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The Uptake of Wildlife Research in Botswana: a Study of Productive Interactions

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The Uptake of Wildlife Research in Botswana: a Study of Productive Interactions The uptake of wildlife research in Botswana: a study of productive interactions Monica Sue Morrison Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Nelius Boshoff March 2021 Declaration By submitting this research assignment electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third-party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. January 2021 Copyright © 2021 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Abstract This study set out to identify and understand whether research carried out in or about Botswana has been focused on producing useful and used work in the area of wildlife and related natural resources, with a view to improving the management of these resources. The study investigated this by examining the interactions of researchers and stakeholders engaged in the management, conservation, and use of wildlife resources in northern Botswana. This work draws on the idea that broader societal impact of research can be estimated by following interactions of researchers with potential users of their research throughout the research process. This approach, based on the idea of productive interactions, acknowledges the difficulty of attributing the uptake, use, and impacts of research findings, and moves the focus of investigation from outcomes at the end point of investigation to all the stages and processes of research. Interactions of researchers with potential users of the research - its stakeholders - increase the likelihood of research findings being put to use. In the thesis, this process is viewed through the concept of an extended community of practice that demonstrates mutual engagement, joint enterprise, and shared repertoire. The study used a mixed methods case study approach including literature review, surveys of principal investigators working under Government of Botswana permits and audience members of a public outreach event, interviews, analysis of document content and bibliographic records, and ad hoc participant observation to establish patterns of interaction among researchers and stakeholders working in northern Botswana, and to investigate perceptions of research use. The study found that the northern Botswana's research community of practice consists of a strong core of researchers based in academic institutions and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) who interact with more loosely connected members of the private sector and several levels of government, and with local community members. Findings included that researchers who engage with non-academic stakeholders outside the inner core of this community of practice at early stages, and throughout the research process, are more likely to see their research applied. Their success also appears to be linked to their commitment to working longer-term in northern Botswana, which allows for more, and deeper, interactions with stakeholders. Findings of this study point to validation of the concept of productive interactions in a local community of practice, with effects that extend beyond Botswana and southern Africa. While productive interactions are already taking place in this community, many of them brokered by NGOs, increased deliberate incorporation of the productive interactions approach into the practice ii of government managers, researchers, and the tourism private sector is likely to increase the relevance, awareness, and uptake of the resulting findings, and to build trust and understanding among research stakeholders. Keywords: research uptake, productive interactions, communities of practice, Botswana, wildlife conservation, wildlife research, regulatory processes, research permits, conservation science, communication in science, public engagement, acknowledgements, environmental awareness, environmental information, science-policy interface, knowledge exchange, outreach. iii Opsomming Hierdie studie fokus op navorsing wat in of oor Botswana gedoen is, spesifiek navorsing op die gebied van wildlewe en verwante natuurlike hulpbronne. Die studie het probeer bepaal of sodanige navorsing gerig is op die skep van bruikbare en gebruikte werk ten einde hulpbronbestuur te verbeter. ’n Fokuspunt van die studie is die interaksie tussen navorsers en belanghebbendes wat betrokke is by die bestuur, bewaring en gebruik van natuurlike hulpbronne in die noorde van Botswana. Die uitgangspunt van die studie is dat die breër impak van navorsing in die samelewing verstaan kan word deur die interaksies tussen navorsers en die