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Transformation of the Communist Party of China in Post-Mao Era

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Transformation of the Communist Party of China in Post-Mao Era FROM THE VANGUARD OF THE WORKING CLASS TO THE VANGUARD OF THE MARKET REFORMS: TRANSFORMATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA IN POST-MAO ERA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ONURCAN ÜLKER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION JULY 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceren Ergenç Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Galip Yalman (METU, ADM) Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceren Ergenç (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Seriye Sezen (TODAİE) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Onurcan Ülker Signature : iii ABSTRACT FROM THE VANGUARD OF THE WORKING CLASS TO THE VANGUARD OF THE MARKET REFORMS: THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA IN POST-MAO ERA Ülker, Onurcan M.Sc., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor : Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceren Ergenç July 2015, 177 pages Transformation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) during China’s gradual but strong-willed marketization in post-Mao era has long been attracting attention of social scientists. Today, two popular approaches to this transformation in mainstream literature are liberal-individualist and state-centric/institutionalist ones. While the former of these approaches mainly argues that market-oriented transformation in China will sooner or later end up with the collapse of the ‘authoritarian’ CPC rule by creating individuals as bearers of liberal-democratic values, the latter mainly focuses on whether the CPC as a self-seeking social actor could succeed in ‘adapting’ itself to the changing social environment by also leading a political transformation alongside of the economic one. The aim of this study is to offer an alternative approach to post-Mao transformation of the CPC on the basis of Mao Zedong’s contributions to Marxist theory in terms of the analysis of the relationship between bureaucratic degeneration of the communist parties in power and capitalist restoration. Through an analysis from this point of view, it is argued in this study that the CPC has transformed from a party of communist militants to party of ‘experts’ and bureaucrats, from a Marxist-Leninist party to a pragmatic one, and from party of workers and peasants to party of higher social classes and segments including ‘new capitalists’ of China in post-Mao era. Keywords: Communist Party of China, Socialist Transition, Bureaucratic Degeneration, Capitalist Restoration, Post-Mao China. iv ÖZ İŞÇİ SINIFININ ÖNCÜSÜNDEN PİYASA REFORMLARININ ÖNCÜSÜNE: MAO SONRASI ÇİN’DE ÇİN KOMÜNİST PARTİSİ’NİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ Ülker, Onurcan Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Yard. Doç. Dr. Ceren Ergenç Temmuz 2015, 177 sayfa Çin Komünist Partisi’nin (ÇKP) Çin’in Mao sonrası aşamalı fakat kararlı piyasalaşma sürecindeki dönüşümü uzun süredir sosyal bilimcilerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Günümüzde, anaakım yazın içerisinde söz konusu dönüşüme yönelik liberal-bireyci ve devlet-merkezli/kurumsalcı olmak üzere iki popüler yaklaşım bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlardan ilki, esas olarak Çin’deki piyasa yönelimli dönüşümün liberal-demokratik değerlerin taşıyıcısı bireyler yaratarak eninde sonunda ‘otoriter’ ÇKP yönetimine son vereceğini savunurken, ikincisi kendi çıkarlarını gözeten bir toplumsal aktör olan ÇKP’nin, ekonomik dönüşümün yanı sıra siyasal bir dönüşüme de önderlik ederek değişen toplumsal çevreye ‘uyum’ sağlayıp sağlayamayacağı üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Mao Zedung’un iktidardaki komünist partilerin bürokratik yozlaşması ile kapitalist restorasyon arasındaki ilişki tahlili bağlamında Marksist teoriye yaptığı katkı temelinde, ÇKP’nin Mao sonrası dönüşümüne yönelik alternatif bir yaklaşım sunmaktır. Çalışmada, bu bakış açısı temelinde yapılan tahlil doğrultusunda, ÇKP’nin Mao sonrası dönemde bir komünist militanlar partisinden bir ‘uzmanlar’ ve bürokratlar partisine, Marksist- Leninist bir partiden pragmatik bir partiye, ve işçilerin ve köylülerin partisinden Çin’in ‘yeni kapitalistleri’ de dahil olmak üzere üst toplumsal sınıf ve kesimlerin partisine dönüştüğü ileri sürülmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Çin Komünist Partisi, Sosyalist Geçiş, Bürokratik Yozlaşma, Kapitalist Restorasyon, Mao Sonrası Çin. v To my parents, to my grandmother, and to my lovely cat, of course… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to my supervisor, Ceren Ergenç, and Seriye Sezen. I benefited a lot from their lectures, advices and encouragement. I feel very lucky to be one of their students. I also would like to thank to some professors from my department, whose lectures expanded my horizon a lot since my undergraduate studies, namely, Galip L. Yalman, Mehmet Okyayuz, Aylin Topal and Asuman Göksel. Sıla Demirörs and Efe Can Gürcan helped me to get access to some articles which were not available at METU Library during preparation of this thesis. Without them, this study would be deficient. Although they won’t read this most probably, I also want to mention the names of Susie Day and Jamil Jonna from Monthly Review Press here, who replied my emails quickly and helped me to get access to articles published in old issues of Monthly Review magazine. Last but not least, I also want to repeat an academic cliché, which I actually find quite ridiculous but sounds pretty cool and makes a study look like more seminal than it really is: ‘All remaining faults are mine alone!’ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv ÖZ................................................................................................................................v DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. .viiii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... .1 II. TRANSFORMATION OF POST-MAO CPC IN MAINSTREAM LITERATURE: A CRITIQUE…………………………….…5 III. HOW TO STUDY TRANSFORMATION OF COMMUNIST PARTIES IN POWER: ON PROBLEMS OF SOCIALIST TRANSITION AND ‘CAPITALIST RESTORATION’………………………………….........43 IV. TRANSFORMATION OF THE POST-MAO CPC: GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR AN ALTERNATIVE CRITICAL APPROACH….……………………………………………………………...…91 V. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….…....…128 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….....135 APPENDICES A. TURKISH SUMMARY…………..………………………………………165 B. TEZ FOTOKOPİSİ İZİN FORMU ............................................................ 177 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLES Table 1. Growth of the CPC in the reform era (1978-2008) .................................. 121 ix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1. Changing criteria for promotion to urban cadre posts. (1949-1996) ........ 96 Figure 2. Leading cadres in China with university and college education .............. 97 Figure 3. Public sector share of urban employment, 1978-2005 (%)…..…………112 Figure 4. Percentage of peasants and workers in the CPC membership…………..120 Figure 5. Motivations for joining the CPC by generation…………………………123 Figure 6. The CPC membership by occupation……………………………………124 Figure 7. Comparison of occupational distribution of the CPC and the society…...126 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Comintern Communist International (the Third International) CPC Communist Party of China CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CPSU Communist Party of Soviet Union EOI Export Oriented Industrialization G77 Group of Seventy-Seven GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GOSR Great October Socialist Revolution GPCR Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution IMF International Monetary Fund ISI Import Substitution Industrialization IWMA International Working Men’s Association (the First International) KGB Committee for State Security (of the Soviet Union) KMT Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEP New Economic Policy NPC National People’s Congress OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s
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