Early China: a Social and Cultural History Li Feng Index More Information

Home , Grand chancellor (China), Hui Shi, Lajia, Li Kui (legalist), Wey (state), Zhang Changshou

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89552-1 - Early China: A Social and Cultural History Li Feng Index More information

Index

activist government, opposed by Zhuangzi palace complex 69–71 219–220 periodization 78–81 administration sacrificial activities 71 Han 漢 Empire 284–285, 287–288 Sanxingdui see Sanxingdui 三星堆 mid Western Zhou 周 147, 167–168 Shang Dynasty excavations 9 Qin 秦 Empire 246–249 spoken language 92 afterlife, First Emperor of China 250–256 start of Chinese archaeology 9 “Age of Philosophers” 207 Anyang Work Team of the Institute of agriculture Archaeology, CASS, Selected production in state of Wei 魏 188 Reading 74, 89 small farmer households 191–192 “appointment inscriptions” Warring States period 190–192 bronze inscriptions 149–150 alcohol, Shang 商 Dynasty 83 Song ding 頌鼎 150 Allan, Sarah archaeology Selected Reading 111 “complex society” concept 21–22 Shang royal lineage 105 discovery of Feng 豐, Hao 鎬, and Analects 212–213 Qiyi 岐邑 124 ancestor worship dating standards 78–79, 116 pre-dynastic Zhou 117 migration of peoples 181 Zhou 147 North China cultural mixing 181 “Ancient texts,” Han Empire 312, 314–315 Ordos region finds 265–267 Andersson, Johan Gunnar 15, 17 start of Chinese 9 animal bones, divination 92–93 Zhou regional states 132–134 “Annual Report,” Warring States Archer-Lords 109 period 196 architectural alignment anthropology, meaning of “state” 42 Erlitou 二里頭 60 Anyang 安陽 Shang Dynasty 60 twenty-first century discoveries 75 Yanshi 偃師 60 area 69 armies bone factory 75–78 composition in Warring States bronze casting site 75 period 199 bronzes styles 77–78, 124 Han cavalry 271, 273, 275 construction process 71 Han crossbows 271 “cradle of Chinese archaeology” 66 Han innovations 271 Creel, Herrlee G. 12 “Red Eyebrows” rebel army 279 cultural network 83–85 soldiers’ composition in Warring States economic life 75 period 198–199 excavations 68–69 standing army of state of Jin 晉 199 oracle bones 67–68 in state of Hann 韓 199 inscriptions 79, 113 in state of Qi 齊 199 and shells 7, 9 in state of Qin 秦 199

325

326 Index

armies (cont.) Xianyun 玁狁 warfare with Western Zhao 趙 cavalry 199–200 Zhou 160 see also warfare Book of Rites 311 assassination attempt on Ying Zheng 嬴政 border control, Han Empire 300 244 Bronze Age Austronesian people, Taiwan 4 bronze cultures contact with Shang “Authority,” Han Fei 韓非 225 culture 86 “Axial Age” 209–210, 213 centers in Erligang 二里崗 period 64–65 culture of Lower Ordos 89 Ba 巴, conquered by Qin 241 ﬁrst culture in China 46, 53 Bagley, Robert bronze casting sites late Shang writing 91–92 Anyang 75 Selected Reading 89, 111 Miaopu 苗圃 73 balance of power, Spring and Autumn bronze culture period 166 incision 203–204 Bamboo Annals 49 inlaying gold and silver 204 Ban Chao 班超 299 lost-wax technology 203 Ban Gu 班固, History of the Western Han mid Western Zhou 126–127 Dynasty (Hanshu 漢書) 315, 318 piece-mold technology 203 Ban Zhao 班昭 317 preservation of Zhou realm 202–203 Bao Si 褒姒 160–161 real world images 204 Baoshan 包山 bamboo strips, state of Chu 楚 bronze inscriptions 193 “appointment inscriptions” Being Natural (Ziran 自然), philosophy 149–150 concept 219 Duke of Zhou’s conquest of Yan 奄 and Beixin 北辛 culture in Shandong 27 Bogu 薄古 123 Beizhou 北趙 village burial-ground 133 early Duke of Qin 229 Benevolence (Ren 仁), philosophy concept Heaven’s Mandate to Qin 234–235 213, 214, 215, 218, 222–223, 227 King Cheng’s 成 military campaigns in Bielenstein, Hans east 120, 121 Han ofﬁcials’ salary 286 King Kang’s 康 northern Zhou conquests Selected Reading 282, 302 135 Bin 豳 as home to Zhou people 113 King Zhao 昭, expansion in Shandong Bingong xu 公盨 50 peninsula 136–137 bipolar paradigm, Neolithic cultures 17 legal statutes 176 birds, mid Western Zhou bronzes 126, 127 Shang 8, 92 Blakeley, Barry B., social transformation in Shang military campaigns in Shandong Spring and Autumn period 172 region 120 Boas, Franz, “Cultural Particularism” 20 Western Zhou 8, 92, 140, 144 Bohai Bay 165 founding of regional states 129 bone factory, Anyang 75–78 legal matters 175 Book of Changes (Yijing 易經) 157, 158, 211, lineages 142 221, 312 literacy 156–157 Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書) 49, 157, warfare 197 158–159, 211, 312 Yan 燕 state granted by Zhou king 133 destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311 Zhou 周 Shang–Zhou transition 143 contact with Huai 淮 River region 138 Book of the Lord of Shang 236 inspection of regional states 132 Book of Poetry (Shijing 詩經) 49, 157, land disputes 154 159–160, 211, 312 land grants of king 154 destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311 regional rulers’ visits 134 Han Empire versions 312 royal cities 123 King Wen 文 117 bronze technology Shang–Zhou transition 143 Erligang period 61 “The Birth of People” 144 late Shang Dynasty 77–78

Index 327

bronze vessels centralization in Han Empire 260 dating of 78, 79 Cernuschi Museum, Paris 78 Erlitou 46–47, 61 Chancellor, Han Empire 284 Li gui 利簋 120 Chang Chun-shu 299 Shang Dynasty 47 Selected Reading 303 Shang Dynasty wine vessels 124–125 Chang, K. C. 65, 89 Western Zhou wine vessels 124–125, 126 “Chinese Interaction Sphere” theory 18 Zhengshou 鄭州 59 Selected Reading 40, 111 Zhou elite tombs 152–153 Shang royal government 106 bronzes Shang royal lineage 105–106 Anyang period styles 77–78, 124 state formation 42 Dayangzhou 大洋洲 discovery 86 Chang’an 長安 lineage sacrifice 146 Han imperial capital 260 mid Western Zhou Nine Temples 277 birds 126, 127 Changcheng 長城 (“Long Wall”) of Qi 185 burial bronzes 126–127 Changping 長平, Battle of 194, 199 geometric patterns 127 charcoal samples Zhou period regional and metropolitan Cishan 磁山 site, Hebei 23 134 early Neolithic rice 24 Zhou and Shang styles compared Peiligang 裴李崗 site, Henan 23 124–125, 126 Chavannes, Édouard, book on Dunhuang Buddha 209 strips 7–8 Buddhism, Chinese civilization 5 Chen Ping 陳平, Huang-Lao follower 306 Buku 不窋 113 Chen Sheng 陳勝 258 bureaucracy Chen 陳, state of 164 Han Empire 265, 283–285, 287 Chen Xingcan 陳星燦 65 territorial state management technique 195 Selected Reading 40 Zhou Dynasty 112 Chengzhou 成周, Zhou administrative bureaucratization center 123–124, 163 mid Western Zhou government 147–152 Chief Commander (Lingyin 令尹), state of Warring States period 197 Chu 195 burial bronzes, mid Western Zhou 126–127 chiefdoms 21, 30 burial remains comparison with states 37–40 Jin 晉 rulers 133 emergence of states 41, 53 Sanxingdui 三星堆 87–88 Longshan 龍山 society 37–40 Sidun 寺墩 in Jiangsu 34 China Taosi 陶寺 32 history of Sima Qian 司馬遷 315–317 tomb of Lady Hao 好 76–77 topography 1–2 Yuanjunmiao 元君廟 28–29 unification of 244–245 see also tombs “Chinese League” formed by Qi 163 burial sites, Han Empire 318–322 Cho-yun Hsu promotion of lower society Cai Yong 蔡邕 313 members 172 “Canon of Law,” Li Kui 李悝 192, 193 Selected Reading 139, 161, 182 “Canonical Laws” (Jingfa 經法) 306 Chu 楚, state of 165, 172 Cao Cen 曹參, Huang-Lao follower 306 archaeological discoveries 221–222 cavalry Chief Commander office (Lingyin) 195 Han army 271, 273, 275 conquest by Qin 241, 245 Zhao 199–200 counties 168 Censor-in-Chief, Han Empire 284 Fangcheng 方城 (“Square Wall”) 185 Central Asia legal procedures 193 contacts with 5, 136, 279 legal statutes 176 Han Empire 299 military disaster of 311 BC 189–190 states visited by Zhang Qian 張騫 271 population registration 193 Central Plain, cultural development 18–20 royal army 199

