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Index of passages discussed

Antiphanes Dyskolos fr. 210 K-A 7–8 73–451 189 55 Aristotle 195 55 197 55 De Somniis 199 55 460b1–15 63 201–254 238–46 53 Nicomachean Ethics 250 54 1149a24–35 63, 128 384–956 737 54 Poetics 1452a30–1 261 Epitrepontes (Martina) 1454a20–2 171 fr. 1 197 134–6 188 Rhetoric 136–40 197–8 1361a5–7 171 423–7 189–90 1377b31–1378a516 466 228 1385b13–21 193 468–70 228 1386a17–20 193 493–6 230 1386b19 193 502–7 227 516–17 231, 232 Athenaeus 527–9 226 13.572a 7–8 530–2 232, 233 13.594d 8–9 548–9 231, 232 557–66 201–3 Menander (text of Sandbach, except 559 202 where noted) 574–6 202 Aspis 681–3 198 143–558 691–2 178–9 168–77 58 694–6 198–9 181–759 705–8 179–80 250–73 60–2 714–15 180–1 326–762 716–55 184–5, 197 329–39 62 752–5 183 790–6 183–4, 187 Dis Exapaton¯ 797–8 185 fr. 197 801–35 206–13, 219–23 18–30 94, 96–102 804 207 91–102 95–102 824 211 94 93 829 212

284

Index of passages discussed 285

853–6 232, 233 803–7 115, 116 855–77 233–4 964–9 150–1 874 233 987–96 151 888–99 190–1 908–18 191–5 Monostichs (Jaekel) 919–31 195–6 503 128 564 128 Fragments (Kassel and Austin) 635 128 Epikl¯eros a b Test. iii 65 752 85 163–5 (Thais) 97, 98, 120, 126, 226 201 97 Perikeiromene¯ 250 (Naukl¯eros) 128 130–141 323 225 147–50 135–6 472 88 155–735, 112 653 113 157–61 132 791 225 165–6 173 804 120, 126 182 112 183–4 111 Her¯ os¯ 185–741, 42 hyp. 9–10 49 300–334–5 16–17 49 305 35 18–19 46 312 36 36–40 47–8 312–15 36–7 41 49 319–12 37 337–45 38–9 Karchedonios¯ 353 39 37–974 370–1 111 375–7 111 Misoumenos (Arnott) 404–6 112 Test. 1 (Choricius xlii) 26 471–340 fr. 4 140 486–90 40–1 1–12 26 490 41 36–41 27–8 492–542 38 27, 140 497–942–3 45 140 499–500 43 50–628–9 512–14 43–4 53 27 515 44 56 29 515–22 44–5 90–3 112–13 708–19 144–5, 146, 174 99–100 113 720–3 146–8 519 141 713, 717 98 522 141 789–91 137–8 532–7 141–2, 143 818 255 550–2 142 1006–9 149–50 617–22 133 1016–20 153, 154 642 143 1024–5 154 660–429 663 29 Phasma (Arnott) 692–630 9–12, 21–31 66 698–700 31 706–11 31–2, 140 P. Didot I 712–13 113–14 1–44 214–20 715–19 114–15 771 116 P. G h oranˆ II 797–832 148–9 117

286 Index of passages discussed

P. K oln¨ 203 (Arnott) 190 20 5–868 194 21 9–11 68 230 23 16–19 68–9, 70 235–723 28–35 70–1 238–922 240–323 Samia 254 23 21 157 263 24 35–8 157–8 272 24 76–83 160–1, 162 397–404 25 79 163 411–218 81 162 84–5 163–4 Theophoroumene¯ 92 161 17–23 118–19 130–687–8, 164 19 118 132 87 29–30 119 135 87 258 158–9, 160 Plautus 269–70 103 Cistellaria 277–9 101 316–20 121–2 324–56 88, 95–107 328–9 103 Stichus 328–35 103 58–154 214–21 335–788, 96 339 106 346 103 Plutarch 348 104 Moralia 373 166 712c 4–7, 73, 248, 253 374–83 89–90, 95 385 90 Rhetorica ad Herennium 390–790–2 2.4 215–20 392 90, 197 508–9 107, 108 Seneca the Elder 524 168 Controversiae 2.2 216–22 556–8 109 558–63 109–10 Terence 578 167 Eunuchus 703–7 263 176–7 124 197–8 124 Sikyonioi¯ fr. 118, 20 Heauton Timoroumenos 14–15 17 231–4 122 17–19 20 297–8 123 55–60 22 300–1 123 79–84 19 835–41 258 97–821, 22

General index

Please check the Index of passages discussed for speciﬁc citations.

Acharnians (Aristophanes), 253 Aristophanes, 2, 248, 258, 260, 265, 267. See also Adelphoe (Terence), 256 specific plays, e.g. Frogs Adonia party in Samia, 157 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 11, 84 Adrasteia (goddess who punishes pride), 35 Aristotle, 2, 11 adultery on comic poets as gossips, 173 consequences of wife’s infidelity, 42, 146 dramatic needs vs. ethical goals of, 171–4 father’s sketch of marital infidelity and on emotions and desires affecting judgment, jealousy in Epitrepontes, 182–7 15–16, 63–4, 75, 76 virtue, wifely tolerance as, 185 on fathers and daughters, 180 Aeschylus, 267 on gratitude, 116 Agamemnon (Aeschylus), 134 hamartia (recognition sequence), 261 Agnoia (goddess) in Perikeiromen¯e, 132, 136, 146, Menander’s treatment of philosophical ideas 148, 173 and, 264 Alcestis (Euripides), 262 on moral character, 82, 192–3 Alciphron, 91, 95 moral choice, conditions for, 135 Alexander the Great, 84 proof construction in, 263 Althusser, Louis Pierre, 11 on rhetoric, 83–5, 104, 106, 219 Anaxilas, 7 on virtues, 148, 152, 168, 171–4 Andria (Terence) Arnott, Geoffrey, 14, 22, 27, 46, 47, 70, 141, 151, Athenian citizenship and marriage laws, 246, 170, 198, 206, 239 251 Asinaria (Plautus), 37 emotions and desires affecting judgment in, Aspis (The Shield) (Menander), 56–65. See also 128 specific characters, e.g. Smikrines in friendship between hetaira and freeborn Aspis woman in, 228 emotions and desires affecting judgment in, greedy hetairai in, 96 15–16, 62–4 household threatened by hetaira in, 238 heiresses (epikl¯eroi), legal situation of, 57 integration of women into new oikos in, 259 kinship, sense of, 58–65 as “lost daughter” story, 19, 73 kyrieia dispute in, 57–64 political agenda, lack of, 253 mortality, mistaken identity as means of status misperception in, 14 transcending, 2 Steele’s adaptation of, 268 mourning rites in, 143 Andromache (Euripides), 185, 187, 213, 222 psychology and motivation in, 58–65 Anti-Lais (Epikrates), 91 status misperception in, 14, 16, 50, 56–5 Antiphanes, 6, 7, 8, 9, 237 subjectivity of viewer and construction of Antipho, 217, 220 identity as process in, 13 Apollodorus, 65 Asprenas, 217, 221 Argentarius, 220 Athenaeus, 8, 9, 80, 81

