DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Flight Morphology in Stick Insects Supplementary Materials

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of Flight Morphology in Stick Insects Supplementary Materials A tale of winglets: evolution of flight morphology in stick insects Supplementary Materials Text section Notes on ancestral state reconstruction for wing size in stick insects Figure S1, Summary of morphology sampling S2, Polytomous tree with traits mapped S3, Ancestral state reconstruction for wing size S4, Ancestral state reconstruction for body size S4, Ancestral state reconstruction for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and sexual wing dimorphism (SWD) S5, Phylogenetic mapping of hind wing state for sampled tribes S6, Summary of phylogenetic correlation of flight morphology among all winged stick insects Table S1, Information on the nuclear and mitochondrial loci S2, Summary of PGLS results in all winged stick insects S3, Summary of derived wing utility in stick insects with miniaturized wings Datasets 1-4 1. Morphometrics (taxa, wing length, body length) 2. Scaling of wing loading (mass, wing length, wing area) 3. Molecular sampling (list of species), including accession numbers for new sequences on GenBank 4. Nexus input files Script MatLab script for organizing taxonomy data from Phasmida Species Files Supplementary Text Notes on ancestral state reconstruction for wing size evolution in stick insects Our maximum-likelihood ancestral state reconstruction showed a short wing size (Q < 0.4) preceded various levels of gains and losses observed in extant phasmids (Fig. S4,5). Nevertheless, this result only offered a preliminary perspective on wing size evolution in phasmids. This study reflects a small portion of the extant phasmid diversity (~ 10% documented species), and a complete molecular phylogeny and a complete trait sampling are not available. Our preliminary sampling for the presence of hind wings showed a highly variable pattern across phasmid clades, even below the tribe level (Fig. S7). In order to properly model evolutionary rates of change and ancestral states for wing size, future work may increase the phylogenetic resolution and incorporate trait sampling across extant tips. Properly modeling the gain and loss of wings in phasmids will require complex models to account for (1) variation in rate of wing size evolution across the tree (Beaulieu et al. 2013), (2) variation in rate of species diversification across the tree (Maddison 2006). In particular, Goldberg and Igić (2008) suggested that the loss and gain of wings may affect diversification patterns. Our results on bimodal distribution of wing size further indicated a potentially more complex, wing size- dependent diversification scenario. Supplementary Figures Figure S1. Summary of taxa sampled for flight-related morphology. (a) All documented phasmid tribes, with the number of species based on Brock et al. (2019). Colors represent the hindwing condition within tribes; asterisks denote tribes sampled in this study. (b) Summary of the number of taxa sampled for hindwing size (see Supplementary Dataset 1). 1 Canachus_sp_CAN5 1 Canachus_sp_CAN3 0.93 0.93 Canachus_alligator Canachus_sp_TRB2009 0.92 Microcanachus_matileorum 1 Asprenas_impennis 1 0.81 Asprenas_sp_ASP5 Trapezaspis_sp_TRB2009 0.92 Carlius_fecundus Eurycanthini Labidiophasma_rouxi 1 0.96 Erinaceophasma_vepres 1 Neopromachus_doreyanus 10.96 Eurycantha_insularis 1 Eurycantha_calcarata Thaumatobactron_guentheri Dryococelus_australis 1 Dimorphodes_mancus 1 Dimorphodes_prostasis 0.96 Dimorphodes_sp_TRB2009 1 Xeroderus_sp_TRB2009 Xeroderini 1 Cotylosoma_amphibius 0.97 Leosthenes_sp_TRB2009 Cnipsus_rachis 1 Acanthoxyla_intermedia 1 Acanthoxyla_geisovii 0.92 Acanthoxyla_inermis 1 Argosarchus_horridus Acanthoxylini 1 Pseudoclitarchus_sentus 1 Clitarchus_hookeri 1 Tectarchus_huttoni 1 Tectarchus_ovobessus 1 Hemipachymorphini 1 Tectarchus_salebrosus Spinotectarchus_acornutus 1 Asteliaphasma_jucundum 1 Niveaphasma_annulata 1 Micrarchus_hystriculeus Pachymorphini Pachymorpha_sp_TRB2009 1 Rhaphiderus_scabrosus Monandroptera_acanthomera Monandropterini Anchiale_sp_TRB2009 Phasma_gigas 0.95 0.97 Anchiale_briareus Anchiale_sp_STI17 Ctenomorpha_marginipennis 1 Acrophylla_titan Phasmatini 1 Acrophylla_wuelfingi 1 Acrophylla_thoon 1 Eurycnema_osiris Eurycnema_goliath 0.98 