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2001

Reprinting Culture: Book Publishing in the Early Republic

Virginia L. Montijo College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences

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Recommended Citation Montijo, Virginia L., "Reprinting Culture: Book Publishing in the Early Republic" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626318. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-70j2-7c80

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REPRINTING CULTURE:

BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the Department of History

The College of William and Mary in Virginia

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Arts

by

Virginia L. Montijo

2001 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

Virginia L. Montijb

Approved, July 2 001

James P. Whittenburg

Chandos M. Brown TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

ABSTRACT v

INTRODUCTIONS THE AGE OF PRINT: BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC 2

CHAPTER Is THE WORLD'S MOST PROLIFIC BOOK PIRATES: IRISH BOOKSELLERS IN AMERICA 16

CHAPTER 2: AN ENSEMBLE OF TEXTS: THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN BOOKSELLER'S CATALOG 43

EPILOGUE: THE AGE OF PIRACY: THE RISE OF MODERN BOOK PUBLISHING 66

APPENDIX I 70

APPENDIX II 105

BIBLIOGRAPHY 127

iii LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 . PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY DATE OF PUBLICATION IN MATHEW CAREY'S 1791 CATALOG 27

2 . PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY BOOK SIZE IN PATRICK BYRNE'S 1802 CATALOG AND MATHEW CAREY'S 1816 CATALOG 40

PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY GENRE IN MATHEW CAREY'S 1791 AND 1816 CATALOGS 50

iv ABSTRACT

As a result of a failed Revolutionary movement in Ireland, continued English oppression, and limited opportunities, Irish printers and booksellers emigrated to the United States in significant numbers at the end of the eighteenth century. Many settled in the cultural capital of Philadelphia, bringing with them the publishing practices and strategies they had learned in their native land. Irish booksellers, exempt from the legal protection afforded literary property by the British Copyright Act of 1709, insisted on the freedom to reprint popular English books and called for protective tariffs to compete effectively with English imports. In the United States, fueled by an intense Anglophobia, they made similar arguments, now couched in the language of American nationalism.

Irish booksellers in America continued to draw on their experiences in Ireland with regard to the practical publishing program they pursued, including how they acquired their stock, how they published books, what types of books they published, and how these books were classified and marketed in their sale catalogs. At first, to build their stock, they imported thousands of pounds of books from abroad, particularly from their former colleagues in Ireland. Increasingly, however, responding to the demand among American readers for English books, they continued the reprinting tradition begun in Ireland, collaborating to issue pirated English titles in cheap, small formats. By doing so, they helped to eliminate the American reliance on English imports and created a reprinting culture, one that would have a profound influence on the development of the American book industry.

v REPRINTING CULTURE INTRODUCTION

THE AGE OF PRINT: BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC

And let the emblem worth or worthless be, That marks the era of complacent w e , Home to both wise and witless it must come, A truth that strikes all disputation dumb, Books by the bale proclaim it without stint, Era of p a p e r , and the a g e of p r i n t . — Grenville Mellen, The Age of Print

In 1767, Dublin bookseller Robert Bell reprinted Alexander

Donaldson’s Some Thoughts on the State of Literary Property. In the introduction and conclusion to the work, Bell defended himself against the "odious" charge of piracy made not only by his competitors "from the other side of the water" in England but by his Irish colleagues as well. All Dublin booksellers, he argued, "neither give copy money to authors, nor to British booksellers," and rightly so. It is not an "invasion of the property of another to reprint all or any of the books published in Great Britain"; those booksellers who seek to monopolize the reprinting business do so "to the prejudice and injury of all the people of Ireland."1

1 Robert Bell, quoted in Richard Cargill Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 1740-1800 (London, 1986), 13. 2 3

Bell would bring his passionately held beliefs on the free

reprinting of books with him to Philadelphia, where he established himself the following year as a bookseller,

auctioneer, and publisher. In 1769, he advertised for sale by

subscription William Robertson's History of the Reign of Charles

Vf in which he echoed his earlier arguments in defense of reprinting, this time with the weight of William Blackstone's

Commentaries on the Laws of England behind them:

Surely, the precedent of the people of Ireland's reprinting every work produced in London, and the great Lawyer Blackstone’s authority concerning the internal legislation of colonies, are demonstrations of the rectitude of reprinting any, or every work of excellence in America, without the smallest infringement of the British embargo upon literature. . . . Would it not be incompatible with all freedom, if an American's mind must be entirely starved and enslaved in the barren regions of fruitless vacuity, because he doth not wallow in immense riches equal to some British Lords, the origin of whose progenitors are lost in the chaos of antiquity?

"The Editor hopeth," he concludes, "that the facts above are sufficient support for Americans, to persevere in reprinting whatsoever books merit their approbation, without leave or licence from the Bibliopolists or Monopolists of Great-Britain."2

2 Robert Bell, quoted in Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt, in collaboration with Lawrence C. Wroth and Rollo G. Silver, The Book in America: A History of the Making and Selling of Books in the United States (New York, 1951), 110-111. See also James N. Green, "The Middle Colonies, 1720-1790: Part One: English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin," in Hugh Armory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in 4

Bell, described by historians as "flamboyant," "colourful,"

"witty, energetic, skeptical and imaginative," is the acknowledged forerunner to the many British booksellers who would come to the United States after the Revolution to carry on the reprint trade.3 Like Bell, they brought with them their beliefs and book publishing skills, the cultural baggage of their homelands. These transplanted ideas would continue, as Hellmut

Lehmann-Haupt points out in his study of book publishing in

America, "for more than a century to represent American opinion upon the subject of reprinting English books."4

Indeed, the switch after the Revolution from importing large numbers of popular books from Europe to reprinting them at home is the main theme in the story of the growth and development of the early national book trade. Although booksellers would continue to import a significant number of books from Europe— particularly specialty books, belles lettres, and novels— historians have documented the rise of a "vigorous" American

the Atlantic World, vol. I of A History of the Book in America, ed. David D. Hall (Cambridge, 2000), 285, 287-288 (hereafter cited as HBA). 3 Green, "The Middle Colonies," HBA, I, 284; Edwin Wolf II, The Book Culture of a Colonial American City: Philadelphia Books, Bookmen, and Booksellers: Lyell Lectures in Bibliography, 1985-6 (Oxford, 1988), 114; John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, I, The Creation of an Industry, 1630-1865 (New York, 1972), 96. 4 Lehmann-Haupt, The Book in America, 111. 5

industry in the first few decades of the Republic.5 But, as James

Gilreath acknowledged more than a decade ago, "no one has

adequately explained the driving force behind the sudden new

energy. "6

Many scholars have attributed the increase in American

production to nationalistic motives, whether political or

literary.7 Americans, having achieved political independence,

sought to maintain it and, understandably, to achieve cultural

independence as well. As Benjamin T. Spencer has written,

"Throughout the 1780's and 1790's the determination of the young

country to have a self-sufficient culture was signified not only

by numerous demands for an independent literature but also by

5 James N. Green, "Book Publishing in the United States, 1785- 1840," in Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, eds., An Extensive Republic: Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, vol. II of HBA (Cambridge, forthcoming), 1 (page numbers refer to the unedited manuscript). For statistics on imports before the war and an analysis of the types of books imported in the decades following, see James Raven, "The Atlantic World: Part Three: The Importation of Books in the Eighteenth Century," HBA, I, 196. 6 James Gilreath, "American Book Distribution," in David D. Hall and John B. Hench, Needs and Opportunities in the History of the Book: America, 1639-1876 (Worcester, Mass., 1987), 143. 7 See, esp., Benjamin T. Spencer, The Quest for Nationality: An American Literary Campaign (Syracuse, N.Y., 1957); Earl L. Bradsher, Mathew Carey: Editor, Author, and Publisher; a Study in American Literary Development (New York, 1966). See also Tebbel, History of Book Publishiing, I, 105; Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, I, 7-8; Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia, 1996), 125. 6 nationalistic research in the fields of American history and

American diseases."8

Nationalism is a complex and tenuous concept, not least when applied to the fluid context of early America. A spate of recent works, focusing primarily on the celebratory practices and rituals of early Americans, have emphasized the malleability and contradictions of American nationalism.9 Nationalism, writes Len

Travers in his book Celebrating the Fourth, is "not an objective, empirically definable entity"; it is "primarily a mental construct, a belief in and, more important, an emotional response to, membership in a parent society." Andrew Burstein, in

Sentimental Democracy, describes nationalism as the

"connectedness" of a people, "their shared loyalty to national principles, and the persistence of a common cultural idiom."10

When such definitions are applied to the motives of those in the early American book trade, the situation becomes more

8 Spencer, The Quest for Nationality, 25. 9 David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997); Len Travers, Celebrating the Fourth: Independence Day and the Rites of Nationalism in the Early Republic (Amherst, Mass., 1997); Simon P. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 1997); Andrew Burstein, Sentimental Democracy: The Evolution of America's Romantic Self-Image (New York, 1999). 10 Travers, Celebrating the Fourth, 9; Burstein, Sentimental Democracy, xvii. 7 complex still. As the example of Bell illustrates, a good portion of colonial booksellers came from abroad, particularly Ireland, and the number of foreign printers and publishers only increased in the final decades of the eighteenth century. Writes one historian with regard to the emigration of Irish booksellers to

America, such a "massive transfer from one national book trade to another" is "unique in the annals of publishing."11 If American booksellers during this period were attempting to develop a national literature, perhaps, then, David Waldstreicher's contention that nationalism is an "abstraction" derived from competing beliefs and strategies that are "practiced locally in distinct, changing ways by different groups for a variety of purposes" is most appropriate for an analysis of early national book publishing.12 What were the interests and publishing strategies of American booksellers after the Revolution and how did they influence the development of the American book trade?

A partial answer may be found by looking at the historical context in which these booksellers were operating as well as by examining the literary output of their presses. This study situates that context in Philadelphia, the recognized publishing center of the early Republic— one that, in the words of William

11 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, xi. 12 Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes, 10. 8

Charvat, "discovered (in a sense established) the common denominator in the literary taste of the whole country."13

Philadelphia's preeminence in publishing was linked to the development of transportation networks that connected the city with outlying areas, networks that were crucial for the distribution of books to the provinces. These advances included improved roads as well as new turnpikes in the 1790s and canals and steamboats in the early nineteenth century.14

Technological developments were not limited to distribution networks. By the end of the eighteenth century, Philadelphia had taken the lead in the American design and manufacture of books.

One early innovation was the founding of the first American paper mill in 1690. By 1775, Christopher Sower, Justus Fox, and Jacob

Bay of Germantown were producing type commercially, and, in 1796, the Philadelphia firm of Binney and Ronaldson established the

13 William Charvat, Literary Publishing in America, 1790-1850 (Philadelphia, 1959), 23. 14 Michal McMahon, "'Publick Service’ versus 'Mans Properties': Dock Creek and the Origins of Urban Technology in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia," in Judith A. McGaw, ed., Early American Technology: Making and Doing Things from the Colonial Era to 1850 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 114-147; Donald C. Jackson, "Roads Most Traveled: Turnpikes in Southeastern Pennsylvania in the Early Republic,” ibid., 197-239; Ronald E. Shaw, Canals for a Nation: The Canal Era in the United States, 1790-1860 (Lexington, Ky., 1990), 58-97. 9

first fully equipped and independent typefoundry in the United

States.15

As the largest seaport city, Philadelphia was also a likely

destination for the scores of foreign booksellers who were

transplanting their businesses to the United States. John Tebbel

estimates that, between 1760 and 1820, "there were no less than

212 printers, publishers, and booksellers, in various

combinations of those functions, operating in Philadelphia for

varying periods of time."16 Between 1768 and 1776, these

entrepreneurs introduced to American readers many British classics and substantive works, including Montaigne's Letters,

William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, and the works of William Shakespeare, and they continued to do so after the Revolution. In 1798, Thomas Dobson of Philadelphia published the largest project in America to date: an encyclopedia in eighteen large quarto volumes. In 1803 in Philadelphia were published the first editions of the Spectator and Don Quixote,17

Of the booksellers who were attracted to the thriving

15 John Bidwell, "The Atlantic Economy: Part Two: Printers* Supplies and Capitalization," HBA, 169, 176; Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 117, 135, 137. 16 Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 100. See also, Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, xi, 169. 17 Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 95; Wolf, The Book Culture of a Colonial American City, 202. 10 publishing center of Philadelphia, "towering above them all" was the Dublin-born Mathew Carey, often described as the "prototype of the modern publisher,"18 Carey's life and contributions to

American publishing have been well documented. The number of books he published from 1785 to 1821— an estimated eleven hundred titles— is one measure of his success.19 Another is the book distribution network for which he was largely responsible, which by 1820 extended to all parts of the United States and even to

Europe and South America.20 As Charvat points out, if one wanted to get the "widest possible distribution" for his book, he took it to "New York or Philadelphia— preferably to Philadelphia, and most likely to Mathew Carey."21

Carey's success makes him the likely focus in any study of the development of book publishing in the early Republic. Carey's career in America, which began in Philadelphia in 1785, continued through war and economic setbacks, positioning him to become the head of the greatest publishing house in America in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. His career thus "bridged the

18 Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 56. 19 James N. Green, Mathew Carey: Publisher and Patriot (Philadelphia, 1985), 22. See also William Clarkin, Mathew Carey: A Bibliography of His Publications, 1785-1824 (New York, 1984). 20 Green, Mathew Carey, 7-8; Bradsher, Mathew Carey, 15. 21 Charvat, Literary Publishing in America, 26. 11

centuries," making it an appropriate lens through which to view

the changes in the book trade over time.22

In addition to the many original works he published or

those he reprinted, Carey imported thousands of titles as well as

acquired books through exchange with other American publishers,

making his sale catalogs a particularly relevant gauge for

suggesting the literary tastes of the country.23 This study will

thus focus on two of Carey's book catalogs, his first of 1791 and

one issued in 1816, his last year as sole active head of his book

publishing business.24

In his study of American booksellers' catalogs, Clarence S.

Brigham noted that Boston bookseller Isaiah Thomas saved only

half a dozen of his book catalogs, suggesting that the catalogs were of little value to him, "just as we today consider book catalogs as ephemeral material quickly to be discarded.1,25 But for

22 Green, Mathew Carey, 1; Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 106. 23 See also Bradsher's argument that the output of Carey's presses was typical because there was little or no specialization among publishers at this time (Mathew Carey, vii). 24 See Appendixes I and II for the list of books identified in each of these two catalogs issued by Carey. For the statistical analysis, most of the 346 titles (92 percent) in the 1791 catalog were identified. For the 1816 document, only the 189 titles in what would today be described as the front list— composed of the newest or most significant works— are listed; of those titles, 95 percent were identified. 25 Clarence S. Brigham, "American Booksellers' Catalogues, 1734- 1800," Essays Honoring Lawrence C. Wroth (Portland, Maine, 1951), 31- 32. 12

historians of the book, booksellers' catalogs can be an essential

tool for analyzing publishing strategies and, as mentioned above,

making conjectures about the literary tastes of a particular

period.26 For early America, Robert B. Winans believes that "the

best evidence for studying what books were distributed . . . and

the most dramatic display of the primacy of the imported book, is

found in the catalogues of books published by booksellers and

libraries." "One must turn to these catalogues," he argues, "for

a full picture of the mixture of imported and domestic books

available to the American reading public."27 Brigham lends weight to this argument when he describes New York bookseller H.

Caritat's 1796 catalog, containing 215 pages and nearly twenty-

seven hundred titles, as "most useful" for the "study of late eighteenth-century literature" because of "its magnitude and also the fullness of its entries."28 Indeed, Brigham notes, most eighteenth-century catalogs contained from one thousand to

26 See, however, William Reitzel’s cautions about using booksellers' catalogs and advertisements as evidence for the popularity of specific titles. Advertisements and book lists "represent what booksellers hope to sell and not what readers actually buy." ("The Purchasing of English Books in Philadelphia, 1790-1800," Modern Philology, XXV [1937], 170). 27 Robert B. Winans, "Bibliography and the Cultural Historian: Notes on the Eighteenth-Century Novel," in William L. Joyce et al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, Mass., 1983), 177. See also Winans's impressive and useful compilation of catalogs, A Descriptive Checklist of Book Catalogues Separately Printed in America, 1693-1800 (Worcester, Mass., 1981). 28 Brigham, "American Booksellers' Catalogues," Essays, 33. 13

fifteen hundred titles. Some, like Philadelphia bookseller Robert

Campbell's 1796 catalog with twenty-one hundred titles, were even

larger.29

Using booksellers' catalogs as evidence of early American publishing strategies is not without difficulties. Although after the Revolution most American booksellers issued catalogs of their books, most did not provide the full names of the authors of the works, listed only an abbreviated form of the title, and did not provide any publication information, thus making it difficult to identify specific editions.30

In compiling the list of books from the two catalogs issued by Mathew Carey that are the basis of this study, the identification of the editions was facilitated by the use of the electronic bibliographic database WorldCat provided by OCLC

(Online Computer Library Center).31 The identification of editions was confirmed, when necessary, by consulting Charles Evans and

29 Ibid. See also Winans, Descriptive Checklist of Book Catalogues. 30 Lehmann-Haupt, The Book in America, 132; Raven, "The Importation of Books," HBA, I, 189; Gilreath, "American Book Distribution," in Hall and Hench, eds., Needs and Opportunities, 139; Brigham, "American Booksellers' Catalogues," Essays, 32. 31 OCLC describes itself as "the world's largest library consortium." WorldCat holds more than "46 million cataloguing records created by libraries around the world, with a new record added every 15 seconds" (http://www.oclc.org). On the potential usefulness of such databases, see Michael Winship, "Publishing in America: Needs and Opportunities for Research," in Hall and Hench, eds., Needs and Opportunities, 97. 14

Clifford K. Shipton's American Bibliography, Ralph R . Shaw and

Richard Shoemaker's continuation of that series, the Library of

Congress's National Union Catalog, the British Museum's General

Catalogue of Printed Books, and the English Short-Title

Catalogue.32

When identifying each of the titles in the two catalogs,

two assumptions were made.33 First, if more than one edition was

found, I chose the edition closest to the publication date of the

catalog— unless format or size indicated otherwise— since Carey was more likely to advertise and sell newer books than those that

had been sitting on a shelf for years. Second, if both an

American edition and a foreign edition were found, I chose the

32 Charles Evans and Clifford K. Shipton, eds., American Bibliography: A Chronological Dictionary of All Books, Pamphlets, and Periodical Publications Printed in the United States from the Genesis of Printing in 1639 Down to and Including the Year 1800 (New York, 1941-1942); Ralph R. Shaw and Richard Shoemaker, comps., American Bibliography: A Preliminary Checklist for 1801-1829 (New York, 1958- 1963); Library of Congress and American Library Association, The National Union Catalog, Pre-1956 Imprints, 754 vols. (London, 1968-); British Museum, Department of Printed Books, General Catalogue of Printed Books, 263 vols. (London, 1959-1966); English Short-Title Catalogue, 1473-1800 (London, 1998). 33 These assumptions follow closely the research methods used by Robert A. Gross in identifying the holdings of Concord's Charitable Library Society (1795-1820) and the Concord Social Library (1821-1851). See Gross, "Reconstructing Early American Libraries: Concord, Massachusetts, 1795-1850," in Books and Libraries in Thoreau's Concord (Worcester, Mass., 1988), 335. Gross was, in the end, able to check his findings against the Concord Free Public Library's cumulative accessions catalog, and the identifications "proved remarkably accurate" (337). See also Ronald J. Zboray's methodology in compiling inventories from a mid-nineteenth-century bookstore, A Fictive People: 15

American (additionally favoring those produced within the Mid-

Atlantic region or within the distribution network that Carey had built), assuming that it was less expensive for Carey to reprint titles or exchange books with other American publishers than to import them. If a work was from a known supplier of Carey's from abroad, however— particularly from his contacts in Ireland— the foreign edition was given precedence.

A close reading of these catalogs, then, may reveal not only the changing publishing strategies used by booksellers in the early Republic but may also allow a glimpse into the social and cultural worlds in which they lived and worked. In early national Philadelphia, that world was composed of many influences from abroad; to these influences and their consequences we now turn.

Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993), 246, n. 11. CHAPTER 1

THE WORLD'S MOST PROLIFIC BOOK PIRATES:

IRISH BOOKSELLERS IN AMERICA

National reflections are in every case illiberal as they are unjust,— but from Americans, they are something worse. . . . They are . . . ungrateful to the highest degree. It is a fact too recent, and too notorious, to admit a doubt, that a great part of those armies, that nobly gained America her independence, were "aliens" or "foreigners," many whose countrymen are now subjects of obloquy and reproach. — Mathew Carey, Autobiography

In 1791, Mathew Carey wrote to Dublin printer John Chambers that three to four thousand of their countrymen had arrived in

Philadelphia that year— an estimate that would hold true for the balance of the 1790s. Indeed, more than sixty thousand Irish emigrants would arrive in the United States during the decade.1

Many of these newcomers, along with smaller numbers of emigrants

1 Mathew Carey to John Chambers, Sept. 9, 1791, Lea and Febiger Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, cited in Edward C. Carter II, "A 'Wild Irishman' under Every Federalist's Bed: Naturalization in Philadelphia, 1789-1806," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, XCI (1970), 332-333; Michael Durey, Transatlantic Radicals and the Early American Republic (Lawrence, Kans., 1997), 1, 299 n. 3; David A. Wilson, United Irishmen, United States: Immigrant Radicals in the Early Republic (Ithaca, N.Y., 1998), 2 .

16 17

from England and Scotland, were political exiles who were

escaping repression in their home country and who had been

involved in the radical societies established there.2 Most in the

largest group, the Irish exiles, came to America between 1795 and

1806 as a result of the failed revolutionary movement in Ireland,

particularly the rebellion of 1798. These emigres brought with

them to America their political, economic, and cultural values

and traditions.