287

288 General index

Athens supplication in Misoumenos, 140–3 appeals to pride and values of, 249–50 tragic conventions, use of, 132, 134–5, 138–9, citizenship 142, 143, 155–6, 171, 175–6 marriage of citizens, 73, 131, 246–51 values of characters expressive of original lost recovery of “lost” citizens, 251–2 status, 131, 155–6, 175–6 in Sikyonioi¯ , 14, 16–25 women, Menander’s focus on, 256 foundlings, illegality of adopting, 135 women’s acceptance of hetaira in Samia, Greek standards of humanity, gratitude, and 157–9, 168 reciprocity in Misoumenos, 113–16 Aulularia (Plautus), 51, 73 hetairai as nostalgic emblem of civilization of, 80 Bacchides (Plautus), 92, 94, 227 popular morality, Menandrian comedy as Balme, Maurice, 209 reflecting, 170, 192–6, 237 Batstone, William, 97, 99, 102 social mobility, dramatic/real possibility of, Beauvoir, Simone de, 80, 236 73–5 behavior, difficulty of inferring character from, audience sympathies, engaging, 10, 130–1 86, 127, 131, 203–5, 263 child in Samia, Chrysis’ care for, 163–7, 168 Belardinelli, Anna Maria, 21 compromising embrace, 132–3 birth tokens, 14, 143, 255 in Epitrepontes, 205, 224 Blandus, 217 hair, symbolic violence of cutting, 146 Blume, Horst-Dieter, 96, 251 for hetairai in Samia, 156–69 Blundell, John, 107 independence, arguments regarding women’s bona meretrix, see “whore with a heart of gold” loss of, 151, 154, 170 Borgogno, Alberto, 27 kinship/household/family duty, 175–6 Brown, Peter G. McC., 5, 70, 71 in “lost daughter” plays, 131–56 loyalty of hetaira to household in Samia, 156, Capps, Edward, 47, 224 160–3, 166, 168 Carion in Epitrepontes, 230 in Misoumenos, 133, 139–43, 150–2 Casina (Plautus), 102, 186 moral character misperceptions, 130 Cassander, 253 moral virtues, choices of women censorship of Menandrian comedies, 266 demonstrating, 170–6 Cestius, 217 mourning rites, Krateia in Misoumenos Chaireas in Aspis, 57–64, 76, 83 fulfilling responsibility for, 142 Chairestratos in Aspis, 57–64 narrative accounts of offstage action, dramatic Chairestratos in Epitrepontes, 239 use of, 132 character pardon and return of Chrysis to household in assumptions about nature of, 81–5, 98 Samia, 167 dianoia (intelligence or intellectual capacity), in Perikeiromen¯e, 131–9, 143–50, 152–5 as function of, 15, 33 prologues used to inform audience of truths moral, misperceptions of, see moral character, hidden from other characters, 130 misperceptions of psychology and motivation, 172–4 physical beauty vs. personality in Fabula reconciliation of women with lovers, moral Incerta 8 Arnott, 68–71 implications of psychological evaluation of, see psychology in Misoumenos, 150–2 and motivation in Perikeiromen¯e, 148–50, 152–5 social status in H¯eros¯ and, 48, 49, 50 in Samia, 156–69 words used for, 82 separation from Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, Charisios in Epitrepontes, 92, 178, 188–96, 203–5 Glykera’s defense of, 143–8 children sexual pleasure figure, Chrysis in Samia as, 156 Chrysis’ care for child in Samia, 163–7, 168 silence, female character’s choice of Epitrepontes, mothers and fathers of Glykera in Perikeiromen¯e, 133–9 illegitimate children in, 191, 192, 194, 196, Krateia in Misoumenos, 139–40 198, 199, 204, 205, 223, 228, 232–3, 235 status misperceptions, 130 exposure of children, 3, 72, 137, 191, 194, 249, status of hetaira in household, recognition in 253, 257, 258, 261. See also H¯eros;¯ Samia of, 167 Perikeiromen¯e

