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Parent 20S 20Bodies 20E 20B \ 1 Editura „Victor Babeş” Piaţa Eftimie Murgu 2, cam. 316, 300041 Timişoara Tel./ Fax 0256 495 210 e-mail: [email protected] www.evb.umft.ro Director general: Prof. univ. dr. Dan V. Poenaru Director: Prof. univ. dr. Andrei Motoc Colecţia: MANIFESTĂRI ȘTIINȚIFICE Coordonator colecţie: Prof. univ. dr. Danina Muntean Referent ştiinţific: Prof. univ. dr. Doru Mihai Anastasiu Volum îngrijit de Gabriela-Mariana Luca și Jérôme Thomas Copertă: Silviu Gușat © 2013 Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate. Reproducerea parţială sau integrală a textului, pe orice suport, fără acordul scris al autorilor este interzisă şi se va sancţiona conform legilor în vigoare. ISBN 978-606-8456-17-1 2 Foreword Founded in 2009 CORPUS aims to be an effective participant in the construction of a widely diverse and scientifically based dialogue on the anthropological aspects of the body. As a cross- thinking forum, CORPUS brings now together more than four hundred researchers from over sixty five different countries. The theme of the seventh International Symposium of CORPUS organised with the support of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş” Timişoara was "Parent’s Bodies, Children’s Bodies. From Conception to First Educations". In all societies, biological reproduction is regulated by the cultural frameworks. Additional cultural processes (adoption, surrogate mother system, etc.) have a deep impact on parents and children whose sentimental and educational relationships implicate complex bodily interactions. Each society defines conception, childbirth, neonatal nursing, first basic learning and other parenting practices as complex bio-cultural phenomena in accordance with its representations of the world, its material culture, and its ecosystem. Across cultures, the mother, the father and the child frequently become symbolic figures. In classical Western thought, for instance, 3 the mother represents the most important archetypal symbol, the tender incarnations of the Virgin, the church, the university and the home, etc. The father is the factor of conscience, the embodiment of traditional values, the patriarch and the master of the house, but also an economic actor and a major consumer. For his part, the child is a symbol of innocence and hope. Possible aspects of the symposium were: ancient, traditional, popular or biomedical forms of knowledge on procreation, pregnancy or child growth, types of physical socialization and education, initiation rituals, conceptions of child’s body integrity, representations of the physical punishment, etc. We invited researchers interested in the body in medical, familial, educational, symbolical and ritual contexts (archaeologists, anthropologists, historians, physicians, psychologists, sociologists, art specialists, etc.) to participate in this symposium considering particularly, but not strictly, the following themes: • Parenthood and processes from conception to childbirth: knowledge and beliefs on procreation and pregnancy; techniques of the body involved in procreation and in delivery; societal and artistic representations of pregnant woman, • Child’s, Mother’s (and Father’s) bodies during the first years of the new-born life: health, nutritional needs, breast feeding, first contacts, social re-insertion/integration, 4 • The first educations of the body: incorporation of techniques, assimilation of sensorial sensibilities, plays, physical education, • Representations of parents’ and children’s bodies: their images and application in arts, political, philosophical or religious discourses; parent’s or children’s self-representation. The present anthology gathers a part of the conclusions of the symposium in Timisoara. It comprises 17 interdisciplinary studies with different structures and approaches, written in English or French, which cover the theme with a scientific rigour but also with the intrinsic sensitivity of the approached domain. 5 Summary/ Sommaire Gabriel Kelemen (West University of Timisoara): Embryon-soul in relation to the principle of sphere-vortex……………………………. 23 Abstract: When the soul appears in the human embryo and if it preexists in haploid-diploid cells set is undoubtedly one of the great dilemmas discussed fervently in at least two perspectives that are seemingly irreconcilable. If we look through the prism in a biological, genetic way, then life is clearly distinguishable from the inanimate world, from primitive formations of prion protein autoreplicabile automatically considered in environments that meet favorable conditions not yet have a genetic code, the diversity of viruses are obviously primitive creatures , for many untapped whole classes of bacteria and algae. The Boundary between living-not alive becomes almost a clear boundary between phenomenon and uderstood language as genetic algorithm requiring optimal operating Bearings offered by the phenotype. 