DOCSLIB.ORG

The Geology of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan Da Cunha James Cresswell (UK)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Geology of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan Da Cunha James Cresswell (UK) The geology of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha James Cresswell (UK) he British Overseas Territory of responsible for the Cameroon Line, Saint Helena, Ascension Island which includes seamounts and the Tand Tristan da Cunha is made up islands of Pagalu, Sao Tome, Principe of some of remotest islands on earth. and Bioko. However, Ascension Island is It spans a huge distance of 3,642km different and has no chain of seamounts and runs along the Mid Atlantic Ridge or islands. In fact, Ascension lies on the in the South Atlantic Ocean. All the South American plate, while the hotspot Fig 4. The geographic subdivisions of Tristan islands are volcanic, but are formed by is on the other side of the Mid Atlantic da Cunha. Taken from Hicks (2012), who hotspots rather than being part of the Ridge under the African plate, and the adapted it from Google Earth. ridge itself. (Fig. 1 shows the location of magma flows along the ridge to reach (Fig. 2) and is only approachable by the territory.) Ascension Island. The chemistry of the ship, because there is no airfield (Fig. 3). Hotspots are places where anomalously lava on each island is different, showing Tristan’s nearest neighbour is St Helena, hot mantle rises in a plume and burns each hotspot derives from a different four days by ship to the north, and the a hole in the overlying crust, creating source. The Tristan lavas contain the nearest airport is a week away by ship an active volcano. The most famous chemical signature of sediments, which in Cape Town, South Africa. examples are the Hawaiian islands, perhaps adds weight to the subducted The main island of Tristan da Cunha is which have left behind a series of plate idea. The Saint Helena lavas do a large oceanic strato volcano, meaning islands and seamounts, as the Pacific not contain this signature and the it is a volcano rising from the floor of the Plate has moved over the hotspot. Their Ascension lavas show they have been ocean, made up of alternating layers of cause is not fully understood, with heavily mixed by lavas from the Mid volcanic ash and lava flows. If measured some scientists arguing it may be due Atlantic Ridge (Weaver’s website). from the sea floor, the volcano is 5,500m to convection within the mantle and Tristan da Cunha high, with only the top 40% rising above others that the plume could be caused sea level. The island has a maximum by the remnants of subducted plates Tristan da Cunha is the remotest part diameter of 12km. Geographically, the finally melting near the mantle/core of the territory. Gough Island, lying island can be arranged into three main boundary. at a latitude of 40° 19′ S, is the most zones: (i) the base and peak; (ii) the southerly of the islands and is thought main cliffs; and (iii) the coastal strip to be formed by its own Gough Hotspot. (Fig. 4). The other three islands - Nightingale, The base and peak. The boundary Inaccessible and Tristan da Cunha between the base and peak is not well - all lie close together, further to the defined, but the base is the flatter area, north, and were formed by the Tristan while the peak is the steeper area. These hotspot. Apart from six scientists living areas are crossed by many drainage on Gough, all the inhabitants of Tristan channels called ‘gulches’ (Fig. 5). It is da Cunha live in the capital ‘Edinburgh heavily vegetated, especially on the base. of the Seven Seas’, on the main island The rock surface of the base is largely of Tristan da Cunha, which has a made of lava flows, while the peak is population of 382. The island is the made up of pyroclastic material, which world’s most isolated inhabited island is material that has flown through the air after it was ejected from the main vent of the volcano. Also, on the peak and base are numerous scoria cones. Fig 1. Location map of the territory, showing These are produced by fire fountains the submarine ridges and chain of islands, which were created by the hotspots. Taken from Weaver (2002). The hotspot that created Tristan da Cunha was probably involved in the spitting up of the super continent of Fig 2. The welcome sign to Tristan da Cunha - Gondwanaland, some 135mya. Flood the world’s most remotely inhabited island. basalts exist in modern day Parana, Brazil, Etendeka and Nambia, and were erupted when the two places were connected, but began to split apart. As the south Atlantic has spread apart, a series of ancient Tristan da Cunha’s were formed, their eroded stumps are now the shallower areas of the Walvis Fig 5. Original 1939 map by Allan Crawford, Ridge and Rio Grande Rise. Similarly, showing the gulches and place names of the Saint Helena hotspot could be Fig 3. Arriving at Tristan