328 Index

Ch’u, T’ung-tsu, Selected Reading 302 history and geopolitical context 168–171 circulating succession 105 lineage system erosion 173–174 Cishan 磁山 site, charcoal samples 23 military service 171 Cishan–Peiligang 磁山-裴李崗 culture 22, move from states’ periphery to interior 23–24 173 data difﬁculties 25–27 non-hereditary 171 rice 24 numbers of in major states 170–171 civil and military service, Han Empire 288 Qin Empire 246, 250 civil ofﬁces, Warring States period 195–196 Qin’s conquered lands 231, 236, 250 civil strife, Spring and Autumn period role of 168–171 171–172 taxation 171 clans and clan names 140–141 territorial state’s building blocks 187 Classic of Way and Virtue 217, 222–223, 305, Xian 縣 derivation and meaning 168 306 see also “County–Commandery” system Clerical Script 249 “County–Commandery” system 167–171 climate in early times administration 167 North China 3, 22 covenant tablets South China 3–4 Houma 侯馬 174, 177, 178–179 Commandant, state of Qin 195 Wenxian 溫縣 177 Commander-in-chief, Han Empire 276, 277 Craftiness (Qiao 巧), philosophy concept commanderies 222–223 Han Empire 285 Crawford, Gray W., Selected Reading 40 Qin Empire 246 Creel, Herrlee G. 12 Commandery Protector, Warring States Anyang 12 period 195 Selected Reading 14, 182 commoners on Han social scale 292 The Birth of China 12 “complex society” archaeology concept criminal cases, Zhangjiashan 293–294 21–22 crossbows 199 concepts in philosophy see philosophy Han army 271 concepts currency standardization in Qin “Confucian Classics” 157, 312 Empire 249 Confucianism 311 criticized by Mozi 墨子 226–227 Da Qin 大秦 see Roman Empire Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 309–310 Daluo 大駱 230–231 Guodian 郭店 texts 222 Dan 丹, Prince of Yan 244–245 Han Empire 308–311 Daoism Confucius 157, 162 Dao 道 217–219 ancestral family 174 search for natural order 216–220 Book of Documents 159 three stages of development 216 Book of Poetry 159 Dasikong 大司空 village, stratigraphy 78 dates of birth and death 207 dating life and career 210–211 archaeological method 78–79, 116 parentage 210–211 bronzes 78, 79 as philosopher 212–213 historical method 79–80 as scholar 211–212 Nianzipo 碾子坡 113–115 Shi 士 status students 174 Daxinzhuang 大辛莊, literary evidence 83 in state of Lu 魯 211 Dayangzhou 大洋洲, bronzes discovery 86 “Well Field” system 191 defense system, Han Empire 299–300 conscription 194–195 deities, Earth, River, and Mountain of copper Shang Dynasty 100 deposits south of Yangzi River 63 “Desert North Campaign” 275 mining in Tongling 銅嶺 63 Di Cosmo, Nicolas, Selected Reading 282 cosmology, Shang Dynasty 99 Di 狄 people 180 counties prejudice against 181–182 bureaucratic inspections 196 relationship with Zhou regional Han Empire 285 states 180

Index 329

Diaotonghuan 吊桶環, domestication “Five Announcements” 158 of rice 24 Heaven’s Mandate 144 dictionary, China’s first 314 institutions and ritual rules 323 digitalization, modern sinology 13 southern states campaigns 138 ding 鼎 cauldron 124 Dunhuang 敦煌 Dinggong 丁公 pottery shard, early writing 700 bamboo strips with writing 7–8 36–37 medieval manuscripts inventory 7 diplomacy, Warring States period 189–190 Duoyou ding 多友鼎, Xianyun threat to Dirlik, Arif, Selected Reading 14 Western Zhou 160 Disputation (bian 辯), philosophy concept Durrant, Stephen, selected reading 324 222–223 divination Early China materials used 92–93 dates of 6 non-royal 96–98 floodplains 2 non-Shang 98–99 importance of 1, 5–7 process of 93–96 integral period in Chinese history 5–6 royal 93 mining 63–64 Shaanxi region 98 paleoclimatology 2–4 Shang Dynasty 92–99 philosophy 207–228 domestication studies in North America 12–14 of animals 27 Early China journal 12 of rice 24 early Chinese civilization Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 Anyang archaeology 9 career 309 East Asian indigenous 5 Confucianism 309–310 evolution of 6–7 empire and emperorship 310–311 external influences 5 “Five Elements” theory 310 “Eastern Barbarians” 136–137 historical role 311 citizens of Qi 165 human nature 310 Eastern Guo 虢, state of 163 instructor for Spring and Autumn Eastern Han Annals 312 dates of Empire 6 philosophy 309–311 eunuchs 301–302 written works 309 mortuary art 321–323 Dong Zhao 董卓 313 succession 300–301 Dong Zuobing 董作賓, grouping of oracle tombs of nobles 321–322 bones/shells 79–80, 96 ecology, development of human Donghai 東海 Commandery 287 society 2 Dongyi 東夷 see “Eastern Barbarians” Emaokou 鵝毛口, stone-tool dou 豆 high plate 127 workshop 22 “Doubting Antiquity” movement 10–11 “emperor,” institution of 249–250 Erlitou culture and Xia Dynasty 52 Emperor Ai 哀, of Han Dynasty 276 influence in North America 12–13 Emperor Cheng 成 of Han Dynasty 255 Duke Huan 桓 of Zheng 163 Emperor Jing 景 of Han Dynasty Duke Jian 簡 of Qin (414–400 BC) 239 (156–141 BC) 263–264 Duke Mu 穆 of Qin (659–621 BC) 234 Huang-Lao follower 306 Duke of Qin (603–577 BC) 234–235 Emperor Ming 明 of Han 301 Duke of Shao 召 123 Emperor Ping 平 of Han Dynasty 277 Duke Wen 文 of Jin (576–537 BC) 234 Emperor Shun 順 of Han 301 Duke Wu 武 of Zheng 163 Emperor Wen 文 of Han Dynasty Duke Xian 憲 of Qin (715–704 BC) 234 (180–157 BC) 263 Duke Xian 獻 of Qin (384–362 BC) 234, 235 punishment 289 Duke Xiao 孝 of Qin (361–338 BC) Emperor Wu 武 of Han Dynasty (140–87 235–236 BC) 264, 271–276, 288 Duke of Zhou 121–123 Confucianism 308–309 conquest of Yan and Bogu 123 statutes and ordinances 289