Ctenomorpha_sp_LAN3 1 Ctenomorpha_sp_LAN2 1 Tropidoderus_sp_LAN9 0.99 Tropidoderus_sp_LAN5 1 0.96 Tropidoderus_sp_LAN8 Tropidoderini 1 Tropidoderus_childrenii Podacanthus_wilkinsoni Malandania_pulchra Didymuria_sp_LAN10 1 Megacrania_alpheus 1 Megacrania_phelaus 1 1 Ophicrania_leveri Platycranini Graeffea_sp_GRA1 Graeffea_crouanii 1 Extatosoma_tiaratum_tiaratum 1 Extatosoma_tiaratum Extatosomatini Extatosoma_tiaratum_bufonium 1 Hermarchus_sp_HER2 Hermarchus_pythonius 1 Phasmotaenia_sp_TRB2009 Stephanacridini Macrophasma_biroi 1 Lamponius_guerini 1 Agamemnon_cornutus Hesperophasmatini 0.95 Pterinoxylus_crassus Rhynchacris_ornata Phobaeticus_heusii 1 Phobaeticus_serratipes Pharnaciini Pharnacia_ponderosa 1 Lopaphus_sphalerus 1 Lopaphus_sphalerus_YZ 1 Lopaphus_perakensis 1 Lopaphus_iolas 1 Asceles_tanarata_amplior 1 1 Asceles_tanarata_tanarata Asceles_tanarata_singapura Necrosciini 1 Orxines_semperi 1 1 Orxines_macklottii Sipyloidea_sipylus 1 Oxyartes_lamellatus 1 Oxyartes_yunnanus Phaenopharos_khaoyaiensis Baculofractum_insigne 1 Neohirasea_maerens Spinohirasea benaglensis Bactrododema_sp_TRB2009 Necrosciinae_TRB2009 1 Sceptrophasma_langkawicensis 1 Sceptrophasma_hispidulum 0.99 Zehntneria_mystica 0.98 Clonaria_conformans 1 Baculini_sp_WS22 Bacillus_rossius 0.95 1 Medaura_sp_WS34 Gratidiini Medauroidea_extradentata 1 Baculum_thaii Ramulus_thaii Gratidia_sp_TRB2009 1 Pylaemenes_pui Epidares_nolimetangere Datamini Oreophoetes_peruana 1 Diapheromera_femorata 1 Pseudosermyle_phalangiphora Oncotophasma_martini Diapheromerini Spinonemia_chilensis 1 Sungaya_inexpectata 1 Trachyaretaon_carmelae 1 Aretaon_asperrimus Obrimini Pterobrimus_depressus Haaniella_echinata 1 Heteropteryx_dilatata Heteropterygini Haaniella_dehaanii 1 Anisomorpha_ferruginea 1 Anisomorpha_buprestoides 1 Peruphasma_schultei Anisomorphini 0.9 1 Agathemera_crassa Agathemera_sp_TRB2009 Agathemerini 1 Pseudophasma_velutinum Pseudophasma_rufipes Achrioptera_punctipes Hyrtacus_sp_TRB2009 1 Carausius_morosus Lonchodini Chondrostethus_woodfordi Xylica_oedematosa 0.99 Chitoniscus_brachysoma 1 Phyllium_celebicum 0.93 Phyllium_siccifolium Phylliini 1 1 Phyllium_giganteum 1 Phyllium_bioculatum Chitoniscus_feejeeanus 1 Dinophasma_saginatum Aschiphasmatini 1 Abrosoma_festinatum Timema_californicum 1 Metoligotoma_pugionifer Metoligotoma_brevispina -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 MY Figure S2. Bayesian species tree inferred with BEAST, with node labels showing posterior probabilities > 0.9. Figure S3. Phylogenetic correlations between wing and body size among winged species. Details are provided in Table S2. Figure S4. Ancestral state reconstruction for relative wing size (Q) of males (a) and females (b), respectively, featuring repeated gain and reduction. The last common ancestor of the main clades is characterized by short wings (Q < 0.4); however, this inference is liable to change with more complete sampling. In long-wing lineages, wing size between females and males is correlated (see Fig. 7a). Carlius fecundus Carlius fecundus Eurycantha insularis Eurycantha insularis Neopromachus doreyanus Neopromachus doreyanus Erinaceophasma vepres Erinaceophasma vepres Dryococelus australis Dryococelus australis a Dimorphodes prostasis b Dimorphodes prostasis Dimorphodes mancus Dimorphodes mancus Cnipsus rachis Cotylosoma amphibius Acanthoxyla geisovii Cnipsus rachis Acanthoxyla geisovii Argosarchus horridus Argosarchus horridus Clitarchus hookeri Clitarchus hookeri Pseudoclitarchus sentus Pseudoclitarchus sentus Tectarchus huttoni Tectarchus huttoni Niveaphasma annulata Niveaphasma annulata Monandroptera acanthomera Monandroptera acanthomera Rhaphiderus scabrosus Rhaphiderus scabrosus Phasma gigas Phasma gigas Anchiale briareus Anchiale briareus Ctenomorpha marginipennis Ctenomorpha marginipennis Acrophylla wuelfingi Acrophylla wuelfingi Acrophylla titan Acrophylla titan Acrophylla thoon Acrophylla thoon Eurycnema goliath Eurycnema goliath Eurycnema osiris Eurycnema osiris Tropidoderus childrenii Tropidoderus childrenii Podacanthus wilkinsoni Podacanthus wilkinsoni Ophicrania leveri Malandania pulchra Graeffea crouanii Ophicrania leveri Graeffea crouanii Extatosoma tiaratumtiaratum Extatosoma tiaratumtiaratum Hermarchus pythonius Hermarchus pythonius Macrophasma biroi Macrophasma biroi Agamemnon cornutus Pterinoxylus crassus 1.18 2.19 Lamponius guerini 1.33 2.39 Agamemnon