General index 289

illegitimate, see illegitimate/foundling children desires and emotions affecting judgment, see also marital transitional period between wedding psychology and motivation and birth of first child, 178 in moral character misperceptions, 85, 128 Philoumene and Stratophanes in Sikyonioi¯ , in status misperceptions, 15–16, 62–4, 75–8 18–20 dianoia (intelligence or intellectual capacity), Chresphontes’ argument in Rhetorica ad character as function of, 15, 33 Alexandrum, 213–21 Didot Papyrus i, 213–21, 242–4, 249 Chrysis in Misoumenos, 141 Dis Exapaton¯ (The Double Deceiver) Chrysis in Samia, 86–92, 99–110, 156–69, 225, (Menander), see also specific characters, 226, 227, 232, 235 e.g. Sostratos in Dis Exapaton¯ Cistellaria (Plautus) disjointed syntax in, 100 Epitrepontes compared, 188 Epitrepontes compared, 190, 194, 199, 225 friendship between women in, 228 hetaira typology, reliance on, 92–8, 162, 238 moral character misperceptions in, 120–2 moral character misperceptions in, 85 nonce-god Auxilium in, 132 Plautus’s Cistellaria compared, 120 political agenda, lack of, 253 psychology and motivation in, 99–102 popular morality reflected in values of, 237 discovery as mechanism of justice in status misperception in, 14 Epitrepontes, 234–5 citizenship, Athenian the divine, see religion and religious ritual marriage of citizens, 73, 131, 246–51 divorce recovery of “lost” citizens, 251–2 dishonor as grounds for, 191 in Sikyonioi¯ , 14, 16–25 in Epitrepontes, see under Epitrepontes coincidence father-daughter arguments regarding, see replaced by psychology and motivation in under fathers Perikeiromen¯e, 33, 36 Donatus, 9, 65–7, 124, 125 used in Epitrepontes, 204 Doris in Perikeiromen¯e, 41, 112, 148 concubinage dowries in Misoumenos, 27–8 in Aspis, 57, 60 in Samia, 107–8 compared to epikl¯eroi, 57 in Sikyonioi¯ , 18–20 in Epitrepontes, 178, 182, 183, 197 contextual meaning, 10 exposure of girl children to avoid expense of, corruption, high-status women in poor social 258 circumstances as victims of, 122 in Misoumenos, 30 costume, 174 in Sikyonioi¯ , 18–20 court trials, popularity of, 102–7, 250, 267 dramatic opportunities curiosity of Habrotonon in Epitrepontes, 230 hetairai, afforded by liberty of, 126 in hiddenness of women’s lives, 254 Daos in Aspis, 57–65, 75 philosophical/ethical goals vs., 171–4 Daos in Dyskolos, 51–5 women, Menander’s focus on, 171–4, 254–66 Daos in H¯eros¯ , 16, 46–50 Dromon in Sikyonioi¯ , 17–24 Daos in Perikeiromen¯e, 34–42 Dyskolos (The Grouch) (Menander), 50–6. See daughters also specific characters, e.g. Knemon in “hidden daughter” stories, see Dyskolos; Dyskolos Phasma behavior of daughter in, 54–5 lost, see “lost daughter” stories economic class as issue in, 52 marriage and divorce, arguments between Epitrepontes compared, 192 father and daughter regarding, see under kyrieia dispute in, 51, 52, 53, 54 fathers piety of daughter towards Pan and Nymphs Davidson, James, 44, 80, 257 in, 51, 52, 56 deceitfulness of hetairai, 97, 124, 160–3, 199 psychology and motivation in Del Corno, Dario, 102 Gorgias’ projection of self onto sister, 52–4 Demeas in Misoumenos, 25–32, 113, 115, 133, 206 Knemon, 51–2 Demeas in Samia, 44, 85, 86–91, 92, 93–110, 118, Sostratos’ perception of girl, 54–6 120, 156–69, 179–88, 190, 194, 198 status misperception in, 14, 16, 50–6 Denniston, John Dewar, 100 stock comic father traits in, 118

290 General index

economic class as issue in Dyskolos, 52 kyrieia dispute in, 179–88, 220 economic view of marriage in Epitrepontes, 178, “lost daughter,” wife as type of, 179, 188 188, 197 lost son in, 74 Electra (Euripides), 132, 143, 185, 252, 261, 262 love/sexual passion barely attributed to Electra (Sophocles), 262 women, 6, 207 Else, Gerald Frank, 261 low-status proxy for high-status woman in, emotional consequences of mistakes about 122, 177, 197, 223, 228–30, 233–4, women, 254 236 emotional fulfillment of high-status men, marriage in, 178 prioritization of, 254 economic view of, 178, 188, 197 emotions and desires affecting judgment, see also idealized view of wife regarding, 178, 206, psychology and motivation 210–11 in moral character misperceptions, 85, 128 infidelity and jealousy, father’s sketch of in status misperceptions, 15–16, 62–4, 75–8 effects of, 182–7 Empol¯e (Ephippus), 237 kyrieia dispute regarding, 179–88, 220 epikl¯eroi (heiresses), 57, 65, 74, 246, 267. See also remarriage, 211, 218 Aspis rhetorical argument regarding, 181–5 Epikleros B (Menander), 267 Misoumenos compared, 178, 179, 180, 189, 192, Epikrates, Anti-Lais, 91 193, 206, 223 Epitrepontes (Menander). See also specific moral character misperceptions in, 92, 203–5 characters, e.g. Pamphile in Epitrepontes father’s and slave’s misperceptions of audience sympathies, engaging, 205, 224 hetaira, 196–203 child in, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199, 223, 228, husband’s misperceptions of wife, 188–96 232–3, 235 moral choice of hetaira in, 223–35 combination of status and moral character moral choices given to wife in, 179, 205–23 misperceptions in, 177–9 moral evolution of husband in, 192–6 Dis Exapaton¯ compared, 190, 194, 199, 225 Penelope in Odyssey, wife modeled on, 177, discovery as mechanism of justice in, 234–5 179, 222, 223 divorce in Perikeiromen¯e compared, 178, 180, 189, 192, dishonor as grounds for, 191 206, 207, 223, 227 father’s reluctance to instigate, 178 plot summary, 177 husband’s refusal to choose, 178 psychology and motivation in kyrieia dispute regarding, 179–88, 220 behavior, difficulty of judging, 203–5 rhetorical argument between father and father’s economic view of marriage, 178, daughter regarding, 181–5, 205–23 188, 203–5 dowry in, 178, 182, 183, 197 hetaira’s moral choice, 223–35 Dyskolos compared, 192 husband’s self-projecting perspective on hetaira in wife, 178, 188–96, 203–5 child and, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199, 228, slave’s self-projecting perspective on 232–3, 235 hetaira, 200–5, 225 freedom from slavery sought by, 202–3, 231, wife’s patience, intent[s] behind, 221–3 238–40 rape committed by husband/suffered by wife, as low-status proxy for high-status woman, 71, 178, 192, 194, 228, 229, 231 122, 177, 197, 223, 228–30, 233–4, 236 rhetorical argument between father and marital infidelity and jealousy, father’s daughter regarding marriage and divorce sketch of, 182–7 in, 181–5, 205–23 moral choice of, 223–35 Samia compared, 187, 190, 194, 198, 225, 226, moral misperceptions regarding, 196–203, 227, 232, 235 204 status misperception in, 177–9, 191–2, 194, 223 shamelessness of, 98 stock comic father traits in, 118 sympathy for mother and child, 228, 233–4 tyrant, father depicted as, 180 as “whore with a heart of gold,” 177, 224, virginity in, 229 235–42 as “whore with a heart of gold” story, 177 wife and hetaira in New Comedy, natural eros/love/sexual passion, 5–7 enmity between, 184 audience sympathies, engaging, 156

