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Asclepiadaceae ___ Flora of China 16: 189–270. 1995. ASCLEPIADACEAE 萝沸科 luo mo ke Li Ping-tao1; Michael G. Gilbert2, W. Douglas Stevens3 Herbs, shrubs, or rarely treelike, with milky or, less often, clear latex. Leaves simple, opposite or occasionally whorled, very rarely alternate, usually without obvious stipules, margin nearly always entire. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, or extra-axillary, cymose, often condensed and umbel-like, occasionally a racemelike bostrychium. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, actinomorphic. Sepals joined at base only, often with 5 or more basal glands in the sinuses. Corolla sympetalous, reflexed to urceolate or salverform; lobes valvate or overlapping in bud to right or left. Corona usually present, inserted on corolla, stamens, or both. Stamens 5, usually inserted at base of corolla tube and adhering to stigma head to form gynostegium; filaments usually connate to form a tube enclosing ovaries; anthers 4-celled (Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae) or 2-celled (Asclepiadoideae), often with a membranous apical appendage; pollen tetrads contained loosely on a spatulate translator with a basal corpusculum (Periplocoideae), or pollen united into waxy pollinia, each attached through a caudicle (stalk) to the retinaculum (gland) between adjacent anthers to form a pollinarium, pollinia 2 (Asclepiadoideae) or 4 (Secamonoideae) per pollinarium. Ovaries 2, free, superior; ovules numerous. Styles connate; stigma head fleshy. Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles. Seeds numerous, strongly compressed, with a coma (a prominent basal tuft of silky hairs). Chromosome number x = (8–)11 (or 12). Some 250 genera and over 2000 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in Africa and southern South America, with a moderate representation in northern and southeastern Asia; 44 genera (four endemic) and 270 species (153 endemic) in China. Some authorities include this family in the Apocynaceae. Genera 1–6 are sometimes placed in a separate family, the Periplocaceae, here regarded as a subfamily, Periplocoideae. Genera 7–10 belong to the Secamonoideae and the remaining genera to the Asclepiadoideae. Many Chinese taxa are known only from dried material, sometimes not well preserved, and it is likely that the study of living or spirit-preserved material could lead to a reassessment of the taxonomy of some of these endemic taxa. All plant parts, especially the seeds and latex, are often poisonous. They contain various alkaloids and glycosides, many of which are used in medicine and as insecticides. A few succulent species (e.g., Stapelia gigantia N. E. Brown, Orbea pulchella (Masson) L. C. Leach, and O. variegata (Linnaeus) Haworth are grown by specialist collectors in China. Tsiang Ying & Li Ping-tao. 1977. Asclepiadaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 63: 249–575. 1a. Pollen tetrads contained loosely on a spatulate translator with basal corpusculum; filaments free. 2a. Corolla tube well developed; corona lobes free from stamens. 3a. Flower buds conical-ovoid, apex obtuse; corona inserted at throat of corolla tube, lobes obovate, apex apiculate; pollen in 2 masses in each anther locule ................................................................... 1. Gymnanthera 3b. Flower buds cylindric-lanceolate, apex caudate-lanceolate; corona inserted at middle of corolla tube, lobes ovate or linear, apex obtuse; pollen in a single mass in each anther locule ........................ 2. Cryptolepis 2b. Corolla tube very short so that stamens are inserted very close to corona. 4a. Corona lobes ovate, shorter than anthers .......................................................................................... 6. Stelmocrypton 4b. Corona lobes subulate or threadlike, longer than anthers. 5a. Corona lobes 3-fid, central segment threadlike, lateral segments broad, flaplike; anthers abaxially pilose ................................................................................................................................. 5. Periploca 5b. Corona lobes entire; anthers glabrous. 6a. Follicles not winged, densely tomentose; interpetiolar line inconspicuous; inflorescences solitary at nodes, obconical, top rounded to flat; cymules racemelike ................................. 3. Streptocaulon 6b. Follicles with ca. 20 prominent papery wings, glabrous; interpetiolar line conspicuous, lobed; inflorescences normally paired at nodes, conical with well-defined main rachis, lax, top pointed; cymules forked ................................................................................................... 4. Myriopteron 1b. Pollen granular, united into pollinia attached to a retinaculum through a caudicle; filaments connate into a gynostegium. 