cornutus Phobaeticus serratipes Lamponius guerini Pharnacia ponderosa Phobaeticus serratipes Lopaphus iolas Pharnacia ponderosa Lopaphus perakensis Lopaphus iolas Asceles tanaratatanarata Lopaphus perakensis log (L ) Asceles tanarataamplior log (L ) Lopaphus sphalerus 10 M Asceles tanaratasingapura 10 F Asceles tanaratatanarata Sipyloidea sipylus Asceles tanarataamplior Oxyartes lamellatus Asceles tanaratasingapura Phaenopharos khaoyaiensis Sipyloidea sipylus Baculofractum insigne Oxyartes lamellatus Medauroidea extradentata Phaenopharos khaoyaiensis Bacillus rossius Baculofractum insigne Sceptrophasma hispidulum Medauroidea extradentata Bacillus rossius Sceptrophasma langkawicensis Sceptrophasma hispidulum Clonaria conformans Sceptrophasma langkawicensis Ramulus thaii Clonaria conformans Diapheromera femorata Ramulus thaii Epidares nolimetangere Diapheromera femorata Oreophoetes peruana Epidares nolimetangere Spinonemia chilensis Oreophoetes peruana Trachyaretaon brueckneri Spinonemia chilensis Aretaon asperrimus Trachyaretaon brueckneri Pterobrimus
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2018-07-01 Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Pacheco, Yelena Marlese, "Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 7444. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7444 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael F. Whiting, Chair Sven Bradler Seth M. Bybee Steven D. Leavitt Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2018 Yelena Marlese Pacheco All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Phasmatodea exhibit a variety of cryptic ecomorphs associated with various microhabitats. Multiple ecomorphs are present in the stick insect fauna from Papua New Guinea, including the tree lobster, spiny, and long slender forms. While ecomorphs have long been recognized in phasmids, there has yet to be an attempt to objectively define and study the evolution of these ecomorphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmid Studies 1 (June & December 1992)
    PSG 118, Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher) Paul Jennings, 14, Grenfell Avenue, Sunnybill, Derby, DE3 7JZ. U.K•• Taxonomic and distribution notes by P .E. Bragg. lliustration of male by E. Newman. Key words Phasmida, Aretaon asperrimus, Breeding, Rearing. Classification This species was originally described as Obrimus asperrimus by Redtenbacher in 1906. In 1938 Rehn & Rehn established the new genus Aretaon (1938: 419), with asperrimus as the type species. I have examined the type specimens of this species and A. muscosus Redtenbacher, which are all in Vienna, and I found that the type specimens of A. asperrimus are all adults while those of A. muscosus are all nymphs. A. muscosus is distinguished by having more prominent spines, particularly on the front tibiae and the top of the abdomen. However, having reared A. asperrimus it is clear that nymphs of this genus are very spiny and these spines in particular are reduced when the insect becomes adult. It is therefore quite likely that A. asperrimus and A. muscosus are the same species. This possibility was considered and rejected by Gunther (1935: 123) but as he had not reared them he would not have known that the spines are reduced when the insects become adult. The species in culture is clearly A. asperrimus, however it has smaller spines than the type specimens so clearly the species is variable. The type specimens of A. muscosus are much more spiny than those in culture, I cannot therefore be certain that A. asperrimus and A. muscosus are the same species. As there is a strong possibility that they are the same species, I am listing the published references and distribution records for both species.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Ranges of Two Tree Weta Species (Hemideina Spp.)