da Cunha by ship. Tristan da Cunha. Deposits Magazine - Issue 45 (2016) - Page 16 Deposits Magazine - Issue 45 (2016) - Page 17 erupting out of small side vents and, as called sector collapse (Hicks, 2012). the material falls to the ground, these The loss of the part of the island then cones are built up. Some of the cones resulted in further eruptions, which also have their own small lava flows produced the coastal strips. Edinburgh flowing from them (Fig. 6). is situated on the coastal strip (Fig. 12) The top of the peak is named Queen and it is the only place on the island Mary’s Peak. At 2,062m, it is the where permanent habitation and crop highest point in the territory. There is a cultivation is possible. The lava that 300m-wide crater at the summit, which forms the coastal strip erupted from the contains a lake that is frozen in winter. It ‘Hillpiece’ (Figs. 13 and 14). This is now is common for the summit to be covered partly eroded away by the sea, showing in snow at this time, but snowfall can the flat area of the coastal strip would occur almost anytime. Fig. 7 shows once have been larger. The coastal strip fresh snowfalls that occurred in April also hosts the potato patches. Potatoes 2014, during Tristan’s autumn. are the only crops grown on the island Fig 6. A simplified geological map of Tristan The main cliffs. The main cliffs ring and are said by the islanders to be da Cunha. Taken from Barry Weaver’s the entire island and are 600m high. the best in the world. Potatoes were website, originally adapted from Baker et al. They have been formed by marine once used as the currency on the island (1964). erosion, though near to Edinburgh, they and the earliest stamps were issues in were created by a portion of the island ‘potatoes’ rather than pennies. (Fig. collapsing and breaking off. (Fig. 8 15 shows the potato patches, and Fig. shows the main cliffs behind Edinburgh 16 shows potatoes being loaded onto and Fig. 9 shows the main cliffs on the our ship, so we could transport them southeast side of the island.) They are to Saint Helena.) Near the patches are made up of alternating layers of lava a series of mounds called hornitos. flows and pryroclastic material, locally These were formed when lava flowed interspersed with parasitic centres. In over ponded water, producing phreatic Fig. 10, the red colour shows where eruptions, which are eruptions caused localised eruptions previous occurred. by steam. (Fig. 17 shows horintos and The coastal strip. If you look at Fig. the bus stop at the potato patches and 11 (a photograph from NASA), you will Figs. 18 to 22 show other general scenes notice the island has an unusual shape. around the settlement of Edinburgh.) Fig 7. Fresh snowfalls on Queen Mary’s Peak. This is because, between 34 and 25 The coastal strip of the settlement is not thousand years ago, the northwest the only coastal strip on Tristan. There part of the island fell off, in a process are two other smaller areas to the south the island, around Hackel Hill and Stony Hill (Fig. 5). In both places, lava has erupted from these hills, creating the flat coastal areas. The eruption at Stony Hill occurred just 200 to 300 years ago. The 1961 eruption. Tristan has been Fig 8. The main cliffs behind Edinburgh. settled for just 200 years and the most dramatic moment in the island’s history Fig 11. A NASA image of Tristan. happened in 1961, when an eruption occurred right next to the settlement, forcing the entire population to be evacuated to the UK. Two months before the eruption, there was gradually increasing seismic activity, with numerous rockfalls behind the Fig 9. The main cliffs on the southeast side of settlement. Surface deformation Tristan. Fig 12. A photograph of ‘Edinburgh of the occurred, causing cracks in buildings Seven Seas’, taken from the top of the 1961 and buckling pipes, doors and window lava flow. frames. On 9 October 1961, a mound began to form and the eruption started the next day. The lava was extremely viscous, more like toothpaste than treacle and its chemistry constituted a tephri-phonolite. This lava extruded from the dome in a blocky flow, which grew the dome to 147m, and blocks and cinder were seen rolling from it. A Fig 13. The Hillpiece, the eruptive centre of cone then formed on the seaward side Fig 10. The red colour in the cliffs marks the the settlement coastal strip, seen from the location of a former parasitic cone.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atlantic Ocean