6 Marin Marian-Bălaşa (“C. Brăiloiu” Institute of Ethnography and Folklore, Bucharest): Maternity as a Source for Religion…………. 34 Abstract: In its position of a masculine-dominated institution, the Christian Church does not consider Birth as a Holy Secret and Sacrament. In some respect, it is considered as such, yet it is not included in the table of consecrated Sacraments. That (limited) recognizance applies only in regard with the beneficiary of the act of birth (the one that is born), and not in regard with the one that gives birth (the mother), and not so much in regard with the biological fact or process of delivery. The holiness of the delivering was left for the managing lot of whatever non-Christian faiths, believes, superstitions, and religious experiences that people – and mostly women – developed over cultures and times. Natalia Golant (Kunstkamera, Sankt Petersburg): The Representation of a Woman-mother in the Ballads about Construction Sacrifice. Based on Materials from Carpathian-Balkans Region…………………………………………………………………… 49 Abstract: The ballad about a construction sacrifice is very widely spread in the Carpathian-Balkans region. Its versions are known in the Greek (Romaic), Albanian, Romanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Hungarian languages, as well as in the Balkan 7 dialects of the Romany language, in particular, in Kalderash [Иванов, 2003: 422 – 436]. In the Romanian versions of the ballad it is often mentioned that the woman, who is being immured, a mother of a baby, complains that her milk is flowing (common rhyme – Ţâţişoara- mi curge, / Copilaşu-mi plânge – ‘My breasts are leaking, / My baby is crying’). Simona Olaru-Poșiar (Ph.D. c. at the West University Timișoara): Fairy-tales’Influence on a Child’s Universe………………………… 60 Abstract: Starting from early age, the child’s first understanding of reality is through fairy tales, although not a depiction of reality, but of a universe created by and for the child to easier grasp the environment he is living in.Fairy tales help children deal with psychological conflicts by projecting their own internal struggles between good and evil onto the battles enacted by the characters in the stories. As the following article tries to demonstrate, fairy tales are addressing an unhealthy predisposition of one. After we leave behind “once upon a time”, we read about vanity, greed, envy, lust, betrayal, laziness, avidity- “the seven deadly sins” of childhood, the rules that must be forbidden. Fairy tales, apart from being magical adventures, help children deal with day to day life conflicts. They are adventures full of 8 suspense and have the key role to keep the child’s mind busy. However, apart from depicting funny adventures, magical or supernatural characters, the way a child depicts a narrative of this kind, shows the inner world of the child or the psychological reality the child is faced to. Constantin Ittu (Brukenthal Museum, Sibiu): Spiritual Motherhood During the Crusades: Hildegard of Bingen and “Filius Dei”, Philip Count of Flanders…………………………………………………….. 85 Abstract: The aim of this study is to emphasize two different manners of understanding the goal of a crusade: one of Philip, Count of Flanders, and the other one of a spiritual woman of that time, Hildegard of Bingen. Hildegard was regarded as being the speaking voice of God, justified by the biblical idea of prophecy which included women, like, for example, Deborah, as well as men. Philip insisted on the importance of Hildegard’s role, as ’ancilla Christi’, in mediating between the Divinity and he himself, as a ’pecator and indignus’. At that time, a journey to the Holy Land was considered to be a penitencial pilgrimage for a nobleman, with his ’servitium divinum’, which consisted of one or two years in the East. But Philip Count of Flanders shaded the penitencial significance of his crusade and replaced it with a chivalrous notion of crusading. It seems that he regarded this idea of crusade in a peculiar way, his intention being to 9 change it into an occasion for personal knightly pride, deeply rooted values in the crusading tradition of Philip’s family, as well as those of his own country. On the contrary, Hildegard of Bingen regarded the pilgrimage to the Holy Land as a spiritual fight against sin, the highest degree of perfection on the way of heavenly Jerusalem. Géraldine Ther (Université de Bourgogne): Corps de parents, corps d’enfants dans les factums français de la fin du XVIIIe siècle…… 100 Résumé: Les factums sont des plaidoiries écrites par des avocats dans le cadre d’un débat judiciaire. Ils se présentent sous la forme de mémoires exposant les détails d’un procès pour assurer
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