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2014) 41, 524–535 ORIGINAL Shifting ranges of two tree weta species ARTICLE (Hemideina spp.): competitive exclusion and changing climate Mariana Bulgarella*, Steven A. Trewick, Niki A. Minards, Melissa J. Jacobson and Mary Morgan-Richards Ecology Group, IAE, Massey University, ABSTRACT Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand Aim Species’ responses to climate change are likely to depend on their ability to overcome abiotic constraints as well as on the suite of species with which they interact. Responses to past climate change leave genetic signatures of range expansions and shifts, allowing inferences to be made about species’ distribu- tions in the past, which can improve our ability to predict the future. We tested a hypothesis of ongoing range shifting associated with climate change and involving interactions of two species inferred to exclude each other via competition. Location New Zealand. Methods The distributions of two tree weta species (Hemideina crassidens and H. thoracica) were mapped using locality records. We inferred the likely mod- ern distribution of each species in the absence of congeneric competitors with the software Maxent. Range interaction between the two species on an eleva- tional gradient was quantified by transect sampling. Patterns of genetic diver- sity were investigated using mitochondrial DNA, and hypotheses of range shifts were tested with population genetic metrics. Results The realized ranges of H. thoracica and H. crassidens were narrower than their potential ranges, probably due to competitive interactions. Upper and lower elevational limits on Mount Taranaki over 15 years revealed expan- sion up the mountain for H. thoracica and a matching contraction of the low elevation limits of the range of H.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles
    An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles: Imagining the Insect in Colonial Aotearoa A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English By Lillian Duval University of Canterbury August 2020 Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION: INSECTOCENTRISM..................................................................................................................................... 8 LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 ALICE AND THE GNAT IN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................ 17 FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER ONE: FRONTIER ENTOMOLOGY AND THE
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
    insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Stick Insects Fact Sheet
    Stick Insects Fact Sheet Female Titan Stick Insect. Image: QM, Jeff Wright. Introduction Biology Stick and leaf insects, scientifically known as phasmids, Females lay eggs one at a time, often with a flick of their are among the largest of all insects in the world. At 26 cm, abdomens to throw the egg some distance. An individual the Titan Stick Insect (Acrophylla titan) is the longest of female drops eggs at a rate of one to several per day and all Australian insects. Phasmids have perfected the art of she can produce between 100 and 1,300 eggs in her life- camouflage. Some resemble sticks and foliage so closely time. They fall to the ground and lie in the leaf litter. they even feature false buds, thorns and ragged leaf-like flanges. Small wonder they are rarely seen except after storms when they are blown out of threes and shrubs. Phasmids are sometimes confused with a different group of insects, the mantids. Also called Praying Mantids, these are predators with large, spiny front legs, held folded ready to strike and grasp prey. In contrast, Phasmids are herbivores (plant-eaters) with simple front legs that are similar in size and structure to their other legs. A variety of insect eggs. (on left). An ant carrying a stick insect egg (on right). Images: QM, Jeff Wright. All stick insects feed on fresh leaves. Some browse on a wide variety of trees and shrubs but others are fussy, eating only a limited range of host plants that are often closely Stick insect eggs are generally oval, and superficially seed- related to each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmid Studies