330 Index

Emperor Xuan 宣 of Han Dynasty (73–40 families see “Great Families” BC) 276 Fan Ye 范曄, History of the Eastern Han Emperor Zhang 章 of Han 301 Dynasty 318 Emperor Zhao 昭 of Han Dynasty (86–74 Fang 方 enemies, Shang state 109–110 BC) 276, 277 Fangcheng 方城 (“Square Wall”) 185 “empire” farmers definition 245–246 poor see peasantry definition of Chinese 249–250 Spring and Autumn period 171, development from “territorial state” 185 173–174 empire and emperorship, Dong Zhongshu Warring States period 192, 194, 198 310–311 farming Empress Dowager Dou 竇, Huang-Lao in 6000–4000 BC North China 24 follower 306, 308 Neolithic communities 22–25 Empress Lü 呂, Han Dynasty 263 see also agriculture; farmers Erligang 二里崗 Feizi 非子, secondary son of Daluo 230 Bronze Age center 64–65 Fen 汾 River valley culture 58, 61 state of Jin 165 expansion 61–49 Taosi 陶寺 32 influence on Wucheng 吳城 culture 86 Feng 豐 political system expansion 61–63 archaeology 124 Erlitou 二里頭 pottery assemblage 127 archaeology 43 Zhou capital 120 architectural alignment 60 Zhou royal city network 123–124, 155 bronze 46–47, 61 Feng 灃 River 120 culture 42–47 Feng Yu-lan 馮友蘭 216, 217 end of 53 Selected Reading 228 Longshan 龍山 culture influences 47–48 “Fengjian” 封建, Western Zhou state luxury items 46–47 128–132, 142, 260–261 organizational power 47 feudalism, inaccuracy re Western Zhou state relation with Xia 夏 Dynasty 51–53 129, 154 site “Filial and Incorrupt” 287 description 43–46 Filial Piety, philosophy concept 218 discovery 43 fines as punishment 293 location 43 First Emperor of China see Ying Zheng, First as state-level society 47–48, 53 Emperor of China tombs 45–46 Fiskesjö, Magnus, Selected Reading 40 transition to Yanshi 偃師/Zhengzhou 鄭 “Five Announcements” 158 州 60–61 Five Conducts, text from Guodian 222 Erudite, position of 311, 312 “Five Elements” theory 227, 305 “Erudites of the Five Classics” (Wujing boshi cardinal directions 305 五經博士) 312 color scheme 305 ethnical differences of Rong 戎 181 composition of external world 305 ethnical relations in Spring and Autumn Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 310 period 180–181 five dynasties 305 eunuchs in Eastern Han Empire 301–302 phases in circle of time 305 execution as punishment 291 “Five Emperors” 48 Explaining Characters (Shuowen jiezi 說文解 “Five Cities,” Zhou administration 123 字) 314 “Five-Family Units,” Qin 236 “Extending Imperial Favor,” Han Empire five-generation rule 142, 146 265 “Five Ranks,” Western Zhou 167 floodplains in early China 2 fabric, earliest known painting on 320 Florus, Roman historian 279 Falkenhausen, Lothar von, Selected forces see armies; warfare Reading 40, 182, 206 fortified Longshan “towns” 30–32

Index 331

“Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor” defeat by Zhou 267 306–307 gui 簋 tureen 124–125, 127 Franke, Herbert, selected reading 14 Guo 虢 (Henan), Zhou regional state 132 frontiers, Han Empire 298, 300 Guo Moruo 郭沫若, refuge in Japan 11 Fu Sheng 伏生 311 Guodian 郭店 221 Fu Su 扶蘇 258 philosophical texts discovery 221–222, Fuxi 伏羲 and Nüwa 女媧 323 224 texts re Confucianism 222 Gan Ying 甘英 281 guoren 國人, Spring and Autumn period Gansu 176 partial occupation by Qin 241 site of Qin 229, 230 Han 漢 Dynasty “Gatherer of Fuel for the Spirits” dynastic transition 276–279 on Han social scale 291–292 founding of Eastern 279 as punishment 293 founding of Western 257–260 geometric patterns, mid Western Zhou Han 漢 Empire bronzes 127 administration 284–285 Gobi Desert 265, 275 “Ancient Texts” 312, 314–315 God see High God of Shang Dynasty; High army innovations 271 God of Zhou religion border control 300 gold inlay in bronze 204 bureaucracy 265, 283–285, 287 Gong Fang 方 110 burial sites 318–322 Gongsun Hong 公孫泓 309 cavalry 271, 273, 275 Gongsun Long 公孫龍 227 Censor-in-Chief 284 Good Government, philosophy concept Central Asia 299 215, 216 Chancellor 284 government Chinese intellectual history 304 mid Western Zhou 147–152 civil and military service 288 Shang Dynasty 106–107 commanderies 285 Graham, A.C., Selected Reading 228 Confucian university curriculum 312 “Grain Pounder” Confucianization 308–311 on Han social scale 291–292 counties 285 as punishment 291, 293 defense system 299–300 Grand Chancellor (Xiang 相), Warring discovery of ancient texts 311–312 States period 195 emperors’ in-laws 301–302 Grand Commandant, Han Empire 284 end of 302 Grand Scribe’s Records (Shiji 史記) eunuchs 301–302 composition of 316 “Extending Imperial Favor” 265 importance of 315–317 frontier motives for 316–317 record-keeping 300 Sima Qian 司馬遷 315 society 298–300 Grand Secretariat, mid Western Zhou Grand Commandant 284 government 147–148 “Great Families” “Great Families” economic power 298 economic power in Han Empire 298 origins 297–298 Liu Kang 劉康, King of Jinan 濟南 297 vs. peasantry 295–298 origins in Han Empire 297–298 imperial kinsmen 265 vs. peasantry in Han Empire 295–298 intellectual trend outline 304 Great One Gives Birth to Water (Taiyi sheng law 288–294 shui 太一生水) 222–224, 305 legal statutes 289–294 Great Wall, Qin Empire 246, 250 maternal uncles’ role 276 Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛, “Doubting Antiquity” military strategy against Xiongnu 271, movement 10, 13 273 gu 觚 wine vessel 124 “Modern Texts” 312–314, 315 Gui Fang 鬼方 110, 135 “Nine Ministers” 284–285

332 Index

Han 漢 Empire (cont.) state of Wei 魏 188 number of officials in service 285, 287 state of Wu 吳 166 passports 300 state of Yue 越 166 “Peace and Affinity” policy 269 Hemudu culture in Yangzi Delta 27 peasantry 276, 294, 295–297 High God population 283, 295–297 of Shang Dynasty 99–100, 143 punishment 289, 291, 293 of Zhou religion 144–145 Qin input 283, 308 historiography in China 7, 9, 10–12, 167 as rank society 283, 292–293 Han historians re First Emperor 255–256 regional kingdoms 262–264 “Well Field” system 190 regionalism vs. centralization 260 history Roman Empire 279–282, 285–286 depicted in mortuary art 322–323 salaries of officials 286 Han Fei’s view of 226 scribes 318 History of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fan Ye Shanyu 單于 relations 269 318 social problems 295–298 History of the Western Han Dynasty (Hanshu society 291–293 漢書) succession rules 300–301 Ban Gu 班固 315, 318 “Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers” composition 317–318 283–285 importance of 318 university 312, 313 motives for 317 Zhang Qian 張騫 271–273 officials in service 285 Zhou vs. Qin ruling system 260–261, 265 Honey, David, Selected Reading 14 Han Fei 韓非 Hongshan 紅山 culture 27 “Authority” (Shi 勢) 225 “Horizontal Alliance,” Warring States history 226 period 189 human nature 225 Houma covenant tablets 174, 177, importance of punishment 225–226 178–179 Legalism 224, 225–226 house remains, Jiangzhai 姜寨 27, 29 source of legitimacy of political power 225 households, Han stipulations 293 “Statecraft” 225–226 Hu Fang 虎方 110, 138 Han 漢 River, Zhou military defeat 138 Hua 華 Mountain 182 Hangzhou Bay, early rice cultivation 24 “Huai 淮 Barbarians” 121 Hann 韓, state of Huai 淮 River army size 199 groups threatening Western Zhou 160 enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268 wars with Zhou 138, 160 Supervisor of Lawsuit 195 Huan 洹 River 69, 73 Hao 鎬 Huanbei 洹北 Shang City archaeology 124 archaeological finds 81–82 pottery assemblage 127 discovery 81 Zhou capital 155 size 81 Zhou royal city network 123–124 time-frame 82–83 Hao 好, Lady 75–78 Huang-Lao 黃老 philosophy 306–308 Harper, Donald, selected reading 324 compared with Legalism 307, 308 He Jin 何進 302 early Han period 306, 307 Heaven and God, Zhou religion 145, 208 Huangdi 皇帝 Ying Zheng 249 Heaven (Tian 天), a Zhou discovery 143, 208 Huangpi 黃陂, Zhou culture 138 Heaven’s Mandate 143–144, 154, 208, Huaxia 華夏 nation, formation of 182 209, 309 Huayuanzhuang 花園莊 oracle bones Qin 234–235 discovery 96–97 Hegemon, Duke Huan 桓 of Qi 165 distinctiveness 97–98 hegemon, institution of 166–167 importance 98 hegemony non-royal divination 97–98 state of Chu 166 Huhanye 呼韓邪, the Left Shanyu 275 state of Jin 晉 165–166 Hui Shi 惠施 227