General index 291

barely attributed to women, 6, 152, 207, 218, physical beauty vs. personality in, 68–71 221, 254, 257 psychology and motivation in, 69–72, 75, 77 desire of young man to be in love in Fabula status misperception in, 14, 16, 67–72 Incerta 8 Arnott, 72 family, see kinship/household/family duty fidelity as matter of opportunity rather than fantasy elements in Menandrian comedy, 101, virtue, 6 265 husband’s duty to love wife, 221 Fantham, Elaine, 108 for money vs. women in Aspis, 64 fathers overeating as metaphor in H¯eros¯ , 48, 49 comic stock traits of, 118 prioritization of romantic fulfillment of marriage and divorce, arguments between high-status men, 254 father and daughter regarding Samian hetairai, reputation of, 157 authority of father, 218 status disputes about sexual access to women, in Epitrepontes, 181–5, 205–23 15 ethics vs. practicalities, 217 symptoms in Phasma, 66–7 inviolate nature of marriage bond, 217 Thrasonides in Misoumenos, 26 legal right of father to end marriage, 178, ethics. See morality and virtue 180 ¯ethos. See character popular scenes in New Comedy of, 213–21 Eubulus, 237 remarriage, 218 Eumenides (Aeschylus), 267 satisfactoriness of husband, 218 Eunuchus (Terence) tyrant, father in Epitrepontes depicted as, Athenian citizenship and marriage laws, 246, 180 247 wife’s better knowledge of own business, greedy hetaira in, 96, 124 216 Habrotonon in Epitrepontes and, 224, 225, as pivotal figures in “lost daughter” stories, 73 226, 228 feminist theory and scholarship, 12–13 household threatened by hetaira in, 238, 259 Foley, Helene, 127, 134, 139, 176, 260 independence, arguments regarding women’s foreigners as female characters in Menander, 3 loss of, 152 “forensic thinking” in New Comedy, 102–7, 250, as “lost daughter” story, 72, 73 267 moral character misperceptions in, 92, 123–5 Fortenbaugh, William W., 152 Plutarch’s categories and, 4, 5 foundlings, see illegitimate/foundling children political agenda, lack of, 253 freedwomen as female characters in Menander, 3 pretense of love made by hetaira in, 238 freeing of slaves, 27–8, 202–3, 231, 238–40 promises of soldiers’ mistresses in, 138 Freudian literary criticism, prostitute in, 80 rape in, 49 Frogs (Aristophanes), 267 return of woman to family in, 19 funeral rites, 142 Euripidean tragedy, see also specific plays, e.g. Fuscus Arellius, 217, 218, 219 Electra compromising embrace in, 132 Gagarin, Michael, 81 mistaken identity stories in, 2 Gagos, Traianos, 206, 207 moral character misperceptions in New Gaiser, Konrad, 240 Comedy taking models from, 100 gender stereotypes, Menandrian exploitation of, mourning rituals carried out by women in, 143 255–8 provocativeness of, 266 Georgos (Menander), 55 recognition scenes in, 261 Getas in H¯eros¯ , 46–50, 112–17 silence of women in, 134 Getas in Misoumenos, 16, 26–32, 133, 140, 189 wifely intolerance of infidelity in, 185 gift-giving exposure of children, 3, 72, 137, 191, 194, 249, Greek standards of gratitude and reciprocity 253, 257, 258, 261. See also H¯eros;¯ in Misoumenos, 113–16 Perikeiromen¯e hetaira relationships as gift-exchange system, 44, 89 Fabula Incerta, 96, 228 in marriage, 116 Fabula Incerta 8 Arnott (P. Koln¨ 203) in Theophoroumen¯e (The Girl Possessed), hetaira references in, 69–72, 96, 225 117–19

