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Borneo Again: Media, Social Life and Nation-Building Among the Iban of Malaysian Borneo

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Borneo Again: Media, Social Life and Nation-Building Among the Iban of Malaysian Borneo Borneo again: media, social life and nation-building among the Iban of Malaysian Borneo Ph.D. Social Anthropology University College London John R. Postill (LONDON Abstract This study examines the social and political significance of media among the Iban of Sarawak, in Malaysian Borneo. It is intended to contribute both to the ethnographic literature on the lban and to a neglected field of inquiry of key theoretical and practical importance: the anthropological study of media. The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the problem by critically reviewing the relevant literature from social anthropology and media studies. The second chapter deals with the production side of modern media from an historical perspective. The production of a modern lban identity through radio and print media in the 1 960s was superseded in the 1970s by a more vigorous rival project supported through television and textbooks: the creation of a Malaysian national culture. The third chapter explores the 'social life and afterlife' of television sets in the Saribas region as they enter into the gift and exchange systems that bind the living and the dead, including burial rites at which television sets are destroyed. This approach reveals growing wealth disparities in rural Sarawak as well as culture-specific ways in which media artefacts are appropriated and disposed of. Chapter Four analyses the critical role of radio, television, public-address systems and other media in the organisation of social time and space in Saribas longhouse communities. I argue that these media help local people to routinely naturalize clock and calendar time both in their daily and festive lives. Chapter Five focuses on the relationship between media practices and the local Saribas ideology, or 'ideolect'. A close examination of school essays, public-address speeches and television commentary reveals a consistent set of developmentalist ideas cutting across these diverse practices. Chapter Six compares and contrasts the findings from the Saribas area (chapters 3-5) with those from a more remote region, the Skrang. I stress the importance of indigenised Christian prayer books in providing recent converts with tools with which to make sense of troubling reports from television and radio, notably news of war, famine and the spread of infectious diseases. Chapter Seven is a summary and conclusion. 2 Table of Contents 2 Abstract 3 Table of Contents 6 List of Maps 6 List of Tables 7 Abbreviations 7 Note on currency Acknowledgements 7 1. Introduction: notes towards an integrated anthropology of the media 14 14 Introduction 14 1. Background to the Iban 19 Recent political changes Iban studies 20 The problem of Iban space 22 The problem of Iban time 27 2. The anthropology of media 31 32 Mass communications research in the US and Malaysia British Media Studies 36 38 Contemporary trends in the anthropology of media 43 Media and the ttotal social fact' of modem Iban society 45 3. Field sites and methods 45 First field site: the Saribas 50 Second field site: the Skrang Third field site: Kuching 51 2. An aborted ethnogenesis: the mediated producton of a modem Iban high culture, 1954-1999 53 Introduction: the mediated production of ethnicity and nationalism 53 1. First period (1954-1976): the rise of Iban radio and print media 57 I ban-language broadcasting 57 The Borneo Literature Bureau period: 1960-1976 63 The significance of the Borneo Literature Bureau 75 One aborted cultural project, two language-based media 80 2. Second period (1977-1999): modem media and the production 82 of a shalb Dayak identity lban print media from boom to bonfire 82 3 88 A stunted growth: Iban radio in a post-BLB, Malaysian Sarawak 96 The Sarawak press Sibu pop: an expanding Sino-lban music industry 98 The Dayaks can be seen on TV, but they cannot be heard 103 Gawai Dayak, that civilised multimediated festival 107 Ill Interpersonal media: the producers are the consumers Conclusion 112 3. The social life and afterlife of Saribas Iban media artefacts 114 114 Introduction: a vvrking television set 116 The anthropological problem of value 122 The life crises of Saribas Iban television sets Three methods of acquisition 123 128 Four methods of disposal Summary and conclusion 138 4. Modern media and the organisation of time and space in Saribas Iban longhouses 141 141 The anthropological problem of mediated time and space 146 1. Media in the daily life of Saribas Iban 148 Modem media and vomen's day-to-day life 152 A man-made, commodified time 154 Games Saribas Iban children play 157 Prime time, prime place 160 2. Media in the festive life of Saribas Iban The lumping of media, ritual, and performance 160 Children's quiz night: going by the clock and by the book 168 Women's quiz night: timing an uncertain past 170 