Within the last two decades, historians have begun to

recognize and assess how these Emigres collectively influenced

and shaped American political culture in the early Republic.3 In

their studies of Anglo-American radicalism, Richard J. Twomey and

Michael Durey both locate the emigres within a broader movement

of "transatlantic republicanism" and emphasize their common

insistence on political liberty and economic opportunity,

principles they believed were denied them at home. As Twomey writes: "The radical republican movements in Britain and America

2 Durey suggests that "the proportions of English, Irish, and Scottish radicals who fled to the United States probably accurately reflect the relative intensity of political conflict in each of the countries in the 1790s" (Transatlantic Radicals, 4). 3 See, for example, Michael Durey, "Thomas Paine’s Apostles: Radical Emigrds and the Triumph of Jeffersonian Republicanism," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., XLIV (1987), 661-688; Richard J. Twomey, Jacobins and Jeffersonians: Anglo-American Radicalism in the United States, 1790-1820 (New York, 1989); Durey, Transatlantic Radicals; Wilson, United Irishmen, United States. 18

were not strictly separate or indigenous. Transatlantic

republicanism shared traditions of self-organization among common

men" and an ideology rooted in democracy and egalitarianism.4 The

£migr§s practically demonstrated these beliefs in America, the

authors contend, through their support of protective tariffs,

American manufacturing, and technological progress.

In his study of the impact of the Irish emigres on

American politics in the early Republic, David A. Wilson

maintains that subsuming this group "within the general category

of transatlantic republicanism not only reduces their political

significance but also blurs the distinctive relationship between

their Irish and American experiences." To understand the Irish emigrants in America, he writes, one must necessarily "locate their attitudes and actions within a specifically Irish context."5 The soundness of Wilson's argument becomes evident with a glimpse into the political activities of the Irish £migr6 who is the principal focus of this study, Mathew Carey.

In October 1783, a little more than a year before he was to emigrate to America, Carey established in Dublin a pro-Irish newspaper called the Volunteers Journal. In his autobiography,

Carey writes that the object of his newspaper "was to defend the

4 Twomey, Jacobins and Jeffersonians, 11. 5 Wilson, United Irishmen, United States, 4, 8. 19

commerce, the manufactures, and the political rights of Ireland

against the oppression and encroachments of Great-Britain."6 In

the winter of 1784, for example, he advocated "the grand measure

of p r o t e c t i n g d u t i e s , the only one adequate to counteract the

pernicious effects of our blasting connexion with England."7

Carey would make strikingly similar arguments for the good of the

American economy a year later in the Pennsylvania Evening Herald.

Thus, in the February 22 issue, he lamented the "unhappy

predilection for foreign frippery and gewgaws" and took pleasure

in the state legislatures' "turning their attention to every

object that can check the progress of importation, and tend to

the promotion of domestic manufactures."8 In such statements,

Carey reveals the source of his views on political economy, views

he carried with him to the United States: a deep-seated

Anglophobia born of the depredations inflicted by England on him

and his fellow patriots in Ireland. The American Society of

United Irishmen, writes Wilson— in which Mathew Carey and his

6 Mathew Carey, Autobiography, New England Magazine, V, VI, VII (1833-1834), 6, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 7 Volunteers Journal, Mar. 1, 1784, quoted in Kenneth Wyer Rowe, Mathew Carey: A Study in American Economic Development, The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science (Baltimore, 1933), 37. 8 Pennsylvania Evening Herald, Feb. 22, 1785, cited in Rowe, Mathew Carey, 38. Rowe thus contends that Carey's economic views in Ireland were the result of his "opposition to the hated England," and, in America, they were "the effervescence of a seething spirit of antagonism in things foreign" (38). 20

brother James were involved "up to their necks"— strongly

believed that "Britain was the primary source of evil in the world."9

Wilson's thesis— that Irish dmigr£s infused Irish

political, economic, and cultural values and traditions into

American culture— becomes especially relevant to an examination

of publishing in the early Republic because of the significant

number of Irish £migr£s employed in the American book trade.

Richard Cargill Cole estimates that, by the mid-1790s, thirty-

nine Irish bookmen had emigrated to the United States, most of them to Philadelphia. As Scottish political emigre James Thomson

Callender wrote in 1796s "Take away all the Scots and Irish booksellers from Philadelphia, and [a reader] could hardly supply his library. With three or four exceptions the whole trade centres on foreigners. The case is much the same in New York and

Baltimore." The number of Irish booksellers would increase to more than one hundred in the early years of the nineteenth » century.10

One could argue, then, that, just as the sources of the

£migr£s political views in America were drawn from their Irish

9 Wilson, United Irishmen, United States, 10, 11. 10 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 42, 50; James Thomson Callender quoted in Durey, "Thomas Paine's Apostles," WMQ, 3d Ser., XLIV (1987), 684. 21

experiences, so too were their book publishing strategies. The

Irish connection is particularly apparent with regard to how the

booksellers acquired their stock, how they published books, and what types of books they published and advertised in their

catalogs.

"Humanity and Patriotism both cry aloud, Books, Books, Books"

So exclaimed Mathew Carey's famous traveling book salesman,

Mason Locke Weems, on the eve of the War of 1812.11 Weems, described as the prototype of the modern book agent, was in a

position to gauge the demand for books in America. From the mid-

1790s through 1825, Weems distributed books for his employer not only through Pennsylvania but in Maryland, Virginia, and North

and South Carolina as well as, on occasion, New Jersey and New

York. In his travels, Weems encountered "every sort and condition of man," writes one historian, from the Pennsylvania farmer and southern husbandmen to the city merchant and gentleman-planter.12

What Weems and the booksellers of the early Republic found was a continuing taste among Americans for books written by

11 Mason Locke Weems to Mathew Carey, July 30, 1810, in Emily Ellsworth Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems: His Works and Ways in Three Volumes, III, Letters, 1784-1825 (New York, 1929), 23. 12 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, I, The Creation of an Industry, 1630-1865 (New York, 1972), 115; Skeel, ed., Mason Lock Weems, II, Letters, 1784-1825, xiii. 22

English authors and manufactured in London.13 Before the

Revolution, not surprisingly, booksellers satisfied this demand by importing large quantities of books from England. "By 1770," writes James Raven, "more books were exported annually from

England to the American colonies than to Europe and the rest of the world combined." This vigorous export trade to the colonies would resume after 1783 and continue through the end of the century.14

Irish readers shared the American preference for the fashionable book printed in London. Even Irish authors chose to publish their books in London because of the implicit authority and respectability an English imprint conferred upon the text.

One scholar of the Dublin book trade estimates that, from 1701 to

1780, Ireland imported books from London worth ninety-two

13 On the American preference for English commodities in general, see T. H. Breen, "An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690-1776," Journal of British Studies, XV (1986), 467-499. John E. Crowley contends that the American demand for things English continued even despite the rhetoric of classical republicanism after the Revolution; see The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities and Design in Early Modern Britain and Early America (Baltimore, 2001), 159-162. On the influence of British 4 ntei l trends in America after 1800, see William J. Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989), 212. 14 James Raven, "The Atlantic World: Part Three: The Importation of Books in the Eighteenth Century," in Hugh Armory and David D. Hall, eds., The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World, vol. I of A History of the Book in America, ed. David D. Hall (Cambridge, 2000), 183, 195 (hereafter cited as HBA). 23

thousand pounds.15 But, as a result of this demand for English

books in Ireland, Irish booksellers, long before those in

America, had recognized the financial advantages of an indigenous

reprint trade. This trade was made possible because the legal protection afforded to literary property by the British Copyright

Act of 1709 did not apply to Ireland until 1801, following the

Union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1800. Reprinting English works was thus a legal means of supplying books to Irish readers throughout the eighteenth century and "became the staple of the

Dublin book trade"— and the thorn in the side of London booksellers.16

When Mathew Carey emigrated to America in 1785, he, along with other Irish and Scottish booksellers who came to the United

States after the war, brought this reprinting tradition with him, a tradition that, as noted earlier, had only just begun in

America in the 1760s with such booksellers as Robert Bell in

Philadelphia and James Rivington in New York. With regard to setting himself up for business in Philadelphia, Carey writes in his autobiography: "I soon supplied myself with types, but had no press. A Scotch bookseller and printer, of the name of Bell, had

15 M. Pollard, Dublin's Trade in Books, 1550-1800: Lyell Lectures, 1986-1987 (Oxford, 1989), 67, 90. 16 Ibid., 66. 24

recently died in Philadelphia, and his stock, in which there was

a press, was to be sold at auction about this time."17 As if Bell was passing the reprinting mantle to him, Carey bought Bell's press and thus began his career as the most successful reprinter of English works in America.

In 1792, the year Carey ceased publishing his magazine, the

American Museum, and turned his full attention to publishing books, he began to recognize the need to build up his stock. For booksellers during this period, their stock was their capital; it was the "ballast" of their business, as one historian describes it, "the basis of their credit and the collateral for the money they borrowed."18 Carey writes in his autobiography: "My store, or rather my shop, was of very moderate dimensions; but, small as it was, I had not full-bound books enough to fill the shelves— a considerable portion of them were occupied by spelling-books. I procured a credit at the Bank, which enabled me to extend my business; and by care, indefatigable industry, the most rigid punctuality, and frugality, I gradually advanced in the world."

17 Carey, Autobiography, 10. 18 James N. Green, "Book Publishing in the United States, 1785- 1840," in Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, eds., An Extensive Republic: Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, vol. II of HBA (Cambridge, forthcoming), 4 (page numbers refer to the unedited manuscript). See also Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia, 1996), 50. 25

Carey extended his business by importing a significant number of

books from England and Ireland, "without which," he wrote, "I

cannot have a proper assortment."19

Carey's assortment of books was reflected in his sale catalogs, which in turn reflected trends in the book trade

generally. In Carey's first book catalog, for example, published

in 1791, of the more than three hundred titles listed, a little

less than half, 48 percent, were imported, and an only slightly

smaller proportion, 34 percent, were reprints, most of which, at this early point in his career, he had acquired from other

American booksellers in the region.20 One of those booksellers was

Thomas Dobson, a Scottish bookseller who had emigrated to

Philadelphia in 1784, and who, in turn, was receiving a large number of imports from his former employer in Edinburgh, Charles

Elliot.21 Of the 109 reprints listed in the 1791 catalog, twenty- five carry Dobson's colophon. Another American bookseller

19 Carey, Autobiography, 22? Carey to the Rev. James Carey, [1792], Lea and Febiger Collection, HSP, cited in Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 50. 20 Catalogue of Books, Stationary, Cutlery, etc. for Sale at Carey, Stewart, and Co's Store, No. 22, North Front-Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1791), Appendix I, below (for the original list of short titles, see Evans 23247). 21 Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 3. From Elliot, Dobson began his bookselling career in American with a stock worth more than three thousand pounds (3). On the importation of Scottish books to America before the Revolution, see Warren McDougall, "Scottish Books for America in the Mid 18th Century," in Robin Myers and 26 supplying Carey with reprints was William Spotswood, a former colleague of Carey's in Dublin who also emigrated to Philadelphia in 1784.22 Spotswood's imprint appears on twenty-two of the reprints sold by Carey. A little less than half of all the reprints in the catalog, then, were supplied through Carey's connections with other recent transplants to the Philadelphia book publishing scene. Only 18 percent of the titles listed in the catalog were works originally produced in America.

These numbers on book imports and reprints become more indicative of publishing trends generally when the titles are broken down by the date of publication. Of the works published before Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris in 1783, 77 percent

4 were imported, confirming the general tendency of colonial printers and booksellers— owing to readers' demands as well as

British mercantile policies— to acquire their books from abroad.

Only 16 percent of the pre-1783 books are reprints, and, not surprisingly, just 7 percent are original American editions. The trend changes markedly with books published after 1783. The number of imported books in this second period, 1784-1791,

Michael Harris, eds., Spreading the word: The Distribution Networks of Print, 1550-1850 (Detroit, 1990), 21-46. 22 On Spotswood's career in Dublin and in America, see Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 177-182. Spotswood collaborated for a time with Carey and another former Dublin bookseller Christopher Talbot 27 decreases by half, to 39 percent, and an equivalent proportion,

40 percent, are identified as reprints.23 Moreover, 21 percent of the books are American originals. Thus, as soon as American

independence was formally established, Carey began replacing

imported books with reprinted titles and original American publications.

TABLE 1 PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY DATE OF PUBLICATION IN MATHEW CAREY'S 1791 CATALOG

Year Group Imports Reprints Original Works

Pre-1783 77.0 16.2 6.8 1784-1791 38.9 40.2 20.9

Contributing to the increase in reprinted works and original American editions was the Copyright Act of 1790, granting the copyright for maps, charts, and books to citizens of the United States for fourteen years. At the same time that the act provided an incentive for American authors, it also

on the production of the Pennsylvania Evening Herald, the Columbian Magazine, and the American Museum (178). 23 Interestingly? only 52 percent of the books published between 1783 and 1785, when Great Britain was dumping goods into the American market, were imported, a decrease from 77 percent during the war years. See U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1975), 1176; Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815 (New York, 1962), 47-48; Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781^1789 (New York, 1950), 185-187. 28 encouraged the reprinting of foreign works; a clause in the act

reads: "Nothing in this act shall be construed to extend to prohibit the importation or vending, reprinting or publishing within the United States of any map, chart, book or books, written, printed, or published by any person not a citizen of the

United States, in foreign parts or places without the

jurisdiction of the United States."24 Also a factor in the increase in reprints and American works was the growing support among Americans, particularly Carey and other booksellers— owing in large part to their inherited Anglophobia— for protective tariffs for American manufactures.25 In 1791, for example,

Alexander Hamilton, in the "Report on the Subject of

Manufactures" that he submitted to Congress, wrote: "The great number of presses disseminated throughout the Union, seem to afford an assurance, that there is no need of being indebted to foreign Countries for the printing of the Books, which are used in the United States. A duty of ten per Cent instead of five, which is now charged upon the Article, would have a tendency to aid the business internally." Although the duty would remain at 5

24 Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 141. See also Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 53; Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 27. 25 As noted above, Carey brought these protectionist views with him from Ireland. See also Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 9. 29

percent until the Tariff Act of 1816, Hamilton's advice is

illustrative of the increasing protectionist sentiment of the

time.26

Further bookselling strategies can be discerned from

Carey's 1791 catalog through an analysis of how many books were

imported from each of the major exporters of books to America,

England, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the countries on the

Continent. Before the Revolution, England supplied the largest proportion of books, 46 percent, followed by Ireland at 16 percent, Scotland at 11 percent, with 27 percent from the rest of the Continental countries combined. After 1783, the imports from

England remained about the same, 43 percent, most likely owing to the general and continuing demand for English goods. The proportion of books exported from Ireland, however, jumps

26 "Alexander Hamilton's Final Version of the Report on the Subject of Manufactures," Dec. 5, 1791, in Harold C. Syrett et al., eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, X, December 1791-January 1792 (New York, 1966), 335. See also Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt, in collaboration with Lawrence C. Wroth and Rollo G. Silver, The Book in America: A History of the Making and Selling of Books in the United States (New York, 1951), 115; Tebbel, History of Book Publishing, I, 134. In an interesting article on Hamilton's policies regarding the illegal importation of technology from England to the United States, Doron Ben- Atar writes that Hamilton's argument for such "piracy" was utilitarian; "It is the right of every independent nation," wrote Hamilton in the "Report on the Subject of Manufactures," "to pursue its own interest, in its own way" (Ben-Atar, "Alexander Hamilton's Alternatives Technology Piracy and the Report on Manufactures,” in Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg, Federalists Reconsidered [Charlottesville, Va., 1998], 58). Hamilton’s argument is strikingly similar to those Robert Bell made with regard to the reprinting of English books. 30 significantly to 37 percent, whereas Scotland and the Continental countries decrease to 3 percent and 17 percent, respectively.

One major reason for the increase in Irish book exports— at the expense of the Scottish and Continental editions— was the

Irish Parliament's passing of the Act for Facilitating the Trade and Intercourse between This Kingdom and the United States of

America in 1783. Direct imports from Ireland to America had been forbidden since 1696, although the law was amended in the eighteenth century for some articles, such as linen and foodstuffs. In 1780, political unrest in Ireland precipitated the

British government's lifting of the trade restrictions and, three years later, the passing of the 1783 act by the Irish

Parliament.27 As one historian points out, exporting books to

America must have "commenced to assume some importance during the ten years immediately preceding the American Revolution in order to have become so extensive immediately [after] the legal impediments were removed."28 Evidence that Irish books were smuggled into America before the lifting of the trade restrictions is supplied by Benjamin Franklin in 1747. Writing to his principal contact for books in London, William Strahan,

27 Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 136-137. 28 James W. Phillips, Printing and Bookselling in Dublin, 1670- 1800: A Bibliographic Enquiry (Dublin, 1998), 126. 31

Franklin complains that he could have sold more London editions

of the Universal History if a cheap Irish "piratical Edition" had

not been recently exported to the colonies.29

Another reason for the increase in Irish book exports after

the Revolution was the large number of Irish booksellers in the

United States who had business connections with their colleagues

in Dublin. Carey's main Dublin supplier was Patrick Byrne, who

had a successful business in Ireland from 1779 until 1801, when

he, too, emigrated to Philadelphia to set up shop.30 Writing to

Byrne in 1788, Carey noted, "We are deluged with books from

England and Ireland," going on to request from Byrne substantial

"literary food" for his American readers: "history, voyages, philosophy, science, and well chosen school books."31 Carey’s other Dublin suppliers include his brothers Thomas Carey and

William Paulet Carey, his cousin the Reverend James Carey, John

Chambers, Bernard Dornin, John Jones, William Jones, Thomas

M'Donnell, James Moore, John Rice and James Rice, and William

Wilson.32 Many of these names are represented in the Dublin

29 Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan, July 29, 1747, in Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, Conn., 1959-), III, 165, cited in Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 41. 30 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 48-49. 31 Mathew Carey to Patrick Byrne, Oct. 22, 1788, Carey Letter Books, Box 14, B45, cited ibid. 32 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 49. 32 imprints found in Carey's 1791 catalog. Other Irish £migrd booksellers also used their Dublin connections to supply their stock. Henry and Patrick Rice, for example, in their 1789 book catalog, advertised that they had "imported in the last vessels from London, Dublin, and Glasgow, a large and general assortment of books, and stationary ware, which they will dispose of by wholesale and retail on very moderate terms."33 In 1798, they announced in William Duane's Aurora: "From the nature of their connections in Dublin, they are enabled to sell Irish editions

(as they have hitherto shown) at the very lowest prices." Duane, himself an Irish emigrant, would advertise in his newspaper many recently imported Irish editions for sale between 1798 and 1803.34

By 1816, the number of imports, as represented in another of Carey's book catalogs, would dwindle to a mere 2 percent, whereas reprints would constitute more than 70 percent of the new titles advertised in the catalog.35 The success of the American reprint trade was owing in large part to how these books were manufactured and published.

33 Robert B. Winans, A Descriptive Checklist of Book Catalogues Separately Printed in America, 1693-1800 (Worcester, Mass., 1981), 95. See also Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 53. 34 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 54, 56. 35 Catalogue of Books, in Various Departments of Literature, for Sale, by M. Carey, No. 121, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1816), front list, Appendix II, below (for the full list of short titles in the catalog, see Shaw and Shoemaker 37167). 33

"Among our Christian Mammonites cheapness is everything"

Throughout, their long correspondence, Mason Locke Weems

continually entreated Mathew Carey to send him inexpensive books

to sell, the above excerpt being but one example of many.36 The

American people, he wrote, want "handsome little saleable

assortments" to choose from, but, most of all, they want them

cheap. "Experience has taught me," he wrote to Carey in January

1797, "that small, i. e. quarter of dollar books, on subjects calculated to strike the Popular Curiosity, printed in very large numbers and properly distributed, w[oul]d prove an immense revenue to the prudent and industrious Undertakers." He adds:

"People here think nothing of giving 1/6 (their quarter of a dollar) for anything that pleases their fancy." Selling books successfully, he concludes, "cannot be effected without the character of cheapness."37

The Irish booksellers in America had learned this lesson well in their home country, where demand for English books remained strong throughout the eighteenth century. To compete with the superior London-printed editions of popular works and to achieve the widest possible distribution of their books, they had

36 Weems to Carey, May 22, [18]09, in Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems, II, 406. 37 Weems to Carey, Jan. 22, {17]97, Feb. [?], 1801, Feb. 26, 1810, ibid., II, 72, 167, III, 12. 34

to offer the Irish reader an incentives a reduction in price. In

order to sell books cheaper, production costs had to be lower.