Index 333

Hui, Victoria, Selected Reading 206 Jüyan 居延 human life-size bronze statue, Sanxingdui defense system 299–300 三星堆 87 strips 299–300 Human Nature, philosophy concept Dong Zhongshu 310 Karlgren, Bernhard, Swedish sinologist 8 Han Fei 225 Keightley, David 12 Mencius 214–215 divination inscriptions 96 human sacriﬁces, Shang Dynasty late Shang writing 91 102–103 Selected Reading 111 “Hundred Schools of Philosophy” 227 Shang governance 106 Hunye 昆邪, King 273 Shang proto-bureaucracy 147 Huo Guang 霍光 276 Kern, Martin, Selected Reading 256 Huo Qubing 霍去病 273, 275, 276, 299 King Cheng 成, 121–123 eastern military campaigns 120, 121 imperial university, Han Empire 312, 313 Zhou regional states 135 incision, bronze culture 203–204 King Kang 康 Individualism, philosophy concept 217 expansion in Shandong peninsula 136 inlaying gold and silver in bronze 204 temple 145–146 Inner Mongolia, topography of China 2 Zhou geographical perimeter 135 Inter-state conferences, Spring and Autumn King Mu 穆, change in Zhou ritual tradition period 165, 166–167, 181 153 iron King Wen 文 introduction to China 168, 169 Book of Poetry 117 weaponry 197, 199 break from Shang regime 119–120 construction of Feng 123 jade garment, King of Zhongshan 中山 319 death 120 jade production, Longshan culture 34 highlights of rule 120 Japan, a birthplace of modern sinology recipient of Heaven’s Mandate 143, 144, 11–12 154 Jaspers, Karl 209–210 King Wu 武 of Chu 168 Ji 紀, state of 165 King Wu 武 (the Marshal King) jia 斝 wine vessel 124 battle of Muye 120–121, 123 Jiahu 賈湖 24 construction of Hao 123 Jiang Yuan 姜嫄 145 death 121 Jiangzhai 姜寨 King Xuan, 宣 political struggle with King compared to Pingliangtai 30–31 You 161 domestication of animals 27 King You 幽 matrilineal society 27–29 factual end of Western Zhou Dynasty 161 Yangshao 仰韶 village 27–29 mythical end of Western Zhou Dynasty Jin Midi 金日禪, Xiongnu prince 276, 323 160–161 Jin 晉 rulers, burial remains 133 King Zhao 昭 Jin 晉, state of expansion in Shandong peninsula 136 counties 168, 171 legacy 138 end of lineage system 172–173 middle Yangzi region warfare 138 legal codes 192 King Zhuangxiang 莊襄 of Qin (249–247 legal statutes 176 BC) 242 overview 165–166 kings political struggle 172–173 in Shang Dynasty 104–105 standing army 199 in Warring States period 196–197 as Zhou regional state 132–133, 180 Kinney, Anne Behnke, Selected Reading Jinan 濟南, Bronze Age center 64 303 Jing Ke 荊軻 244 Kuai 鄶, state of 163 Jing 涇 River valley 113, 115, 161, 163 Kuiqiu 葵丘, inter-state conference 165, Jixia 稷下 Academy, Mencius 214 166–167 jue 爵 wine vessel 124 Kurakichi, Shiratori 白鳥庫吉 11

334 Index

Lady Hao 好 75–78 disappearance of 34 tomb 76–77 Yangzi Delta 34 Lai 萊, state of 165 Linduff, Katheryn, Selected Reading 139, Lajia 喇家, Neolithic earthquake site 38–39 161 land ownership lineage system 141–143 lineage 191 decline of 171–174, 176 private 191–192 land management 191 Qin 239 legal system 175–176 land tax primary and derivative lineages 142–143 Han Empire 295 sacrificial bronzes 146 Qin 239–240 segmentary 21, 29 Warring States period 194 segmentation language spoken in Anyang 92 five-generation rule 142, 146 Lao-Ai 嫪毐 242 Zhou elite 142 Laozi 老子 217 temples 146–147 late Shang period 107–110 warfare 197 Laufer, Berthold 12 Lishan 驪山 complex 251–255, 258 law armory 253 codified 175, 176, 188 bronze chariot 251–252 Han Empire 288–294 design 254 Qin 237 layout 251–254 Spring and Autumn period 175–177 “Retiring Hall” 251 see also “Treatise of Law” stable 252 legal statutes temples 252 bronze inscriptions 176 tombs 252 Han Empire 289–294 underground river system 253–254 pre-Qin Empire 192–193 Yigong 252 Qin 237 literacy state of Chu 176 Shang Dynasty 90–92 state of Jin 176 Western Zhou Dynasty 140, 156–160 state of Zheng 176 Zhou Dynasty 112 “Legal Statutes,” Zi Chan 子產 176 Liu Bang 劉邦 legal system “King of Han” 259–260 lineage-based 175–176 rebel against Qin 259 Spring and Autumn period 175–177 Liu Bang, Emperor of Han Dynasty 260, Western Zhou 175–176 263, 269 Legalism rules of succession 301 Han Fei 224, 225–226 Liu E 劉鶚 67 and Huang-Lao philosophy 307, 308 Liu Kang 劉康, King of Jinan, “Great law and punishment 289 Families” 298 philosophy concept 224–226, 228 Liu Li 65 legislation, pre-Qin Empire 192–193 Selected Reading 40 Lewis, Mark Edward, Selected Reading Liu Xiu 劉秀, Han Emperor 301 256, 282 land survey 295 Li Cang 利倉, family tomb 320 Liulihe 琉璃河 133 Li Feng, Selected Reading 139, 161, 256 Liye 里耶, writing systems evidence 249 Li gui 利簋, bronze vessel 120 Loehr, Max 77 Li Kui 李悝, Wei statesman 188, 191, 194 Loess Plateau, topography of China 2 “Canon of Law” 192, 193 Loewe, Michael 287 Li Si 李斯 225, 244 Selected Reading 161, 256, 282, 302 “li 鬲 tripod + guan 罐 jar” 127 “Long Wall” (Changcheng 長城) Liang 梁 family massacre 302 of Qi 185 Liangzhu 良渚 culture Longqiu 龍虯 pottery shard, early writing archaic states 37 36–37

Index 335

Longshan 龍山 culture legitimacy of political power 215 discovery 17 life of 209, 214 influences on Erlitou culture 47–48 as philosopher 214–216, 226 pottery 30 Shi 士 175 Longshan millennium 30 in state of Wei 214 fortified “towns” 30–32 “Well Field” system 190 high-quality pottery 35 Meng Tian 蒙恬, General 250 metallurgy 36 Merchant Lü 呂 see Lü Buwei social stratification 34–35 meritocracy, Qin 239 societies metallurgy as archaic states 37 Erlitou 46–47 as chiefdoms 37–40 Longshan millennium 36 “town” culture 30–37 sectional mold casting 46–47 lost-wax technology, bronze culture 203 Miaopu 苗圃, bronze casting foundry 73 Lower Erligang 二里崗 Phase 58, 59 mid Western Zhou Lower Ordos administrative officials 147, 167–168 bronze culture 89 bronze contact with Shang culture 89 “appointment inscriptions” 149–150 migrations after collapse of 135 birds 126, 127 Loyalty, philosophy concept 218 culture 126–127 Lü Buwei 呂不韋 242, 244–245 geometric patterns 127 Lu 魯, state of 164, 172 bureaucratization 147–152 Confucius 211 burial bronzes 126–127 as Zhou regional state 132 early Qin 229–231 Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 67 foreign relations 153 Luoyang 洛陽 163, 165 government bureaucratization 147–152 Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Grand Secretariat 147–148 Annals (Chunqiu fanlu 春秋繁露)309 military administration 148–149 promotion in government 149–150 Ma Heng 馬衡 313 ritual system 153 magistrates, state of Qin 195 Royal Household management 147–148 “Man-eating Tiger” bronze 78 royal succession abnormality 153 Manchurian Plain, topography of China 2 Three Supervisors 147 Mandate of Heaven see Heaven’s Mandate transition 152–154 Manner (Li 禮), philosophy concept 214 Middle Shang, discovery of 78–83 Maodun 冒頓, Shanyu 268 migration of peoples 154, 180, 182 Marquis Yi 乙, tomb of 203 archaeology 181 Marxism 11 military and Western theories, Neolithic China 20 administration in mid Western Zhou maternal uncles, role in Han Empire 276 148–149 matrilineal society, Jiangzhai 27–29 campaigns of Shang state 109–110, 120 Mawangdui 馬王堆, Han Dynasty tombs campaigns in Warring States period 211, 221, 306 187–188 layout and contents 319–320 forces in Spring and Autumn period May Fourth Movement (1919) 10 197–199 measurements standardization, Qin 240, offices in Warring States period 248–249 195–196 medieval manuscripts inventory, texts of Warring States period 201–202 Dunhuang 7 military service Mencius 214 in “Commandery” unit 194 Mencius in counties 171 good government 215, 216 of entire population 198 Guodian texts 221 in Warring States period 194–195 human nature 214–215, 216, 222 Ming and Qing archival documents land tax 194 reclamation (1909) 7