    Appendix B – Region 18 Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk: Atlantic Ocean S.K. Brown1, R.S.J. Sparks1, K. Mee2, C. Vye-Brown2, E.Ilyinskaya2, S.F. Jenkins1, S.C. Loughlin2* 1University of Bristol, UK; 2British Geological Survey, UK, * Full contributor list available in Appendix B Full Download This download comprises the profiles for Region 18: Atlantic Ocean only. For the full report and all regions see Appendix B Full Download. Page numbers reflect position in the full report. The following countries are profiled here: Region 18 Atlantic Ocean Pg.743 Brazil 750 Cape Verde 754 Portugal – Azores 761 Spain – Canary Islands 767 UK – Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale Island, Ascension 775 Brown, S.K., Sparks, R.S.J., Mee, K., Vye-Brown, C., Ilyinskaya, E., Jenkins, S.F., and Loughlin, S.C. (2015) Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk. In: S.C. Loughlin, R.S.J. Sparks, S.K. Brown, S.F. Jenkins & C. Vye-Brown (eds) Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This profile and the data therein should not be used in place of focussed assessments and information provided by local monitoring and research institutions. Region 18: Atlantic Ocean Figure 18.1 The distribution of Holocene volcanoes through the Atlantic Ocean region. The capital cities of the constituent countries are shown. The host countries are identified on the right. Description Region 18: the Atlantic Ocean comprises volcanoes throughout the Atlantic, from an unnamed seamount in the north to the Norwegian territory of Bouvet in the south. Six countries are represented here.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Our Money Back' Could Cost Us Dear
    Press Cuttings from Broad Street Associates Sunday telegraph 3 1 JAN 1988 JOCK BRUCE-GARDYNE ‘Our money back’ could cost us dear LAST Friday’s Anglo- increase in the sub unless and plan”: Lord Shackleton and his to have been long on charm bad guy$ led by the Germans, sub-committee were not even and short on substance, are—well, bad guys. “Our mon- allowed to see this magic Maybe that was inevitable. ey back” does not come into it. document. But is there not a whiff of But of course it does. And the To one who shared in the the Falklands about the pro- Germans, determined at all reflected glory of George gress of our plans to cut the costs to make the rest of Brown’s National Plan in 1965, European Community’s Europe prop up their allotment this was evidently a harrowing grain silos down to size? farmers, are equally determined experience. For the "space , r",r "■?, SfW&rsfts Office tried to do a deal oith the The Falklandets have cost us onetdal a checkltst of planets Aerentinians But everv time it billions. ‘‘Our money back to be visited, and the timescale, was met by cries of derision and could, paradoxically cost us bil- And they weren t allowed to see reTuHinlTailu^i^/t^to’grips "The case for space". Lord bunch of foreigners. The Argen- with >he community's propen- Shackleton and friendsi con- limans didn't give a damn about shy to shed its oad of surpluses eluded is that it inspires the Falklands- thev were iust a on ever-v global highway drives enthusiasm and it carries pres diversion from their little local the Americans to retaliate.
    [Show full text]
  • Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan Da Cunha
    Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha NON-INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES NO ADVANCEMENT (formerly called Saint Helena) In 2013, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha made no advancement in efforts to prevent the worst forms of child labor. Although no information suggests that the worst forms of child labor are a problem, gaps exist in the legal framework to prevent children from involvement in the worst forms of child labor. The Government lacks legislation prescribing a minimum age for work, and it is unclear whether a list of hazardous occupations exists for children. It also is unclear whether laws exist regarding the use of children for drug trafficking or other illicit activities. These gaps may make children vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor. I. PREVALENCE AND SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD LABOR Research found no evidence that child labor exists in Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha.(1) II. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOR British Overseas Territories (OTs) are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom (UK), but they do not form part of the UK. They are self-governing, except in the areas of foreign affairs and defense. Domestic UK Law does not generally apply to OTs, unless explicitly extended.(2) The following conventions have been extended to Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha (Table 1). Table 1. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor Convention Ratification ILO C. 138, Minimum Age ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor UN CRC UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons The Government has established a few relevant laws and regulations related to child labor, including its worst forms (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • S41467-020-18361-4.Pdf