Reducing costs could be done most effectively through an

economical use of the most expensive element in book production,

paper.38

Irish booksellers already had a distinct advantage over

their London counterparts owing to the lower cost of imported

paper in Ireland. But the greatest savings came from differences

in paper quality, edition format, and edition size. Scholars note

that advertisements for Dublin books often mention the type of

paper used, such as royal printing paper, royal writing paper, or

fine paper, and prices differed accordingly; more often than not,

to keep prices down an inferior brand was used. Moreover, Dublin-

printed books were, for the most part, at least one size smaller than those printed in London, which were often issued in folio or

quarto editions.39 By using a smaller format, a printer would use

fewer sheets and save paper. Thus, as one historian of the Dublin

trade notes, in Ireland it was "principally the epoch of the duodecimo." Indeed, this format was used extensively there from

38 Pollard, Dublin's Trade in Books, 111. 39 For a folio, the largest book size, the paper used is cut so that there are two pages from a sheet. For a quarto, the next largest size, the paper is cut four from a sheet. Smaller sizes are octavo, eight pages to a sheet; duodecimo, or twelvemo, twelve pages to a 35 the 1720s until the end of the century. Books issued in the larger octavo format were also popular, particularly in the

1790s, as an alternative to the small pocket editions. In addition to the format used, the size of the edition, or the number of copies printed, was perhaps the most fundamental factor in determining the amount of paper used. According to one estimate, the most common print run for Dublin books was five hundred copies, half that of the average London print run.40

Irish booksellers justified these reprinting practices by an appeal to literary fairness. In 1785, for example, a writer in the Dublin Journal argued:

The English booksellers, when they have purchased any copy which they esteem valuable enough to enter at Stationers'- hall, publish an edition of it in such a size and at such a price as compensates for the whole of their purchase; and the sale of this valuable edition is not confined to England, but every buyer as well in Ireland as elsewhere, who is able to purchase, gives the splendid edition the preference. The Irish editions, which afterwards appear, are only published with a spirit of accommodation, and are

sheet; and eighteenmo, eighteen pages to a sheet. The smallest formats include twenty-fourmo, thirty-twomo, and forty-eightmo. 40 Pollard, Dublin's Trade in Books, 111, 115-120; Phillips, Printing and Bookselling in Dublin, 193, 285-286. For an extensive analysis of the paper used in the production of books in Ireland, see Phillips's discussion, 151-196. For the most comprehensive list of eighteenth-century Dublin book sizes and prices, see A General Catalogue of Books in All Languages, Arts, and Sciences, That Have Been Printed in Ireland, and Published in Dublin, from the Year 1700, to the Present Time; the Whole Alphabetically and Classically Arranged under the Several Branches of Literature, with Their Sizes and Prices (Dublin, 1791). 36

suited to men who love literature, but cannot afford the expence.41

Although the Irish reprints most likely did reach a wider portion of the population, one survey of Irish public libraries has found that most readers were from the landed and professional classes and remained so throughout the eighteenth century. The typical

Irishman was a Roman Catholic farm laborer, who earned less than a shilling a day and probably could not speak English. Thus, even if he could speak English, a popular novel like Henry Fielding's

Tom Jones, which sold for eighteen shillings in London but only half that in the cheaper Dublin format, would still be well beyond his means.42

Nevertheless, when Irish reprints began to appear in

America in large numbers, similar arguments were made in support of the cheaper editions— some, ironically, by America's own elite. Benjamin Franklin wrote to Benjamin Vaughan in 1785: "If books can be had much cheaper from Ireland (which I believe, for

I bought Blackstone there for twenty-four shillings, when it was sold in England at four guineas), is not this an advantage, not

41 Dublin Journal, Apr. 14, 1785, quoted in Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 6. 42 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 16-17, 22-39. 37 to English booksellers, indeed, but to English readers, and to learning."43 Another famous American Thomas Jefferson would also support the cheaper Dublin reprint editions. He was a regular customer of Patrick Byrne, who specialized in reprinting English law books— both in Dublin and in Philadelphia— and selling them at greatly reduced prices.44

The demand for cheaper reprinted editions was not lost on

American booksellers, many of whom imported reprints from their

Irish colleagues or, increasingly, printed their own editions of

English works, much like those manufactured in Dublin. As in

Dublin, the vogue was for the smaller duodecimo and octavo formats. Although most of the Philadelphia booksellers did not list sizes and prices in their sale catalogs during the 1790s, or they did so sparingly and inconsistently, Patrick Byrne's catalog of 1802, which does have sizes and prices for most of the titles, is illustrative not only of the prevalence of the smaller editions but also the correlation between the size of a book and its price.45 Byrne, who had emigrated to the United States the previous year, had stockpiled books in his Dublin warehouse, most

43 Franklin to Benjamin Vaughan, Apr. 21, 1785, quoted ibid., 8. 44 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 184. 45 A Catalogue of the Quire Stock of Books of P. Byrne, with the Bound Price on Each Article Offered, as Sold by Him to the Public (Philadelphia, 1802) (Shaw and Shoemaker 1974). 38 of them unbound, and drew on this stock for his American customers.46 in a random sampling of the titles listed with prices, the largest proportion, 55 percent, were in the duodecimo format, followed by 41 percent in the octavo format.47 Only 2 percent were quarto editions, and less than 1 percent were folios. Moreover, a statistical analysis indicates a strong direct correlation between the price of a book and the format in which it was printed.4® The larger the book, the more expensive it is, regardless of other criteria, including the type of binding used, if any, the number of illustrations in the work, or the genre in which the book is grouped.49

46 Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 60. The practice of selling books unbound, in sheets or quires (quires being specifically twenty-four sheets of type), was often used on the wholesale level, that is, publishers sold books in sheets or quires mostly to other publishers. In many cases, however, books were sold in sheets and quires directly to customers so that they could have them bound according to their own preferences. See Phillips, Printing and Bookselling in Dublin, 276. 47 For the random sampling, every third title was counted, yielding a total of 257 titles. 48 The Pearson's correlation coefficient, or Pearson’s r, is -.65 (counting each edition of a multivolume work as a separate title). The coefficient is negative, indicating an inverse correlation, because the variable representing the size of a book is given a higher number (2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 32) the smaller the book actually is. Thus, the higher the number for the book size, the lower the price. 49 See, also, in his discussion of novels reprinted in America, Robert B. Winans's research indicating that length rather than popularity may have been the determining factor in a publisher's decision to reprint a particular English title. A longer work would most likely affect the size of the book and, thus, increase production costs. Winans, "Bibliography and the Cultural Historian: Notes on the Eighteenth-Century Novel," in William L. Joyce et al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, Mass., 1983), 181. 39

Further evidence that American booksellers preferred

smaller book formats, like their Irish counterparts, and that the

size of a book was the fundamental factor that determined its price, can be found in Mathew Carey's 1816 catalog. In his large back list of books, a random sampling of the titles shows that 41 percent were produced in the octavo format, and 27 percent were duodecimo editions.50 The decrease in the use of the duodecimo is the result of an increase in the number of even smaller books: 19 percent of the books were eighteenmo editions, and 8 percent were in the twenty-fourmo format. The thirty-twomo also makes an appearance in this catalog, with 2 percent of the titles in that format. There were no folio editions, and less than 1 percent were quartos. The book sizes thus seem to have gotten smaller over time. A full count of the front list of the catalog, composed of Carey's newest books and titles that were still in press, bear out this conclusion. Duodecimos accounted for 41 percent of the books, octavos, 18 percent, twenty-fourmos, 7 percent, and thirty-twomos, almost 2 percent. The books in both the back list and the front list also show a strong direct correlation between the size of a book and its price. The smaller

50 For the random sampling, every fifth title was counted, producing a sample of 530 titles. 40 the book, the cheaper it is, regardless of binding, illustrative material, and genre.51

TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY BOOK SIZE IN PATRICK BYRNE’S 1802 CATALOG AND MATHEW CAREY'S 1816 CATALOG

Book Size Byrne Carey Carey Back List Front List Folio 0.5 0.0 0.0 Quarto 2.0 1.8 2.6 Octavo 40.6 41.4 18.4 Duodec irno 55.4 27.3 40.8 Eighteenmo 1.5 19.1 30.3 Twenty-fourmo 0.0 8.3 6.6 Thirty-twomo 0.0 2.2 1.3

American booksellers, then, followed closely Irish practices with regard to book manufacturing, but the Irish connection can also be seen in other publishing conventions of the period. As more booksellers began replacing imported English books with their own reprints, more cooperation among the growing number of booksellers was needed, particularly so they would not flood the market with many editions of the same text. The same mechanism used in Ireland to limit competition was thus introduced in America: as part of the "courtesy of the trade,"

51 The Pearson's r for the back list is -.47; for the front list, the correlation is even stronger, -.60. 41 the bookseller to advertise a particular title first would have the sole right to publish it— and, often, subsequent editions of that text.52 With this system in place, publishers could exchange titles with each other to increase or diversify their stock as well as decrease their reliance on imported books from England— thus, in some measure, giving vent to their anti-British sentiments .53

To further facilitate cooperation and the exchange of books among booksellers, organizations were created such as the

Philadelphia Company of Printers and Booksellers, established in

1791, and its successor, the Philadelphia Company of Booksellers, in 1802. The aim of these organizations was to share both the risks and the profits involved in producing books and, ultimately, in creating a national book industry. A similar organization, the Company of Booksellers, had been active in eighteenth-century Dublin for the same purposes.54 The year 1802 also saw the booksellers' participation in the first literary

52 Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 51-52; Hugh Armory and David D. Hall, "Afterword," HBA, I, 480. On the Irish custom of assigning rights to reprint a book to the first who advertised it, see Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 169-171; Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 12. 53 James N. Green, Mathew Carey: Publisher and Patriot (Philadelphia, 1985), 9; Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 8-9. For a discussion of the practice of shareholding among Philadelphia booksellers, see Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 55. 54 Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 57-62; Green, Mathew Carey, 9; Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 168-169. 42

fair in America, modeled after those in Germany. The American

fair, held in New York, was, as on scholar notes, "the brainchild of Mathew Carey," and its purpose was for participants to discuss

"how best to create American markets, how to find readers, and how, ultimately, to get books to them."55

One essential means through which booksellers would get books to American readers, and to each other, was their sale catalogs. An analysis of such catalogs can reveal what types of books "the world's most prolific book pirates"— as David Kaser has called early American booksellers— sought to distribute.56

What books were available to American readers in the early

Republic?

55 Remer, Printers and Men of Capital, 62, 63. On the activities of the booksellers at the fairs, see also Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 18-19. 56 David Kaser, Book Pirating in Taiwan (Philadelphia, 1960), vii, quoted in Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 156. CHAPTER 2

AN ENSEMBLE OF TEXTS:

THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN BOOKSELLER’S CATALOG

The culture of a people is an ensemble of texts, themselves ensembles, which the anthropologist strains to read over the shoulders of those to whom they more properly belong. — Clifford Geertz, Myth, Symbol, and Culture

"The People among whom I am going, differ very widely in their political sentiments, and in their religious characters, etc.," wrote Mason Locke Weems to Mathew Carey in 1811. "In one neighborhood the Majority are Methodists, in another, Baptists.

Here they cry out for Jefferson, there for Adams. Hence, Books which in one place w[oul]d go off like a flash, w[oul]d in another lie till doom’s day on the shelves.” The-solution, he believed, was simple: "Let me go thro’ the Country, thro' the

Rich and flourishing settlements especially, and ascertain the books, and then do you follow my instruction to a title. The books, thus going of right sorts to right places, will sell off in a trice.” Carey, however, "instead of following this plan, than which not Washington cou'd have devised anything better,"

43 44

merely "push'd off" the books "perfectly at random, and left to

chance whether they w[oul]d suit or not."1

Weems's plea for a more careful analysis of public tastes

suggests that, by the early nineteenth century, the market for

books in America had changed significantly since Carey first

opened for business a quarter of a century before. Indeed, it had

grown and diversified along with the general population. In 1790,

the United States had 3.9 million residents; by 1811, when Weems

was writing, that number had almost doubled.2 As Weems also

implies, publishers did not necessarily keep abreast of the

changes in the nature and extent of American readership. But, was

Carey's marketing strategy really as "random" as Weems indicates?

The intellectual tenor of the times would suggest

otherwise. Carey and other American booksellers of his generation were heirs of the Enlightenment, when, as Michel Foucault writes,

a new curiosity about the world is said to have inspired

intellectual innovators, "if not to discover the sciences of

life, at least to give them a hitherto unsuspected scope and

1 Mason Locke Weems to Mathew Carey, Mar. 8, 1811, in Emily Ellsworth Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems: His Works and Ways in Three Volumes, vol. Ill, Letters, 1784-1825 (New York, 1929), 39. 2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C., 1975), 8. The same is true for Pennsylvania, with 434,000 residents in 1790 increasing to 810,000 twenty years later. 45 precision."3 This curiosity, coupled with the Enlightenment emphasis on reason and order, produced the classification systems of botanist Carl Linneaus (1707-1778), naturalist Georges-Louis

Leclerc, comte de Buffon (1707-1788), and chemist Antoine-Laurent

Lavoisier (1743-1794). Such scientific taxonomies, in turn, greatly influenced not only the methodologies of other sciences but created an increased interest in the classification of knowledge generally. Foucault writes:

The ever more complex preservation of what was written, the establishment of archives, then of filing systems for them, the reorganization of libraries, the drawing up of catalogues, indexes, and inventories, all these things represent, at the end of the Classical age, not so much a new sensitivity to time, to its past, to the density of history, as a way of introducing into the language already imprinted on things, and into the traces it has left, an order of the same type as that which was being established between living creatures."4

Foucault also emphasizes that any classification system is necessarily defined and limited by the culture in which it was created. For American booksellers, that culture is reflected in their sale catalogs, one of the primary means through which they conveyed information about the books they sought to distribute to the expanding reading public. How was the information in these

3 Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966; New York, 1994), 125. 4 Ibid., 132. On the effect of eighteenth-century scientific taxonomies on the wider culture, see also Daniel R. Hendrick, When 46 catalogs organized, and what does this classificatory scheme say

about the nature of the book trade in the early Republic?

In his book, A Fictive People, historian Ronald J. Zboray navigates his way through the small bookstore of Homer Franklin

in 1840s New York. Although he is addressing a later period, his methodology, which seeks to uncover the "popular epistemology" behind the proprietor's decision to stock certain titles and the arrangement of those titles on the shelves, is particularly useful for uncovering the classification of knowledge in booksellers' catalogs of the early Republic.5 Taking a cue from

Zboray, then, the first category to be considered is the types of books, or genres, found in the catalogs.

"So many clever books and so cheap"

Mason Locke Weems confessed to Mathew Carey that he wanted nothing more than for the public to point to him and say, "There goes the little Parson that brings us so many clever books and so cheap."6 Although he continually complained to Carey about the

Information Came of Ages Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850 (Oxford, 2000). 5 Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public (New York, 1993), xxi, 136- 155. For an analysis of the stock of English booksellers in the eighteenth century, see John Feather, The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1985), 72-80. 6 Weems to Carey, Feb. [?], 1801, in Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems, II, Letters, 1784-1825, 167. 47 assortment of books his employer sent to him, an analysis of

Carey's stock as represented in his book catalogs indicates that

Weems did have a varied lot to sell.

Carey's first American book catalog, issued in 1791, contained at least twenty-one different genres; the top five genres represented in ascending order are religion, education, history, poetry, and fiction.7 Titles in these genres would also compose the greatest portion of books in other catalogs of the time as well. Not surprisingly, religious books composed the largest category, 14 percent, in Carey's catalog and an even greater proportion, 21 percent, in the catalog issued by the

Philadelphia Company of Printers and Booksellers in 1794. This latter catalog consists of books published by members of the

Company, a majority of the Philadelphia booksellers, and is thus particularly representative of the American market for books at the time.8

7 Catalogue of Books, Stationary, Cutlery, etc. for Sale at Carey, Stewart, and Co's Store, No. 22, North Front-Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1791), Appendix I, below (for the original list of short titles, see Evans 23247). 8 A Catalogue of Books, Published by the Different Members of the Philadelphia Company of Printers and Booksellers, and Now for Sale, at Wm. Spotswood's Book-store (Philadelphia, 1794) (Evans 27506). These were also the top five genres in Patrick Byrne's catalog of 1802, with the exception that law books, his specialty, replaced poetry titles; see A Catalogue of the Quire Stock of Books of P. Byrne, with the Bound Price on Each Article Affixed, as Sold by Him to the Public (Philadelphia, 1802) (Shaw and Shoemaker, 1974). 48

Included among Carey's religious titles, and contributing to their large number, are Bibles. Indeed, the Bible, always popular among American readers, was the foundation of Carey's business and the means through which he would weather the economic hardships posed by the Embargo of 1807 and the War of

1812. Carey commenced his Bible business in 1790 with the publication of the first Catholic Bible in America, the Douay edition.9 In a letter to Carey in 1800, Weems was quick to point out the importance of the Bible market and Carey's continued participation in it: "Thank God, the Bible still goes well. . . .

A great deal of our future success in life (as Printers,

Bibliopolists etc.) will depend on the satisfaction you shall give in this undertaking." Carey needed little persuading. He paid Hugh Gaine of New York seven thousand dollars for the standing type of his duodecimo school Bible, and was thus able to reprint as many editions as he believed necessary while eliminating the typesetting and proofreading costs. Carey wrote to Weems: "I have purchased the types of Gaine's School Bible, standing . . . I shall have no objection to furnish you with

9 James N. Green, "Book Publishing in the united States, 1785- 1840," in Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, eds., An Extensive Republict Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, vol. II of A History of Book Publishing in America, ed. David D. Hall (Cambridge, forthcoming), 24-25 (hereafter cited as HBA) (page numbers refer to the unedited 49

thousands of them yearly, as well as the common school

Testaments. ,fl°

By 1816, religion would still be among the top genres in

Carey's book catalogs, but with one essential difference. Carey's

1816 catalog included both a large back list, presumably made up of most of the titles in Carey's stock, and a front list, composed of the newest titles and even some that were still being printed.11 The composition of Carey's back list is strikingly similar to his 1791 catalog, with religion as the largest category. This similarity is not surprising, given that many titles in Carey's stock had been published at different times over the course of twenty years. In the front list, however, fiction solidly replaces religion in the top category, with 23 percent of the titles (from 9 percent in the 1791 catalog).

Religious books now compose only 7 percent of the list.

manuscript); Green, Mathew Carey: Publisher and Patriot (Philadelphia, 1985), 18. 10 Weems to Carey, Aug. 9, 1800, Carey to Weems, Sept. 28, 1801, in Skeel, ed., Mason Locke Weems, II, 136, 200; Green, "Book Publishing in the United States," HBA, II, 25; Green, Mathew Carey, 19; Rosalind Remer, Printers and Men of Capital: Philadelphia Book Publishers in the New Republic (Philadelphia, 1996), 52. 11 Catalogue of Books, in Various Departments of Literature, for Sale, by M. Carey, No. 121, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1816). The titles in the front list are given in Appendix II, below. For the full list of short titles in both the front list and the back list, see Shaw and Shoemaker 37167. Many of the new titles also appear in Carey's back list, suggesting that he probably intended to issue the front list and the back list as separate catalogs as well. 50

TABLE 3 PERCENTAGE OF TITLES BY GENRE IN MATHEW CAREY'S 1791 AND 1816 CATALOGS

Genre 1791 1816 Back List 1816 Front List o o

Agriculture 0.3 0.4 * Biography 0.9 4.0 1.7 Belles Lettres 4.6 4.2 2.8 Children's Lit. 6.1 0.9 2.2 Conduct of Life 3.8 4.3 3.9 Education 11.3 6.6 12.3 Fiction 9.2 14.0 23.5 Geography 1.4 1.9 6.7 History 10.4 7.0 6.7 Law 0.6 6.2 1.7 Medicine 1.7 3.6 2.2 Military 0.9 1.3 1.7 Moral Philosophy 3.8 1.3 1.7 Natural History 0.3 2.5 0.0 Periodicals 0.9 0.8 0.0 Plays 6.1 0.4 0.0 Poetry 9.8 11.5 14.0 Politics 6.1 2.8 0.6 Reference 2.6 3.6 2.2 Religion 14.2 15.3 9.5 Songs 1.4 0.6 0.6 Travels 3.8 5.1 6.1

The change in the number of fictional works in the catalog could reflect an increased demand for novels among American readers, as historians have long suggested.12 Almost certainly

12 See, esp., Cathy N. Davidson, Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America (New York, 1986); William J. Gilmore, Reading 51 contributing to the larger proportion of fictional works in

Carey's catalog, however, are inherited Irish book publishing practices. Irish booksellers had, in fact, been reprinting popular English novels on a large scale since the mid-eighteenth century, particularly the works of such authors as Samuel

Richardson, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett. They had become so proficient at it that they often reprinted the works in

Dublin, in a smaller format and at a greatly reduced price, within a month or two of the London publication— a practice that would be mirrored in America beginning in the second decade of the nineteenth century.13 Evidence for the practice is found in

Patrick Byrne's 1802 catalog, in which 29 percent of the titles, the largest proportion, are fictional works. As mentioned previously, for a number of years after his arrival in America in

1801 Byrne drew on the books he had stashed in his Dublin warehouse, most of which were reprinted works. Further evidence for Irish reprinting practices is suggested by the large number of novels and romances, more than seven hundred, listed in the

Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780-1835 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989). 13 Richard Cargill Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 1740-1800 (London, 1986), 62, 86. 52

General Catalogue of Books, a work that purportedly lists all the books published in Dublin from 1700 through 1791.14

Carey's 1791 catalog also provides a window through which to view the types of books that American booksellers were likely to import or reprint as well as those genres most likely to yield original American works. Of those titles imported, 52 percent are in the categories of history, belles lettres, and what today we would categorize as literature, including fiction, poetry, and dramatic works. Such a grouping indicates that Americans were still dependent on England and Europe for the majority of its polite literature or substantive works. Moreover, within these same categories, 57 percent were either imported directly from

England or were reprints of English works.15

Of the American original publications, one-third were either educational titles or children's literature. This grouping may seem likely, given the emphasis American leaders and intellectuals placed on educating the citizens of the new

14 Catalogue of the Quire Stock of Books of P. Byrne; Cole, Irish Booksellers and English Writers, 60; A General Catalogue of Books in All Languages, Arts, and Sciences, That Have Been Printed in Ireland, and Published in Dublin, from the Year 1700, to the Present Time; the Whole Alphabetically and Classically Arranged under the Several Branches of Literature, with Their Sizes and Prices (Dublin, 1791). The catalog lists more than five thousand titles. 15 That is, of the 128 titles identified in these genres, 73 were either imported from England or were reprinted English works. 53

Republic. Benjamin Rush, for example, in his "Plan for the

Establishment of Public Schools" (1786), wrote that education could "convert men into republican machines" that would "produce regularity and unison in government."16 Noah Webster also advocated popular education to instruct citizens in the laws of the country and to inculcate republican values. Children, the future leaders of the United States, were the likely targets of these new approaches to education advanced after the Revolution.17

Yet, another possibility exists for the prevalence of these two categories among original American works in the catalog: children's books and schoolbooks were, for the most part, small books and thus could be inexpensively produced. An analysis of the book sizes in similar catalogs reveal as much.18 In Byrne's

1802 list, of all the genres represented, 57 percent are duodecimos or smaller. For schoolbooks and children's books, the

16 Benjamin Rush, quoted in Davidson, Revolution and the Word, 63. See also Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago, 1982). 17 Davidson, Revolution and the Word, 63-64. On female education and the role of women in teaching republican values to their children, see Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 189-231; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1980), esp. 247-248, 267-269. On the republican emphasis on the dissemination of knowledge generally, see Michael Warner, Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass., 1990), esp. 125-128. 18 Carey's 1791 catalog lists the size of books only occasionally, thus it could not be included in the analysis. 54 proportion is much higher, 93 percent. Strikingly similar proportions are found in Carey's 1816 back list: 57 percent of all genres are duodecimos or smaller; 87 percent of the books in the same formats are schoolbooks and children's books. Moreover, a good portion of the education books, 14 percent, were reprinted

English works, including such popular titles as Thomas Dilworth's

New Guide to the English Tongue and Jean Heuzet's Selectae e profanis scriptoribus historiae.19 A determining factor in the booksellers' decision to publish the titles in these genres, then, might have been their cost efficiency more than any strong desire to promote patriotic education.20

Even in 1816, after the War of 1812 had supposedly freed

America from its dependence on British culture, booksellers' catalogs reveal a continued reliance on English works.21 Among the new titles in Carey's 1816 catalog, English reprints dominate the list, even among those genres in which one would expect to find

19 On the popularity of these titles, see Edwin Wolf II, The Book Culture of a Colonial American City: Philadelphia Books, Bookmen, and Booksellers: Lyell Lectures in Bibliography, 1985-6 (Oxford, 1988), 58, 62. 20 On popular English novels printed in America in abridged form, which were often listed as children’s books, see Robert B. Winans, "Bibliography and the Cultural Historian: Notes on the Eighteenth- Century Novel,” in William L. Joyce et al., eds., Printing and Society in Early America (Worcester, Mass., 1983), 182. Winans notes that these novels were almost certainly read by adults as well. 21 On the War of 1812 as a turning point with regard to America's cultural dependence on Britain, see Earl L. Bradsher, Mathew Carey: 55

American original works: education and children's books. Of the

small number of education books listed, eighteen of twenty-two

are reprints. There are only four children's books, and three of

those are reprinted works. Significantly, there is only one

political work— a category that would likely predominate in the

new nation— Carey's own Olive Branch; or, Faults on Both Sides,

Federal and Democratic: A Serious Appeal on the Necessity of

Mutual Forgiveness and Harmony.

