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Cobb, German Lutherans.Pdf THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA GERMAN LUTHERANS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES BEFORE THE FÏRST WORLD VJAR Their Church Background¡ Emigration and New Beqinninq in Canada. by John M. Cobb À DISSERTATION SUBMÏÎTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILL¡'IENT OF THE REQUÏREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY WTNNIPEG, MANITOBA. Julyr 1991. Bib{iothèque nationate H*E l¡8äxLT"'" du Canada Canadian Theses Serv¡ce S€rv-rce des thèðes canacfienhes O(awa. Cenåda KIA ON4 The author has granted.an irrevocable non. L'auteur a accordé une l¡cerice inévocabte. et exclusive licencg alfowû1g ttrc Natiofial Ubrâry non exdusive permethnt å la EJibt¡othèque of Ga¡radato reproduce. Éol, d¡"üËuteors€{l nationale du Ca¡rada de reproduire, prêtbç cop¡es of hiltrer hes¡s by any means and ln cfrshibuerou vendre descobtes ae ftèsd f9m or format, matdng-trús fte.sis ä nY ar¡aitable de quefque manière et sor.rs quetque forme to ¡nterested persons, que ce soit ponr mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur conserve ta propriété du drclit d auteur in his/her thesis. Neithei the thesis nor qui protege substantial sa thèse. Nita thèse ni des exhaits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels otherwise de celleci ne doivent être reproduced withoút hilher per- imprimés mission. ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ïsBN Ø-31.5-76595-X eanadä GERMAN LUTHERANS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES BEFORE THE FIRST I^IORLD I,TAR THEIR CHURCH BACKGROUND, EMIGRATION AND NEI,T BEGINNING IN CANADA BY JOHN M. COBB A thesis subn¡ined to tlìc Faculty of Craduate Studies of the University of Marritoba in part¡al fulfillment of tlre requirenrents of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY o 1991 Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- S¡TY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to ¡nicrofilm this thesis and to lend or æll copies oi the film, and UNIVERS¡TY MICROF¡LMS to publisir an abstract of rhis thesis. The author reseryes other publication righfs, and neither thc thesis nor extensive extracts frorn it may be pnnteC or other- wise reproduced without the author's written permission. ABSTRAcT: German Lutherans in t.he prairie provinces before t.he First Worl_d War: Thei r Church Background ¡ Emigration ¡ ând New Beo i nn.i ncr i n Canada. In t.his dissertation the author examines the development of German Lutherans in the prairie provinces against the background of Lheir historical_ experience in Europe. The evidence indicates that a J_arge majority of the immigrant.s originated in Russiar especiall_y vo1ñynia, and in Austria-Hungaryr especiaJ-ly Galicia. Here they generalry lived in cohesive communities (cemeinden) centåréo on church and confessional- school-. rn uoTÉTffi and Austria-Hungary their GemeindÐ formedr as is it v/erer a slavïõGããT "Germanic islands in only a minority of German Lutherans came from Germany iLself. However r the influence of this minority, which included many pastors and writers in the German-l_anguage pressr vJas great as German Lutheran church life developed in western Canada. German Lutherans in western Canada ¡ âs they are identified from the census/ were about twice th¿ number which Lut.heran church bodies claimed as members. To the question: why did so many rel-igious people not rejoin the Lut.heran church? the study ans\,{ers: the originar pastors who answered the call, to western Canada at,tempted t.o guide the settlement. of Lutherans back into cohesíve Gemeinden such as the latter had experienced in Europe. However, confl_icc occurred within their parent church body over the quest.ion of German missions in canada. The result.ing weakness from this conflict led to the entrance of competing Lutheran church bodies. After 1895 German Lutheran church Life was markedr Rot onl-y by a weakness in shepherding a large number of immigrants scattered over a huge territoryr but ãt"o by energy robbing and demoralizing ecclesiasticaL confrict. A consequence of this conflict was thatr although aII held to an ideology which had gained strength in the minorit.y cont.ext of eastern Europe r the Lutheran church bodies in western canada had but partial success in setting up the parochiar schools on which the churches beLieved their fut.ure woul"d depend. John M. Cobb¡ September 1991. PREFACE viho were the German Lutherans of the Canadian prairies? Numbering about 60r000 in 191r, most of these peopJ-e had sought permanent homes two¡ in some cases t.hreer êv€Fr four times before they started reaching canada in the l-ast quarter of the l-9th century. Most settled together in littLe islands of ì-anguage and religion. The fact, of religious settLement by certain distinctive minority groups such as ]lennonites and Hutterites has been recognized for years. Benjamin G. smill-ie's visions of a New Jerusal-em: Religious settfement on t.he prairiesf shows, howeverr Lhat many more groups were involved in religious settlement than is commonly known andr furthermorer that these groups hoped to act on their o!