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Return of the Steppe Eagle to Nesting in the Stavropol Kray, Russia ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА НА ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ Malovichko L.V

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Return of the Steppe Eagle to Nesting in the Stavropol Kray, Russia ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА НА ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ Malovichko L.V 264 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2019, 39 Кðàòêèå сîîбùåíèя Return of the Steppe Eagle to Nesting in the Stavropol Kray, Russia ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА НА ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКИЙ КРАЙ, РОССИЯ Malovichko L.V. (Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia) Grinko A.G. (JSC “Samotlorneftepromchim”, Stavropol Kray, Velichaevskoe vill., Russia) Slynko D.V. (Directorate of protected areas of the Stavropol Kray, Stavropol, Russia) Маловичко Л.В. (Российский государственный аграрный университет – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева, Москва, Россия) Гринько А.Г. (АО «Самотлорнефтепромхим», Ставропольский край, с. Величаевское, Россия) Слынько Д.В. (Государственное казенное учреждение «Дирекция особо охраняемых природных территорий Ставропольского края», Ставрополь, Россия) DOI: 10.19074/1814-8654-2019-39-264-271 Контакт: Численность степного орла (Aquila ni- The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) popu- Любовь Васильевна palensis) в настоящее время значитель- lation is now significantly reduced within its Маловичко д.б.н., проф. но сократилась в пределах всего ареала whole range (Karyakin, 2011). The Steppe Кафедра зоологии (Карякин, 2011). Этот вид внесён в Крас- Eagle is included in the IUCN Red List as En- Факультета зоотехнии и ный список МСОП со статусом «исче- dangered (EN) (BirdLife International, 2017), биологии, зающий вид» (Endangered, EN) (BirdLife in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federa- Российский государ- ственный аграрный International, 2017), Красные книги РФ (Га- tion (Galushin, 2001) and the Stavropol Kray университет – МСХА лушин, 2001) и Ставропольского края как as a rare species (Ilyukh, Khokhlov, 2013). имени К.А. Тимирязева редкий вид (Ильюх, Хохлов, 2013). The Steppe Eagle nests in steppes and 127434, Россия, Степной орёл гнездится в степях и полу- semi-deserts, avoiding vast deserts. It Москва, Красностуден- ческий проезд, пустынях, избегая обширных пустынь. Он tends to the most rugged areas: gullies, ra- д. 4, корп. 2, кв. 168 тяготеет к наиболее пересечённым участ- vines, river terraces, any uplands, less often тел.: +7 499 976 14 58 кам: балкам, оврагам, речным террасам, on even ground (Karyakin, 2004). In spring, [email protected] любым возвышенностям на местности, реже Steppe Eagles fly in quite early. The start of Антон Григорьевич гнездится на ровной земле (Карякин, 2004). their migration, as a rule, coincides with the Гринько Весной степные орлы прилетают достаточно end of ground squirrels hibernation. After a АО «Самотлорнефте- рано. Срок начала их пролёта, как правило, warm and short winter, the first birds ap- промхим» совпадает с завершением спячки у сусликов. pear in the Ciscaucasia and Kalmykia in the 357975, Россия, Ставропольски край, После тёплой и короткой зимы первые пти- third decade of February (Kukish, 1982). An Левокумский район, цы в Предкавказье и Калмыкии появляются intense spring migration of Steppe Eagles с. Величаевское, в третьей декаде февраля (Кукиш, 1982). usually takes place in the second decade of ул. Дрогина, 6 Интенсивный же весенний пролёт степных March (Khokhlov, 1995; our observations). тел.: +7 988 087 41 10 79197358596@ орлов обычно проходит во второй декаде The diet of the Steppe Eagle largely con- yandex.ru марта (Хохлов, 1995; наши наблюдения). sists of different species of Ground Squirrels Питаются степные орлы преимуществен- (Spermophilus sp.), as well as other medium- Денис Викторович но разными видами сусликов (Spermophilus sized rodents, less often birds, Hedgehogs Слынько Государственное sp.), а также другими грызунами средней (Erinaceus sp.), Snakes (Serpentes sp.), dead казенное учреждение величины – большими песчанками (Rhombo- animals (Dementiev, 1951). In the south of «Дирекция особо ох- mys opimus), молодыми сурками (Marmota the European part of Russia, the major food of раняемых природных sp.), зайцами (Lepus sp.) и др. Реже в пита- the Steppe Eagle is the Little Ground Squirrel территорий Ставро- польского края» нии отмечались молодые стрепеты (Tetrax (Spermophilus pygmaeus) (Survillo, 1984). 