Der Ruf Des Dschihad Kuum Wurden Zu Einer Anlaufstelle Für Den Internationalen Dschi- Had Und Zog Tausende Kämpfer Aus Der Arabischen Welt, Aber Auch Aus Europa An

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Der Ruf Des Dschihad Kuum Wurden Zu Einer Anlaufstelle Für Den Internationalen Dschi- Had Und Zog Tausende Kämpfer Aus Der Arabischen Welt, Aber Auch Aus Europa An Band 13 / 2016 Band 13 / 2016 Der Sturz autoritärer Herrscher in zahlreichen arabischen Staaten schuf eine neue sicherheitspolitische Umgebung vor den Toren Europas. Diese Umbrüche führten nicht nur zu einer Aufwertung extremistischer Gruppierungen, sondern eröffneten ihnen einen noch nie dagewesenen Handlungsspielraum. Der Krieg gegen das Assad-Regime in Syrien und das entstandene Sicherheitsva- Der Ruf des Dschihad kuum wurden zu einer Anlaufstelle für den internationalen Dschi- had und zog tausende Kämpfer aus der arabischen Welt, aber auch aus Europa an. Auf diese neue Dynamik müssen Regierun- Theorie, Fallstudien und Wege aus der Radikalität gen mit vorhandenen wie auch neuen „Werkzeugen“ reagieren. Auf Grundlage der Erfahrungswerte im Umgang mit Extremismus in muslimischen und westlichen Ländern wird der Versuch unter- nommen, effektive Maßnahmen und Instrumente zur Prävention von Radikalisierung, insbesondere in Europa, zu finden. Der Ruf des Dschihad – Theorie, Fallstudien und Wege aus der Radikalität aus der und Wege Fallstudien Dschihad – Theorie, des Ruf Der ISBN: 978-3-902944-96-2 Jasmina Rupp und Walter Feichtinger (Hrsg.) 13/16 Schriftenreihe der Rupp, Feichtinger (Hrsg.) Feichtinger Rupp, Landesverteidigungsakademie Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Jasmina Rupp und Walter Feichtinger (Hrsg.) Der Ruf des Dschihad Theorie, Fallstudien und Wege aus der Radikalität 13/2016 Wien, April 2016 Impressum: Medieninhaber, Herausgeber, Hersteller: Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport Rossauer Lände 1 1090 Wien Redaktion: Landesverteidigungsakademie Institut für Friedenssicherung und Konfliktmanagement Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Copyright: © Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport Alle Rechte vorbehalten April 2016 ISBN 978-3-902944-96-2 Druck: HDruckZ-ASt Stift xxxx/15 Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Danksagung Die Idee der vorliegenden Publikation wurde am Institut für Friedenssiche- rung und Konfliktmanagement (IFK) an der Landesverteidigungsakademie geboren, mit dem Ziel zu Zeiten der „Globalisierung des Dschihadismus“ der Frage nach der Radikalisierung im politischen Islam nachzugehen. Die Vollendung dieses Buches wäre ohne die Unterstützung zahlreicher Personen nicht möglich gewesen: Ein großer Dank gilt den österreichischen und internationalen Autorinnen und Autoren sowie den Regionalexperten des IFK für ihre beachtlichen Beiträge in der vorliegenden Publikation. Gedankt sei auch Michael Schmiedinger für seinen umfangreichen Beitrag sowie seine Zeit und Mühe bei der Bearbeitung des Buches. Des Weiteren bedanke ich mich bei der MENA-Taskforce des IFK – Walter Posch, Michael Zinkanell, Basma Salama, Seda Kivrak und Werner Pack – sowie Florimond Collette für deren bereichernde Anregungen und Verbes- serungsvorschläge. Schließlich gilt ein großer Dank Brigadier Walter Feichtinger für seine Er- mutigung und kompetente Betreuung, die er über den gesamten For- schungs- und Publikationsprozess entgegenbrachte. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ................................................................................................. 7 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................. 8 Abstract ............................................................................................... 10 Glossar................................................................................................. 13 Einleitung: Aufstieg und Fall des militanten Extremismus Jasmina Rupp ....................................................................................... 20 I. Einführung .............................................................................. 33 Islam ist nicht gleich Islam – die wichtigsten Strömungen Hamideh Mohagheghi ........................................................................... 35 Wege in die Radikalität – Die Ideologie und das Denken politisch und religiös motivierter Bewegungen Moussa al-Hassan Diaw ....................................................................... 53 Die Evolution des Dschihadismus online und die Medien des Dschihads – von „al-Qaida“ zum „Islamischen Staat“ Nico Prucha ......................................................................................... 79 II. Fallstudien – Moderate und radikale Islamisten in ausgewählten Ländern ................................................................... 97 Boko Haram als Herausforderung für die regionale Sicherheit Gerald Hainzl ...................................................................................... 