Le Inarrestabili Carovane Del Sale

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Le Inarrestabili Carovane Del Sale CULTURA testo e foto di Elena Dak* L’INSTABILITÀ E Il deserto del Niger è infestato di banditi, jihadisti e Le inarrestabili L’INSICUREZZA IN NIGER trafficanti. Le attività criminali sconvolgono le società NON FRENANO tradizionali, ma non arrestano le carovane carovane del sale LE PARTENZE DEI NOMADI, dei Tuareg che da secoli trasportano il sale tra le oasi, con ritmi e gesti precisi CHE OGNI INVERNO Fino all’inizio del No- ta del prezioso prodotto, SOLCANO LE SABBIE vecento, nel deserto del fondamentale per tenere Ténéré si potevano vede- in buona salute gli animali DEL TÉNÉRÉ re carovane che traspor- che tutti, in un Paese co- tavano sale composte da me il Niger, possedevano. svariate migliaia di dro- Erano pastori nomadi, ma medari. Anche ventimila, tutte le economie pastorali raccontano le cronache del sono, quasi sempre, miste, tempo. L’esploratore tede- e occuparsi di traffici ca- sco Heinrich Barth le vide rovanieri era la migliore arrivare all’oasi di Bilma alternativa all’allevamento come onde in successione dei dromedari, il bene più di cui non si riusciva a im- caro, utile e insostituibile maginare la fine. Si trat- mezzo di trasporto. tava di enormi villaggi in Ancora nei primi anni Due- viaggio, carichi di paglia mila, vari segmenti di caro- all’andata, atti a traspor- vana, circa una dozzina di tare, al ritorno, quintali di dromedari e uno o due cristalli bianchi che furo- uomini, scendevano dalle no, per secoli, più preziosi vallate montuose, a par- dell’oro: il sale. tire dall’inizio di ottobre, Un secolo dopo, le tagha- come rigagnoli di un corso lamt – le carovane del sale d’acqua, per ritrovarsi alle in lingua tamasheq – sol- porte del vasto deserto del cavano ancora il deserto, Ténéré, da attraversare in- composte non più da mi- sieme, numerosi e compat- gliaia ma da centinaia di ti. Le colonne di animali e animali: dalle montagne uomini affrontavano le sab- dell’Aïr, nel nord del Ni- bie sotto la guida di un ca- ger, dirette verso le oasi pocarovana, un madougou, di Bilma o Fachi, seicen- capace di leggere le stelle e to chilometri più ad est, l’ombra degli animali sulla per andare a comprare il sabbia, e si dirigevano a est sale, di cui i carovanieri camminando ininterrotta- erano i mercanti. I Tuareg mente per ore e ore. hanno da sempre detenuto il monopolio della vendi- In cammino coi nomadi La carovana a cui ebbi il ◀ Il fronte di una carovana privilegio di aggregarmi diretta all’oasi di Bilma, nel 2005 era composta da fotografato dall’autrice del servizio, che ha viaggiato oltre trecento dromedari e trenta un mese assieme ai nomadi tra uomini. Nessuna sosta per le sabbie del Ténéré nessuna ragione era previ- 52 africa · 1 · 2019 africa · 1 · 2019 53 biliva il percorso e il nume- ÈÈ ArlitArlit EERR ro di chilometri da coprire EENN TT necessariamente ogni gior- LL EE I R DD no, e questo dettava il pas- L LL’ ’AA I R O DDEE L TchighazerineTchighazerine O OO TT OasiOasi di di Fachi Fachi so e il ritmo. L’autonomia TT RR RR EE E E era al massimo di tre gior- SS TimiaTimia S S EE E E ni, dopo i quali diventava DD DD TeziziletTezizilet un imperativo giungere TabelotTabelot all’acqua. Anch’io, come AlberòAlberò del del Tenerè Tenerè tutti i cronisti che nei se- coli passati avevano vissu- AGADEZAGADEZ to esperienze di carovana o si erano imbattuti in esse, ero travolta dal fascino che quell’andare ipnotico in mezzo alle sabbie emana- va: un senso di beatitudine sta, se non in casi di reale e di leggerezza alleviava le emergenza. Ricordo. con fatiche quotidiane dovute lo stesso sconcerto di allo- alle molte ore di cammino. ra, l’alt che fu imposto al- La coesione e la condivi- la carovana in movimento sione con i carovanieri di dall’espulsione prematura ogni istante e di ogni fatica di un feto di dromedario, trasformava quell’enorme che stava rischiando di massa di esseri viventi in portare alla morte anche una sorta di realtà paral- la madre. Un urlo gelò tut- lela dal «ritmo lento ma ti e un carovaniere esperto deciso» – come scrisse non esitò a prendere l’unica Théodore Monod – che, decisione possibile in quel complice la bellezza es- momento, sacrificando il senziale del deserto, rende- neonato e salvando la ma- va l’esperienza eccezionale dre che, pochi istanti dopo per me e i giovanissimi il drammatico parto, ripre- figli dei carovanieri che se a camminare come se la stavano vivendo per la niente e nessuno fosse ri- prima volta, e ugualmen- masto dietro a noi. te intensa per gli uomini La posizione dei pozzi sta- esperti di traversate. ◀ I carovanieri caricano il sale ▶ Due carovane di dromedari, (estratto da pozze d’acqua chiamate azalai o taghlamt, evaporata) dopo l’acquisto avanzano sulle enormi piane nell’oasi di Bilma. sabbiose del Ténéré. Ogni inverno, i Tuareg dell’Aïr, Quella in alto è sulla via del qui accanto in una sosta ritorno verso Agadez, con un notturna, si mettono in marcia carico di 200 chili di lastre di nel deserto e percorrono antiche salgemma per ciascun animale; rotte per andare a rifornirsi la carovana in basso invece di sale e di datteri, che poi è diretta alle oasi di Bilma scambieranno con sacchi e di Fachi, con un carico di di miglio, il cereale sul quale foraggio e generi alimentari. si basa la loro alimentazione Il viaggio dura circa un mese 54 africa · 1 · 2019 africa · 1 · 2019 55.
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