One genre in Carey's 1816 list, however, does suggest the beginnings of an American national self-consciousness. For the

first time, geography is among the top five categories in Carey's catalogs. Moreover, of the ten geography titles listed in the catalog, all but three are original American publications.

Among the reprinted geographical works is Oliver

Goldsmith's History of the Earth and Animated Nature, published by Carey in 1795 in four octavo volumes that included fifty-five plates— a particularly large format for the time. As James N.

Green has pointed out, Carey, in producing such a volume, "was gambling that books as fine as those published in London could be published in America." That he chose to gamble with a geography text is perhaps indicative of the esteem in which he held the

Editor, Author, and Publisher; a Study in American Literary Development (New York, 1966), 65. 56

genre— and his sense that, despite the book's cost, American

readers would want to buy it. Indeed, the edition size was

unusually large, three thousand copies.22 Carey's instincts were correct, for, at the time his catalog was printed, another edition of Goldsmith's book was "In the press."

Alongside this substantial reprinted work in Carey's catalog, original American geographical publications jostle for

supremacy. New editions of Carey's General Atlas and Carey’s

American Pocket Atlas, both originally published in 1796, are represented, as is Carey's American Minor Atlas (1802). Carey's fascination with the physical landscape around him is evident in his commissioning a work that would become The Traveller’s

Directory (1802), a survey of the major roads and their surrounding areas from New York to Washington.23

The growing importance of geography as a genre, reflected in Carey's catalog, was demonstrated by the commercial success of such works as Jedidiah Morse's American Universal Geography and the increasing demand for geography textbooks and geographical works of all kinds throughout the country.24 This thirst for

22 Green, Mathew Carey, 10. 23 Ibid., 17. 24 See Gilmore, Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life, esp. 64, 68, 216; Martin Bruckner, "Models of World-Making: The Language of Geography in American Literature, 1750-1825" (Ph.D. diss., Brandeis Univers ity, 1997). geographical knowledge could have profound implications for the development of American literary culture. As Martin Bruckner writes, "With the idea of an American nation being initially a mere territorial construct sketched on paper, it was the geography textbook in particular that gave the impulse of nation- building a narrative form." This narrative form, through which a diverse American population could be united through the knowledge of their common linguistic, social, and political institutions, was then appropriated by American authors not only to situate

American characters but to suggest the possibility of indigenous literary production. "In the end," contends Bruckner, it was the geography textbook that paved the way for the American novel."25

Geography texts may have created the space for an American national literature eventually to emerge, thus serving as a precursor to an American cultural nationalism, but American booksellers yet inhabited a different world. This world was reflected in the order they imposed on it.

25 Bruckner, "Models of World-Making," 127, 129. For the definition of nationalism as an "imagined political community" on which Bruckner's analysis is based, see Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (New York, 1991). 58

An Ensemble of Texts

As more and more books were produced and circulated in the early Republic, booksellers required some organizational scheme, o r ."intuitive map," as Ronald J. Zboray calls it, for managing their large inventories.26 In addition, and perhaps most important, they needed efficiently to convey information about their books to the public and to each other. Catalogs were an essential tool for doing so. How booksellers arranged their stock in the catalogs can reveal not only which genres they believed were most popular with American readers; more fundamentally, it can uncover the underlying taxonomies of knowledge within which they operated.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, writes

Daniel R. Headrick, two systems of ordering information vied for preeminence on the pages of the growing number of encyclopedias and reference works. Proponents of the first believed that information should be presented as data that could be retrieved swiftly and efficiently; they thus recommended organizing information along alphabetical lines. Advocates of the second system sought to create learned works designed to educate the

26 Zboray, A Fictive People, xx. reader; a narrative, or thematic, approach characterized their

organizational scheme.27

American booksellers, then, presumably with the intention

of ordering their large inventories for quick reference, favored

the alphabetical method. All of the four catalogs examined, with the exception of Carey's 1816 front list, arrange the books

alphabetically.28 A survey of the list of bookseller's catalogs compiled by Robert B. Winans, moreover, indicates that, of those printed between 1790 and 1800, 74 percent use the alphabetical method to some degree.29 Interestingly, within the same catalog, books are sometimes alphabetized according to the surname of the author and other times by the short spine title, suggesting some epistemological confusion. Those listed by spine title are more often works of fiction, even when the author is known. This is the case for most of the fiction titles in Mathew Carey's 1791 catalog and all of the novels in Patrick Byrne's 1802 catalog.

Thus, readers are confronted with the seemingly anonymous Paul and Mary and The British Recluse in Carey's list. Such an

27 Headrick, When Information Came of Age, 160. 28 In addition to Carey’s 1791 and 1816 catalogs, A Catalogue of the Quire Stock of Books of P. Byrne and Catalogue of Books, Published by the Different Members of the Philadelphia Company of Printers and Booksellers were examined. 29 Robert B. Winans, A Descriptive Checklist of Book Catalogues Separately Printed in America, 1693-1800 (Worcester, Mass., 1981). 60

arrangement suggests that fictional works do not carry as much

authorial weight as titles in other genres, perhaps owing to the

low regard with which many Americans viewed novels and novel reading after the Revolution.30 A hierarchy of value can, moreover, be discerned within the category of fiction itself; the names of better-known authors often follow the titles in the catalogs, as in the case of Oliver Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield and Tales of the Castle by Madame Genlis in Byrne's catalog.

Thus, although alphabetization theoretically conferred equal status on all the entries, authorial reputation did play some part in the organization of the catalogs.31

One potential problem with using alphabetical order for organizing knowledge at this time was that many words did not yet have accepted spellings.32 Even proper names were often spelled

30 On the censure of the novel in the late eighteenth century, see, esp., Davidson, Revolution and the Word, 38-54; Warner, Letters of the Republic, 175-176. 31 See, however, Roger Chartier, The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries, trans. Lydia C. Cochrane (Stanford, Calif., 1994), 31, for Foucault's contention that, in a "radical reversal" of the authorial conventions of the Middle Ages, eighteenth-century authors commonly listed their personal names on the title pages of literary works, whereas authors of scientific treatises were likely to remain anonymous. Challenging Foucault, Chartier argues that, just as in the Middle Ages, "later scientific texts were also 'accepted . . . and accepted as "true," only when marked with the name of their author'— an 'author,' however, who was long understood as someone whose social position could lend 'authority' to intellectual discourse" (59). 32 See Headrick, When Information Came of Age, 162-163. 61

differently. Such spelling issues could negate the intended

purpose of arranging entries alphabetically— speed and efficiency. And, sometimes, booksellers or printers simply made mistakes. In Byrne's catalog, for example, although the entries were theoretically arranged alphabetically by surname of the

author, Richard Burn's Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer is

listed six lines before his New Law Dictionary. Additionally, many catalogs, such as Carey's 1791 list and his 1816 back list, are only roughly alphabetical, that is, they are grouped according to each letter of the alphabet but with no apparent order within each grouping.

Perhaps the most significant problem with the alphabetical method is what has been termed the fragmentation of knowledge.33

Thus, titles belonging to the same genre, which logically should be grouped together, are scattered throughout the catalogs. One way booksellers sought to maintain the supposed efficiency of the alphabetical system while displaying the titles according to some coherent system of knowledge was through the use of subject headings. Yet these, too, were often vague and fraught with inconsistencies. Listed under educational works in Carey's 1816 front list, for example, were not only grammars, dictionaries,

33 Ibid., 165. 62

and other reference works, but history books, such as Oliver

Goldsmith's History of Greece, fables and children's literature,

geography texts, and memoirs of notable figures, including Mason

Locke Weems's Life of Washington. Although such works may seem

appropriate for educational use, confusing the issue were similar titles listed under different headings. Geographies, for example, were included in a separate subject heading, "Voyages, Travels,

Geographies, and Topography," and history books and memoirs were also listed under "Miscellaneous." Avoiding the problem posed by the overlap among genres, Byrne, after first listing all of his

law titles, groups all other works in his 1802 catalog under

"Miscellanies." Such difficulties with the classification of knowledge was shared by the booksellers' counterparts in Ireland.

The General Catalogue of Books, which boasts on its cover that all titles are "Alphabetically and Classically Arranged under the

Several Branches of Literature," had to add a note to the reader on its contents pages "Miscellanies may in general be referred to, when a Book is not found in the Class expected, but those of

Novels and History in particular."34

Significantly, the earlier catalogs, Carey's list of 1791 and the 1794 catalog issued by the Philadelphia Company of

34 General Catalogue of Books . . . Printed in Ireland, 111. 63

Printers and Booksellers, use subject headings as a way of

calling attention to the book's smaller size— a sure selling

point. The latter catalog, which only occasionally lists a book's

actual size, has headings for such small books as "Grammars,"

"Pamphlets," "Plays and Farces," and "Small Histories and Chap

Books." Carey lists titles under similar categories; "Pamphlets,"

"Dramatic Pieces," "Children's Books," "Spelling Books," and

"Testaments." By calling attention to the small size of the book,

and thus its inexpensive price, these booksellers were emphasizing the book's value as a commodity.

By 1816, Carey would provide a much more detailed list of titles that included specific sizes and prices for each item.

Thus, his subject headings could, to a greater extent, reflect the content of the book. Indeed, Carey's front list is an example of the second system for ordering knowledge, the narrative form.

This system developed in the eighteenth century from a critique of the classificatory scheme proposed by Linneaus. This attack came from Buffon, who believed that the idea of classification in general was merely a human construct and thus as "arbitrary as the alphabetical order in a dictionary." Buffon writes with regard to the Linnean systems "This manner of thinking has made us imagine an infinity of false relationships between natural 64

beings. . . . It is to impose on the reality of the Creator1s

works the abstractions of our mind." For Buffon, description was

the key to unlocking the mysteries of the natural worlds "The

only true way to advance science is to work at the description

and the history of the different things which compose it."35

In Carey's catalog the narrative is composed of lengthy

descriptions of each title, many culled from the pages of British

literary journals and magazines— such as the Gentleman's

Magazine, the London Review, and the British Critic— thus lending

the weight of authority to the story. Moreover, not only are the

full names of each author, editor, and translator provided for most every title, but they are augmented by professional and

personal affiliations. The editor of Samuel Cooper's Dictionary

of Practical Surgery, John Syng Dorsey, is also "Adjunct

professor of Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania," and the

author of the novel Mornton is described as the "Daughter of the

celebrated Dr. Cullen." Such descriptors not only connect one

element of an entry to another; they also make connections with other works, broadening the narrative. Henry Mackenzie is thus characterized as "Author of 'Man of Feeling' and 'Man of the

World'" as well as Julia De Roubignd.

35 Buffon, quoted in Headrick, When Information Came of Age, 28. See also Foucault, The Order of Things, 126. 65

Such narrative descriptions could also serve to entice the reader into buying the book. Although Carey had previously used promotional extracts and endorsements in some of his catalogs, such as his Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets, Maps, and Prints published in 1795, they were not as detailed or extensive as those in the 1816 front list.36 Combined with other detailed information about the book, particularly its price, the consumer had all the necessary information to choose among an ever growing number of publications.37 Books, more than ever, had become commodities to sell quickly and efficiently to an expanding and increasingly diverse reading public. Cary's 1816 book catalog, with its table of contents listing the relevant subject headings as well as its running heads on every page, had, in fact, become a book itself, a commodity to sell.

36 Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets, Maps, and Prints, Published by Mathew Carey, 118, Market Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1795) (Evans 28388). See also Carey's advertisement for the subscription edition of William Guthrie's New System of Modern Geography, which also lists some of Carey's new publications with descriptions, Carey's [ ] a N[ew] Sysftem] of Modern Ge[ograph]y . . . by William Gfuthrie]. . . [Philadelhia, 1793], listed in Winans, Descriptive Checklist of Book Catalogues, 115. 37 For the development of similar marketing strategies with regard to eighteenth-century book advertisements in England, see James Tierney, "Book Advertisements in Mid-18th-Century Newspapers: The Example of Robert Dodsley," in Robin Meyers and Michael Harris, A Genius for Letters: Booksellers and Bookselling from the 16th to the 20th Century (Winchester, 1995), esp. 109. On the advent of printed prices in English booksellers' catalogs, see Feather, The Provincial Book Trade, 51. EPILOGUE

THE AGE OF PIRACY:

THE RISE OF MODERN BOOK PUBLISHING

Let us now cease to look longer to England, but depend only on ourselves. — Mathew Carey, Volunteer's Journal, 1784

Mathew Carey's plea to his Irish countrymen to liberate

themselves from English influence would be echoed in America in

the publishing practices and strategies of the many Irish

booksellers who emigrated to the United States at the end of the

eighteenth century. To produce small books cheaply was their

desideratum, which helped both to create and to sustain a demand

for literature by an expanding American reading public.

Although these Irish £migr£ booksellers claimed to be

promoting an American literary culture, such practices differed

little from the publishing program they had pursued in their

native land. The nationalism that these booksellers embraced was

an economic nationalism, one bounded by the marketplace in which they operated, the public they sought to serve. For them, nationalism was not so much an emotional response to a particular

society or adherence to a common culture but, as David

66 67

Waldstreicher has argued, a strategy employed to promote their

own economic and political interests.1

The publishing strategies of the Irish booksellers in

America would have a profound influence on the development of the book industry in the next century. The technological innovations of the nineteenth century, particularly those in printing, paper making, and book binding, would allow American publishers to produce more books than ever before— and both quickly and economically.2 Book entrepreneur George Palmer Putnam wrote in his book trade journal, the Booksellers' Advertiser, in 1836:

"Verily in this age of ballooning and railroading— printing by

steam— when the machinery of book-making is such, that it is only necessary to put your rags in the mill and they come out all

Bibles— all ready printed— there is no telling what human invention will accomplish next."3 An American national literature was ripe to emerge.

1 David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997), 3-9. 2 See James N. Green, "Book Publishing in the United States, 1785- 1840," in Robert A. Gross and Mary Kelley, eds., An Extensive Republic: Print, Culture, and Society in the New Nation, vol. II of The History of the Book in America, ed. David D. Hall (Cambridge, forthcoming), 44- 48 (page numbers refer to the unedited manuscript). 3 George Palmer Putnam, "Cheap Literature," Booksellers' Advertiser, II (1836), 1, quoted in Ezra Greenspan, George Palmer Putnam: Representative American Publisher (University Park, Pa., 2000), 49-50. 68

But the cultural influence of England, demonstrated in the demand for English books, continued unabated, ushering in what

John Tebbel calls the "Age of Piracy." Beginning in the second decade of the nineteenth century, American publishers, owing to the lack of copyright for foreign publications, competed to reprint the latest English books, particularly novels that had proved to be best-selling titles in England. The book publishing enterprise founded by Mathew Carey, now run by his son Henry

Charles, was a major player in the reprint wars.4

The profitability of these reprinting practices led the New

York publishing firm of Wiley and Long to send to London in 1836 its junior partner, George Palmer Putnam, to explore the possibility of establishing an office there for importing English books to the United States. The time was right, and, the following year, the London office opened for business with

Putnam, now a full partner in the company, as its director.

Echoing the booksellers' catalogs of an earlier era, the new importing firm advertised to American consumers that it could

"usually deliver English Books in New York at prices as low, and sometimes much less, than those of London publishers." The

4 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States, I, The Creation of an Industry, 1630-1865 (New York, 1972), 208, 367. 69 company was, in the words of Putnam’s biographer Ezra Greenspan,

"at the crosscurrents of the Anglo-American waterway" in the

international trade in books.5

One of Putnam's first publishing ventures in London, however, signaled a change in the direction of cultural

influence. Putnam took the lead in reprinting a new American work, Edgar Allen Poe's Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, beating the London publishers in the race for the English copyright.6 An

American publisher, heir to the Irish reprint tradition, had brought the competition for imported works— American works— to

London. Mathey Carey and, indeed, Robert Bell, would have appreciated the irony.

5 Greenspan, George Palmer Putnam, 60, 66, 68, 70, 73. 6 Ibid., 74. APPENDIX I

Catalogue of Books, Stationary, Cutlery, etc. for Sale at Carey, Stewart, and Co's Store, No, 22, North Front-Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Carey, Stewart, and Co., 1791)

Agriculture

Varlo, Charles. A New System of Husbandry for Many Years Experience; with Tables Shewing the Expence and Profit of Each Crop. . . . 2 vols. Philadelphia: The author, 1785. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1768.

Belles Lettres

Alison, Archibald. Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste. Dublin: Grueber and McAllister, W. Jones, and R. White, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1790.

Blair, Hugh. Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres. Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1784. Orig. pub., London, 1783.

Bouhours, Dominique. La maniere de bien penser dans les ouvrages e'sprit: dialogues. New ed. Paris: Chez les Libraires associes, 1771. Orig. pub., Paris, 1687.

Gessner, Salomon. Salomon Gessners Schriften. 3 vols. Zurich: Bey Orell, Gessner, Fussli, 1789. Orig. pub., Zurich, 1770.

Henderson, John. The Legal Temper Displayed in Its Nature and Tendency; in Three Sejcmons. Edinburgh: G. Alston, 1779.

Hervey, James. Meditations and Contemplations: Containing Meditations among the Tombs; Reflections on a Flower-Garden; A Descant on Creation; Contemplations on the Night; Contemplations on the Starry Heavens; and a Winter-Piece. 16th ed. London: R. Thomson, 1790. Orig. pub., Paisley, Scotland, 1744.

70 71

Johnson, Samuel, The Beauties of Johnson: Consisting of Maxims and Observations, Moral, Critical, and Miscellaneous. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

Percival, Thomas. Moral and Literary Dissertations . . . to Which Are Added a Tribute to the Memory of Charles de Polier, Esq., and an Appendix. Dublin: Mary Graisberry, 1788. Orig. pub., Warrington, Eng., 1784.

Richardson, William. A Philosophical Analysis and Illustration of Some of Shakespeare’s Remarkable Characters; to Which Is Added, an Essay on the Faults of Shakespeare. 4th ed. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1774.

Roe, Richard. Concubitus sine Lucina; ou, Le plaisir sans peine: response a la lettre intitulSe Lucina sine concubitu. Translated by De Combes and A. G. Meusnier de Querlon. London, n.p., 1752. Orig. pub., London, 1750.

Rosenberg-Orsini, Justine Wynne, Grafin von. Moral and Sentimental Essays on Miscellaneous Subjects; Written in Retirement on the Banks of Brenta, in the Venetian State. . . . 2 vols. London: J. Robson, 1785.

Sdvign£, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de. Sevigniana; ou, Recueil de pens6es ingSnieuses, d ’anecdotes littSraires, historiques et morales. . . . Compiled by Pierre Barral. Paris: L. Fournier, 1788. Orig. pub., Paris, 1752.

Sterne, Laurence. The Beauties of Sterne: Including Many of His Letters and Sermons, All His Pathetic Tales, Humorous Descriptions, and Most Distinguished Observations of Life: Selected for the Heart of Sensibility: To Which Is Added the Life of Sterne. Philadelphia: T. Seddon, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1782.

Stevens, George Alexander. The Celebrated Lecture on Heads. Philadelphia: Samuel Dellap, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1765.

Waller, Edmund. The Works of Edmund Waller, Esq. in Prose and Verse; to Which Is Prefixed, the Life of the author, by 72

Percival Stockdale. Londons T. Davies, 1772. Orig. pub., London, 1729.

Biography and Autobiography

Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano; or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. 1st American ed. 2 vols. New York, 1791. Orig. pub. London, 1789.

Middleton, Conyers. The History of the Life of M. Tullius Cicero. New ed. 4 vols. Basle: J. J. Tourneisen and J. L., 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1741.