173 Gawai Dayak opening rite and the invisible chronographic media 175 Gawai's Eve: celebrating clock and calendar time 179 The triumph of modem longhouse time and its discontents Summary and conclusion 180 5. Sanbas iban knowledge: fuzzy media practices, a consistent ideolect 182 The anthropological problem of mediated knowledge 182 Malaysia's national ideology and its sub-national derivative 186 The Sanbas Iban ideolect 189 191 Literacy and the birth of a modem ideolect 196 Boys wlhl be policemen Girls will be teachers 202 4 Knowing book a shared paradigm of inference 204 Inferential games Saribas Iban children play 207 The transformation of Iban notions of transformation 209 A black year, business as usual 212 February 1997: Foreign headhunting 212 August 1997: Borneo burning 215 September 1997: the Southeast Asian currency crisis 219 "Charge your batteries!": public-address systems as face-to-face ideolect channels 221 Ideolectal inconsistencies 224 Wealth disparities 225 The universal problem of ageing 229 Family life 231 The good old radio days 233 Summary and conclusion 234 6. Skrang (ban knowledge: the Bible is hot, the prayer book is cool 235 Introduction 235 Historical background to the Skrang region 236 Recent history 240 The failure of television 243 The success of radio 255 The Bible is hot, the prayer book is cool 259 Conclusion: the need for a folk epidemiology of the media 272 7. Summary and conclusion 273 Summary 273 The contribution of this thesis 279 Appendices 286 Bibliography 291 5 List of Maps Map 1: Location of Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia within Southeast Asia (after Taylor 1974) 10 Map 2: The main ethnic groupings of Sarawak and adjacent territories, highlighting the lban areas (after King 1993: 39) 11 Map 3: Location within Sarawak of all three field sites: Kuching, the Saribas and the Skrang 12 Map 4: Sarawak's Sri Aman Division, showing location of first (Saribas) and second (Skrang) field sites 13 Ust of Tables 8th 2.1. Number of manuscripts by language sent in for the BLB annual competition, 1965 67 9h 2.2. Number of manuscripts by language sent in for the BLB annual corn petition, 1966 68 2.3. A breakdown of 7 issues of Nendak magazine (from 1968 to 1975) by general and specific subject-matter 71 11th 2.4. Number of manuscripts by language sent in for the BLB annual competition, 1968 73 2.5. 17 BLB Iban authors by year of first publication, place of origin, secondary school education, training, etc. 78 2.6. Circulation of major Sarawak newspapers 97 2.7. Subject-matter of Iban pop songs produced in the I 990s 99 3.1. Most valued bilk-family possessions among Saribas Iban 118 3.2. The socially-regulated paths of acquisition and disposal of television sets among Saribas lban 123 4.1. Favourite hobbies of Form I and Form 2 lban pupils in the Saribas 157 4.2. Main rituals and festivals at Saribas Iban longhouses 166 5.1. Most popular television genres among Saribas Iban adult viewers 226 6.1. No. of teachers and pupils at Kandis primary school, 1963-1997 241 6.2. The provenance of Christian rites at Kandis longhouse: a breakdown of the service register 266 6 Appendices Appendix 1: Household questionnaire 295 Appendix 2: New Iban titles printed by the Borneo Literature Bureau from 1960to 1976 299 Abbreviations BLB Borneo Literature Bureau CATS Communicating Aspiration Throughout Sarawak (commercial radio station) DPB Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Language Planning and Development Agency) ICT Information and communication technology JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya (formerly Public Works Department) PAS 1. Public-address system. 2. Pan Malaysian Islamic Party (Party Islam SeMalaysia) PBB Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu PBS Parti Bersatu Sabah PBDS Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak PESAKA Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak RASCOM Rajang Security Command RM Malaysian ringgit (see note below) RMS Radio Malaysia Sarawak RIM Radio Televisylen Malaysia SED Sarawak Education Department SNAP Sarawak National Party STC Sarawak Transport Company TBC Tiew Brothers Company (pop music, esp. lban) UMNO United Malays National Organisation (West Malaysia) Note on currency The Malaysian ringgit (RM) was pegged at RM3: US$1 before the 1970s. Since the adoption of flexible exchange rates in the early 1 970s, it fluctuated within the range of RM 2.4-2.7 to the US dollar (Gomez and Jomo 1997: xiv) until the sharp devaluation of September 1997. At the time of writing (9 December 1999) the rate was RM 3.8 to the US dollar and RM 6.17 to sterling. 7 Acknowledgements This most solitary of tabours, the Ph.D. thesis, is paradoxically a profoundly collective undertaking. I am deeply grateful to Dr Simon Strickland and Professor Christopher Tilley, my supervisors in the Anthropology Department, University College London (UCL), for their unfailing support and faith in this project, and for pulling me out of a number of blind alleys.
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