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18361-4 OPEN Seafloor evidence for pre-shield volcanism above the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume ✉ Wolfram H. Geissler 1 , Paul Wintersteller 2,3, Marcia Maia4, Anne Strack3, Janina Kammann5, Graeme Eagles 1, Marion Jegen6, Antje Schloemer1,7 & Wilfried Jokat 1,2 Tristan da Cunha is assumed to be the youngest subaerial expression of the Walvis Ridge hot spot. Based on new hydroacoustic data, we propose that the most recent hot spot volcanic 1234567890():,; activity occurs west of the island. We surveyed relatively young intraplate volcanic fields and scattered, probably monogenetic, submarine volcanoes with multibeam echosounders and sub-bottom profilers. Structural and zonal GIS analysis of bathymetric and backscatter results, based on habitat mapping algorithms to discriminate seafloor features, revealed numerous previously-unknown volcanic structures. South of Tristan da Cunha, we discovered two large seamounts. One of them, Isolde Seamount, is most likely the source of a 2004 submarine eruption known from a pumice stranding event and seismological analysis. An oceanic core complex, identified at the intersection of the Tristan da Cunha Transform and Fracture Zone System with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, might indicate reduced magma supply and, therefore, weak plume-ridge interaction at present times. 1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. 2 Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Klagenfurter Str. 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany. 3 MARUM—Center of Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany. 4 CNRS-UBO Laboratoire Domaines Océaniques, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
    [Show full text]
  • British Overseas Territories Law
    British Overseas Territories Law Second Edition Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson HART PUBLISHING Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Kemp House , Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford , OX2 9PH , UK HART PUBLISHING, the Hart/Stag logo, BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2018 First edition published in 2011 Copyright © Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson , 2018 Ian Hendry and Susan Dickson have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identifi ed as Authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this work, no responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any statement in it can be accepted by the authors, editors or publishers. All UK Government legislation and other public sector information used in the work is Crown Copyright © . All House of Lords and House of Commons information used in the work is Parliamentary Copyright © . This information is reused under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/version/3 ) except where otherwise stated. All Eur-lex material used in the work is © European Union, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ , 1998–2018. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlantic Yellow-Nosed Albatross EN1.1
    Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos Albatros Pico Amarillo y Negro / Albatros pico fino Albatros à nez jaune CRITICAL LY ENDANGERED ENDANGERED VULNERABLE NEAR THREATENED LEAST CONCERN NOT LISTED Sometimes referred to as Western Yellow-nosed Albatross Yellow-nosed Albatross Molly TAXONOMY Order Procellariiformes Family Diomedeidae Genus Thalassarche Species T. chlororhynchos The generic classification of the Diomedeidae family was revised in Photo © R. Wanless & A. Angel the 1990s, based on cytochrome-b gene sequences, which resulted in CONSERVATION LISTINGS AND PLANS the smaller albatrosses (sometimes International also known as black-backed Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels – Annex 1 albatrosses or mollymawks) being [4] split from the Wandering/Royal 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Endangered (Since [5] albatross clade (genus: Diomedea ) 2003) Convention on Migratory Species - Listed Species (Appendix II) [6] [1] . The genus Thalassarche was resurrected for all Southern Ocean Australia mollymawks, and this taxonomy has Recovery Plan for Albatrosses and Petrels (2001) [7] [2] gained widespread acceptance . Threat Abatement Plan 2006 for the incidental catch (or bycatch) of The Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations [8] Thalassarche chlororhynchos South Australia: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 – Endangered (Gmelin, 1789) was long considered (as Diomedea chlorrhynchos chlororhynchos ) [9] the nominate form of a two-species Western Australia: Wildlife conservation Act 1950 - Wildlife complex, together with the Indian Conservation (Specially Protected Fauna) Notice 2008 (2) – Fauna Yellow-nosed Albatross T. [c] carteri . that is rare or is likely to become extinct [10] The species-pair was split, based on non-overlapping breeding ranges and consistent plumage and other Brazil morphological differences [3] .