336 Index

mining in Early China 63–64 Nomadism, northern steppe regions 267, “Modern Texts,” Han Empire 312–314, 268–269 315 North America, Early China studies Mohism 226–227, 320 12–14 Morgan, Louis Henry 28 North China mortuary art climate in early times 3 depiction of history 322–323 farming in 6000–4000 BC 24, 25–27 Eastern Han 321–323 North China Plain “Mother Wu,” cauldron cast for 78 pre-Qin texts 2 Mozi 墨子 209, 226–227 topography of China 2 Mozi 墨子 226 multi-region model of development, “Oath of Alliance,” Spring and Autumn Neolithic cultures 17–19 period 165, 177 Muye 牧野, battle of 120–121 offerings, to Shang royal ancestors 100–103 Nanjing Academica Sinica, Anyang oracle bones excavations 9, 10–12 earliest writing system 90 Naturalism 227, 228 first publication 67 core concepts 305 inscriptions Huang-Lao 307 Anyang 79, 113 maturity of 305–306 developmental history 90–91, 92 relationship between culture and nature the “Four Lands” 107–108 304–306 pre-dynastic Zhou 117 Nature Derives from Mandate 222 Shang mention of Zhou 113 Neo-evolutionism 21 Shang military campaigns 109–110 Neolithic China sudden emergence of 90–92 bipolar paradigm 17 Shang 商 Dynasty 8–9, 51 cultural development 15–20 and shells early farming 22–25 Anyang 7 marks as early writing 36 five-period scheme 96 Marxist and Western theories 20 Huayuanzhuang discovery 96–97 multi-region model of development King Wu Ding 武丁 96 17–19 non-Shang divination 98–99 products of particular regions 15, 17 Zhou 118–119 regions of culture 17 Ordos region social development 20–22 archaeological finds 265–268 three critical inventions 22 bronze manufacturing 267 New Dynasty conquered by Qin 268 founding of 277 extent of 265 reforms 277–279 period of decline 267 “nexus ancestors” 146–147 see also Lower Ordos Nianzipo 碾子坡, dating of 113–115 organizational power, Erlitou 47 Nienhauser, William H. 65 Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Selected Reading 65 Shandong University, selected “Nine Articles” of Han law 288 reading 89 “Nine Ministers,” Han Empire “Origins of the Way” (Daoyuan 道原) 306 284–285 Nine Temples, Chang’an 277 paleoclimatology in China 2–4 Ningxia, partial occupation by Qin 241 paleography 6 Nivison, David Shepherd, Selected Pang , Zhou royal city network 123–124 Reading 228 Pankenier, David W., astronomical No Action (Wuwei 無爲), philosophy historian 33 concept 218, 220, 308 Panlongcheng 盤龍城 63 nomadic culture, Yimencun tomb 181 passports in Han Empire 300

Index 337

“Peace and Affinity” policy of Han Empire source of political power legitimacy 215, 269 225 peasantry “Teaching and Transforming” (jiaohua 教 Han Empire 295, 297 化) 309 selling themselves 295 The Way see philosophy concepts, Dao Peerenboom, R.P. 307 Universal Love 227 Selected Reading 324 Virtue (De 德) 208, 217 Peiligang 裴李崗 site, charcoal samples 23 Wisdom (Zhi 智) 214, 222–223 periodization, Anyang 78–81 yin 陰 and yang 陽 227, 305 philosophical texts piece-mold technology, bronze culture 203 archaeological discoveries 221 Pingcheng 平城 269 see also Guodian Pingliangtai 平糧台 early fortified “town” philosophy 30–31 Confucius 212–213 Plato 209 see also Confucianism; Confucius Pleistocene Epoch 3 Dong Zhongshu 309–311 political early Chinese 209 contracts Han Fei 224, see also Han Fei social–cultural meaning 177 Mencius 214–216, see also Mencius Spring and Autumn period 177 Mohism 226–227, 320 economy, meaning of state 42 Naturalism 227, 305 power see also Huang-Lao philosophy; legitimacy according to Han Fei 225 Naturalism legitimacy according to Mencius 215 Sophists 227 science, meaning of “state” 41 traditions 209 struggle in state of Jin 172–173 Warring States period 304, 305 poll tax, Qin 239–240 Zhou Dynasty philosophers 112, polygamy, Zhou elite 141 207–228 population Zhuangzi 莊子 218–220, see also Zhuangzi Han Empire 283, 295–297 philosophy concepts migration 154, 180, 182 Being Natural (Ziran 自然) 219 registration in state of Chu 193 Benevolence (Ren) 213, 214, 215, 218, “Post-Early civilization” period 210 222–223, 227 pottery Confusianism 212–213, 222, 226–227, assemblage during Shang and Zhou 127, 311 134 Craftiness (Qiao) 222–223 development in Zengpiyan 24–25 Dao 道 217–219 high-quality Longshan 35 Daoism 216–220 invention of 24–25 Disputation (Bian) 222–223 pre-dynastic Zhou 113–116 Filial Piety 218 Western Zhou 127 “Five Elements” 227, 305 localized types 127 Good Government 215, 216 Powers, Martin J. 322 Huang-Lao 黃老 306–308 Selected Reading 324 Human Nature 214–215, 225 pre-dynastic Zhou 112–117 Individualism 217 ancestor worship 117 Legalism 224–226, 228 oracle-bone inscriptions 117 Loyalty 218 pottery 113–116 Manner (Li 禮) 214 pre-Qin texts, North China Plain No Action 218, 220 marshes 2 No Action (Wuwei) 308 prejudice against Rong and Di peoples “Prime” 310 181–182 Profit(Li 利) 222–223 “Prime,” philosophy concept 310 Righteousness (Yi 義) 214, 215, 218, primogeniture 141, 145 222–223 Shang Dynasty 103, 104 Ritual (Li 禮) 212–213, 214–215, 219 Profit(Li 利), philosophy concept 222–223

338 Index

promotion, mid Western Zhou government Qin Empire 149–150 administration 246–249 punishment civil officials 246–248 in Han Empire 289, 291, 293 commanderies 246 Han Fei 225–226 consolidation of 245–250 counties 231, 236, 246, 250 Qi 契, ancestor of Shang people 54 creation of 245 Qi 齊, Duke Huan of 165, 166–167 currency standardization 249 Qi 齊, state of 164, 165, 172 dynasty 6 army size 199 extent of at death of First Emperor 246 battles, fourth- and third-century BC 189 founding of 183 Changcheng (“Long Wall”) 185 Great Wall 246, 250 conquest by Qin 245 highway system 246 enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268 measurements standardization 240, Mencius 214 248–249 as Zhou regional state 132, 153 northern demarcation of 246, 250 Qiang Fang 羌方 110 overthrown 257–259 Qin 秦 writing systems 249, 311 “barbarians” 234 Qin, state of 180 capital transferred to Yueyang 櫟陽 235 army size 199 “County” (Xian 縣) reformed by Shang battles, fourth-century BC 188–189 Yang 商鞅 236–239 border walls 186 early culture 231 Commandant, office of 195 early history 229–235 conscription 194–195 in eastern Gansu 241 counties 168 “Five-Family Units” of peasants 236 “Horizontal” strategy 189 foundation of Han Empire 283, 308 magistrates 195 genesis of Qin people 230–231 rise to superpower among warring states Heaven’s Mandate 234–235 188–189 land ownership 239 small farmer households 191–192 long wall construction 241 as Zhou regional state 132 meritocracy 239 see also Qin; Qin conquests; Qin Empire population ranking system 239 Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, topography of private land ownership 239 China 1–2 in Shaanxi 231 Qiyi 岐邑 Shang Yang’s reforms 235–241 archaeology 124 Shuihudi 睡虎地 laws and statutes 237 pre-dynastic Zhou capital 117 in southern Ningxia 241 Zhou capital 155 succession to be approved by Zhou king Zhou royal city network 123–124 234 taxation 239–240 rammed earth wall, significance of 30 Xianyang 咸陽 as capital 240 rank society, Han Empire 283, 292–293 Zhou relationship 234 Rawson, Jessica, Selected Reading 138 Qin conquests “Rectification of Names” (Zhengming) 212, Chu 245 213 Fujian 250 “Red eyebrows” rebel army 279 Guangdong 250 reforms, New Dynasty 277–279 Guangxi 250 regional Ordos region 268 kingdoms of Han Empire 260, 262–264 Qi 245 rulers of Western Zhou 154–155 Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 241 states see Zhou regional states Sichuan Basin 241 “Regional Systems and Cultural Types” Wei 245 theory 17–18 Yan 244–245 religion Yiqu 義渠 241, 268 role of writing 91