Trenck, Friedrich, Freiherr von der. The Life of Baron Frederic Trenck; Containing His Adventures, His Cruel and Excessive Sufferings, during Ten Years Imprisonment, at the Fortress of Magdeburg, by Command of the Late King of Prussia; also Anecdotes, Historical, Political, and Personal. Philadelphia: W. Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1788.

Children's Literature

Berquin, M., et al. The Children's Friend. Boston: John Foslom and Benjamin Larkin, 1790. Orig. pub., Paris, 1782.

Bunyan, John. A Heavenly Rest for a Weary Soul; or, The Pilgrim at His Journey's End; Being the Last Legacy of a Father to His Children. . . . Vol. 4 of The Father's Last Gift to His Children. Glasgow, 1780. Orig. pub., Glasgow, 1779.

The Child’s New Play-thing; or, Hobby Horse; Designed for Their Amusement, in Order to Make the Learning to Read a Diversion Instead of a Task. . . . Dublin: R. Jackson, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1743.

The Christmas Tale: A Poetical Address and Remonstrance to the Young Ministry. London: R. Faulder, 1784.

Entertaining Fables for the Instruction of Children; Adorned with Cuts; to Which Is Added, The Trial of an Ox for Killing a Man. Glasgow: J. and M. Robertson, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1770. 73

The History of Little Goody Two-shoes, Otherwise Called Mrs. Margery Two-shoes with the Means by Which She Acquired Her Learning and Wisdom, and in Consequence Thereof Her Estate. . . . Philadelphia: Young and McCulloch, 1787, Orig. pub., London, 1764?

The. House That Jack Built. . . . [Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1786]. Orig. pub., London, 1784.

Jack Horner’s Pretty Toy, Containing the Favorite Rhime of the Kid and the Bonny Bush of Blackberries; Also the Pretty Play of Blind-man’s Buff, etc. Dublin, n.d.?

Johnson, R[ichard]. Choice Scraps, Historical and Biographical: Consisting of Pleasing Stories and Diverting Anecdotes, Most of Them Short to Prevent Their Being Tiresome; Comprehending Much Useful Information and Innocent Amusement; for Young Minds. . . . Dublin: McAllister, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1790.

Martinet Jfoannes] F[lorentius]. The Catechism of Nature for the Use of Children. . . . Translated by John Hall. Philadelphia: T. Lang, 1791. Orig. pub., Boston, 1790.

More, Hannah. Sacred Dramas, Chiefly Intended for Young Persons: The Subjects Taken from the Bible, to Which Are Added, Reflections of King Hezekiah, Sensibility, a Poem, and Essays on Various Subjects, Principally Designed for Young Ladies. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub. London, 1782.

------. Search after Happiness: A Pastoral Drama; and, Armine and Elvira: A Legendary Tale in Two Parts. Philadelphia: James Humphreys, 1774. Orig. pub., London, 1766.

The Moving Market; or, Philadelphia Cries. . . . Philadelphia: Young and McCulloch, 1787.

[Newberry, John]. Tommy Trips's Valentine Gift: A Plan to Enable Children of All Sizes and Denominations to Behave with Honour, Integrity, and Humanity; to Which Is Added, Some Account of Old Zigzag and the Horn Which He Used to Understand the Language of Birds, Beast. London, W. Osborne and T. Griffin . . . and J. Mosley, 1785. Orig. pub., London, 1765. 74

The Renowned History of Giles Gingerbread. Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1766.

Reiche, Charles Christopher. Fifteen Discourses on the Marvellous Works in Nature: Delivered by a Father to His Children. Philadelphia: James and Johnson, 1791. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, [1790?].

Tom Thumb’s Folio; or, A New Threepenny Plaything for Little Giants; to Which Is Prefixed, an Abstract of the Life of M r . Thumb, and an Historical Account of the Wonderful Deeds He Performed; Together with Some Anecdotes Respecting Grumbo, the Great. Boston: Samuel Hall, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1768.

Tom Thumb's Play-book: To Teach Children Their Letters as Soon as They Can Speak; Being a New and Pleasant Method to Allure Little Ones in the First Principles of Learning. Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, 1786. Orig. pub., London, [1747?].

Watts, Isaac. Divine Songs: Attempted in Easy Language for the Use of Children. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1784. Orig. pub., London, 1715.

Conduct of Life

Barnard, John, Sir. A Present for an Apprentice; or, A Sure Guide to Gain both Esteem and Estate, with Rules for His Conduct to His Master and in the World. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1740.

Burgh, James. The Art of Speaking: Containing, I. An Essay; in Which Are Given Rules for Expressing Properly the Principle Passions and Humours. . . . Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1751.

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of. Principles of Politeness, and of Knowing the World. . . . Edited by John Trusler. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1785. Orig. pub., London, 1775.

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, and Francois due de La Rochefoucauld. The New Complete Letter Writer; or, The Art of Correspondence, Containing Letters . . . to Which Are Added the Principles of Politeness . . . of the 75

Late Lord Chesterfield; also, Moral Maxims and Reflections by the Late Duke de La Rochefoucauld. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., Glasgow, 1785.

[Cresswick, Mr.]. The Female Reader; or, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose and Verse Selected from the Best Writers for the Improvement of Young Women; to Which Is Prefixed a Preface, Containing Some Hints on Female Education, with a Complete System of Geography. Dublin: Dornin, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1789.

Dodsley, Robert. The Oeconomy of Human Life: Complete in Two Parts. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1749.

Fordyce, James. Sermons to Young Women. New ed. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1766.

Oxenstierna, Johan Thuresson. Pensees de M. le compte Oxenstirn, sur diver sujets. New ed. 2 vols. The Hague: Jean van Duren, 1762.

[Railing, John]. Miscellanies, Moral and Instructive, in Prose and Verse. Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1787.

Scott, William. Lessons in Elocution; or, A Selection of Pieces in Prose and Verse, for the Improvement of Youth in Reading and Speaking. . . . Philadelphia: William Young. Orig. pub., London, 1779.

Stretch, L. M. The Beauties of History; or, Pictures of Virtue and Vice Drawn from Real Life; Designed for the Instruction and Entertainment of Youth. . . . 8th ed. 2 vols. London: C. Dilly, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1770.

The Young Lady’s Library; or, Parental Monitor. Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell, 1790.

Education

Aikin, John. The Calendar of Nature: Designed for the Instruction and Entertainment of Young Persons Educated at Warrington and Many Other Principal Academies in England. . . . Dublin: H. Chamberlaine, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1784. 76

Ash, John. Grammatical Institutes; or, An Easy Introduction to Dr. Lowth’s English Grammar, Designed for the Use of Schools• . . . New ed. London: E. and C. Dilly, 1779. Orig. pub., London, 1761.

Barry, James. The Philadelphia Spelling Book: Arranged upon a Plan Entirely New, Adapted to the Capacities of Children, and Designed as an Immediate Improvement in Spelling and Reading the English Language. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1790.

Bonnycastle. The Scholar's Guide to Arithmetic; or, A Complete Exercise Book, for the Use of Schools. . . . 2d ed. Boston: John West Folsom, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1780.

Buchanan, James. A Plan of an English Grammar-School Education . . . Addressed to the Serious Consideration of Every Sensible Parent and Teacher in Great Britain. London: E. and C. Dilly, 1770.

Busby, Richard. Grammatica Busbeiana, auctior & emendatior: id est, Rudimentum grammaticae graeco-latinae in usum Scholae Regiae Westmonasteriensis. London: Sumptibus Gulielmi Ginger, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1702.

Chambaud, Lewis. Fables choisies, a 1 ’usage des enfans, et des autres personnes qui commencent a apprendre la langue francoise: avec un index alphabdtique de tous les mots traduits en anglois. Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1784. Orig. pub., London, 1751.

Clarke, John. An Introduction to the Making of Latin: Comprising after an Easy, Compendius Method, the Substance of the Latin Syntax, with Proper English Examples, Most of Them Translation from the Classic Authors. . . . London: J. F. and C. Rivington, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1721.

------. The Rational Spelling-Book; or, An Easy Method of Initiating Youth into the Rudiments of the English Tongue. . . . 14th ed. Dublin: P. Wogan, 1791.

[Davidson, James]. A Short Introduction to Latin Grammar: For the Use of the university and Academy of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia. 4th ed., rev. Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1789. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1773. 77

Dilworth, Thomas. A New-guide to the English Tongue; in Five Parts. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1740.

------. The Schoolmasters Assistant: Being a Compendium of Arithmetic, Both Practical and Theoretical; in Five Parts. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Fenning, Daniel. The Universal Spelling-book; or, A New and Easy Guide to the English Language. . . . New ed., corr. New York: Hugh Gaine, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1756.

Fisher, George. The American Instructor; or, Young Man's Best Companion: Containing Spelling, Reading, Writing, and Artihmetick. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1787. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1748.

Greenwood, James. The Philadelphia Vocabulary, English and Latin: Put into a New Method, Proper to Acquaint the Learner with Things as Well as Pure Latin Words, Adorned with Twenty-six Pictures; for the Use of Schools. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey and Co., 1787.

Gough, John. A Treatise of Arithmetic in Theory and Practice: Containing Every Thing Important in the Study of Abstract and Applicate Numbers; Adapted to the Commerce of Great Britain and Ireland. Dublin: J. McCulloch and W. Young, 1788. Orig. pub., Dublin, 1758.

Harrison, [Ralph]. Rudiments of English Grammar. . . . Philadelphia: Prichard and Hall, 1787.

Heuzet, Jean. Selectae e profanis scriptoribus historiae: quibus admista sunt varia honeste vivendi praecepta, ex iisdem scriptoribus deprompta. Edited by James Hardie. New ed. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., Leipzig, 1734.

------. Selectae e Veteri Testamento et e profanis scriptoribus historiae: quibus sunt adjuncts Catonis moralia disticha et G. Lilii paedagogica monita. . . . Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Bache, 1789. 78

Kern, F. Nouvelle grammaire allemande. Basies J. J. Tourneisen, 1789.

Lily, William, et al. Catonis disticha moralia, et Lilii Monita paedagogica; or, Cato's Moral Distichs, and Lily's Paedagogical Admonitions: For the Use of Schools. -Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1789.

Mennye, J. An English Grammar: Being a Compilation from the Works of Such Grammarians as Have Acquired the Approbation of the Public. . . . New Yorks S. Loudon and R. Hodge, 1785.

Nixon, William. Prosody Made Easy; Wherein the Rules Are More Brief, Comprehensive, and Perspicuous, Than Any Hitherto Published. . . . Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1786. Orig. pub., Cork, 1781?

Palairet, Jean. Nouvelle methode pour apprendre a bien lire et a bien orthographier, en deux parties . . . pour 1'usage de S[on] A[ltesse] R[oyale] M[ada]me la Princesse Louise, Reine de Danemarc. New ed., corr., aug. London: C. Nourse and P. Elmsly, 1780. Orig. pub., London, 1732.

Perrin, John. Grammar of the French Tongue, Grounded upon the Decisions of the French Academy, Wherein All the Necessary Rules, Observations, and Examples Are Exhibited in a Manner Intirely New. . . . Philadelphia: Styner and Charles Cist, 1779. Orig. pub., London, 1768.

------. Instructive and Entertaining Exercises with the Rules of the French Syntax. Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1781. Orig. pub., London, 1768.

Pierce, Richard. A New and Easy Guide to the French Language. . . . 5th ed. London: Clarke and Collins, 1776.

Robertson, J. An Essay on Punctuation. Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Ruddiman, Thomas. The Rudiments of the Latin Tongue; or, A Plain and Easy Introduction to Latin Grammar; Wherein the Principles of the Language Are Methodically Digested, both in English and Latin. . . . Philadelphia: William Young, Stewart, and J. McCulloch, 1786. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1714. 79

Rush, Benjamin. A Plan for the Establishment of Public Schools and the Diffusion of Knowledge in Pennsylvania; to Which Are Added Thoughts upon the Mode of Education, Proper in a Republic; Addressed to the Legislature and Citizens of the State. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1786.

Sarjeant, Thomas. Elementary Principles of Arithmetic: With Their Application to the Trade and Commerce of the United States of America; in Eight Sections. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson and Lang, 1788.

Sarjeant, Thomas, and Thomas Gurney. An Easy and Compendious System of Short Hand; Adapted to the Arts and Sciences and to the Learned Professions. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson and Lang, 1789.

Scott, William. A New Spelling, Pronouncing, and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language. . . . Dublin: James Moore, 1788. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1786.

Wanostrocht, N[icolas]. Recueil choisi de traits historiques et de contes moraux; avec la signification des mots en Anglois au bas de chaque page; a 1'usage des jeunes gens, de l'un et de 1'autre sexe, qui veulent apprendre le Frangois. . . . 2d ed., rev., corr. London: J. Boosey, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Watts, Isaac. Watts’s Compleat Spelling-book: In Three Parts. 12th ed., rev. Dublin: T. McDonnel. Orig. pub., London, 1721.

Webster, Noah. A Grammatical Institute of the English Language, Comprising an Easy, Concise, and Systematic Method of Education, Designed for the Use of English Schools in America; in Three Parts. . . . Philadelphia: William Young and J. McCulloch, 1787. Orig. pub., Hartford, Conn., 1783.

Wettenhall, Edward. Graecae grammaticae institutio compendiaria; in usum schoi arum. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, Seddon, Rice, and Soc., James, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1713.

Fiction/Literature

[Collyer, Mary]. The Death of Cain; in Five books, after the Manner of the Death of Abel. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1791. 80

Abelard, Peter. Letters of Abelard and Heloise. . . . Philadelphia: S. Dunlap, 1775. Orig. pub., London, 1713.

— ----. Agnes De-Courci: A Domestic Tale, in Two Volumes. 2 vols. Dublin: Burnet, Wogan, Byrne, Colbert, Moore, Jones, and Dornin, 1789. Orig. pub., Bath, 1789.

Bennett, [Agnes Maria]. Juvenile Indiscretions: A Novel; in Five Volumes. 5 vols. London: W. Lane, 1786.

Bonhote, [Elizabeth]. Olivia; or, Deserted Bride. 3 vols. London: W . Lane, 1787.

Boys, S. The Coalition; or, Family Anecdotes: A Novel. 2 vols. London: Logographic Press, 1785.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. Des beriihmten Ritters Don Quixote von Mancha lustige und sinnreiche Geschichte. 4 vols. in 2. Leipzig: C. Fritsch, 1767.

Crebillon, Claude-Prosper Jolyot de. Les egaremens du coeur et de 1 'esprit; ou, M'emoires de Mr. de Meilcour. The Hague: J. Neaulme, 1745. Orig. pub., The Hague, 1736.

Defoe, Daniel. The Life, and Most Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner; Containing a Full and Particular Account of How He Lived Twenty-eight Years in an Uninhabited Island on the Coast of America. . . . Philadelphia: W. Woodhouse, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1719.

Dubois-Fontanelle, Jean Gaspard. The Friend of Virtue: A Novel, from the French. 3 vols. London: T. Vernor, 1789.

Edgeworth, Maria. Belinda; or, The Fair Fugitive: A Novel. New ed. London, G. Allen, 1789. Orig. pub., n.p., 1787.

F^nelon, Frangois de Salignac de La Mothe. The Adventures of Telemachus: The Son of Ulysses. Translated by John Hawkesworth. 2 vols. London: C. Cooke, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1700.

Fielding, Henry. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Norwich, Conn.: Ebenezer Bushnell, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1749. 81

Genlis, Stephanie F61icit£, comtesse de. Alphonso and Dalinda; or, The Magic of Art and Nature: A Moral Tale. Translated by Thomas Holcroft. New ed. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. The Sorrows of Werter: A German Story; in Two Volumes. 2 vols. Dublin: J. Rice, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1774.

Goldsmith, Oliver. The Deserted Village. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1770.

Gulliver Revived; or, The Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures of Baron Munikhouson, Commonly Called Munchausen. 3d ed., enl. London: G. Kearsley, 1786.

Hayley, William. The Young Widow; or, The History of Cornelia Sedley; in a Series of Letters. 2 vols. Dublin: L. White, P. Byrne, P. Wogan, H. Colbert, A. Grueber, C. Lewis, J. Moore, and J. Halpen, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Haywood, Eliza Fowler. The British Recluse; or, The Secret History of Cleomira, Supposed Dead: A Novel. . . . 5th ed. London: R. Ware, 1742. Orig. pub., London, 1722.

Helenus, Scott. The Adventures of an East-India Rupee; Wherein Are Interspersed, Various Anecdotes Asiatic and European. . . . Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1783.

Lambert, Anne Thdrese de Marguenat de Courcelles, marquise de. The School of Virtue, a Novel, on a New Plan; to Which Is Added, the Fair Solitary; or, Female Hermit, a Novel. 2 vols. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1789.

Legrand d'Aussy, Pierre Jean Baptiste, comp. Norman Tales. . . . Dublin: Wogan, Byrne, McKenzie, Grueber . . . , 1790.

Le Sage, Alain Rene. The Adventures of Gil Bias de Santillane. . . . Glasgow: W. H. Dilworth, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1732.

Richardson, Samuel. The History of Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. London: E. Newbery, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1740. 82

------. The Paths of Virture Delineated; or, The History in Miniature of the Celebrated Clarissa Harlowe. Philadelphia: W. Woodhouse, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1756.

Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. Paul and Mary, an Indian Story. 2 vols. London: J. Dodsley, 1789.

Swift, Jonathan. A Tale of a Tub; Written for the Universal Improvement of Mankind . . . to Which Is Added an Account of a Battle between the Antient and Modern Books in St. James's Library. 2 vols. London: Joseph Wenman, 1781. Orig. pub., London, 1704.

Voltaire. Candide; ou L'optimisme. 2 vols. Paris: Frangois- Ambroise Didot, 1787. Orig. pub., London? 1759.

Geography

Cellarius, Christoph. Christophori Cellarii Smalcaldensis geographia antiqua. . . . London: E. Ballard, 1790. Orig. pub., Zeitz, Ger., 1687?

Chandler, John, John Diston, and John Adams. The Seaman’s Guide and New Coaster's Companion; in Two Parts; Part I. Coasting Directions from London through All the Different Channels of the River Thames, Both Up and Down, to the Orkneys and Shetland Islands. . . . London: D. Steel, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1788.

Morse, Jedidiah. The American Geography; or, A View of the Present Situation of the United States of America; Illustrated with Two Sheet Maps. . • . Elizabeth Town, N.J.: Shepard Kollock for the author, 1789.

------. Geography Made Easy: Being a Short, but Comprehensive System of That Very Useful and Agreeable Science . . . : Calculated Particularly for the Use and Improvement of Schools in the United States. New Haven, Conn.: Meigs, Bowen, and Dana, 1784.

Schulze, I. M. F. England nebst dessen ostindischen Besitzungen: ein englisch-geographisches Lesebuch fur deutsche Liebhaber der englishchen Sprache und des historisch-geographischen Studiums. Halle: J. J. Gebauer, 1787. Orig. pub., Halle, 1786. 83

History

Adams, John. Flowers of Ancient History, Comprehending, on a New Plan, the Most Remarkable Revolutions and Events, as Well as the Most Eminent and Illustrious Characters of Modern Times. . . . Dublin: Grueber and McAllister, 1789.

Anderson, Adam. Anderson's Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce: From the Earliest Accounts . . . Carefully Revised, Corrected, and Continued to the Year 1789. 7 vols. Dublin: P. Byrne, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1764.

Benezet, Anthony. Some Historical Account of Guinea, Its Situation, Produce, and the General Disposition of Its Inhabitants; with an Inquiry into the Rise and Progress of the Slave-Trade, Its Nature and Lamentable Effects. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1771.

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount. Letters on the Study and Use of History. . . . 2 vols. Basle: J. J. Tourneisen, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1742.

Burke, Edmund. An Account of the European Settlements in America. . . . 6th ed. London: J. Dodsley, 1777. Orig. pub., London, 1757.

Curtius Rufus, Quintus. Quintus Curtius. . . . 2 vols. Edited by Usher Gahagan. London: J. Brindley, 1746.

[Drinkwater, John]. A History of the Late Siege of Gibraltar; with a Description and Account of That Garrison. 4th ed. Philadelphia: William Spotswooed, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Dunbar, James. Essays on the History of Mankind in Rude and Cultivated Ages. 2d ed. London: W. Strahan, 1781. Orig. pub., London, 1760.

Eutropius. Eutropii Historiae romanae breviarium . . . ; or, Eutropius's Compendious History of Rome. Edited by John Clarke. London: J. T. and C. Rivington and T. Evans, 1785. Orig. pub., London, 1694.

Fleury, Claude. Les moeurs des Israelites: ou 1'on voit le moddle d'une politique simple & sincere pour le gouvernement des 84

etats & de la reformation des moeurs. Brussels: n.p., 1777. Orig. pub., Paris, 1681.

Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 14 vols. Basle: J. J. Tourneisen, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1776.

Gillies, John. The History of Ancient Greece, Its Colonies, and Conquests; from the Earliest Accounts till the Division of the Macedonian Empire in the East; Including the History of Literature, Philosophy, and the Fine Arts. 5 vols. Basle: J. J. Tourneisen and J. L. Legrand, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1786.

Girard, Antoine. Les batailles memorables des Francois, depuis le commencement de la monarchie, jusqu'a present. . . . 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve M. Cramoisy, 1695? Orig. pub., Paris, 1647?

Goldsmith, Oliver. The History of England; from the Earliest Times to the Death of George II. 6th ed., corr. 3 vols. London: L. Davis, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1771.

Herrer y Tordesillas, Antonio de. The General History of the Vast Continent and Islands of America: Commonly Call’d the West- Indies, from the First Discovery Thereof; with the Best Accounts the People Could Give of Their Antiquities. Translated by John Stevens. 6 vols. London: T. Longman, C. Hitch, and S. Austen, 1743. Orig. pub., Madrid, 1601?

The History of America in Two Books; Containing: I. A General History of America, II. A Concise History of the Late Revolution; Extracted from the American Edition of the Encyclopedia. . . . Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1790.