292 General index

Gigante, Marcello, 264 slaves’ scene, puzzling nature of exchange in, Gilligan, Carol, 139 47–8 Glykera in Perikeiromen¯e, 21, 33–45, 98, 111–12, status misperception in, 14, 16, 46–50 131–9, 143–50, 152–5, 206, 207 Hesiod, 248 Glykera, Menander’s supposed love for, 8 hetairai, vii, 3–9 gods, see religion and religious ritual as attractive nuisances, 237 Goldberg, Sander, 100 audience sympathies, engaging, 156–69 Gomme, Arnold W., 224 children of “good” hetairai, see “whore with a heart of gold” in Epitrepontes, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199 Gorgias in Dyskolos, 51–4, 76, 150, 192 in Samia, 163–7, 168 Gorgias in H¯eros¯ , 46–9, 74 Chrysis in Samia, 86–92, 99–110, 156–69 gossips, comic poets as, 173 as comic type, 98 gratitude and reciprocity, Greek standards of, as con artists, 97, 124 113–16 cultural/social role as marginalized scapegoats, “Greekness” and Greek standards of morality 128–9 and virtue dark picture of life painted in Samia, 91–2 humanity, gratitude, and reciprocity in deceitfulness of, 97, 124, 160–3, 199 Misoumenos, 113–16 dramatic opportunities afforded by liberty of, “lost” citizens, recovery of, 251–2 126 reconciliation with Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, fees, 197 moral implications of Glykera’s choice Getas’s view of Krateia as hetaira in of, 149, 172 Misoumenos, 112 Gronewald, Michael, 206, 207 gift-exchange system, relationships as, 44, 89 Gutzwiller, Katherine, 58, 232 Glykera in Perikeiromen¯e, see under Perikeiromen¯e Habrotonon in Epitrepontes, 182, 184, 185, 189, “good” hetairai, see “whore with a heart of 194, 196–203, 212, 223–42 gold” hair, symbolic violence of cutting, 146 as greedy, 94, 124 Hall, Edith, 104, 267 Habrotonon in Epitrepontes, see under hamartia, 261 Epitrepontes Handley, Eric, 92 kin/household/family, “bad” hetaira as threat Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence) to, 238, 259 Athenian citizenship and marriage laws, 246, kin/household/family, “good” hetaira as 247, 248, 251 protector of Epitrepontes compared, 188, 226 in Epitrepontes, 237–8, 242 hetaira in, 96, 237, 238 in Samia, 156, 160–3, 166, 168 integration of women into new oikos in, 259 loose deﬁnition as social category, 125 as “lost daughter” story, 72, 122–3 lost daughters on brink of prostitution, 14–16 moral character misperceptions in, 92, 122–3 as low-status proxies for high-status women, Plutarch’s categories and, 4 120–2, 177, 197, 223, 228–30, 233–4, 236 restoration of lost daughter in, 258 loyalty of hetaira to household in Samia, 156, victimization of males vs. females and, 256 160–3, 166, 168 Hecyra (Terence), 177, 178, 186, 196 Malthake in Sikyonioi¯ , 18 heiresses (epikl¯eroi), 57, 65, 74, 246. See also Aspis “marital” or permanent relationship with, 86, Helen (Euripides), 134, 143, 261 159 Helen the adulteress, invocations of, 96, 100 Menander’s supposed love for hetaira named Henry, Madeleine M., 170, 229 Glykera, 8 H¯eros¯ (The Hero) (Menander), 46–50. See also moral character misperceptions and literary speciﬁc characters, e.g. Plangon in H¯eros¯ prostitute typology, see under moral illegitimate children, rescue of, 88 character, misperceptions of kyrieia dispute in, 49, 74 New Comic tradition and Menandrian moral character and social status in, 48, 49, 50 innovation regarding, 241–2 overeating as metaphor in, 48, 49 oaths used by, 97, 227 Plutarch’s categories and, 5 old age and, 91 rape in, 48, 49, 71 performance skills of, 80

General index 293

in permanent position in household, 159 in H¯eros¯ , 88 Plutarch on, 3–9, 73 moral character misperceptions and, 87, 88 pride in skills, 162 in Perikeiromen¯e, 88 rhetorical skills of, 97, 129, 134, 199, 226, 227 in Phasma, 65, 88 Samian hetairai, reputation of, 157 in Samia, 163–7, 168 seen vs. unseen women in Fabula Incerta 8, status misperception and, 65 69–72 women, reasons for Menandrian focus on, as shameless, 96, 97 249, 253, 255 spinning hetairai, 91 incest, Menandrian avoidance of, 266 status of hetaira in household, recognition in independence, arguments regarding women’s Samia of, 167 loss of, 151, 154, 170 virtues and qualities necessary for, 236 infidelity as the “whore with a heart of gold,” see “whore consequences of wife’s, 42, 146 with a heart of gold” father’s sketch of marital infidelity and “hidden daughter” stories, see Dyskolos; Phasma jealousy in Epitrepontes, 182–7 hiddenness of women’s lives, dramatic virtue, wifely tolerance as, 185 advantages of, 254 informing the audience, see audience Hiereia (Menander), 74, 142, 253, 254, 255, 256 sympathies, engaging Hippolytus (Euripides), 134, 266 intelligence or intellectual capacity (dianoia), Hippolytus myth, 96, 106, 138 character as function of, 15, 33 Hispo Romanus, 217, 220 intention, see psychology and motivation historical context of Menander’s comedies, 11–12 Ion (Euripides), 134, 261 Hofmeister, Timothy P., 202 Iphigeneia in Aulis (Euripides), 143 Homer Iphigeneia in Tauris (Euripides), 132, 261, 262 marriage in, 25, 248 Ireland, Stanley, 39, 55, 231 mistaken identity stories in, 2, 72 Penelope as model for women in New Jacobs, Harriet, 147 Comedy, 170, 177, 179, 222 jealousy and infidelity, father in Epitrepontes on status and virtue, connection between, 252 long-term effects of, 182–7 virtue of reconciliation in, 150 judgment, emotions affecting, 15–16. See also household, see kinship/household/family duty psychology and motivation hubris Neaira and Phrynion, 153 Kampylion (Eubulus), 237 potential mistreatment of girl in Dyskolos, 52 Karchedonios (Menander), 74, 249 rejection of Thrasonides by Krateia in kinship/household/family duty Misoumenos, 28 in Aspis, 58–65 separation from Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, Athenian popular morality in Menandrian Glykera’s defense of, 146–8, 153 comedy and, 170 supposed affair between mistress and son in audience sympathies, engaging, 175–6 Samia, 107 in Dyskolos, 51–4 humanity, Greek standards of, 113–16 friends and family, difficulty of knowing truth Hurst, Andre,´ 100 about, 1, 3, 13, 85, 110, 262 Hypobolimaios (The Changeling) (Menander), hetaira as protector of 74 in Epitrepontes, 237–8, 242 in Samia, 156, 160–3, 166, 168 identity, process of construction of, 13 hetaira as threat to, 238, 259 ideological engagement of Menander’s comedies, integration of women into new oikos as 11 common theme, 258–60 Iliad, see Homer Kitharist¯es (Menander), 253 illegitimate/foundling children Kleostratos in Aspis, 57–64, 74 audience sympathies, engaging, 135, 164 Knemon in Dyskolos, 49, 50–6, 76, 82, 83 in Epitrepontes, 191, 192, 194, 196, 198, 199, knowing self vs. knowing other people, 1 204, 205, 223, 228, 232–3, 235 Knox, Bernard M. W., 261 exposure of, 3, 72, 137, 191, 194, 249, 253, 257, Kock, Theodor, 66 258, 261 Koenen, Ludwig, 206, 207