355008, Россия, tetrax), дрофы (Otis tarda), серые куропат- The autumn migration of Steppe Eagles Ставрополь, ки (Perdix perdix), ежи (Erinaceus sp.), змеи through the Manych valley is observed from ул. Гражданская, 9–146 (Serpentes sp.), падаль (Дементьев, 1951). late August to early October (Malovichko et тел.: +7 8652 285074 [email protected] На юге Европейской части России основной al., 2003a; 2003b). Short Reports Raptors Conservation 2019, 39 265 Contact: пищей степного орла является малый суслик In the last century, the Steppe Eagle lived in Lubov V. Malovichko (Spermophilus pygmaeus). Обилие орлов в most of the region (Ilyukh, Khokhlov, 2013). Doctor of Biology, Prof. Zoology Department at Предкавказье определялось ранее, как пра- Tilling of wild steppe lands had negative the Faculty of Zootech- вило, плотностью населения этого зверька. impact on the Steppe Eagle population in ny and Biology of the Устойчивая связь между ними прослежена the early 1960s of the XX century. First of Russian State Agrarian А.В. Сурвилло (1984). В местах отёла сай- all arid poor lands of the Kumo-Manych de- University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural гаков (Saiga tatarica) степные орлы поедали pression (Kulintsev et al., 2013) were con- Academy, павших копытных животных (Кукиш, 1982). verted to arable land, which significantly Krasnostudencheskiy Во время же осеннего пролёта (суслики reduced the area of habitats optimal for the pass., 4, задолго до этого уходят в зимнюю спячку) Steppe Eagle. At present, the agro-industri- bild. 2, room 168, Moscow, орлы переходят на питание другими корма- al complex of the region has 91.1% of the Russia, 127434 ми (Белик, 2004). land area, and agricultural land occupies tel.: +7 499 976 14 58 Осенняя миграция степных орлов через 87.8% of the region’s territory (Stavropol [email protected] Манычскую долину наблюдается с конца Kray ..., 2013). Anton G. Grinko августа до начала октября (Маловичко и Going further back, throughout the entire JSC “Samotlorneft- др., 2003a; 2003b). range of the little ground squirrel, in order epromchim” В прошлом веке степной орёл обитал на to eliminate the natural foci of the plague, Drpgina str., 6, большей части края (Ильюх, Хохлов, 2013). the collective action against this species Velichaeskoe vill., Levokumskiy district, Негативное воздействие на популяцию was organized at the country level, since Stavropol Kray, степного орла в начале 1960-х гг. ХХ сто- the fleas parasitizing on it were the main Russia, 357975 летия оказала распашка целинных степей. carriers of this contagious disease that is tel.: +7 988 087 41 10 В пашню были преобразованы прежде все- deadly to humans. More and more effec- 79197358596@ yandex.ru го аридные малоплодородные земли Ку- tive methods aimed at the complete extir- мо-Манычской впадины (Кулинцев и др., pation of the species in the regions were Denis V. Slynko 2013), что значительно сократило площадь developed and applied (Kalabukhov, 1933; Directorate of protected оптимальных для степного орла местооби- Gladkina, 1954; 1958; Kubantsev, 1954; areas of the Stavropol Kray таний. В настоящее время в распоряжении Mamontov, 1954; Krylova, 1957; Pastuk- Grazhdanskaya str., агро-промышленного комплекса края на- hov, 1959; Kuznetsov, 1985). At the same 9–146, ходится 91,1% земельной площади, а сель- time, the use of baits for ground squirrels Stavropol, хозугодья занимают 87,8% территории ре- poisoned by zinc phosphide was fully justi- Russia, 355008 tel.: +7 8652 285074 гиона (Ставропольский край…, 2013). fied and their null effect on birds was con- [email protected] Ещё раньше по всему ареалу малого сус- clusively proved (Chentsova, 1954). лика с целью ликвидации природных очагов As a result, by the mid-1960s, eagles чумы была организована на государствен- continued to be met in the Stavropol Kray, ном уровне повсеместная борьба с данным but only in small numbers and only in dry видом, так как паразитирующие на нём steppes, semi-deserts and sands unsuitable блохи являлись основными переносчиками for arable land (Kharchenko, 1969). Рис. 1. Регистрации степного орла (Aquila nipalensis) в Ставропольском крае: 1 – из Красной книги Ставропольского края, 2 – находка гнезда авторами сообщения. Fig. 1. Records of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) in the Stavropol Kray: 1 – from the Red Data Book of the Stavropol Kray, 2 – the nest is found by the authors of this report. 266 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2019, 39 Кðàòêèå сîîбùåíèя этой заразной болезни, смертельно опас- Thus, the tilling of wild lands and large- ной для человека. Разрабатывались и при- scale extirpation of ground squirrels caused менялись всё более эффективные методы, a catastrophic reduction in the Stavropol направленные на полное истребление вида population of Steppe Eagles. в регионах (Калабухов, 1933; Гладкина, In 1997–1999, the last reliably known 1954; 1958; Кубанцев, 1954; Мамонтов, nesting of the Steppe Eagle in the Stavropol 1954; Крылова, 1957; Пастухов, 1959; Kray was recorded. The pair was breeding Кузнецов, 1985). При этом всесторонне in the tract “Khut-Khur” on the fields of the оправдывалось применение для сусликов collective farm “Gvardeets” of the Apa- приманок, отравленных фосфидом цинка, nasenkovsky district. The nest was located и убедительно доказывалось их ничтожное on a haystack. Two nestlings left the nest влияние на птиц (Ченцова, 1954). during 3 years. After this, the nesting of the В итоге к середине 1960-х годов орлы Steppe Eagle in the territory
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