Holberg, Ludvig, baron. An Introduction to Universal History. . . . Translated by Gregory Sharpe. Dublin: J. Holz, 1784. Orig. pub., London, 1755.

Hume, David. The History of England: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688. 12 vols. Basle: J. J. Tourneisen, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1754-1761.

Justinus, Marcus Junianus. Justini Historiarum ex Trogo Pompeio libri XLIV. Dublin: J. Exshaw, 1788. 85

Millar, John. An Historical View of the English Governments From the Settlement of the Saxons in Britain to the Accession of the House of Stewart. London: A. Strahan, T. Cadell, and J. Murray, 1787.

Millot, Abb§ [Claude Frangois Xavier]. Siemens de l'histoire de France: depuis Clovis jusqu’a Louis XV. 6th ed. Paris: P. E. G. Durand, 1787. Orig. pub., Paris, 1768.

Platina. B. Platinae Cremonensis opus, de vitis ac gestis summorum pontificum as Sixtum III1. Pont. Max. deductum. N.p., n.d.

Ramsay, David. The History of the American Revolution. 2 vols. Philadelphia: R. Aitkin and Son, 1789.

Reilly, Hugh. The Impartial History of Ireland. . . . Dublin: n.p., 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Robertson, William. Histoire de 1 'Am4rique. Translated by J. B. A. Suard, Hendrik Jansen, and D^rival de Gomicourt. New ed., rev., corr. 4 vols. Amsterdam: D. J. Changuion, 1779. Orig. pub., Maastricht, 1777.

------. History of America. 5th ed. 3 vols. London: A. Strahan, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1777.

------. The History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V: With a View of the Progress of Society in Europe, from the Subversion of the Roman Empire, to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century. 2d ed. 3 vols. Dublin: H. Chamberlaine, W. Colles, and r. Moncrieffe, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1769.

Sheridan, Charles Francis. Histoire de la derniere revolution de suede. . . . London: n.p., 1783. Orig. pub., Amsterdam, 1781.

Sheridan, Charles Francis. A History of the Late Revolution in Sweden. . . . 2d ed. London: Charles Dilly, 1783. Orig. pub., London, 1778.

Smith, Samuel. The History of the Colony of Nova-Caesaria, or New Jersey: Containing an Account of Its First Settlement, Progressive Improvements, the Original and Present 86

Constitution, and Other Events, to the Year 1721. . . . Philadelphia: David Hall, 1765.

Suetonius. Caius Suetonius Tranquillus ad optimas editiones collatus. Zweibrucken: Ex typographia Societatis, 1783.

Tacitus, Cornelius. C. Cornelii Taciti opera omnia. Edited by Henry Homer. 4 vols. London: M. Ritchie and J. Sammells, 1790.

Vengas, Miguel. A Natural and Civil History of California . . . Together with Accounts of the Several Voyages and Attempts Made for Settling California . . . Illustrated with Copper Plates, and an Accurate Map of the Country and the Adjacent Seas. 2 vols. London: J. Rivington and J. Fletcher, 1759.

A View of the History of Great-Britain, during the Administration of Lord North, to the Second Session of the Fifteenth Parliament; in Two Parts; with Statements of the Public Expenditure of That Period. Dublin: P. Byrne, 1782. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

Wynne, John Huddlestone. A General History of the British Empire in America: Containing an Historical, Political, and Commercial view of the English Settlements; Including All the Countries in North-America and the West-Indies, Ceded to Great-Britain at the Peace of Paris. 2d ed. 2 vols. London: Richardson and Urquhart, 1776. Orig. pub., London, 1770.

Law

Gilbert, Geoffrey, Sir. The Law of Evidence. 5th ed., corr. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank. Orig. pub., Dublin, 1754.

Wilson, James. An Introductory Lecture to a Course of Law Lectures. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1791.

Medicine

Brown, John. The Elements of Medicine; or, A Translation of the Elements medicinae Brunonis, with Large Notes, Illustrations, and Comments. 2 vols. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1788. 87

Buchan, William. Domestic Medicine; or, A Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Medicines. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, Robert Bell, and James Muir. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1769.

Cullen, William. First Lines of the Practice of Physic. . . . 3 vols. Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas. Orig. pub., London, 1771.

Rush, Benjamin. An Inquiry into the Effects of Spiritous Liquors on the Human Body. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1784.

Medical Inquiries and Observations. Philadelphia: Prichard and Hall, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1789.

Swieten, Gerard, Freiherr van, John Ranby, and William Northcote. The Diseases Incident to Armies with the Method of Cure. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1776.

Military

Manual Exercise and Evolutions of the Cavalry, as Practised in the Late American Army. Hartford, Conn.: Nathaniel Patten, 1789. Orig. pub., Worcester, Mass., 1787.

Simes, Thomas. A New Military, Historical, and Explanatory Dictionary; Including the Warriors Gazetteer of Places Remarkable for Sieges or Battles. Philadelphia: Humphreys, Bell, and Aitken, 1776.

Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron von. Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States. Part 1. Philadelphia: Eleazar Oswald, 1786. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1779.

Moral Philosophy

Aesop. Select Fables, in Three Parts: Part I. Fables Extracted from Dodsley’s; Part II. Fables with Reflections, in Prose and Verse; Part III. Fables in Verse: To Which Are Prefixed, the 88

Life of Aesop, and an Essay upon Fable. New ed. Newcastle, Eng., 1784. Orig. pub., Newcastle, Eng., 1776.

Beattie, James. Elements of Moral Science. 2 vols. Dublin: Chamberlaine and Rice, 1790. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1790.

Epictetus, Simplicius. Le manuel d'Epictete, et les commentaires de Simplicius. Translated by Andre Dacier. 2 vols. Paris: Pissot, 1776.

Erasmus, Desiderius. Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami liber utilissimus de conscribendis epistolis, continens artificium & praecepta in earum compos it ione observanda. New ed. Amsterdam: apud Henricum & viduam Theodori Boom, 1682.

Ferguson, Adam. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. 5th ed. London: T. Cadell, 1782. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1767.

Hutcheson, Francis. A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy, in Three Books: Containing the Elements of Ethnicks, and the Law of Nature. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1788. Orig. pub., Glasgow, 1742.

Lavater, Johann Caspar. Aphorisms on Man. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1788.

Lucian of Samosata. The Select Dialogues of Lucian; to Which Is Added, a New Literal Translation in Latinr with Notes in English. Translated by Edward Murphy. Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Moore, John. Zeluco: Various Views of Human Nature, Taken from Life and Manners, Foreign and Domestic. . . . 2 vols. Dublin: S. I. White, P. Byrne, A. Grueber, and W. Jones, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1789.

Paley, William. The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy. 7th ed., corr. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Watts, Isaac. Logic; or, The Right Use of Reason in the Inquiry after Truth; with a Variety of Rules to Guard against Error, in the Affairs of Religion and Human Life, as Well as in the Sciences. London: J. Buckland, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1724. 89

Natural History

Nicholson, William. An Introduction to Natural Philosophy. . . . 2 vols. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1782.

Smellie, William. The Philosophy of Natural History. . . . Philadelphia: Robert Campbell, 1791. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1790.

Periodicals

American Museum. 8 vols.

Mackenzie, Henry. The Lounger; a Periodical Paper Published in Edinburgh. . . . 3d ed., corr. Dublin: Colles, Burnet, etc., 1787. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1785.

Philosophical Transactions .. . . Abridged. . . . 2 vols. London, 1756.

Plays/Drama

Banks, John. The Unhappy Favourite; or, The Earl of Essex: A Tragedy. London: L. Hawes, 1769. Orig. pub., London, 1673.

Bickerstaff, Isaac. The Maid of the Mill: A Comic Opera, Adapted for Theatrical Representation, as Performed at the Theatre- Royal, Covent Garden. Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell for William Jones, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1765.

Burgoyne, John. The Heiress: A Comedy in Five Acts; as Performed at the The artre-Royal, Drury-Lane. 9th ed. London: J. Debrett, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1786.

------. The Lord of the Manor: A Comic Opera, in Three Acts; as Performed with Universal Applause by the American Company. Philadelphia: Henry Taylor, 1791.

Cumberland, Richard. The Carmelite: A Tragedy. . . . London, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1784. 90

Genlis, Stephanie Felicity, comtesse de. The Child of Nature: A Dramatic Piece, in Four Acts. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1788?

Hoadly, [Benjamin]. The Suspicious Husband: A Comedy. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1791. Orig. pub., London, .1747.

Home, John. Douglas, a Tragedy. Philadelpha: Henry Taylor, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1757.

Leacock, John. The Fall of British Tyranny; or, American Liberty Triumphant, the First Campaign: A Tragi-comedy of Five Acts. Philadelphia: Styner and Charles Cist, [1776].

Lonsdale, Mark. The Spanish Rivals: A Musical Farce, in Two Acts, as Performed at the Theatre-Royal, Drury-Lane. Dublin: J. Exshaw, 1785. Orig. pub., London, 1784.

Macklin, Charles. Love a-la-mode. Philadelphia: Henry Taylor, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1779.

------. The True-born Irishman; or, The Irish Fine Lady: A Comedy in Two Acts. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1784. Orig. pub., Dublin, 1783?

Mercier, Louis-Sebastien. The Night Cap. 2 vols. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1788. Orig. pub., Neuchatel, 1784.

O'Keefe, John. The Dead Alive; or, The Double Funeral: A Comic Opera; in Two Acts; with Additions and Alterations; as Performed by the Old American Compnay, in New-York; with Universal Applause. New York: Hodge, Allen, and Campbell, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

------. The Poor Soldier: A Comic Opera in Two Acts; with the Words, Songs, Duets, etc., as Performed, with Universal Applause, by the American Company of Comedians. Philadelphia: T. Seddon and William Spotswood, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1782.

Plautus, Titus Maccius. M. Acci Plauti Comoediae superstites viginti novissime recognitae et emendatae. 3 vols. Zweibriicken: Ex Typographia Societatis, 1788. 91

Ramsay, Allan. The Gentle Shepherd: A Scotch Pastoral. Translated by Margaret Turner. Londons Printed for the author by T. Bensley and sold by G. Nicol, and by Margaret Turner, 1790. Orig. pub., Glasgow, 1725.

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. The Critic; or, A Tragedy Rehearsed: A Dramatic Piece of Three Acts; as Performed at the Theatre- Royal in Drury-Lane. Dublin: J. Rice, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

------. The School for Scandal: A Comedy. Philadelphia: Prichard and Hall, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1779?

Tyler, Royall. The Contrast: A Comedy, in Five Acts. Philadelphia: Prichard and Hall, 1790.

Woods, William. The Twins; or, Which is Which? A Farce; in Three Acts; Altered from Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors. Edinburgh: C. Elliot et al., 1780.

Poetry

Armstrong, John. The Art of Preserving Health: A Poem. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Ball, John. Odes, Elegies, Ballads, Pictures, Inscriptions, Sonnets . . . Interspersed with Several Interesting Particulars Relative to Antient Ireland. . . . New ed., corr., enl. Dublin: T. Ewing, 1772?

Barlow, Joel. The Vision of Columbus: A Poem in Nine Books. Hartford, Conn.: Hudson and Goodwin, 1787.

Beattie, James. Poems on Several Occasions. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1776.

Combe, William. The Diaboliad: A Poem. London: G. Kearsly, 1780. Orig. pub., London, 1777.

Cowper, William. The Task: A Poem; in Six Books; to Which Is Added, Tirocinium; or, A Review of Schools. New ed. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1785. 92

Cozens, John. Fables: Addressed to the Ladles• Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1788.

Dwight, Timothy. The Conquest of Canaan: A Poem in Eleven Books. Hartford, Conn.: E. Babcock, [1785].

Gildon, Charles. The Complete Art of Poetry, in Six Parts. 2 vols. London: Charles Rivington, 1718. Orig. pub., London, 1718.

Goldsmith, Oliver. The Traveller; or, A Prospect of Society, a Poem; Containing: a Sketch of the Manners, of Italy, Switzerland, France, Holland, and Britain; to Which Is Added True Beauty, a Matrimonial Tale; Likewise the Adventures of Tom Dreadnought. . . . 1st American ed. Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1768. Orig. pub., London, 1764.

Hayley, William. The Triumphs of Temper: A Poem; in Six Cantos. Philadelphia: T. Seddon, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

Horace. Quinti Horatii Flacci Opera omnia; Ad optimorum exemplarium fidem regensita. New ed. Edinburgh: C. Elliot, 1789.

------. Quinti Horatii Flacci Poemata. Compiled by John Minelli. Venetiis: Heredis Nicolai Pezzana, 1772.

Humphreys, David. Poems. 2d ed., aug. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1789.

Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb. The Messiah. Translated by Joseph Collyer and Mary Collyer. Elizabeth Town, N.J.: Shepard Kollock, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1763.

Markoe, Peter. Miscellaneous Poems. Philadelphia: W. Prichard and P. Hall, [1787].

Moore, Edward. Fables for the Ladies. . . * Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

The Muse's Pocket Companion: A Collection of Poems. Dublin: William Colles, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1782.

Ovid. Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Latin and English, Translated by the Most Eminent Hands; with Historical Explications of the 93

Fables, Written in French by the Abbot Banier. . . . * Translated by M. 1'abbe [Antoine] Banier. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Wetsteins and Smith, 1732.

------. P. Ovidii Nasonis sulmonensis, epistolarum heroidum liber, cui accesserunt A . Sabini poetai epistolae tres ad Ovidianas epistolas responsoriae. . . . Edited by Nicolass Heinsius. Dublin: Samuelis Fulleri, 1730.

Persius. Satires de Perse. . . . Paris: Fournier, 1776.

Petronius, Arbiter. T. Petronii Arbitri • . . Satiricon cum supplementis nodotianis. . . . Zweibrucken: Ex Typographia Societatis, 1790.

Pindar, Peter. The Poetical Works of Peter Pindar, Esq,, a Distant Relation to the Poet of Thebes; to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs and Anecdotes of the Author. New ed., aug. 2 vols. Philadelphia: William Spotswood and Rice and Co., 1790. Orig. pub., Dublin, 1788.

Pindarus, Simonis Simonidae. Pindari Latini opera omnia quae reperiri potuerunt procurante Angelo Maria Durini. Translated by Szymon Bendonski Szymonowicz. Warsaw?: n.p., 1772.

The Poetical Library; Being a Compilation of the Best Modern English Poems, Chiefly Didactic and Descriptive. 2 vols. Leipzig: A. F. Boehme, 1787. Orig. pub., Leipzig, 1786.

Select Poems on Various Occasions, Chiefly American. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1787.

[Taylor, Edward]. Werter to Charlottes A Poem, with a Description of the Tomb of Werter. Philadelphia: Enoch Story, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1780.

Thomson, James. The Seasons: Containing Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. . . . Philadelphia: Robert Campbell, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1730.

Trumbull, John. M ’Fingal: An Epic Poem in Four Cantos. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1791. Orig. pub., Hartford, Conn., 1782. 94

Wilkinson, Edward. Wisdom: A Poem. Philadelphia: Joseph James, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1751.

Winterton, Ralph. Poetae minores graeci: Hesiodus, Theocritus, Moschus . . . : quibus subjungitur eorum potissimum quae ad philosophiam moralem pertinent, index utilis; accedunt etiam . Observationes Radulphi Wintertoni in Hesiodum. Cambridge: J. Hayes, 1784. Orig. pub., Cambridge, [1635].

Young, Edward. The Last Day: A Poem; in Three Books. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1786. Orig. pub., Oxford, 1713.

------. Love of Fame, the Universal Passion; in Seven Characteristical Satires. London: A. Mallard, 1778. Orig. pub., London, 1725-1728.

------. The Complaint; or, Night-thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality; to Which Is Added, a Paraphrase on Part of the Book of Job. New ed. Philadelphia: Henry Taylor, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1742-1745.

------. Resignation: In Two Parts, and a Postscript, to Mrs, B******* . Philadelphia: Enoch Story, 1785. Orig. pub., London, 1761.

Politics and Contemporary Comment

Burgh, James. Political Disquisitions; or, An Inquiry into Public Errors, Defects, and Abuses. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Robert Bell and William Woodhouse, 1775. Orig. pub., London, 1774-1775.

Calonne, [Charles Alexandre de]. Considerations on the Present and Future State of France, London: J. Evans, 1791. Orig. pub., Paris, 1790.

Drinker, John. Observations on the Late Popular Measures: Offered by the Serious Consideration . . . of the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Printed for the author, [1774].

Dutton, Matt. The Law of Masters and Servants in Ireland: Wherein Is Shewn What Persons Shall Be Compelled to Serve and Labour and How, . . . Dublin: E. Dobson, 1768. Orig. pub., Dublin, 1723. 95

[Hamilton, Alexander]. A Letter from Phocion, to the Considerate Citizens of New-York on the Politics of the Times, in Consequence of Peace. Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1784. Orig. pub., New York, 1784.

Henderson, Alexander. The Bishops Dooms A Sermon Preached before the General Assembly Which Sat at Glasgow anno 1638, on Occasion of Pronouncing the Sentence of the Greater Excommunication against Eight of the Bishops, and Deposing or Suspending the Other Six. Edinburgh: John Gray and Gavin Alston, 1762.

Hopkinson, Francis. Account of the Grand Federal Procession, Philadelphia, July 4, 1788; to Which Is Added, a Letter on the Same Subject. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1788.

Littlepage, Lewis. Answer to a Pamphlet Containing the Correspondence between the Honorable John Jay, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Lewis Littlepage, Esquire, of Virginia, at Present Chamberlain and Secretary of the Cabinet of His Majesty the King of Poland. Philadelphia: Enoch Story, 1787.

Macpherson, James. Original Papers; Containing the Secret History of Great Britain, from the Restoration, to the Accession of the House of Hannover. . . . Dublin: J. Exshaw, D. Chamberlaine, etc., 1775. Orig. pub., London, 1775.

[Markoe, Peter]. The Algerine Spy in Pennsylvania; or, Letters Written by a Native of Algiers on the Affairs of the United States of America, from the Close of the Year 1783 to the Meeting of the Convention. Philadelphia: Prichard and Hall, 1787.

Mirabeau, Gabriel-Honor6 de Riquetti, comte de, and S^bastien Roch Nicolas Chamfort. Considerations on the Order of Cincinnatus; to Which Are Added Several Original Papers Relative to That Institution. Translated by Sir Samuel Romilly. New ed. Philadelphia: T. Seddon and William Spotswood, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1780.

Price, Richard. Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of War with America. Philadelphia: Dunlap, 1776. Orig. pub., London, 1776. 96

Priestley, Joseph. Remarks on Some Paragraphs in the Fourth Volume of Dr, Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England; Relating to Dissenters. Philadelphia: Robert Bell, 1773. Orig. pub., London, 1769.

Rules and Regulations of the Society for Political Enquiries Established at Philadelphia, February 9, 1787 at the City Tavern. Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1787.

Rush, Benjamin. Information to Europeans Who Are Disposed to Migrate to the United States: In a Letter from a Citizen of Pennsylvania, to His Friend in Great Britain. Philadelphia: Carey, Stewart, and Co., 1790.

Servan, Jfoseph] Mfichel] A[ntoine], and Simon Nicolas Henri Linguet. Apologie de la Bastille: pour servir de rdponse aux M£moires de M. Linguet sur la Bastille: avec des notes politiques, phiosophiques & litteraires, lesquelles n ’auront, avec le texte, que le moindre rapport possible. [Lausanne: n.p.], 1784.

Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New ed. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1776.

Voltaire. Commentaire sur le livre Des delits et des peines. Geneva: n.p., 1767. Orig. pub., Geneva, 1766.

Warville, Jfacques] P[ierre] Brissot de, and Etienne Claviere. Considerations on the Relative Situation of France and the United States of America Shewing the Importance of the American Revolution to the Welfare of France. . . . London: Robson and Clarke, 1788.

Witherspoon, John. Essay on Money as a Medium of Commerce; with Remarks on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Paper Admitted into General Circulation. Philadelphia: Young, Stewart, and McCulloch, 1786.

Reference

Antonini, Annibale. Dictionaire italien, latin, et frangois; contenant non seulement un abregS du Dictionaire de La Crusca. . . . Venice: Chez Frangois Pitteri, 1745. 97

Biddle, Clement. The Philadelphia Directory. Philadelphias James and Johnson, [1791]. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1785.

Bracken, Henry. Ten Minutes Advice to Every Gentleman Going to Purchase a Horse Out of a Dealer, Jockey, or Groom’s Stables/ in Which Are Laid Down Established Rules for Discovering the Perfections and Blemishes of That Noble Animal. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1774.

Doing, Johann. Der getreue englische Wegweiser. . . . Leipzig: Christian Gottlob Hilscher, 1789. Orig. pub., Leipzig, 1748.

Leybourn, William. The Twentieth Edition of The Ready Reckoner; or, Trader's Sure guide Containing Tables Ready Cast Up, Adapted to the Use of All Who Deal by Wholesale or Retail. . . . London: J. F. and C. Rivington et al., 1791.

The Ready Reckoner; or, The Trader’s Sure Guide Adapted to the Use of All Who Deal By Wholesale or Retail; Exhibiting at One View, the Amount of Value of Any Number of Quantity of Goods or Merchandize. . . . Reading: Benjamin Johnson, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1757.

Roux, Frangois. Nouveau dictionnaire francois et allemand, allemand et frangois. 7th ed., rev. 2 vols. Halle: Aux depend de la Maison des Orphelins, 1780. Orig. pub., Jena, 1744.

Simpson, Thomas. The Doctrine of Annuities and Reversion, Deduced from General and Evident Principles with Useful Tables, Shewing the Values of Single and Joint Lives, etc,, at Different Rates of Interest. . . . 2d ed. London: J. Nourse, 1775. Orig. pub., London, 1742.

Religion

Appleton, James. A Collection of Discourses on the Various Duties of Religion, as Taught by the Catholic Church; Comprizing All the Sundays and Festivals of the Year. Dublin: P. Wogan, 1790. Orig. pub., Reading, 1786.