7a. Pollinaria each with 4 pollinia, fixed on a very small, sessile, pale retinaculum. 8a. Anthers without a membranous apical appendage. 9a. Corona deeply 5-lobed, lobes erect, acuminate or acute at apex, usually longer than stamens; inflorescences, and often rest of plant, with dark brown pilose hairs ............................................. 7. Toxocarpus 9b. Corona shallowly 5-lobed, lobes revolute, rounded at apex, as long as stamens; plant glabrous to pale puberulent ......................................................................................................... 8. Goniostemma 8b. Anthers with a membranous apical appendage. 10a. Corolla lobes villous inside; corona lobes triangular .................................................................... 9. Genianthus ______ 1Department of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51064, People’s Republic of China. 2 Missouri Botanical Garden, c/o Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom. 3 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. 10b. Corolla lobes glabrous inside; corona lobes falcate ...................................................................... 10. Secamone 7b. Pollinaria each with 2 pollinia, fixed on a stipitate, dark reddish retinaculum. 11a. Plants always growing on trees or rock surfaces, often by means of adventitious roots; inflorescences flowering over long period and eventually developing a cylindric rachis covered with close-set pedicel scars; leaves mostly fleshy, rarely leathery to membranous. 12a. Leaves cuneate, apex truncate to shallowly retuse; corolla lobes overlapping to left; stigma head long beaked, longer than anther appendages .................................................................... 24. Micholitzia 12b. Leaves linear to orbicular or obovate, apex rounded to long acuminate, very rarely truncate to retuse; corolla lobes valvate; stigma head discoid, 5-angled, shorter than anther appendages. 13a. Corolla rotate or reflexed, conspicuous; corona lobes fleshy, stellately spreading, glossy when dried .................................................................................................................................. 25. Hoya 13b. Corolla ovoid-urceolate, minute and inconspicuous; corona lobes not very fleshy, erect, not glossy when dried .......................................................................................................... 26. Dischidia 11b. Plants usually rooted in the ground; inflorescences various, rarely developing cylindric rachis covered with close-set pedicel scars; leaves membranous to leathery. 14a. Anthers without apical appendages or, if appendages present, inconspicuous and lacking mem- branous margin; pollinia with prominent translucent margin. 15a. Corolla tubular with a swollen base and funnelform limb, lobes erect, usually coherent at apex ................................................................................................................................ 44. Ceropegia 15b. Corolla shortly campanulate to subrotate, lobes stellately spreading or incurved. 16a. Corona apparently represented by 5 denticulate scales inserted on corolla tube alternating with corolla lobes, no corona associated with gynostegium; plant always growing in close association with flowing water ....................................... 41. Pentasachme 16b. Corolla tube without scales or appendages, corona inserted at base of gynostegium or on anthers; plants growing in relatively dry situations. 17a. Erect herbs with tuberous rootstock; latex clear or translucent; corona apparently double: outer lobes erect, usually 2-toothed or lobed, inner lobes incumbent over anthers ........................................................................ 43. Brachystelma 17b. Twining, often robust, herbs; latex white; corona simple, with lobes flat on corolla, apex acute or rounded, inner lobes very short and inconspicuous .............................................................................................. 42. Heterostemma 14b. Anthers with apical appendages, these with conspicuous membranous margin; pollinia without prominent translucent margin. 18a. Corona double: an outer whorl inserted at base of corolla and an inner whorl inserted on gynostegium or back of anthers. 19a. Stems slender and herbaceous when young; leaves well developed, persistent; corolla bowl-shaped, 2–3 cm in diam. ........................................................................ 11. Oxystelma 19b. Stems succulent; leaves reduced to scales, short lived so plant is often leafless; corolla rotate or nearly so, deeply lobed, less than 1 cm in diam. ......................... 12. Sarcostemma 18b. Corona single, inserted on corolla tube, gynostegium, or back of anthers, sometimes
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