Index 339

Sanxingdui 87–88 seashells, Western Zhao currency 136 Shang Dynasty 99–103 “Second-year Statutes” 289–294 Zhou 143–147 sectional mold casting 46–47 Ren Fang 人方 110, 120, 121 segmentary lineage system 21, 29 Shang military campaigns against 120 Selected Reading rice Allan, Sarah 111 Cishan–Peiligang culture 24 Anyang Work Team of the Institute of cultivation 24 Archaeology, CASS 74, 89 domestication at Diaotonghuan 24 Bagley, Robert 89, 111 Hangzhou Bay 24 Bielenstein, Hans 282, 302 Righteousness (Yi 義), philosophy concept Blakeley, Barry B. 182 214, 215, 218, 222–223 Chang, Chun-shu 303 Ritual (Li 禮), philosophy concept 212–213, Chang, K. C. 40, 65, 89, 111 214–215, 219 Chen, Xingcan 40, 65 Roman Empire Hsu, Cho-yun 139, 161, 182 Han description of 279–281 Ch’u, T’ung-tsu 302 Han Empire 279–282 Crawford, Gray W. 40 comparison 285–286 Creel, Herrlee G. 14, 182 Rong 戎 peoples 180–181 Di Cosmo, Nicolas 282 early Qin 231 Dirlik, Arif 14 ethnical differences 181 Durrant, Stephen 324 prejudice against 181–182 Falkenhausen, Lothar von 40, 182, 206 relationship with Zhou regional states Feng, Yu-lan 228 180–181, 231 Fiskesjö, Magnus 40 Zuo Commentary 181 Franke, Herbert 14 royal Graham, A. C. 228 ancestors in Shang Dynasty 100–103 Harper, Donald 324 divination 96 Honey, David 14 lineage in Shang Dynasty 103–106 Hui, Victoria 206 succession rules in Shang Dynasty Keightley, David 111 103–104, 105–106 Kern, Martin 256 Ruler Wen 文 279–281 Kinney, Anne Behnke 303 Lewis, Mark Edward 205, 256, 282 sacrifices, Shang Dynasty 99–103 Li, Feng 139, 161, 256 sacrificial Linduff, Katheryn 139, 161 activities at Anyang 71 Liu, Li 40, 65 bronzes of lineage system 146 Loewe, Michael 161, 256, 302 “sacrificial circle” = one year 102–103 McNeal, Robin 182 Sahlins, Marshall 21, 29 Nienhauser, William H. 65 salary scales of Han officials 286 Nivison, David Shepherd 228 Sanxingdui 三星堆 Oriental Archaeology Research Center of Anyang 110 Shandong University 89 burial remains 87–88 Peerenboom, R. P. 324 human life-size bronze statue 87 Powers, Martin J 324 religion 87–88 Rawson, Jessica 138 Sichuan 86–88 Schneider, Lawrence A. 14 Schneider, Laurence A., Selected Shaughnessy, Edward 139, 161 Reading 14 Sima Qian 324 scribes, Han Empire 318 Thorp, Robert 65, 89 scripts Twitchett, Denis 282, 302 Clerical Script 249 Underhill, Anne 40 Small Seal 249 Wang Zhongshu 282, 324 stone classics 313 Weld, Susan Roosevelt 182 see also writing systems Wu Hung 324 seafaring in early times 4–5 Xu Pingfang 徐芳 40

340 Index

Service, Elman 21 Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙) 54, 60 “Seven Military Classics” 202 temperature drop 3 Shaanxi region, divination 98 Wang Hai 王亥 54 shamanistic power, Shang Dynasty 106 Zhong Ding 仲丁 60 Shandong region see also Anyang; Shang state Shang military campaigns 120 Shang Jia 上甲, Shang Dynasty 54 Zhou expansion in 120, 136–137 Shang 商 state Shang 商 Dynasty 6 conquests by Zhou 117–123 alcohol 83 cultural network 83–85, 89, 109 Anyang see Anyang Fang enemies 109–110 architectural alignment 60 the “Four Lands” 107–109 bronze geographic area 109 casting advancements 77–78 hunting trips 108–109 production end 127 military campaigns 109–110, 120 styles compared with Zhou 124–125, political network 83, 85 126 proto-bureaucracy 147 vessel types 47 relationship with Zhou 117 wine vessels 124–125 Shandong region campaigns in bronze cosmology 99 inscriptions 120 cults see also Shang Dynasty royal ancestors 100–103 Shang Yang 商鞅, Qin reformer 189, 191 winds 100 Chancellor of Qin reforms 235–240 dates of 51 counties reform 236–239 deities of Earth, River, and Mountain 100 death of 240–241 divination 92–99 early life 235–236 Document Maker 147 land reform in Qin 239 founding of 54 Legalism 224 government 106–107 reform in Warring States period 224 human sacrifices 102–103 reforms’ importance 240–241, 249 kings Shang–Zhou transition 143–144 mainline and collateral 104 Shanxi Longshan culture, Taosi 31–32 names 104–105 Shanyu 單于 relations, Han Empire 269 oracle-bone divination records 67–68 Shaughnessy, Edward, Selected Reading shamanistic power 106 139, 161 tombs at Xibeigang 71–73 shaving as punishment literacy 90–92 beard 291 oracle bones 51, 54, 56 hair 291, 293 kings’ divination records 67–68 Shen Buhai 申不害, Legalism 224, 226 mention of Huan River 73 Shen Dao 慎到, Legalism 224 mention of Zhou 113 Shi 士 pottery in Western Zhou period 127, 134 good nature 214 power retention by king 102 intellectual developments 207 primogeniture 103, 104 leaders of society in Spring and Autumn religion 99–103 period 175 religious offerings 100–103 lower elites in Spring and Autumn period relocation of capital 54–56 172, 175 royal as a social group 175 genealogy 54, 67 status explained 174–175 lineage 103–106 Shu 蜀, conquered by Qin 241 sacrifices 99–103 Shuihudi 睡虎地 legal texts succession rules 103–104, 105–106 discovery 192–193 sacrificial activities 71 Qin “Five-Family Units” 236 “sacrificial cycle” = one year 102–103 Qin law 237 shamanistic power of king 106 Qin officials’ appointment/dismissal 248 Shang Jia 上甲 54 Shun 舜, last of the “Five Emperors” 48