Beattie, James. Evidences of the Christian Religion, Briefly and Plainly Stated. New ed. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1787. Orig. pub., London, 1786. 98

Booth, Abraham. An Apology for the Baptists: In Which They Are Vindicated from the Imputation of Laying an Unwarrantable Stress on the Ordinance of Baptism. . . . Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1778.

Brady, N., and N. Tate. A New Version of the Psalms of Davids Fitted to the Tunes Used in Churches. Boston: Samuel Hall, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1695.

Carroll, John. An Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of America, Annapolis, Md.: Frederick Green, [1784].

Challoner, Richard. Considerations upon Christian Truths and Christian Duties Digested into Meditations for Every Day in the Year, 2 vols. London: J. P. Coghlan, 1784. Orig. pub., [London, 1753].

------. Think Well on't; or, Reflections on the Great Truths of the Christian Religions For Every Day in the Month. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Stewart, and Co., 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1734.

------. The True Principles of a Catholic, to Which Is Added an Exposition of the Commandments. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, [1789]. Orig. pub., London, 1787.

Crisp, Stephen. Scripture Truths Demonstrated in Thirty-two Sermons or Declarations of Stephen Crisp Late of Colchester in Essex, Deceased . . . as They Were Delivered by Him at the Public Meeting-houses of the People Called Quakers. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph James, [1787], Orig. pub., London, 1707.

David, John Baptist Maria. True Piety; or, The Day Well Spent, a Manual of Chosen Prayers, Devout Practices, and Solid Instructions Adapted to Every State of Life. 2d ed. Cork: J. Sullivan, 1784?

De Granada, Luis. The Sinner's Guide, from Vice to Virtue; Giving Him Instructions and Directions How to Become Virtuous. . . . London: M. Cooper, 1761.

Dodd, William. Comfort for the Afflicted: Under Every Distress, with Suitable Devotions. Dublin: J. Potts, 1780. Orig. pub., London, 1764. 99

Doddridge, Philip. The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul; Illustrated in a Course of Serious and Practical Addresses, Suited Persons of Every Character and Circumstance; with a Devout Meditation and Prayer Added to Each Chapter. . . . Philadelphia: Robert Campbell, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Dover, William. Useful Miscellanies; or, Serious Reflections, Respecting Mens Duty to God, and One towards Another; with Advices, Civil and Religious, Tending to Regulate Their Conduct in the Various Occurences of Human Life. Philadelphia: James Chattin, 1753. Orig. pub., London, 1739.

Dutton, Thomas [Anne Dutton]. A Treatise on Justification: Shewing the Matter, Manner, Time, and Effects of It. 3d ed. Glasgow: W. Smith, for A. Coubrough, 1778. Orig. pub., London, 1740.

Edwards, John. The Conversion of a Mahometan to the Christian Religion; Described in a Letter from Gaifer, in England, to Aly-ben-Hayton, His Friend in Turkey. 8th ed. Stockbridge, Mass.: Loring Andrews, 1791. Orig. pub., New York, 1786.

Edwards, Jonathan. History of Redemption, on a Plan Entirely Original. . . . London: T. Pitcher, 1788.

Enfield, William. Prayers for the Use of Families. . . . 4th ed. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1770.

Episcopal Church. The Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church, according to the Use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America: Together with the Psalter, or Psalms of David. Philadelphia: Hall and Sellers, 1791. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1786.

The Experience of Some of the Most Eminent Methodist Preachers . . . in a Series of Letters Written by Themselves, to the Revd. John Wesley. . . . Dublin: Bennett Dugdale, 1782?

Fleury, Claude. An Historical Catechism: Containing a Summary of the Sacred History and Christian Doctrine. 2 vols. Dublin: The Booksellers . . . , 1765. Orig. pub., London, 1726. 100

Gill, John. Infant-Baptism, a Part and Pillar of Popery: Being a Vindication of a Paragraph in a Preface to a Reply to Mr. Clark's Defence of Infant-Baptism. Windsor, Vt.: Hough and Spooner, [1788]. Orig. pub., London, 1766.

Hall, Archibald. Grace and Holiness; or, Complete Redemption Effected by the Son of God without the Law; and Believers Death to the Law, a Doctrine according to Godliness. Londons G. Keith et al. 1777.

Haweis, Thomas. The Communicant’s Spiritual Companion; or, An Evangelical Preparation for the Lord’s Supper. . . . 7th ed. Londons Edward and Charles Dilly, 1777. Orig. pub., London, 1763.

Hay, George. The Pious Christian Instructed in the Nature and Practice Of the Principal Exercises of Piety Used in the Catholic Church. . . . Londons J. P. Coghlan, 1786. Orig. pub., London, 1783.

------. The Scripture Doctrine of Miracles Displayed. . . . 2 vols. Dublin: P. Wogan, 1789. Orig. pub., London, [1775].

Hieroglyphic Bible. Bostons Munroe and Francis, 1790.

The Holy Bible, Translated from the Latin Vulgate . . . ; The Old Testament, First Published by the English College at Douay, A.D. 1609; and the New Testament, First Published by the English College at Rheims, A.D. 1582. . . . 1st American ed. N.p., n.d.

Hornyold, John Joseph. The Sacraments Explained; in Twenty Discourses. Dublin: Richard Cross, 1770. Orig. pub., London, 1747.

Jenyns, Soame. A View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1776.

The Key of Paradise, Opening the Gates to Eternal Salvation. London: n.p., 1765. Orig. pub., St. Omer, 1675.

Leusden, Johannes. Compendium graecum Novi Testamenti. . . . London, 1750. 101

------. Novum Testamentum. . . . Leipzig: C. F. Vossium, 1750,

Manning, Robert. Moral Entertainments on the Most Important Practical Truths of the Christian Religion. 2 vols. Dublin: Cross, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1742.

.---. The Shortest Way to End Disputes about Religion. Dublin: R. Fitzsimons and R. Cross, 1766. Orig. pub., London, 1716.

Mannock, John. The Poor Man's Catechism; or, The Christian Doctrine Explained; with Short Admonitions. Dublin: R. Cross and P. Wogan, 1782. Orig. pub., London, 1752.

Martin, David, ed. and trans. La Sainte Bible, qui contient le Vieux et le Nouveau Testament. . . . Edited by Pierre Rogues. New ed. 2 vols. Basle: J. Rodolphe, 1772.

Methhodist Episcopal Church. A Pocket Hymn-Book; Designed as a Constant Companion for the Pious. 12th ed. Philadelphia: J. Crukshank, 1791.

Murray, John. Thoughts on the Doctrine of Universal Salvation as Preached, Maintained, and Propogated, by Mr. John Murray, and Others of the People Called Universal Baptists. Philadelphia: Printed for the author by Prichard and Hall, 1790.

O'Connor, John. An Essay on the Rosary and Sodality of the Most Holy Name of Jesus. 2d ed. Dublin: P. Wogan, 1788.

Ostervald, Jean Frederic. A Compendium of Christian Theology. Translated by John McMains. Hartford, Conn.: Nathaniel Patten, 1788. Orig. pub., Strabane, 1785.

Price, Richard. Sermons on the Security and Happiness of a Virtuous Course, on the Goodness of God, and the Resurrection of Lazarus: To Which Are Added, Sermons on the Christian Doctrine as Received by the Different Denominations of Christians. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1787.

The Protestant Manual of Christian Devotions: Composed of Instructions, Offices, and Forms of Prayers, in a Plain, Rational, and Scriptual Method, for the Morning and Evening on Every Day in the Week. . . . London: J. Hodges, 1750. 102

Rowe, Elizabeth Singer. Devout Exercises of the Heart, in Meditation, Soliloquy, Prayer, and Praise. Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson for Isaac Wattts, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1738. \

Russel, Robert. Seven Sermons on Different Important Subjects. New ed. Philadelphia: Peter Stewart, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1700.

Tauler, Johannes. The Plain Path to Christian Perfection: Shewing That We Are to Seek for Reconciliation and Union with God, Soley by Renouncing Ourselves, Denying the World, and Following Our Blessed Saviour, in the Regeneration. Translated by Anthony Benezet. Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1780. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1772.

Thomas A Kempis. An Extract from the Christian-Pattern; or, A Treatise on the Imitation of Christ. London: John Wesley, 1791. Orig. pub., London, 1699?

Walker, Thomas. The True Christian Worship Explained and Recommended: A Sermon Preached at the Opening of the New Chapel in Wakefield, Yorkshire; Wednesday, Nov. 1, 1752. London: R[alph] Griffiths, 1753.

Songs

The Apollo: Being a Collection of English Songs, including a Selection of Masonic Songs, Anthems, Odes, Preludes, Prologues, Epilogues, Toasts, etc. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1791. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1789.

The Charmer: A Choice Collection of Songs, Scots and English. . . . Edinburgh: M. Yair . . . , 1765. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1752.

Dibden, Charles. The Oddities Ballad Opera Collection, 1790. London, n.p., 1790.

The Vocal Remembrancer: Being a Choice Selection of the Most Admired Songs, including the Modern, to Which Are Added Favourite Toasts and Sentiments. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, [1790]. 103

Travels

Adams, John. Modern Voyages: Containing a Variety of Useful and Entertaining Facts, respecting the Expeditions and the Principal Discoveries of Cavendish . . . and Others . . . for the Amusement and Instruction of Youth of Both Sexes. Dublin: Chamberlaine and Rice, P. Wogan, P. Byrne, B. Dugdale, J. Moore, J. Jones, Grueber and McAllister, W. Jones, and R. White, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1790.

Anburey, Thomas. Travels through the Interior Parts of America: In a Series of Letters. London: William Lane, 1789.

Bligh, William. A Narrative of the Mutiny, on Board His Britannic Majesty's Ship Bounty; and the Subsequent Voyage of Part of the Crew, in the Ship’s Boat, from Tofoa, One of the Friendly Islands, to Timor, a Dutch Settlement in the East-Indies. Philadelphia: William Spotswood, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1790.

Bossu, M. Travels through that Part of North America Formerly Called Louisiana. London: T. Davies, 1771.

Brisson, Pierre-Raymond de. An Account of the Shipwreck and Captivity of M. de Brisson: Containing a Description of the Deserts of Africa, from Senegal to Morocco. London: J. Johnson, 1789.

Bruce, James. An Interesting Narrative of the Travels of James Bruce, Esq., into Abyssinia to Discover the Source of the Nile. New York: Berry and Rogers, 1790. Orig. pub., London, 1790.

Burges, Bartholomew. A Series of Indostan Letters. . . . New York: W. Ross, 1790.

Carver, Jonathan. Three Years Travels through the Interior Parts of North-America, for More Than Five Thousand Miles. . . . Philadelphia: Joseph Crukshank, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1778.

Consett, Matthew. A Tour through Sweden, Swedish-Lapland, Finland, and Denmark; in a Series of Letters. London: J. Johnson, W. Goldsmith, T. Lewis, and R. Christopher Stockton, [1789]. 104

Dupaty, Charles-Marguerite-Jean-Baptiste Mercier. Travels through Italy, in a Series of Letters Written in the Year 1785, Dublin: M. Mills, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1788.

Jardine, Alexander. Letters from Barbary, France, Spain, .Portugal, etc.; by an English Officer. 2 vols. Dublin: H. Chamberlaine, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1787.

Keate, George. An Account of the Pelew Islands, Situated in the Western Part of the Pacific Ocean; Composed from the Journals and Communications of Captain Henry Wilson, and Some of His Officers, Who, in August 1783, Were There Ship-wrecked, in the Antelope. . . . Philadelphia: J. Crukshank, 1789. Orig. pub., London, 1788.

Kippis, Andrew. A Narrative of the Voyages around the World; Performed by Captain James Cook; with an Account of His Life during the Previous and Intervening Periods. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Leary, 1788. Orig. pub., London, 1778. APPENDIX II

Catalogue of Books, in Various Departments of Literature, for Saler by M. Carey, No. 121, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816) [Front List]

Biography and Autobiography

[Cornelius, Nepos]. Cornelii Nepotis Vitae excellentium imperatorum cum versione Anglic ana, in qua verbum de verbo . . . ; or, Cornelius Nepos' Lives of the Excellent Commanders: With an English Translation. .. . . Edited by John Clarke. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1723.

Philippart, John. Memoirs, etc., etc., of General Moreau; Illustrated with a Fac Simile of the General’s Last Letter to Madame Moreau, and an Engraved Plan of the Siege of Kehl, and Passage of the Rhine in 1796. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1814.

Weems, M[ason] L[ocke]. The Life of George Washington: With Curious Anecdotes, Equally Honourable to Himself, and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen. 17th ed., rev. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816.

Belles Lettres

The American Poetical Miscellany; Original and Selected. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Robert Johnson, C. and A. Conrad and Co., 1809.

The American Prose Miscellany; Original and Selected. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Robert Johnson, C. and A. Conrad and Co., 1809.

Bunbury, Henry William. An Academy of Grown Horsemen: Containing the Completest Instruction for Walking Trotting, Cantering,

105 106

Galloping, Stumbling, and Tumbling. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1787.

Butler, Samuel. The Moral Mirror; or, A Looking-glass for Sots, Parasites, Gluttons, Clowns, Praters, Time-Servers, Pretenders, Knaves, Knights of the Post, Atheists, Zealots, Hypocrites, etc., etc., etc. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813.

Jouy, Etienne de. Paris Chit-Chat; or, A View of the Society, Manners, Customs, Literature, and Amusements of the Parisians; Being a Translation of Guillaume le franc-parleur and Sequel to the Paris Spectator. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

Woodward, G[eorge] M[outard]. Chesterfield Travestie; or, School for Modern Manners. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812. Orig. pub., London, 1808.

Children's Literature

Genlis, Stephanie F£licit£, comtesse de. Tales of the Castle; or, Stories of Instruction and Delight; Being Les veillSes du chateau. Translated by Thomas Holcroft. 9th ed. 5 vols. in 2. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Brattleborough, Vt.: W. Fessenden, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1785.

Mayor, Willliam Fordyce. A Father's Gift to His Children: Consisting of Original Essays, Tales, Fables, Reflections, etc. 1st American ed., from London 3d ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1798.

Opie, [Amelia Alderson]. The Brother and Sister: A Tale. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811.

Peacock, Lucy. Visit for a Week; or. Hints on the Improvement of Time, Containing Original Tales, Entertaining Stories, Interesting Anecdotes, and Sketches from Natural and Moral History. New ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Johnson and Warner, T. and W. Bradford, Kimber and Conrad, Bennett and Walton, B. B. Hopkins, S. Pike, and B. and T. Kite, 1811. Orig. pub., London, 1794. 107

Conduct of Life

[Allen, Charles]. The Polite Lady; or, A Course of Female Education: In a Series of Letters, from a Mother to Her Daughter. 1st American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1798. Orig. pub., London, 1760.

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of. Principles of Politeness, and of Knowing the World, by the Late Lord Chesterfield; with Additions, by the Rev. Dr. John Trusler; Containing Every Instruction Necessary to Complete the Gentleman and Man of Fashion, to Teach Him a Knowledge of Life, and Make Him Well Received in All Companies; for the Improvement of Youth; but not Beneath the Attention of Any. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1800. Orig. pub., London, 1775.

Cooke, Thomas. The Universal Letter-Writer; or, Whole Art of Polite Correspondence: Containing a Great Variety of Plain, Easy, Entertaining, and Familiar Original Letters . . . Together with Various Forms of Petitions . . . Proper Methods of Addressing Superiors and Persons of All Ranks . . . to Which Is Added a Modern Collection of Genteel Complimentary Cards; Likewise, Useful Forms in Law, Such as Wills, Bonds, etc.; to Which Is Subjoined an Index. . . . New ed., corr., enl. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810. Orig. pub., London, [1770?].

Josephine; or, The Advantages of a Summer Intended for the Instruction and Amusement of Young Ladies. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1810.

The Lady's Pocket Library. . . . 4th American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1792.

Taylor, Mrs. [Ann Martin]. Practical Hints to Young Females on the Duties of a Wife, a Mother, and a Mistress of a Family. From the third London ed. Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

Weems, Mason Locke, comp. The Immortal Mentor; or, Man’s Unerring Guide to a Healthy, Wealthy, and Happy Life; in Three Parts. Philadelphia: Printed for the Rev. Mason L. Weems, 1803. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1796. 108

Education

[Aesop]. Fabulae Aesopi selectae; or, Select Fables of Aesop: With an English Translation, More Literal Than Any Yet Extant, Designed for the Readier Instruction of Beginners in the Latin Tongue. Edited by John Clarke. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, C. and A. Conrad and Co., B. B. Hopkins and Co., Johnson and Warner, Bennett and Walton, T. and W. Bradford, Edward Earle, and Stephen Pike, 1810.

Ash, John. Grammatical Institutes; or, An Easy Introduction to Dr. Lowth's English Grammar; Designed for the Use of Schools, and to Lead Young Gentlemen and Ladies into the Knowledge of the First Principles of the English Language, with an Appendix ...; to Which Are added, Select Lessons to Instil Just Sentiments of Virtue into Youth. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1804. Orig. pub., London, 1761.

Carey, Mathew, comp. The Columbian Spelling and Reading Book Improved; or, An Easy and Alluring Guide to Spelling and Reading. . . . 10th ed., impr. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1798.

Cordier, Methurin. Corderii Colloquiorum centuria selecta; or, A Select Century of the Colloquies of Corderius: With an English Translation as Literal as Possible; Designed for the Use of Beginners in the Latin Tongue. Edited by James Ross. Translated by John Clarke. 4th ed., corr. Philadelphia: Lydia R. Bailey, 1812. Orig. pub., London, 1718.

Crosbie, Thomas. A Key to Bonnycastle ’ s Mensuration: Containing as Plain a Solution to Every Problem and Question Left Unsolved in That Treatise, as the Nature of Each Case Can Admit. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1804.

Dilworth, Thomas. A New Guide to the English Tongue in Five Parts: The Whole Being Recommended by Serveral Clergymen and Eminent Schoolmasters, as the Most Useful Performance for the Instruction of Youth. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1740.

[Edgworth, Richard Love, and Maria Edgworth]. The Parent's Friend; or, Extracts from the Principal Works on Education 109

from the Time of Montaigne to the Present Day. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1803. Orig. pub., London, 1802.

El Director de los nihos para aprender ci deletrear y 14er 6 metodo para facilitar los progresos de los nihos quando se mandan por la primera vez Sl la escuela. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811.

Ferguson, James. Ferguson’s Lectures on Select Subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Optics, Geography, Astromony, and Dialling; a New Edition, Corrected and Enlarged, with Notes and an Appendix. . . . Edited by Robert Patterson and David Brewster. 2d American ed. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1760.

Gough, James. Compendious Expositor of English Words Derived from the Latin, Greek, and French. 4th ed., rev. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1808.

Greenwood, James. The Philadelphia Vocabulary, English and Latin; Put into a New Method, Proper to Acquaint the Learner with Things as Well as Pure Latin Words; for the Use of Schools. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1806. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1787.

Gurney, Thomas. Gurney's Easy and Compendious System of Short Hand; Adapted to the Arts and Sciences, and to the Learned Professions. Edited by Thomas Sergeant. 3d American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1789.

[Heuzet, Jean]. Selectae e profanis scriptoribus historiae: quibus admista sunt varia honeste vivendi praecepta, ex iisdem scriptoribus deprompta; Haec editio Philadelphiensis priioribus certe emendatior, et juventati utilior accurante Ric. Dabney. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., Lipsiae, 1734.

------. Selectae e Veteri Testamento historiae: ad usum eorum qui Latinae linguae rudimentis imbuuntur. New ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, J. Johnson, H. Maxwell, T. and W. Bradford and J. Conrad ["Printed for the Philadelphia Company of Booksellers"], 1804. Orig. pub., London, 1748. 110

Joyce, Jeremiah. Scientific Dialogues, Intended for the Instruction and Entertainment of Young People; in Which the First Principles of Natural and Experimental Philosophy Are Fully Explained. New ed., corr. and impr. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1800.

Le Brun, Charles. Le Directeur des enfans: Depuis l'age de cinq jusq’a douze. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811.

L'Homond, C. F. tinmens de la grammaire frangoise. . . . 10th ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1808. Orig. pub., Quebec, 1800?

Murray, Lindley. English Grammar: Adapted to the Different Classes of Learners; with An Appendix Containing Rules and Observations for Assisting the More Advanced Students to Write with Perspicity and Accuracy. Stereotyped by John Watts from the 23d English ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., York, 1795.

------. Lecteur frangois; ou, Recueil de piSeces, en prose et en vers, tiroes des meilleurs ecrivains: Pour Servir a perfectionner les jeunes gens dans la lecture; a Stendre leur connoissance de la langue francoise; et a leur inculquer des principes de vertu et de pi6tS. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; New York: Collins and Co., and T. and W. Bradford, B. B. Hopkins and Co., Bennet and Walters, Kimber and Conrad, Johnson and Warner, 1812. Orig. pub. York, 1802.

Peyton, V. J. Les elSmens de la langue angloise: developpes d'une maniere nouvelle, facile et treds concise en forme de dialogues; ou la prononciation est enseignee par un assemblage de lettres, qui forme des sons similaires en frangois et ou la juste measure de chaque syllabe est dSterminSe. . . • New ed., rev., corr. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1794. Orig. pub., London, 1776.

Simpson, Thomas. A Treatise of Algebra: Wherein the Principles Are Demonstrated . . . to Which Is Added, the Geometrical Construction of a Great Number of Linear Plane Problems. 1st American ed., from 8th London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1745. Ill

Stockdale [Sterndale?], [Mary R.]. The Panorama of Youth. 1st American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1807.

Fiction/Literature

Aikin, Lucy. Lorlmer: A Tale. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1814.

Barrett, Eaton Stannard. The Heroine; or, Adventures of Cherubina. 1st Amer ed., from the 2d London ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, William McCulloch, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1813.