    ISSN 0966-0011 PHASMID STUDIES. volume 13, numbers 1 & 2. September 2005. Editor: P.E. Bragg. Published by the Phasmid Study Group. Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 volume 13, numbers I & 2. Contents Phasmids from Sabah Robert Bradburne I A reassessment of some Bornean Lonchodinae and Aschiphasmalidae, with some lectotype designations, new synonyms, and the description of (WO new species P.E. Bragg ................ ........ .. 11 Hap/opus Burmeisler, 1838, replacement name for Aplopus Gray, 1835 (Phasmalodea). Oliver Zornpro ... .. 30 A new species of the genus Baculofraclum. the first record of the genus from Borneo. P.E. Bragg .. ............................. .. 31 Reviews and Abstracts Phasmid Abstracts 38 Cover illustration: Female Parafoxopsis kQrySll!.~ Gilmher, 1932 by r.E. Bragg. Br.dburn, R. (2005) Phasmid Studies, 13(1&2): \-10. - Phasmids from Sabah Robert Bradburne, 26 Royal Avenue, Tonbridge, Kent, TN9 208, UK. Abstract This paper describes a trip (Q six locations in Sabah, Borneo, during October 2003. A 101:11 of around 20 species of stick insects were found al four of these locations, including an undescribed species found at 3300m on Moum Kinabalu. The most commonly encountered species in the lowland forest were Lonchodes spp., Haaniella spp., and Asceles margarilatus. Key words Phasmida, Borneo, Sabah, Sukau, Kinabalu, Danum Valley, Haaniella, Asceles, Prosemoria, Necroscia, Presbistus, Carausius, PhellQcephoms, Dinophasmo. Introduction In October 2003 I travelled to Sabah in North Borneo to spend [WO weeks searching for the wildlife of the region. Our group stayed in six locations, four of which yielded many species of phasmid. The rainy season had started early and therefore it frequently rained all afternoon, and often into the night.
    [Show full text]
  • Goliath Stick Insect
    Husbandry Manual for Eurycnema goliath Tara Bearman Husbandry Manual for Goliath Stick Insect Eurycnema goliath (Gray, 1834) (Insecta: Phasmatidae) Compiled by: Tara Bearman Date of Preparation: 2007 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name and Number: 1068 Certificate III –Captive Animals Lecturer: Graeme Phipps 1 Husbandry Manual for Eurycnema goliath Tara Bearman TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 6 2 TAXONOMY ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 NOMENCLATURE............................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 SUBSPECIES................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 RECENT SYNONYMS ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 OTHER COMMON NAMES ................................................................................................................ 7 3 NATURAL HISTORY........................................................................................................................ 8 3.1 MORPHOMETRICS........................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1 Mass and
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Conservation and Islands Insect Conservation and Islands
    INSECT CONSERVATION AND ISLANDS INSECT CONSERVATION AND ISLANDS Editor T. R. New La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia Reprinted from Journal of Insect Conservation Volume 12, Numbers 3–4 (2008) 123 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the library of Congress. ISBN-13 978-1-4020-8781-3 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-8782-0 (e-book) Published by Springer P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands www.springer.com Cover illustration: The cover illustration shows several examples of spectacular weta (Orthoptera) from New Zealand, where their conservation has depended largely on offshore islands as refuges and introduction sites, as discussed in papers in this publication. The insects can be fitted with harmonic radar transponders or micro- transmitters for individual tracking. Shown are a Cook Strait Giant Weta, and two Mercury Island Tusked Weta (photograph courtesy of Danny Thornburrow, Corinne Watts and Ian Stringer). Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved Ó 2008 Springer No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Table of Contents EDITORIAL A special issue on insect conservation and islands T.R. New 1 PAPERS Insect conservation on islands: setting the scene and defining the needs T.R. New 3–10 Butterflies of European islands: the implications of the geography and ecology of rarity and endemicity for conservation R.L.H. Dennis · L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Culture of Bornean Phasmids. P.E