/n "visions of t.he Ne\d Jerusalem" as they settLed the canadian west. smillie includesr among ot,hers, AngJ_icans, French Cathol-ics¡ German catholics, and ukrainians (uotn orthodox and catholic)r as well as the predecessors to t,oday's united church of canada. Wit.hin the essays which Smil-1ie had collectedr Lut.herans were also included ¡ but. onJ.y in a general sort. of way: t.hey \.rere put with the United Church in a singJ.e chapt.er representing a "Protestant theology of building the I Edmont,on: NeWest press, 1983. 11 New Jerusalem. " ¿ The two denominations \.rere deaLt with in the same chapter because they made up "nearly forty per cent of the religious affitiations on the prairie. "3 ( 1971 ) Missing was a coherent picture of German Lutherans during the settlement period and the particuLar vision for the future which they had during that period. In fact, German Lut,herans during this period were an identifiable Çroupr distinct from t.he various Scandinavian groupsr âod often at odds with various Protest.ant bodies. Hovrever r Lhe f act. that Smillie's book l-acked a coherent German Lutheran vision \das understandable since no modern comprehensive study of German Lutheran settl-ement before World War I existed, although in L9ll these Lutherans were roughly comparabl-e in size to the total- of al-l Ukrainians and about twice the number of Mennonites.4 It was thís lack of a comprehensive study of a group of significant size and import in prairie Canada which caused me to Lake on t.his st.udy t.hrough a doctoral dissertation. By the t.ime I had got.ten wel-l into the primary documents r it became clear that¡ r'rot onJ-y did t,hese people come to Canada ¿ B. G. Smillie and N. J. ThreÍnen, "Protestants-- Prairie visionaries of the New Jerusalem: The United and Lut.heran Churches in bJestern Canadar" p. 69. -I rÞto.-, . - =A^ See our Appendix III and Canadar Bureau of Stat.istics, Fif th Census of Canada: 1911r pp. 4-5, I2-I3 and 134-5. Also A. Davidson Dunton and Jean-Louis Gagnon, co. chr.r RoyaI CommissÍon on Bilingualism and Biculturalismr Book IVr 969) pp. 259 26I 263. ' t and iii for economic reasons and for the chance of'a better lifern but theyr too, \dere guided by a vision of the*New Jerusal-em. t' From eastern Europe and Germany they came with the dict.um of ancient. Christianity "to pray and to work" (ora et Labora ) . At l-east in the minds of many of their r-eaders, the German Lutheran vision invo]ved not onJ_y a looking forward to the New Jerusal-em but al-so a human participation which looked back historicarly and aLso saw before itself t.he task of rebuilding christianity (das Christentum). rnspiration for this rebuilding aspect Lhey found in the Book of Nehemiah. Furtherr not only did German Lutherans have a vision looking forward to a New Jerusalem for themselves; butr like French Catholics in western Canadar5 much of their leadership believed that they had a speciaJ- rnission in North America as a whole, in this case, both as Germans and as Lutherans. The parallels to French catholic thinking continue For German Lut.herans, as f or the French Catholics ¿ rel_iq ion and language i.Jere closeJ-y rel-ated. German Lut.herans had r êS part of their visionr the establishment of parochial schools. Their clergy participated¡ to a degree, in the seEtlement. process and r"/ere also influent.ial in establishing an ethnic press. Howeverr for German Lutherans the First -SeeJ.A Huel's essay r "Çestae Dei per Francos: The French Canadian experience in western Canada¡" pp. 39-53. iv WorLd War intervened with devastatinq consequences. To conclude, let me also sav that I have come to appreciate better the experience which professor Smillie expresses in his "ConcLusion" essay of New Jerusalem: A nostalgic l-ament is voiced by each writer as each expresses a deep sorro\{ for a religious heritage that seems doorned to either genocidal assimitation gr to an attenuated existence with qeriatric future.o lvlany of us r involved in German Lutheran work, have encountered this sentiment for some time. Howeverr in having done this study I feel a sense of profound privilege for having been abre to study out,standing historical persons who firmly believed in a God who couLd bring forth life from a body "which vras as good as dead" (Abraham in Romans 4:t9b) or breath Iife int.o dead bonesr scàttered and dried out (Ezekiel 37 :7-l-0 ) .
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