294 General index

Kolax (Menander), 264 Manilius, 11 Konstan, David, 152, 154, 252 manumission of slaves, 27–8, 202–3, 231, Korte,¨ Alfred, 36 238–40 Krateia in Misoumenos, 19, 25–32, 112–17, 133, marriage 139–43, 150–2 adultery Kurke, Leslie, 44 consequences of wife’s infidelity, 42, Kyn¯egis (Philetairos), 91 146 kyrieia disputes father’s sketch of marital infidelity and in Aspis, 57–64 jealousy in Epitrepontes, 182–7 in Dyskolos, 51, 52, 53, 54 wifely tolerance as virtue, 185 in Epitrepontes, 179–88, 220 of Athenian citizens, 73, 131, 246–51 as essential problem of status misperception divorce plays, 50 dishonor as grounds for, 191 in H¯eros¯ , 49, 74 in Epitrepontes, see under Epitrepontes male characters, not dramatic issue, father-daughter arguments regarding, see 74 under fathers in Misoumenos, 25, 26, 29–31, 33 dowries, see dowries in Perikeiromen¯e, 33 economic view of, 178, 188, 197 in popular New Comedy disputes between of epikl¯eros in Aspis, 56–65 fathers and daughters over marriage and in Epitrepontes, see under Epitrepontes divorce, 218 father-daughter arguments regarding, see in Sikyonioi¯ , 22–3 under fathers symbolic meaning of yielding kyrieia, 23 gift-giving in, 116 happiness to be found in, 248 Laches in H¯eros¯ , 46–50 hetaira in Samia, permanent arrangement Lamagna, Mario, 35, 147, 148 with, 86, 159 Lape, Susan, 141, 148, 192, 246, 247 hidden daughter/apparition in Phasma and, Latro, 217, 220 67 Lefevre,` Eckard, 262 in Homer, 25, 248 legal status, see status misperception idealized notions regarding Legrand, Philippe E., 257 of male characters, 76 Leighton, Stephen, 63, 64 of wife in Epitrepontes, 178, 206, 210–11 Leontiscus and Mania, 159 kyrieia disputes and, see kyrieia disputes Leucadia (Menander), 142 legal relationship between Glykera and litigation, popularity of, 3 Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, 40–5 Lokroi (Menander), 267 as lifetime bond, 178 “lost” citizens, recovery of, 251–2 between misanthrope’s daughter and rich “lost daughter” stories, 50–1, 72. See also H¯eros;¯ suitor in Dyskolos, 50–6 Misoumenos; Perikeiromen¯e; Sikyonioi¯ remarriage, 211, 218 audience sympathy, engaging, 131–56 between “slave” and owner in Sikyonioi¯ , father as pivotal figure in, 73 16–25 hidden daughter becoming lost daughter in between slaves in H¯eros¯ , 46–50 Phasma, 67 social mobility, dramatic/real possibility of, rape in, 21, 72 73–5 restoration of lost daughters, 258 transitional period between wedding and Roman adaptations, see Cistellaria (Plautus); birth of first child, 178 Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence) between war captive and soldier in wife in Epitrepontes as type of, 179, 188 Misoumenos, 25–33, 116 love, see eros/love/sexual passion Martina, Antonio, 178, 181, 204, 206, 209 loyalty of hetaira to household in Samia, 156, Marx, Karl, 11 160–3, 166, 168 Marxist literary criticism, prostitute in, 80 Lucian, 91, 95 masks, 174 Maurach, Gregor, 99 Malthake in Sikyonioi¯ , 17–18 McCarthy, Kathleen, 264 Mania and Leontiscus, 159 McClure, Laura, 80, 134