Benger, E[lizabeth]. The Heart and the Fancy; or, Valsinore: A Tale. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1813.

Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland. Maria; or, The Hollanders. 2 vols. Translated by E[dward] Afugustus] Kendall. Boston: John Eliot and Cummings and Hilliard, 1815. Orig. pub., Paris, 1814.

[Brunton, Mary]. Discipline: A Novel. 2d American ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1814.

Burney, [Sarah Harriet]. Tales of Fancy. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1816.

------. Traits of Nature. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812. Orig. pub., London, 1812.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de. La Galatea de Miguel de Cervantes. . . . Edited by Mr. Florian. Translated by Casiano Pellicer. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810. Orig. pub., Madrid, 1797.

C^spedes y Monroy, Atanasio. La paisana virtuosa: novela. • . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811.

------. La presumida orgullosa: novela. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811. 112

The Cottage Girl; or, An Account of Ann Edwards. Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1800?

Cottin, [Sophie]. Elizabeth; or, The Exiles of Siberia: A Tale, Founded upon Facts. 5th ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., Newcastle, 1800?

Cullen, [Margaret]. Home: A Novel. 1st American ed., from 3d London ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, William McCulloch, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1802.

------Mornton: A Novel in Three Volumes. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathey Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816.

[Cuthbertson, Catherine]. Santo Sebastiano; or. The Young Protector. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1806.

F^nelon, Frangois de Salignad de La Mothe. The Adventures of Telemachus, Son of Ulysees. . . . 2 vols. Translated by John Hawkesworth. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Johnson and Warner, Emmor Kimber, Bennett and Walton, Isaac Peirce, B. C. Buzby, and Abraham Small, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1699.

------. Les aventures de Teldmaque, fils d ’Ulysse. . . . Edited by L. C. Vallon. 2d American ed., rev. and corr. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1807. Orig. pub., London, 1721.

Fielding, Henry. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. 3 vols. Philadelphia: A. Small, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1749.

Genlis, Stephanie Felicite, comtesse de. The Siege of Rochelle; or, The Christian Heroine. Translated by R[obert] C[harles] Dallas. 3 vols. in 1. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., Paris, 1807?

Hofland, [Barbara Hoole]. A Father as He Should Be: A Novel. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816.

------. The History of an Officer's Widow and Her Young Family. From the 3d London ed. New York: W. B. Gilley, Van Winkel and Wiley, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1814. 113

------. Patience and Perseverance; or, The Modern Griselda: A Domestic Tale. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816.

Howard, Miss. Married Life; or, Faults on all Sides: A Novel. 2d American ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812.

Hutton, Catherine. The Miser Married: A Novel. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1813.

Jones, J[ohn]. Hawthorn Cottage: A Tale, in Three Parts. . . . 2 vols. in 1. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815.

[Lewis, Alethea]. Rhoda: A Novel. From the 2d London ed. 2 vols. Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1816.

Letters of an Italian Nun and an English Gentleman. 6th ed. Harrisburg, Pa.: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1781.

Mackenzie, Henry. Julia de Roubigne: A Tale. . . . New ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1777.

Opie, [Amelia Alderson]. Valentine's Eve. 3 vols. Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1816.

Pinchard, [Elizabeth Sibthorpe]. The Ward of Delamere: A Tale. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

Porter, Anna Maria. The Hungarian Brothers. 2d ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1808.

Richardson, Samuel. The History of Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1808. Orig. pub., London, 1740.

Roche, Regina Maria. Trecothick Bower; or, The Lady of the West Country: A Tale. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1814.

Ross, Mrs. Paired, Not Matched; or, Matrimony in the Nineteenth Century: A Novel. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. 114

Rowson, [Susannah]. Charlotte Temple: A Tale of Truth. 9th American ed. 2 vols. in 1. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Baltimore: J. Robinson, 1812. Orig. pub., London, 1791.

Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. Pablo y Virginia. Translated by Jos6 Miguel Alea. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810. Orig. pub., Madrid, 1798?

Sketches of Character; or, Specimens of Real Life: A Novel. From the 2d English ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1808.

Smith, Charlotte Turner. Montalbert: A Novel. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1800. Orig. pub., London, 1795.

Surr, T[homas] S[kinner]. The Magic of Wealth: A Novel in Two Volumes. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815.

[Swift, Jonathan]. Voyages to Lilliput and Brobingnag. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809.

Varieties of Life; or, Conduct and Consequences: A Novel in Two Volumes. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

West, [Jane]. The Refusal. 3 vols. in 2. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810. Orig. pub., London, 1810.

The Young Mother; or, Albinia: A Novel. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813.

Geography

Butler, Samuel. Butler's Geographical and Map Exercises Designed for the Use of Young Ladies and Gentlemen. Edited by Stephen Addington. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1809.

Carey, Mathew. Carey's American Minor Atlas; Containing Twenty Maps. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1806. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1802. 115

- . Carey's American Pocket Atlas . . . with a Brief Description of Each State and Territory; Also, the Census of the Inhabitants of the United States, for 1810; the Exports from the United States for Twenty Years. 4th ed., impr., enl. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1796.

- . Carey’s General Atlas, Improved and Enlarged: Being a Collection of Maps of the World and Quarters, Their Principal Empires, Kingdoms, etc. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1796.

A General Atlas: Being a Collection of Maps of the World and Quarters, Their Principal Empires, Kingdoms, etc. . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, Johnson and Warner, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1794?

Gibson, J[ames]. Atlas Minimus; or, A New Set of Pocket Maps of Various Empires, Kingdoms, and States; with Geographical Extracts Relative to Each. New ed., rev., corr., impr. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1798. Orig. pub., London, 1758.

Goldsmith, Oliver. A History of the Earth, and Animated Nature. Edited by William Turton. New ed., corr. 4 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1795. Orig. pub., London, 1774. [Listed as "In the press."]

Graham, David. Geographical Questions Adapted to the New Abridgment of Morse’s Geography. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815.

Moore, S. S. and T. W. Jones. The Traveller’s Directory; or, A Pocket Companion, Shewing the Course of the Main Road from Philadelphia to New York, and from Philadelphia to Washington; with Descriptions of the Places through Which It Passes, and the Intersections of the Cross Roads; Illustrated with an Account of Such Remarkable Objects as Are Generally Interesting to Travellers. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1804. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1802.

A Scripture Atlas: Containing Ten Maps. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. 116

History

Adam, Alexander. Roman Antiquities; or, An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Romans. . . . 1st American edf from the 5th London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1807. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1791?

Caesar, Julius C. Julii Caesaris, quae extant. . . . Edited by Johannes Godivinus. Translated by T. Clark. Philadelphia: n.p., 1813.

Campbell, J[ohnJ Wfilson] and Moses Hoge. A History of Virginia from Its Discovery till the Year 1781; with Biographical Sketches of All the Most Distinguished Characters That Occur in the Colonial, Revolutionary, or Subsequent Period of History. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Petersburg, Va.: J. W. Campbell, 1813.

Cantel, Pierre Joseph, ed. Justinus De historiis Philippicis, et totius mundi originibus. . . . 1st American ed., from the 5th London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1701.

Clark, Thomas. American Chronology: From the Discovery of the Western World, till May 3, 1814. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814.

------. Naval History of the United States from the Commencement of the Revolutionary War to the Present Time. 2d ed. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1813.

Goldsmith, Oliver. An Abridgement of the History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Death of George the Second. . . . From the 13th ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810.

------. The Grecian History: From the Earliest State to the Death of Alexander the Great. 3d American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1808. Orig. pub., London, 1774.

Johnson, R[ichard.] A New Roman History, from the Foundation of Rome to the End of the Commonwealth; Designed for the Use of 117

Young Ladies and Gentlemen. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1770.

Jouy, Etienne de. The Paris Spectator; or, L ’hermite de la ChaussSe-d’Antin: Containing Observations upon Parisian Manners and Customs at the Commencement of the Nineteenth .Century. Translated by William Jerdan. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

Russell, William. The History of Modern Europe: With an Account of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; and a View of the Progress of Society, from the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Paris in 1763, in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to His Son. 3d American ed. 5 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1779.

Tacitus, Cornelius. C. Cornelii Taciti Historiarum libri quinque: ad fidem optimarum editionum exxpressi. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1808.

Law

Friend of Man. The Criminal Recorder; or, An Awful Beacon to the Rising Generation of Both Sexes, Erected by the Arm of Justice to Persuade Them from the Dreadful Miseries of Guilt. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1810.

Read, Collinson. Precedents in the Office of a Justice of Peace; to Which Is Added, a Short System of Conveyancing, in a Method Entirely New; with an Appendix, Containing a Variety of the Most Useful Forms. 3d ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1794.

Toulmin, Henry. The Clerk’s Magazine and American Conveyancer’s Assistant: Being a Collection Adapted to the United States, of the Most Approved Precents . . . / Containing Nearly Double the Number of Such Precedents, Usually Inserted in Similar Publications; Interspersed with Various Legal Principles, and Copious Extracts from the Laws of Different States, Relating to Apprenticeships, the Conveyance of Lands, the Mode of Authenticating Foreign Deeds, etc. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1806. 118

Medicine

Black, Joseph. Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry. . . . Edited by John Robinson. 1st American ed., from the last London ed. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1806. Orig. pub., n.p., 1774.

Cooper, Samuel. A Dictionary of Practical Surgery, Containing a Complete Exhibition of the Present State of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, Collected from the Best and Most Original Sources of Information, and Illustrated by Critical Remarks. . . . Edited by John Syng Dorsey. 2d American ed., repr. from the 2d London ed. of 1813. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, B. and T. Kite, Johnson and Warner, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1809.

Jacobs, W[illiamJ S[tephen]. The Student’s Chemical Pocket Companion. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, and Kimber, Conrad and Co., 1807. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1802.

Rush, Benjamin. Medical Inquiries and Observations. . . . 4th ed. 4 vols. in 2. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1789.

Military

Hewes, Robert. Rules and Regulations for the Sword Exercise of the Cavalry; to Which is Added, the Review Exercise. 2d American ed, from the London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1802. Orig. pub., London, 1805.

Russell, John. Instructions for the Drill, and the Methods of Performing the Eighteen Manoeuvres. 1st American ed., from the 4th London ed. Philadelphia: M. Thomas and M. Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1800.

Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, Baron von. Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1779. 119

Moral Philosophy

Dodsley, Robert. Select Fables of Esop and Other Fabulists; in Three Books. New ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811. Orig. pub., London, 1761.

Ross, James, ed. Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami Colloquia familiaria nonnulla selecta; or, Some Select Familiar Colloquies of D. Erasmus of Rotterdam. Translated by John Clarke. New ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1810.

Upton, John, ed. To Tou Epiktetou Encheiridion. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1792. Orig. pub., London, 1741.

Poetry

Bowles, William Lisle. The Missionary: A Poem. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1813.

Brown, Thomas. The Paradise of Coquettes: A Poem; in Nine Parts. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1814.

Carey, Mathew. Masonic Song Book: Containing a Large Collection of the Most Approved Masonic Songs, Odes, Anthems, etc.; Embellished with Three Appropriate Engravings. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814.

Clarke, Samuel, and George E. Ironside, eds. Ilias, Graece et Latine. . . . 1st American ed. 2 vols. New York: George Long, E. Duyckinck, etc., 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1729.

Cowper, William. Poems by William Cowper. . . . Edited by John Johnson. New ed. Amherst, N.H.: J. Cushing, 1808. Orig. pub., London, 1782.

Dabney, Richard. Poems, Original and Translated. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., Richmond, 1812.

Desprez, Louis, ed. D. Junii Juvenalis et A. Persii Flacci satirae. . . . 1st American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. 120

------. Quinti Horatii Flacci opera. . . . 2d American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814.

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, and Maria Edgeworth. Readings on Poetry. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston, Wells and Lilly; New York: Van Winkle and Wiley, 1816. Orig. pub., London, .1816.

Evans, John. The Parnassian Garland; or, Beauties of Modern Poetry Consisting of Upwards of Two Hundred Pieces, Selected from the Works of the Most Distinguished Poets of the Present Age, with Introductory Lines to Each Article. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1814. Orig. pub., London, 1807.

Gillies, R[obert] P[earse]. Childe Alarique: A Poet's Reverie. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1813.

Grant, Anne MacVicar. The Highlanders, and Other Poems. From the 2d London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1794.

Hunt, Leigh. The Story of Rimini. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1816.

[Lewis, Matthew Gregory]. Tales of Terror; with an Introductory Dialogue. From the 2d London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1801.

Macneill, Hector. The Pastoral; or, Lyric Muse of Scotland; in Three Cantos. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., Edinburgh, 1808.

Momus, Jun. The Cabinet of Momus: A Choice Selection of Humorous Poems from P. Pindar, Freneau, Ladd. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809.

Moore, Edward. Fables for the Ladies, by Edward Moore; to Which Are Added, Seven Select Fables, by Other Authors. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811. Orig. pub., London, 1744.

Moore, Thomas. Irish Melodies. . . . Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1807. 121

Porter, Anna Maria. Ballad Romances and Other Poems. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1811.

Scott, Walter, Sir. Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: Consisting of Historical and Romantic Ballads, Collected in the Southern Counties of Scotland, with a Few of Modern Date, Founded upon Local Tradition. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London?, 1802.

Young, Edward. The Complaint; or, Night Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, Philadelphia: Johnson and Warner, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1742-1745.

------. The Poetical Works of the Rev, Dr, Edward Young; with the Life of the Author, 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1805?

Politics and Contemporary Comment

Carey, Mathew. The Olive Branch; or, Faults on Both Sides, Federal and Democratic: A Serious Appeal on the Necessity of Mutual Forgiveness and Harmony, 7th ed., enl. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1815.

Reference

Bracken, Henry. Farriery Improved; or, A Complete Treatise on the Art of Farriery Wherein Is Fully Explained the Nature, Structure, and Mechanism of That Noble and Useful Creature, a Horse, with the Diseases and Accident's He Is Liable to, and the Methods of Cure; Likewise Rule for Breeding and Training of Colts, Practical Receipts for the Cure of Common Distemper Incident to Oxen, Calves, Sheep Lambs, Hogs, etc; to Which Is Perfixed [sic], Ten Minutes Advice to the Purchasers of Horses, 3d American ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1737.

The House Carpenter's Book of Prices, and Rules for Measuring and Valuing All Their Different Kinds of Work, Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1801. 122

Paxton, John Adems. The Stranger's Guide: An Alphabetical List of All the Wards, Streets, Roads, Lanes, Alleys, Avenues, Courts, Wharves, Ship Yards, Public Buildings, etc. in the City and Suburbs of Philadelphia, with References for Finding Their Situations on an Alphabetical Plan. Philadelphia: Edward Parker, 1811. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1810.

Walker, John. A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, and Expositor of the English Language . . . to Which Are Prefixed, Principles of English Pronunciation . . . Likewise, Rules to Be Observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London for Avoiding Their Respective Peculiarities; and Directions to Foreigners, for Acquiring a Knowledge of the Use of This Dictionary; the Whole Interspersed with Observations, Etymological, Critical, and Grammatical. 4th ed., from the London stereotype ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1791.

Religion

Challoner, Richard. The Garden of the Soul; or, A Manual of Spiritual Exercises and Instructions for Christians Who (Living in the World) Aspire to Devotion. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1793. Orig. pub., London, 1751.

------. Think Well on't; or, Reflections on the Great Truths of the Christian Religion; for Every Day in the Month. 34th ed., corr. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1809. London, 1734.

Chateaubriand, Francois-Rend, vicomte de. The Beauties of Christianity. Edited by Henry Kett. Translated by Frederic Shoberl. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1813.

Coret, Jacques. L ’ange conducteur dans la devotion chrdtienne, rSduite en pratique en faveur des ames devotes. . . . New ed. Paris: Valleyre, 1804. Orig. pub., Namur, 1795?

The Devout Christian’s Vade Mecum: Being a Summary of Select and Necessary Devotions. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1791.

[Ely, Ezra Stiles]. The Second Journal of the Stated Preacher to the Hospital and Almshouse in the City of New-York, for a Part 123

of the Year of Our Lord 1813; with an Appendix. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815.

Exercicio quotidiano, oraciones y devociones para antes y despues de la confesion, y sagrada comunion. Madrid: n.p., 1800. Orig. pub., Madrid, 1772?

Fordyce, James. Sermons to Young Women. 2 vols in 1. 3d American ed., from the 12th London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; New York: I. Riley, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1766.

Hay, George. An Abridgement of the Christian Doctrine. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1800.

------. The Pious Christian Instructed, in the Nature and Practice of the Principal Exercises of Piety Used in the Catholic Church. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1800. Orig. pub., London, 1786.

The Holy Bible: Translated from the Latin Vulgate, Diligently Compared with the Hebrew, Greek, and Other Editions, in Divers Languages; the Old Testament, First Published by the English College at Doway, A.D. 1609, and the New Testament, First Published by the English College at Rhemes, A.D. 1582; with Annotations, References, and an Historical and Chronological Index. 1st American ed., from the 5th Dublin ed., rev., corr. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1805.

Horsley, Samuel. Nine Sermons on the Nature of the Evidence by Which the Fact of Our Lord's Resurrection Is Established, and on Various Other Subjects to Which Is Prefixed, a Dissertation on the Prophecies of the Messiah Dispersed among the Heathen. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; New York: T and J. Swords; Boston: Wells and Lilly, Joseph Rakeshaw, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1815.

[King, Frances Elizabeth]. Female Scripture Characters: Exemplifying Female Virtues. From the 3d. London ed. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey; Boston: Wells and Lilly; New York: A. T. Goodrich, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1812.

Journ^e du Chretien: sanctifiSe par la priere et la meditation. . . . New ed. Paris: F. Barbier, 1810. 124

Petites Etrennes Spirituelles, Dddes a Madame La Dauphine, Contenant; Les Prieres et Offices et La Messe, Latin-Francais; a L'usage Universel. Paris: De Hansy, 1787.

Taylor, Jeremy. Discourses on Various Subjects. 3 vols. Boston: Wells and Lilly; New York: A. T. Goodrich, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1807.

Songs

Adgate, Andrew, and John Jenkins Husband, comps. Philadelphia Harmony; or, A Collection of Psalm Tunes, Hymns, and Anthems Selected by A . Adgate; Together with The Rudiments of Music, on a New and Improved Plan, by A. Adgate; with an Improved Mode of Teaching Music to Facilitate the Progress of a Learner, by John Jenkins Husband. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1811. Orig. pub., Philadelphia, 1788.

Travel

Bolingbroke, Henry. A Voyage to the Demerary: Containing a Statistical Account of the Settlements There, and of Those on the Essequebo, the Berbice, and Other Contiguous Rivers of Guyana. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1805.

Eustace, John Mawman. A Tour through Italy: Exhibiting a View of Its Scenery, Its Antiquities, and Its Monuments; Particularly as They Are Objects of Classical Interest and Elucidation; with an Account of the Present State of Its Cities and Towns; and Occasional Observations on the Recent Spoilations of the French. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1813 [Listed as "In the press."]

[Grant, Anne MacVicar]. Memoirs of an American Lady: With Sketches of Manners and Scenery in America, as They Existed Previous to the Revolution. 2 vols. in 1. Boston: W. Wells, Thomas B. Wait and Co., and Hastings, Etheridge, and Bliss, 1809. Orig. pub., London, 1808.

Heriot, George. Travels through the Canadas; Containing a Description of the Picturesque Scenery on Some of the Rivers 125

and Lakes; with an Account of the Productions, Commerce, and Inhabitants of Those Provinces. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1813. Orig. pub., London, 1807.

Humboldt, Alexander von, and Aim£ Bonpland. Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the years 1799-1804. . . . Translated by Helen Maria Williams. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1815. Orig. pub., London, 1814?

Mawe, John. Travels in the Interior of Brazil, Particularly in the Gold and Diamond Districts of That Country, by Authority of the Prince Regent of Portugal; Including a Voyage to the Rio de la Plata, and an Historical Sketch of the Revolution of Buenos Ayres Illustrated with Five Engravings. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1812.

Morier, James Justinian. A Journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, in the Years 1808 and 1809 in Which Is Included, Some Account of the Proceedings of His Majesty's Mission, under Sir Harford Jones, Bart. JC.C. to the Court of the King of Prussia. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey and Boston: Wells and Lilly, G. Palmer, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1812.

Salt, Henry. A Voyage to Abyssinia, and Travels into the Interior of That Country: Executed under the Orders of the British Government, in the Years 1809 and 1810; in Which Are Included, an Account of the Portguese Settlements on the East Coast of Africa, Visited in the Course of the Voyage; a Concise Narrative of Late Events in Arabia Feliz; and Some Particulars respecting the Aboriginal African Tribes, Extending from Mozambique to the Border of Egypt; Together with Vocabularies of Their Respective Languages; Illustrated with a Map of Abyssinia• Philadelphia: Mathew Carey and Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816.

Scott, John. Paris Revisited, in 1815, by Way of Brussels; Including a Walk Over the Field of Battle at Waterloo. Boston: Wells and Lilly, 1816. Orig. pub., London, 1816.

Sterne, Laurence. A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1798. Orig. pub., London, 1768. Stoddard, Amos. Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, Louisiana. Philadelphia: Mathew Carey, 1812. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Byrne, Patrick. A Catalogue of the Quire Stock of Books of P» Byrne, with the Bound Price on Each Article Offered, as Sold by Him to the Public. Philadelphia: Patrick Byrne, 1802. Shaw and Shoemaker 1974.

Carey, Mathew. Autobiography. New England Magazine, V, VI, VII (1833-1834), 14-35. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

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Virginia L. Montijo

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 12, 1964.

Received a bachelor of arts degree in history and international relations in 1986 from Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia.

Worked in both book and journal publishing before entering the graduate program in history at the College of William and Mary in

1992. Joined the staff of the Omohundro Institute of Early

American History and Culture in 1995 as manuscript editor and is currently senior editor in Book Publications at the Institute.