    [Show full text]
  • Beetles of the Tristan Da Cunha Islands
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Koleopterologische Rundschau Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: 83_2013 Autor(en)/Author(s): Hänel Christine, Jäch Manfred A. Artikel/Article: Beetles of the Tristan da Cunha Islands: Poignant new findings, and checklist of the archipelagos species, mapping an exponential increase in alien composition (Coleoptera). 257-282 ©Wiener Coleopterologenverein (WCV), download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Koleopterologische Rundschau 83 257–282 Wien, September 2013 Beetles of the Tristan da Cunha Islands: Dr. Hildegard Winkler Poignant new findings, and checklist of the archipelagos species, mapping an exponential Fachgeschäft & Buchhandlung für Entomologie increase in alien composition (Coleoptera) C. HÄNEL & M.A. JÄCH Abstract Results of a Coleoptera collection from the Tristan da Cunha Islands (Tristan and Nightingale) made in 2005 are presented, revealing 16 new records: Eleven species from eight families are new records for Tristan Island, and five species from four families are new records for Nightingale Island. Two families (Anthribidae, Corylophidae), five genera (Bisnius STEPHENS, Bledius LEACH, Homoe- odera WOLLASTON, Micrambe THOMSON, Sericoderus STEPHENS) and seven species Homoeodera pumilio WOLLASTON, 1877 (Anthribidae), Sericoderus sp. (Corylophidae), Micrambe gracilipes WOLLASTON, 1871 (Cryptophagidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (STEPHENS, 1831) (Laemophloeidae), Cartodere ? constricta (GYLLENHAL,
    [Show full text]
  • Geologists' Experience of St Helena
    www.sams.sh THE South Atlantic Media Services, Ltd. RMS COUNTDOWN Vol. 6,SENTINEL Issue 42 - Price: £1 “serving St Helena and her community worldwide” ThursdayL 25 January 2018 Geologists’ Experience of St Helena Researchers discuss their ‘ground- breaking’ work, and the significance of our island, as sampling concludes “The people on the island were all so very nice to us[...] the fact that everyone we spoke to was so interested in what we were doing, and so many people were really cooperating with us to make this fieldwork the very best possible, that is something that I couldn't have dreamed of.” ... page 7 Creative Also Inside... Saint Helena This Week’s One-off Extra Book Flight Lands Now on 5 Same day SEABED WORKER arrives in Bay Amazon Kindle World ARC Rally Stops Off ... page 11 at St Helena 6 Stays at James Bay 72 hours The RMS: From Beginning to End ... page 9 (25, 28) Remembering The Doctor 10 “St Helena’s greatest friend” Around the World in 80 Saints 12 Luke Stroud: Swindon Stand a chance to win a VALENTINE’S BALL TICKET from the GOD FATHERS ROCK CLUB, by buying and retaining this Sentinel. ... details on page 32 2 www.sams.sh Thursday 25 January 2018 | THE SENTINEL OPINION YOUR LETTERS Son Leroy and daughter Gemma of Hello sams, the late Deborah Ann Green would SENTINEL like to sincerely thank everyone who I would like to request an email contributed in anyway at the time of her friend resident on St Helena through death and the funeral service.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List
    Table 1 Comprehensive International Points List FCC ITU-T Country Region Dialing FIPS Comments, including other 1 Code Plan Code names commonly used Abu Dhabi 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aden 5 967 YE include with Yemen Admiralty Islands 7 675 PP include with Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Arch'p'go.) Afars and Assas 1 253 DJ Report as 'Djibouti' Afghanistan 2 93 AF Ajman 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area 9 44 AX include with United Kingdom Al Fujayrah 5 971 TC include with United Arab Emirates Aland 9 358 FI Report as 'Finland' Albania 4 355 AL Alderney 9 44 GK Guernsey (Channel Islands) Algeria 1 213 AG Almahrah 5 967 YE include with Yemen Andaman Islands 2 91 IN include with India Andorra 9 376 AN Anegada Islands 3 1 VI include with Virgin Islands, British Angola 1 244 AO Anguilla 3 1 AV Dependent territory of United Kingdom Antarctica 10 672 AY Includes Scott & Casey U.S. bases Antigua 3 1 AC Report as 'Antigua and Barbuda' Antigua and Barbuda 3 1 AC Antipodes Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Argentina 8 54 AR Armenia 4 374 AM Aruba 3 297 AA Part of the Netherlands realm Ascension Island 1 247 SH Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7 61 AT include with Australia Atafu Atoll 7 690 TL include with New Zealand (Tokelau) Auckland Islands 7 64 NZ include with New Zealand Australia 7 61 AS Australian External Territories 7 672 AS include with Australia Austria 9 43 AU Azerbaijan 4 994 AJ Azores 9 351 PO include with Portugal Bahamas, The 3 1 BF Bahrain 5 973 BA Balearic Islands 9 34 SP include
    [Show full text]
  • UK Overseas Territories
    INFORMATION PAPER United Kingdom Overseas Territories - Toponymic Information United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs), also known as British Overseas Territories (BOTs), have constitutional and historical links with the United Kingdom, but do not form part of the United Kingdom itself. The Queen is the Head of State of all the UKOTs, and she is represented by a Governor or Commissioner (apart from the UK Sovereign Base Areas that are administered by MOD). Each Territory has its own Constitution, its own Government and its own local laws. The 14 territories are: Anguilla; Bermuda; British Antarctic Territory (BAT); British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Falkland Islands; Gibraltar; Montserrat; Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Turks and Caicos Islands; UK Sovereign Base Areas. PCGN recommend the term ‘British Overseas Territory Capital’ for the administrative centres of UKOTs. Production of mapping over the UKOTs does not take place systematically in the UK. Maps produced by the relevant territory, preferably by official bodies such as the local government or tourism authority, should be used for current geographical names. National government websites could also be used as an additional reference. Additionally, FCDO and MOD briefing maps may be used as a source for names in UKOTs. See the FCDO White Paper for more information about the UKOTs. ANGUILLA The territory, situated in the Caribbean, consists of the main island of Anguilla plus some smaller, mostly uninhabited islands. It is separated from the island of Saint Martin (split between Saint-Martin (France) and Sint Maarten (Netherlands)), 17km to the south, by the Anguilla Channel.