99 Marokkos Islamisten: Ein Sonderfall? Khalid El Abdaoui ............................................................................... 111 Der tunesische Versuch: Politischer Säkularismus als Garant eines islamischen Staates Jasmina Rupp ...................................................................................... 129 5 Politischer Islam in Libyen Iris Lechner ......................................................................................... 155 Ägypten – in den Fängen von Islamismus und Militärdiktatur Ranja Ebrahim .................................................................................... 181 Syrien – Die Auflösung des letzten säkularen Staates im Nahen Osten Joachim Guilliard ................................................................................ 209 Irak ‒ Islamisierung in Folge von Krieg und Besatzung Joachim Guilliard ................................................................................ 239 Islamistische Gewalt in der Islamischen Republik Iran Walter Posch ....................................................................................... 267 Politischer Islam und gewaltsamer Extremismus im Kontext der Friedenskonsolidierung am Westbalkan Predrag Jureković................................................................................. 319 III. Wege aus der Radikalität ...................................................... 343 Erfahrungen mit „Deradikalisierungsprogrammen“ in muslimischen Ländern Rüdiger Lohlker ................................................................................... 345 Bekämpfung von dschihadistischem Terrorismus und Radikalisierung auf EU-Ebene Barbara Korte ..................................................................................... 359 Kleiner Verein oder Vertretung einer Mehrheit: Wer ist die Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich? Farid Hafez......................................................................................... 383 Akronym- und Abkürzungsverzeichnis .............................................. 401 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................ 407 Autoren und Herausgeber .................................................................. 423 6 Vorwort Als im Sommer 2014 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ein Kalifat ausrief, waren die Terroristen des sogenannten Islamischen Staates (IS) schon bis vor die Tore Bagdads vorgestoßen. Mit unglaublicher Brutalität führen sie ihren „Krieg gegen Ungläubige“, der an Bestialität und Menschenverachtung nicht zu überbieten ist. Tausende sogenannte Foreign Terrorist Fighters kommen aus westlichen und asiatischen Staaten, die Dschihadisten erhalten aber vor al- lem Zustrom aus arabischen Ländern, insbesondere aus dem „Hoffnungs- träger“ aller Umbruchstaaten, nämlich Tunesien. Mit der Rückkehr der radikalen Kämpfer stieg die Gefahr terroristischer Anschläge in deren Herkunftsländern, wie die Attentate in Paris 2015 und Brüssel 2016 zeigen. Weltweit bekennen sich nunmehr radikale und gewalt- tätige Gruppierungen zum Kalifat, sie möchten am „terroristischen Erfolgs- modell Kalifat“ teilhaben. Es scheint über viele Staaten hinweg ein immer stärkeres Netzwerk von radikal-islamistischen Kräften zu entstehen, dessen Gefahrenpotenzial nicht abzuschätzen ist. Rat- und fassungslos stehen Po- litiker, Gesellschaften und auch betroffene Familien den Radikalisierungs- tendenzen junger Menschen gegenüber, die das westlich-liberale System verachten und eine rigide und totalitäre Form des politischen Islam unter- stützen. In ihrem blinden Eifer sind sie sogar bereit, dafür zu sterben. Doch wie real und verbreitet ist diese Gefahr tatsächlich, vor allem aber – wie kann diesem Trend und der Radikalisierung junger Menschen entge- gengewirkt werden? Mit diesen Fragen setzen sich die Autoren und Auto- rinnen dieses von Jasmina Rupp, der Nahostexpertin des Instituts für Frie- denssicherung und Konfliktmanagement (IFK) an der Landesverteidi- gungsakademie, gestalteten Bandes auseinander, wenn etwa im ersten Ka- pitel grundlegende Fragen zum Islam und der Weg in die Radikalität erör- tert werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt aber auf den Fallstudien im zweiten Kapitel. Ausgewiesene österreichische und internationale Expertinnen und Experten untersuchen dabei den militanten Islamisierungseffekt in neun 7 Ländern – von Nigeria über Tunesien, Libyen und Irak bis zum Westbal- kan. In diesen Teil fließt in hohem Maße die Regionalexpertise von Ange- hörigen des IFK ein. Zudem wird den Fragen nachgegangen, wie und auf welche Online-Medien sich Terrororganisationen wie al-Qaida oder der IS stützen, welche Gegenstrategien die EU und Österreich verfolgen und ob es bereits Erfahrungen mit Deradikalisierungsprogrammen in muslimischen Ländern gibt. Der Aspekt, wie repräsentativ die Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Ös- terreich denn eigentlich sei, ist bestimmt nicht nur für das österreichische
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