Index 341

Sichuan Basin, conquered by Qin 241 decline of lineage system 171–174 Sidun 寺墩, burial remains 34 ethnical relations 180–181 Silk Road in early times 5 farmers 171, 173–174 silver inlay in bronze 204 importance of historical development Sima Qian 司馬遷 49 166–167 assassination attempt on Ying Zheng 244 influence of Zhou periphery states genesis of Qin people 230 164–166 Grand Scribe’s Records 48, 54, 67, 103, 250 interstate conferences 165, 166–167, 181 Grand Scribe’s Records (Shiji) 315 legal system 175–177 his life 315 military forces 197–199 life of Confucius 210 nature of warfare 197 Lü Buwei 242 “Oath of Alliance” 177 motives for writing Grand Scribe’s Records political contracts 177 316–317 rise of ministerial families 172 Selected Reading 324 rise to office of lower society Shang Yang’s policies 240 members 172 sinology Shi China, Japan, the West 13–14 as leaders of society 175 digitalization and electronic publication as lower elites 172, 175 13 as a social group 175 French and Swedish influence 7–8 social transformation 172 Japanese influence 11–12 transition from Western Zhou 162–163, Marxist influence 11 166–167 “Sixteen Classics” (Shiliu jing) 306 wars and civil strife 171–172 slaves on Han social scale 291–292 “Square Wall” (Fangcheng) 185 Small Seal scripts 249 state social establishment of royal state system 49 groupings in Han Empire 291–293 formation questions 42 history meanings of 41–42 changes in social standing of farmers “territorial state” concept 184–187 190–192 “Statecraft,” Han Fei 225–226 legislation on size of peasant families states 191–192 ascendancy over chiefdoms 41, 53 organization in Yangshao village 27–29 see also states by their names; territorial problems in Han Empire 295–298 states stratification statutes see legal statutes in Longshan millennium 34–35 “Statutes on Household,” Han Empire 293 in Taosi 32 “Statutes on Murder,” Han Empire 291, transformation in Spring and Autumn 293 period 172 “Statutes on Reduction of Punishments,” sociology, meaning of “state” 42 Han Empire 293 Socrates 209, 210 Stein, Aurel, Dunhuang strips 7 solar observatory at Taosi 32, 33 steppe region, extent of 265 soldiers see armies; military service; warfare stone Song ding 頌鼎, example of “appointment chimes 234 inscriptions” 150 classics 313 Song 宋, state of 164, 172 tool workshop 22 Sophists 227 “Straight Road,” Qin Empire highway South Asia, early contacts 5 system 246 South China, climate in early times 3–4 stratigraphy, Dasikong village 78 Spring and Autumn Annals 162, 211, 312 Su Binqi 蘇秉琦 17 Spring and Autumn period succession see circulating succession; balance of power 166 Eastern Han Empire, succession; concept of Chinese (Huaxia) nation 182 Han Empire, succession rules; Shang creation of guoren 176 Dynasty; royal succession rules

342 Index

Sun Bin 孫臏, Qi commander 189, 200 “Three Articles,” Liu Bang’s rules for The Art of War 202 conduct 288 Sun Wu 孫武 “Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers” land tax 194 283–285 The Art of War 201–202 Three Supervisors, mid Western Zhou Supervisor of Lawsuit, state of government 147 Hann 195 “Three-style Stone Classics” 313 Supervisors see mid Western Zhou, Tian Guang 田廣 244 administrative officials; Warring tombs States period; functional offices Baoshan bamboo strips 193 burial of Duke Jing of Qin 233 Taiwan, Austronesian people 4 contents in Western Han period Taixi 台西, Hebei 83 318–320 Tang 湯 (Da Yi 大乙), founder of Shang Erlitou 45–46 Dynasty 54, 60 Guodian 220 Tang Jigen 唐際根, discovery of Middle King of Zhongshan 319 Shang 82 Li Cang family tomb 320 Tang Lan 唐蘭 306 Lishan complex 252 Taosi 陶寺 lost-wax casting bronzes 203 burial remains 32 luxury contents decline 320–321 copper bell discovery 36 Mawangdui 211, 221, 306, 319–320 social stratification 32 mountain 319 solar observatory 32, 33 nobles of Eastern Han 321–322 town of Shanxi Longshan culture nobles of Western Han 319–320 31–32 Qin and Jin territories 181 waning of power 41 Shang kings at Xibeigang 西北崗 71–73, tattooing face as punishment 291 106 taxation, Qin 239–240 Shuihudi legal texts 192–193 taxation in counties 171, 173 steppe culture 267 temples Western Han social elites 318–319, clusters in Zhou Dynasty 145–146 320–322 five-temple group 145–146 Yimencun 益門村, Wei River Grand Temple 145 valley 181 Kang Temple 145 Yinqueshan 銀雀山 military texts lineage 146–147 201–202 Lishan complex 252 Zhangjiashan 289, 293–294 Temple of Zhou 145 Zhou elite bronze vessels 152–153 Zhou 145–146 Tongling 銅嶺, copper mining 63, 64 Ten Heavenly Stems 104–105 Tonglushan 銅綠山, ancient mining site Teng 滕 (Shandong), Zhou regional 63–64 state 132 topography of China 1–2 terracotta warriors 254–255 Inner Mongolia 2 “territorial state” concept 184–187 Loess Plateau 2 territorial states Manchurian Plain 2 border walls 185–186 North China Plain 2 bureaucracy 195 Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau 1–2 main objective of 187–188, 197 “Treatise of Law” transition to 187 Han society 291 warfare 187–188, 197 origin of Han law 288 The Art of War tribal organization 21 Sun Bin 202 troops see armies; warfare Sun Wu 201–202 turtle shells, divination 92–93 The Way see philosophy concepts, Dao; Twitchett, Denis, Selected Reading 282, philosophy concepts, Daoism 302 Thorp, Robert, Selected Reading 65, 89 “Two Peaches Killing Three Warriors” 323

Index 343

Underhill, Anne, Selected Reading 40 Legalism 224–226 unification of China 244–245 military Universal Love, philosophy concept 227 service 194–195 universal taxation, counties 171 texts 201–202 university of Han Empire 312, 313 overview 183 philosophy 304, 305 “Vertical Alliance,” Warring States Qin’s rise to superpower 188–189 period 189 small farmer households 190–192 Virtue (De), philosophy concept 208, 217 state control of farmers 192 supremacy of state of Wei 188 “Wall Builder” territorial states see territorial states on Han social scale 291–292 “Vertical Alliance” 189 as punishment 291, 293 warfare changes 197–202 walls bordering territorial states 185–186 Zhou states list 131 Wang Guowei 王國維 8–9, 10, 67 “Way of Earth” 307 Wang Hai 王亥, Shang Dynasty 54 “Way of Heaven” 307 Wang Jian 王翦, General 244, 245 “Way of Human” 307 Wang Mang 王莽, Emperor of New Dynasty Wei 魏 Dynasty, founding of 302 276–279, 295 Wei Liao 尉繚, Commandant of Qin army Wang Yirong 王懿榮, inscribed bones 243–244 66–67 Wei Qing 衛青 273, 275 Wang Zang 王臧 308 Wei 渭 River plain Wang Zhongshu 王仲舒, Selected Reading Zhou city network 123–124 282, 324 Zhou lineage centers 142 warfare Wei 渭 River valley army composition in Warring States elites relocation 163 period 199 Han army reconquest 279 battle-ready male population 199 Han Empire heartland 260 changes during Warring States period population transfer from 154 197–202 pottery 127, 134 commandership changes 200 Qin rebel attacks 258, 259 fighting methods 199–200 Qin’s original center 231 frequency of wars during Warring States Rong group occupation 180 period 187–188 Yimencun tomb 181 goals of war changes 200 Zhou people 113–117, 120, 141 lineages 197 Wei 魏, state of soldiers’ composition in Warring States agricultural production 188 period 198–199 battles, fourth-century BC 188, 189 Spring and Autumn period 197 border walls 185 Western Zhou 197 hegemony 188 Warring States period legal codes 192 agriculture 190–192 Li Kui see Li Kui, Wei statesman alliances 189 Mencius 214 “Annual Report” 196 Qin conquest 245 bureaucratization 195–197 supremacy in Warring States period 188 composition Xiongnu forces enlistment 268 of army 199 “Weighing” (Cheng 稱) 306 of soldiers 198–199 Weld, Susan Roosevelt, selected reading diplomacy 189–190 182 farmers 190–192, 194, 198 “Well Field” system 190–191 frequency of war 187–188 Wenxian 溫縣 covenant tablets 177 functional offices 195–196 Western Han “Horizontal Alliance” 189 tombs kings’ absolute power 196–197 of nobles 319–320 land tax 194 of social elites 318–319, 320–322