potensiële gebruikers van navorsing tydens die navorsingsproses te volg. Hierdie benadering is gebaseer op die idee van produktiewe interaksies, wat die attribusie-uitdaging in studies rakende die opname (uptake), gebruik en impak van navorsingsbevindinge omseil, deur die fokus te verskuif vanaf uitkomste aan die eindpunt van navorsing na al die stadiums en prosesse van navorsing. Interaksies tussen navorsers en die potensiële gebruikers van navorsing – die belanghebbendes – verhoog die waarskynlikheid dat die navorsingsbevindinge gebruik sal word. In die proefskrif word hierdie proses beskou aan die hand van die konsep van ’n uitgebreide praktykgemeenskap wat elemente van onderlinge betrokkenheid, gesamentlike onderneming en gedeelde repertorium toon. Die studie het ’n gemengde-metode, gevallestudiebenadering gevolg, wat ’n literatuuroorsig behels het sowel as opnames (van projekleiers wat navorsingpermitte onder die Botswana-regering verkry het, en van deelnemers aan ’n openbare uitreikgeleentheid), onderhoude, ontledings van dokumentinhoud en bibliografiese rekords, en ad hoc deelnemerswaarneming. Die doel was om interaksiepatrone tussen navorsers en belanghebbendes wat in Botswana werk te identifiseer, en om persepsies oor navorsingsgebruik te ondersoek. Die ondersoek het bevind dat die navorsingsgemeenskap in die noorde van Botswana ’n sterk kern van navorsers behels wat in akademiese instellings en nie-regeringsorganisasies gebaseer is, en wat met die minder geskakelde lede van die private sektor, verskeie regeringsvlakke en die plaaslike gemeenskap omgaan. Bevindinge dui ook daarop dat navorsers wat vroeg in die navorsingsproses betrokke is by nie-akademiese belanghebbendes buite die kern van die praktykgemeenskap, se navorsing meer geneig is om toegepas te word. Dit blyk of hul sukses in hierdie verband ook gekoppel is aan hul verbintenis om langer in die noorde van Botswana te werk, wat meer en dieper interaksie met belanghebbendes moontlik maak. iv Bevindinge van hierdie studie dui op die validering van die konsep van produktiewe interaksies in ’n plaaslike praktykgemeenskap, met effekte wat verder strek as Botswana en Suid-Afrika. Alhoewel produktiewe interaksies reeds in hierdie gemeenskap plaasvind (baie daarvan bemiddel deur nie-regeringsorganisasies), sal die doelbewuste inkorporering van die produktiewe interaksiebenadering in die praktyk van regeringsbestuurders, navorsers en die toerisme-private sektor waarskynlik die relevansie, bewustheid en opname (uptake) van navorsingsresultate verhoog, en ook vertroue en begrip onder die navorsingsbelanghebbendes bou. Sleutelwoorde: opname van navorsing, produktiewe interaksies, gemeenskappe van praktyk, Botswana, natuurbewaring, wildnavorsing, reguleringsprosesse, navorsingspermitte, bewaringswetenskap, wetenskapkommunikasie, openbare betrokkenheid, erkennings in tesisse, omgewingsbewustheid, omgewingsinligting, wetenskapbeleid-koppelvlak, kennis uitruil, uitreik v Acknowledgements This thesis argues that research that is useful and useable is the product of collective effort -- productive interactions that take place in a community of practice. I hope that the many interactions I have had throughout this work as it developed will prove this to be so. I owe much to the following people who have provided inspiration, guidance, encouragement, their knowledge and – most importantly – their time, to support me: • My academic supervisor, Professor Nelius Boshoff, whose patience and unfailing courtesy sustained me through doubtful times, and whose keen mind helped me begin to grasp the nature of scholarly inquiry. • My academic reviewers for making the time to read this work and provide comments: Dr Bok Marais, Dr Jack Spaapen, and Professor Heidi Prozesky. • Organisations that supported some of my work towards this degree: Elephants without Borders for including me on their research permit and for in-kind support, South African National Research Foundation (NRF) bursaries through Stellenbosch University, and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) doctoral research award that gave me first-hand experience in a professional communications department and supported my initial Botswana fieldwork. I am grateful to Louise Guenette for volunteering to supervise me at IDRC that year. • My professional friends who have especially encouraged a mature student, while providing much in-kind support in the form of accommodation, meals, transport, and wisdom: Professor Jackie King, Jeanette Clarke, Dr Julie Cliff, Polly Gaster, Dr Linda Stoddart, Drs Sunanda Ray and Farai Madzimbamuto, Dr EB O’Malley and Werner Freigang, the late Professor Bob Young and Louise Gadbois, Professor Cornelis and Meike
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