn, Lebanon Contents 1. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 5 2. Executive Summary ................................................................................................... 8 3. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 4. Methods.................................................................................................................... 10 4.1. Crops Surveyed ................................................................................................. 10 4.2. Number and Distribution of Sites Sampled....................................................... 10 4.3.1. Field Collection .......................................................................................... 11 4.3.2. Hygiene ....................................................................................................... 14 4.4. Laboratory Determinations ............................................................................... 14 4.4.1. Arthropods and Gastropods ........................................................................ 14 4.4.2. Nematodes .................................................................................................. 14 4.4.3. Fungi ........................................................................................................... 15 4.4.4. Bacteria ....................................................................................................... 15 4.4.5. Viruses and Phytoplasmas .......................................................................... 16 4.5. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 16 4.5.1. Nature of Association ................................................................................. 16 4.5.2. Status of the Record .................................................................................... 17 4.5.3. Key to Results Tables ................................................................................. 17 5. Results and Discussion: Arthropods and Gastropods .............................................. 18 5.1 Lemon (Citrus limon) ......................................................................................... 18 5.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 19 5.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 20 5.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 22 5.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 22 5.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 23 Page 2 of 104 6. Results and Discussion: Nematodes ........................................................................ 53 6.1. Citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans ................................................... 53 6.2. Burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis ........................................................ 53 6.3. Root lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus species ................................................... 54 6.4. Root-Knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica.................................................... 54 6.5 Dagger nematode, Xiphinema species ................................................................ 55 6.6. Other nematodes ................................................................................................ 55 6.7. Summary of new Records ................................................................................. 55 6.8. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 56 7. Results and Discussion: Fungi ................................................................................. 62 7.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 62 7.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 64 7.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 65 7.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 66 7.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 66 7.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 67 8. Results and Discussion: Bacteria ............................................................................. 78 8.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 78 8.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 78 8.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 78 8.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 78 8.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 78 8.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 78 9. Results and Discussion: Viruses and Viroids .......................................................... 84 9.1. Lemon (Citrus limon) ........................................................................................ 84 9.2. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ............................................................................. 85 9.3. Orange (Citrus sinensis) .................................................................................... 85 Page 3 of 104 9.4. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium) ........................................................................ 86 9.5. Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) .............................................................................. 86 9.6. General Results and Discussion ........................................................................ 86 10. References .............................................................................................................. 98 Page 4 of 104 1. Acknowledgements H.E. the Minister of Agriculture Dr. Hussein EL HAJJ HASSAN for his continuous and endless support to accomplish this work The Italian Cooperation for the financial support to the project FAO and FAO Representative in Lebanon, Dr. Ali MOUMEN The Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Director General, Dr. Michel AFRAM The Director of Plant Resources in the Ministry of Agriculture, Eng. Mohammad ABOU ZEID The Project Manager Eng. Dany LICHAA EL-KHOURY and the National Project Coordinator Eng. Hanadi JAAFAR Copyright Plant Protection Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or strored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which may be made to the publisher and copyright holder. Page 5 of 104 This survey utilised the skills and efforts of the following people: Ministry of Agriculture Role Name Pest Survey Activities Coordinator Imad Nahhal Field Survey Supervisor Youssef Al Masri Chadi Khoury Dany Bassil Elie Fares Habib Awada Hadi Messelmani Hussein Al Sakka Marwa Hammoud Milia Chbeir Pauline Eid Rosine Habchy Roula Mello Sonia Abiad Tarek Aziz Field Surveyors Wissam Bou Daher Zaher Ayoub Ali Rammal Ali Sayfeddine Ali Taha Bassem Houmani Charles Richa Farida Hajj Chehadeh Mohammad Kawtharani Moukhless Boukdal Nabil Sarieddine Rania Bou Rached Wehbe Bou Orm Zeid Slika Page 6 of 104 Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute Role Name Pest Diagnosis Coordinator Elia Choueiri Zinette Moussa Entomologists Dany El Yammouni Caroline Ojeil Abdo Tannoury Nematologists Valérie El Kazzi Fadia Mounsef Wassim Habib Elvis Gerges Mycologists Carine Saab Farah Baroudi Claudine Sebaaly Bacteriologists Ziad Rizk Elia Choueiri Christina Mortada Fouad Jreijiri Samer Wakim Virologists Souheir El Zammar Jony El Hajj Zeina Chaalan Diane Abou Yaghi External Experts / Reviewers Role Name Institution Entomology Specialist Hani Abdul Nour Freelance American University of Virology and Pathology Expert Yusuf Abou-Jawdah Beirut - Faculty of Agriculture Lebanese University - Nematology Expert