General index 295

Memorabilia (Xenophon), 237 construction of identity as process in, 13 Menaechmi, 204 contextual meaning in, 10 Menander, see also specific plays, e.g. Epitrepontes disproportionate involvement of women as Athenian popular morality reflected in misrepresented characters, 2 comedies of, 170, 192–6, 237 feminist theory and scholarship, 12–13 censorship of, 266 hetairai and, see hetairai Glykera, supposed love for, 8 historical context, 11–12 hetairai, New Comic tradition and ideological engagement of, 11 Menandrian innovation regarding, 241–2 moral character misperception, see moral monologues of, 107 character, misperceptions of philosophical ideas, treatment of, 171–4, 240, New Comedy, identification with, 262 263 origins of mistaken identity plot, 1–2 political agenda, lack of, 252–4, 259 philological analysis of, 10–11 realism and plausibility, contemporary praise political context, 11 for, 11, 84 psychological mechanisms of, 2, 15. See also recognition scenes in comedies of, 261–2 psychology and motivation Menexenus, 263 reasons for popularity of, 72–8, 267–8 Mercator (Plautus), 183 scholarly approach taken to, 10–13 Middle Comedy, 7, 248 social status, see status misperception Miller, Norma, 27 tragic roots of, 258–64 misanthropes and misers, see Knemon in truth about friends and family, difficulty of Dyskolos; Smikrines in Aspis; Smikrines knowing, 1, 3, 13, 85, 110, 262 in Epitrepontes women as focus of, see women, Menander’s misfortune and pity in Epitrepontes, 192–6 focus on misogynist views of women, 112, 113, 248 Moliere,` 268 Misoumenos (The Man She Hated) (Menander), monologues of Menander, 107 25–33. See also specific characters, e.g. Montiglio, Silvia, 135 Krateia in Misoumenos moral character, misperceptions of, 3, 5–9, audience sympathies, engaging, 133, 139–43, 79–86 150–2 assumptions about nature of character and, downpour plot in, 28–9 81–5, 98 Epitrepontes compared, 178, 179, 180, 189, 192, audience sympathy, engaging, 130. See also 193, 206, 223 audience sympathy, engaging eros/love/sexual passion barely attributed to behavior, difficulty of inferring character women, 152 from, 86, 127, 131, 203–5, 263 Greek standards of gratitude and reciprocity in Cistellaria (Plautus), 120–2 in, 113–16 combined with status misperceptions in hetaira, Getas’s view of Krateia as, 112 Epitrepontes, 177–9 kyrieia dispute, 25, 26, 29–31, 33 in Epitrepontes, 92, 203–5 marriage in, 25–33, 116 father’s and slave’s misperceptions of moral character misperceptions in, 85, 112–17 hetaira, 196–203 Plutarch’s categories and, 5 husband’s misperceptions of wife, 188–96 psychology and motivation in, 32 in Eunuchus (Terence), 92, 123–5 rape in, 21 Greek standards of humanity, gratitude, and silence, Krateia’s choice of, 139–40 reciprocity in Misoumenos, 113–16 status misperception in, 14, 16, 25–33 in Heauton Timoroumenos (Terence), 92, 122–3 supplication in, 140–3 hetaira typology, reliance on, 3–9, 79–81, virginity in, 21, 32 125–9 women, “common wisdom” about, 112, 113 cultural/social role as marginalized mistaken identity plot in Menander’s comedies, scapegoats, 128–9 vii, 1–13 in Dis Exapaton¯ , 92–8, 162 audience and, see audience sympathies, in Epitrepontes, 196–203, 204 engaging evil hetaira topos as central to, 81 behavior, difficulty of inferring character high-status women and, 111–12, 117–19 from, 86, 127, 131, 203–5, 263 performance skills of hetairai, 80

296 General index

moral character, misperceptions of (cont.) humanity, gratitude, and reciprocity in as rhetorical device, 129 Misoumenos, 113–16 in Roman adaptations, 119–25 “lost” citizens, recovery of, 251–2 in Samia, 86–92 reconciliation with Polemon in women as mirrors of values of men, 80, 110 Perikeiromen¯e, moral implications of love/sexual passion barely attributed to Glykera’s choice of, 149, 172 women, 6 hetairai in Misoumenos, 85, 112–17 household, “good” hetaira as protector of, in Perikeiromen¯e, 86, 92, 111–12, 117 156, 160–3, 166, 168, 237–8, 242 psychology and motivation, 85, 126–9 qualities necessary to, 236 disjointed syntax exposing, 100, 121 popular morality as reflected in Menandrian emotions and desires affecting judgment, comedies, 170, 192–6, 237 85, 128 reconciliation of women with lovers, moral in Roman adaptations, 121 implications of in Samia and Dis Exapaton¯ , 99–102 in Misoumenos, 150–2 women as mirrors of values of men, 80, in Perikeiromen¯e, 148–50, 152–5 110 status and virtue, connection between, rhetorical argument and, see rhetorical 252 argument and misperceptions of moral mortality, mistaken identity as means of character transcending, 2 in Roman adaptations, 119–25 Moschion in Perikeiromen¯e, 16, 33–45, 64, 80, in Samia, 85, 86–92 132–9, 144, 145, 154, 192 sexual fidelity as matter of opportunity rather Moschion in Samia, 49, 86–9, 97–110, 156–68, than virtue, 6 187, 221 status and moral character, 79, 86, 125–9 Moschion in Sikyonioi¯ , 21–5 assumption of connection between, 84, 110, Moschos in Dis Exapaton¯ , 92–8 122 Mostellaria (Plautus), 91, 188 corruption, high-status women in poor motivation, see psychology and motivation social circumstances as liable to, 122 mourning rites, 142 focus on low-status women’s character, 79, Myrrhine in H¯eros¯ , 47, 48 84, 86, 261 Myrrhine in Perikeiromen¯e, 33–41, 135, 137 in H¯eros¯ , 48, 49, 50 hetaira typology and high-status women, Naiden, Fred S., 142 111–12, 117–19 narrative accounts of offstage action, dramatic low-status criticizers of high-status women, use of, 132 110–17 Neaira, 131, 153, 159, 237, 258 low-status proxies for high-status women, New Comedy, 2, 6, 10, 11, 12 120–2, 177, 197, 223, 228–30, 233–4, assumptions about nature of character in, 98 236 “forensic thinking” in, 102–7, 250 perceptual overlap between prostitutes and hetairai, New Comic tradition and low-status women, 81 Menandrian innovation regarding, 241–2 tragic models used in, 98, 100, 108, 196 husband’s duty to love wife in, 221 words used for character in Menander, 82 identification of mistaken identity plot with, morality and virtue 262 Aristotle on, 148, 152, 168, 171–4 infidelity of husbands, wifely forbearance of, choices of women characters regarding, 186 170–6, 179 jealous wives in, 184 in Epitrepontes marriage and divorce, popularity of hetaira, moral choice of, 223–35 arguments between father and daughter husband, moral evolution of, 192–6 regarding, 213–21 wife, moral choices given to, 179, 205–23 masks in, 174 in father-daughter arguments about marriage popularity of status misperception in, 72–8 and divorce, 217 rape in, 70 “good” women, 169 religious ritual frequently participated in by “Greekness” and Greek standards of women of, 142