344 Index

Western Han Empire 6 writing systems administrative documents 7 “Ancient Texts” 312 Western Zhou Liye evidence 249 bronze Qin Empire 249, 311 culture changes 126–127 see also scripts inscribed objects dispersal 156–157 written evidence, importance of 90 inscriptions 129, 140, 144, 175 Wu Ding 武丁, Shang king 75, 76, 104, 109 styles compared with Shang 124 oracle bones/shells 96 wine vessels 124–125, 126 Wu 武 Family cemetery, Jiaxiang 嘉祥 cultural development 134 322–323 end of 160–161 Wu Hung 322 “Five Ranks” 167 Selected Reading 324 founding of Dynasty 121 Wu Liang 武梁, shrine of 322–323 legal matters 175–176 Wu Qi 吳起 188 literacy 140, 156–160 Wu 吳, state of 121, 166 pottery 127 Wucheng 吳城 culture 64 regional rulers 154–155 influenced by Erligang 86 regional states 129, 184 Wugeng 武庚 121 social order 147 Wuwei 無為 308 temperature drop 3 texts 49 Xia 夏 Dynasty threats debate about 48–53 from Huai River groups 160 kings list 49–51 from Xianyun people 160, 161 origin of 48 transition relation with Erlitou culture 51–53 to Spring and Autumn period 162–163 Xi’an 西安, Bronze Age center 65 to Warring States period 186–187 Xian 縣 system see “County–Commandery” war and warfare 138, 197 system Western Zhou state 154–156 Xiang Liang 項梁 central Shaanxi royal domain 155–156 rebel against Qin 258–259 “Fengjian” 128–132, 260–261 Xiang Yu 項羽, rebel against Qin 258 geopolitical description 155 “Hegemon King,” King of Chu 259–260 government and society developments Xianyang 咸陽, capital of Qin 240 153–154 Xianyun 鮮于 people, threat to Western security 132 Zhou 160, 161 weakening of 132 Xiao 崤, battle of 181 Wey 衛, state of 132, 164, 165, 180 Xiao Yu ding 小盂鼎 267 “White-rice Sorter” Xibeigang 西北崗 71–73 on Han social scale 291–292 sacrificial activities 71, 103 as punishment 293 tombs of Shang kings 71–73, 106 winds, Shang Dynasty 100 Xihan 西漢 River valley 231 wine vessels see bronze vessels Xing 邢 (Hebei), Zhou regional state 132 Wisdom (Zhi 智), philosophy concept 214, pottery 134 222–223 Xing 邢, state of 165, 180 writing Xiongnu 匈奴 250 Dinggong pottery shard 36–37 capture of Zhang Qian 271 Dunhuang 700 bamboo strips 7–8 defeats by Han forces 273 early 36–37 fighting for five eastern states 268 Longqiu pottery shard 36–37 Han military strategy against 271 Neolithic marks 36 Han war with 271–276 on perishable materials in Western Zhou king reduced to rank of duke 277 157 origins 265 religious role 91 Xiongnu 匈奴 Confederacy 268, 269 social contexts 91–92 internal struggles 275 see also literacy; scripts tribal autonomy 269

Index 345

Xiongnu 匈奴 Empire 263, 265–271 Ying Zheng 嬴政, First Emperor of China “Xiping 熹平 Stone Classics” 313 242, 249–250, 323 Xipo 西坡, Yangshao settlement 29 afterlife 250–256 Xu Pingfang 徐芳, Selected Reading 40 assassination attempt 244 Xu Shen 許慎 314 death 257–258 Xunzi 荀子 214, 225 early life 242 personal character 242–243 Yan 燕, state of unification of China 244–245 attack by Rong people 165 Ying Zheng 嬴政, Huangdi 249 border walls 186 Yinqueshan 銀雀山, discovery of military conquest by Qin 244–245 texts 201–202 enlistment of Xiongnu forces 268 Yinwan 尹灣 documents 286–287 pottery 134 “Annual Report” 287 state granted by Zhou king 133 county magistrates’ ranking 286 as Zhou regional state 132, 133 “Curriculum Vitae of Major Officials” Yan Wenming 嚴文明, Central Plain 19–20 287 Yang Zhu 楊朱, Daoist philosopher “Registers of Officials” 287 216–217 Yiqu 義渠, state of, conquered by Qin 241, Yangshao 仰韶 268 discovery of culture 15, 17 Yoffee, Norman, “complex society” 21 Jiangzhai 27–29 Yong 雍, Qin capital, archeological pottery 27 importance 231–233 social organization of village 27–29 Yu 禹, legendary founder of Xia Dynasty society 25–30 48–49, 50 Xipo 29 Yuanjunmiao 元君廟 cemetery 28–29 Zhudingyuan 鑄鼎原 29–30 Yue 越, state of 166 Yangshao 仰韶 Era 27 Yueyang 櫟陽, Qin capital relocated to 235 Yangzi Delta Yunmeng 云夢 Marsh 4, 63 Hemudu culture 27 Liangzhu culture 34 Zengpiyan 甑皮岩, early pottery 24–25 topography of China 2 Zengzi 曾子, disciple of Confucius 174 Zhou’s relationship with 137–138 Zhang Changshou 張長壽, analysis of Yangzi River bronze vessels 80 canal link to Li River 250 Zhang Qian 張騫 271–273 copper deposits 63 Zhang Zhongpei 張忠培 37 Yanshi 偃師 56, 57, 60–61 Zhangjiashan 張家山 architectural alignment 60 criminal cases 293–294 layout 56–57 Han legal statutes 289–294 start of construction 59 legal procedures 293–294 transition from Erlitou 60–61 Zhao 趙, cavalry 199–200 Yates, Robin 239, 249 Zhao 趙, state of, enlistment of Xiongnu slaves 292 forces 268 Yellow River Zhao Wan 趙綰 308 flooding of Daliang 245 Zheng 鄭, state of 163–164, 172 occupied by Rong groups 180 legal codes 192 Qin conquests 235 legal statutes 176 sites contemporary to Cishan-Peiligang Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 314–315 23–24 Zheng 鄭, Zhou royal city network 123–124, Yihou Ze gui 宜侯夨簋, inscription 129 163 Yimencun 益門村 tomb, nomadic culture Zhengzhou 鄭州 56, 57–58 181 archaeology 58–59 Yin Weizhang 殷瑋璋 17 bronze vessels 59 Yin 陰 and Yang 陽 227, 305 time-frame 59–60 Dong Zhongshu 309–310 transition from Erlitou 60–61 Ying 應, Zhou regional state 132 Zhizhi 郅支, Right Shanyu 275–276

346 Index

Zhong Ding 仲丁, Shang Dynasty 60 territorial control expansion 121–123, Zhongshan 中山, King of 135–138 jade garment 319 wars in Huai River region 138 tomb 319 Wei River valley people 113–117, 120, Zhongshan 中山, state of 205 141 Zhou 周 West Asia contact 136 1059 BC 117–120, 143 Yangzi delta relationship 137–138 ancestor worship 147 see also mid Western Zhou; Western Zhou; battle against Guifang 267 western Zhou Dynasty bronze Zhou, Duke of see Duke of Zhou art changes 152 Zhou 周 elite culture tradition preserved 202–203 changes in tomb bronze vessels 152–153 styles compared with Shang 124–125, clans and clan names 140–141 126 lineages 141–143 bureaucratic administration 112 primary and derivative 142–143 Central Asia contact 136 segmentation 142 collapse in 771 BC 208 polygamy 141 conquests of Shang 117–123 preservation of bronze culture 202–203 contact with external world 136 ritual system 153 expansion in Shandong peninsula social organization 140–143 136–137 Zhou 周 regional states genealogical relationship of king and archaeology 132–134 regional rulers 131, 132 contact with Zhou king 132, 134 geographical perimeter 135 distribution 131 Heaven 143, 145, 208 establishment 131 Heaven’s Mandate 143–144, 154, 208, functioning of 129–132 209 inspection of 132 historical location 113–117 King Cheng 135 Huai River region contact 138 listed in Warring States period 131 India contact 136 periphery states 164–166 land grants and disputes 154 political control of Zhou king 132 literary culture 112 Rong and Di relations 180–181 northern conquests 135 rulers’ visits to 134 oracle bones 118–119 weakening of royal power 153 overview of dynasty 112 Zhou 周 state 172 people’s mixed origins 116–117 border walls 186 periphery states 164–166 Zhuangzi 莊子 218–220 philosophers 112, 207–228 activist government 219–220 pottery assemblages 134 “Being Natural” or “Naturally So” 219 pre-dynastic see pre-dynastic Zhou Guodian texts 221 regional and metropolitan bronzes 134 “The Way” 218–219 religion 143–147 usefulness and uselessness 220 see also Heaven; Heaven and God; Zhuangzi 莊子, Warring States text 218–220 Heaven’s Mandate parable of butterﬂy dream 220 royal Sophists 227 ancestor Buku 113 Zhudingyuan 鑄鼎原, Yangshao settlements cities 123 29–30 city network 123–124 Zhukaigou 朱開溝 culture 267 clan 141 Zi Chan 子產, “Legal Statutes” 176 court relocation 163 Zi Si 子思, Guodian texts 222 house “nexus ancestors” 147 Zou Yan 鄒衍 305 lineage 142–143 Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan 左傳) Shandong peninsula expansion 136–137 description of county 167 Shang kingdom relationship 117 Rong group of people 181 temples 145–146 Zuoce Ban’s 作冊般 Turtle 74, 89