    [Show full text]
  • RMS St Helena
    Report on the investigation of the engine room fire on RMS St Helena 25 August 2000 Marine Accident Investigation Branch First Floor, Carlton House Carlton Place Southampton SO15 2DZ Report No 19/2001 Extract from The Merchant Shipping (Accident Reporting and Investigation) Regulations 1999 The fundamental purpose of investigating an accident under these Regulations is to determine its circumstances and the causes with the aim of improving the safety of life at sea and the avoidance of accidents in the future. It is not the purpose to apportion liability, nor, except so far as is necessary to achieve the fundamental purpose, to apportion blame. CONTENTS Page GLOSSARY SYNOPSIS 1 SECTION 1 - FACTUAL INFORMATION 2 1.1 Details of vessel and incident 2 1.2 Narrative 4 1.3 The vessel and her service 5 1.4 Engineering personnel 5 1.5 Manning arrangements 7 1.6 Standing orders 7 SECTION 2 - ANALYSIS 8 2.1 Engine inspections 8 2.2 Fire-fighting 8 2.3 Manning and certification 9 2.4 Engine room watch alarms 11 2.5 The Code of Practice 11 SECTION 3 - CONCLUSIONS 13 3.1 Findings 13 SECTION 4 - RECOMMENDATIONS 14 GLOSSARY BST - British summer time CP - Controllable pitch (propeller) GMDSS - Global Maritime Distress and Safety System ISM - International Safety Management (Code) kW - kilowatt MAIB - Marine Accident Investigation Branch MCA - Maritime and Coastguard Agency MCR - Machinery Control Room RMS - Royal mail ship rpm - Revolutions per minute SOLAS - Safety of Life at Sea (Convention 1974) UK - United Kingdom UMS - Unmanned machinery space UTC - Universal time co-ordinated SYNOPSIS At 0108 on 25 August 2000 the UK-registered Class I passenger ship, RMS St Helena, left Cardiff for Tenerife on the first leg of a voyage to the South Atlantic.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the Blue Belt Programme
    Introducing–– the Blue Belt Programme 2017 - Printed and published on recycled paper Introduction The Blue Belt Programme supports delivery of the U.K. Government’s manifesto commitment to provide long term protection of over four million square kilometres of marine environment across the UK Overseas Territories. It provides £20 million over four years (2016 to 2020) to: • Improve scientific understanding of the marine environment; • Develop and implement evidence-based, tailored marine management strategies including surveillance and enforcement; and • Ensure management is sustainable and long term. The UK and the UK Overseas Territories are custodians to the fifth-largest marine estate in the world. These territories and their waters are home to globally significant biodiversity, from vast penguin colonies in the South Atlantic to tropical rainforests in the Caribbean. Some of their species and habitats are found nowhere else on earth. • 94% of British endemic species are found within the territories. • 85% of the Critically Endangered species (for which the UK Government is responsible) are within the territories. The Blue Belt Programme is initially focused on seven islands and archipelagos: British Indian Ocean Territory, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory, Pitcairn, St Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. The programme is being delivered in partnership between the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). We are also working closely with the UK Overseas Territories on behalf of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). The Blue Belt Programme is also committed to working with NGOs, academics and external stakeholders, to ensure we have access to world-leading research and experience as we move forward with the delivery of the programme.
    [Show full text]