    The culture of Bornean phasmids. P.E. Bragg, 51 Longfield Lane, Dkeston, Derbyshire, DE7 4DX, UK. Key words Phasmida, Culture potential, Borneo, Taxonomic assessment, Polyphagy, Monophagy Introduction At the PSG meeting at the Natural History Museum, London, on 22Dd 1995, I gave an illustrated lecture on the species of Bornean phasmids which have been reared in captivity. The talk stressed that the "culture potential" i.e. the likelihood of establishing a culture, of a given species appears to depend upon the flight capability of the species. There is a close correlation between culture potential and taxonomic position; this is not unexpected as flight capability is generally closely linked to the taxonomic position of phasmids. This article summarises the lecture. Since December 1987 I have visited Borneo on 7 occasions, spending a total of about six months on the island. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is composed of four political units: Brunei (an independent country), Kalimantan (part of Indonesia), Sarawak (a State of Malaysia) and Sabah (also part of Malaysia). Most of my collecting has been done in Sarawak, although I spent five weeks in Kalimantan, three in Brunei, and two in Sabah. My first visit to Borneb was a two week holiday with my wife and Lee Yong Tsui in December 1987 and January 1988, during this time we stayed with Dr Lee's family in Sarawak. Although not a collecting trip, seven species were collected over two nights and five of these were bred in the UK. All subsequent trips have been made specifically to collect phasmids and, whenever possible, to attempt to rear them in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park
    Wekiva River Basin State Parks Approved Unit Management Plan STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Division of Recreation and Parks October 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................1 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARK ....................................... 1 Park Significance ................................................................................2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PLAN..................................................... 7 MANAGEMENT PROGRAM OVERVIEW ................................................... 9 Management Authority and Responsibility .............................................. 9 Park Management Goals ...................................................................... 9 Management Coordination ................................................................. 10 Public Participation ............................................................................ 10 Other Designations ........................................................................... 10 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 13 RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT..................................... 19 Natural Resources ............................................................................. 19 Topography .................................................................................. 19 Geology ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Synopsis of the Hymenopteran Fauna of Lord Howe Island with a Preliminary Checklist of Species
    Zootaxa 3931 (3): 423–432 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.6 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4FA7FEAD-1622-413C-8251-B7470405D7B7 Synopsis of the hymenopteran fauna of Lord Howe Island with a preliminary checklist of species JOHN T. JENNINGS & ANDREW D. AUSTIN Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract Lord Howe Island is an eroded remnant of a shield volcano approximately 600 km northeast of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It has fascinated biologists for more than a century because of its unique and iconic fauna and flora, and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1982. Although the terrestrial invertebrate fauna is reasonably well known for many groups, most Hymenoptera, apart from ants, have received scant attention. Here we use material collected from a recent intensive invertebrate survey, in conjunction with the published literature, to provide an overview of the Hymenoptera known from the island that can act as a basis for future taxonomic and biodiversity research. In doing so, we record 318 species from 31 hymenopteran families from the Island, and assess the proportion that are flightless and likely to be en- demic to the island. Key words: oceanic island, endemic species, apterous, brachypterous Introduction Lord Howe Island, a World Heritage Site of global significance since 1982, is located approximately 600 km northeast of Sydney, New South Wales (Fig.
    [Show full text]