General index 297

seriousness of problems derived from tragedy, Moschion’s self-delusion regarding, 34–9 260, 261 shamelessness as characteristic of hetairai, tragic roots of, 258–64 98 virtue and morality in, 173 illegitimate children, rescue of, 88 Nikeratos in Samia, 86, 88, 90, 106, 107–10, 119, incest, Menandrian avoidance of, 266 159–69 kyrieia disputes in, 33 Nikostratos, 6 moral character misperceptions in, 86, 92, 111–12, 117 oaths, women’s use of, 54–5, 97, 227 mortality, mistaken identity as means of Odyssey, see Homer transcending, 2 Oedipus (Euripides), 100, 261 Plutarch’s categories and, 5 Oedipus at Colonus (Sophocles), 70, 143 prologue used to inform audience of truths offstage action, dramatic use of narrative hidden from other characters, 130 accounts of, 132 psychology and motivation, 45 oikos, see kinship/household/family duty coincidence, small role of, 33, 36 Old Comedy, 2, 98, 171, 245, 248, 252, 264–6 Moschion, self-delusion of, 34–40 old misers and misanthropes, see Knemon in Polemon’s view of relationship to Glykera, Dyskolos; Smikrines in Aspis; Smikrines 40–5 in Epitrepontes separation from Polemon, Glykera’s defense Omitowoju, Rosanna, 42 of, 143–8 Onesimos in Epitrepontes, 189–90, 196, 200–5, silence, Glykera’s choice of, 133–9 207, 225–35, 238 status misperception in, 14, 16, 33–46 Orestes (Euripides), 134 virginity in, 21, 41 overeating as metaphor in H¯eros¯ , 48, 49 voice, arguments regarding Glykera’s loss of, 154 P. Ant. 15, 69, 221, 247 Perinthia (Menander), 73 P. Didot i, 213–21, 242–4, 249 Peripatetics, 83 P. G h oranˆ ii/P. Sorbonne 72, 117 Persa (Plautus), 222 P. K oln¨ 203, see Fabula Incerta 8 Arnott Persius, 124 Pamphile in Epitrepontes, 179–88, 205–23, 240 personality, see character Pan and Nymphs in Dyskolos, 51, 52, 56 Phaedra myth, 96 Papirius Fabianus, 217, 220 Phanion (Menander), 238 Parmenon in Samia, 161, 162, 168 Phasma (The Apparition) (Menander), 65–7 Pataikos in Perikeiromen¯e, 40–5, 77, 107, 111, eros, symptoms of, 67 143–50, 152–4, 206 illegitimate children, rescue of, 65, 88 Patterson, Orlando, 140 Pheidias, character of, 65–7, 75, 76 Penelope (Odyssey) as model for women in New prologue used to inform audience of truths Comedy, 170, 177, 179, 222 hidden from other characters, 130 Pericles, 73, 172, 241, 246 psychology and motivation in, 66–7 Perikeiromen¯e (The Rape of the Locks) rape in, 65, 71 (Menander), 33–46. See also speciﬁc status misperception in, 14, 65–7 characters, e.g. Glykera in Perikeiromen¯e Pheidias in Phasma, 65–7, 75, 76 audience sympathies, engaging, 131–9, 143–50, Philainis, 157 152–5 Philaulos (Theophilus), 237 compromising embrace in, 132–3 Philemon, 8 Epitrepontes compared, 178, 180, 189, 192, 206, philological analysis, 10–11 207, 223, 227 philosophical ideas, Menander’s treatment of, eros/love/sexual passion barely attributed to 171–4, 240, 263 women, 6, 152 Philoumene in Sikyonioi¯ , 17–25 hair, symbolic violence of cutting, 146 Phormio (Apollodorus), 65 hetaira, Glykera viewed as Phormio (Terence), 37, 246, 268 Getas on, 111–12 Photius, 18 gift-exchange system, relationship as, 44 Phrynion, 41, 153, 159 legal relationship between Glykera and physical beauty vs. personality in Fabula Incerta Polemon, 40–5 8 Arnott, 68–71

298 General index

piety, see religion and religious ritual in mistaken identity plots generally, 2, 15 pity in Epitrepontes, 192–6 in moral character misperceptions, see under Plangon in H¯eros¯ , 46–50, 80 moral character, misperceptions of Plangon in Samia, 111–12 in Perikeiromen¯e, 45 Plato, 84 coincidence, small role of, 33, 36 Plautus, 10. See also specific plays, e.g. Bacchides Moschion, self-delusion of, 34–40 construction of identity as process in, 13 Polemon’s view of relationship to Glykera, Dyskolos compared to Aulularia, 51 40–5 jealous wives in plays of, 184 in Phasma, 66–7 love/sexual passion barely attributed to in Samia, 99–102, 263 women, 6 status misperception and, see under status mistaken identity plot in, 1 misperception mother on son’s love affair in Asinaria, 37 truth about friends and family, difficulty of Plutarch’s categories and, 5 knowing, 1, 3, 13, 85, 110, 262 promises of soldiers’ mistresses in plays of, 138 public space, rarity of women’s intrusion into, ridicule of high-status males in plays of, 264 259 Plokion (Menander), 184, 206, 248 Plutarch, 3–9, 73, 147, 185, 188, 242, 247, 248, Questa, Cesare, 94 253 Quintilian, 11, 84 Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, 33, 40–45, 76, 80, 89, 92, 111, 146–9, 152–3, 189, 192, 223 Rabinowitz, Nancy S., 138 political agenda, Menander’s lack of, 252–4, 259 radical other, hetairai as, 128–9 political context of Menander’s comedies, 11 ransom of war captive in Misoumenos, 25–33 popular morality as reflected in Menandrian rape comedies, 170, 192–6, 237 Adonia party in Samia and, 157 population diminution in Greece, remedies for, aims of victims of, 259 251 committed by husband/suffered by wife in Porson’s bridge, 47 Epitrepontes, 71, 178, 192, 194, 228, 229, Post, L. A., 7 231 pride in skills of hetairai and other professionals, as face-saving device for consensual premarital 162 sex, 257 prologues used to inform audience of truths healthy sons resulting from, 247 hidden from other characters, 130 in H¯eros¯ , 48, 49, 71 Propertius, 96 in “lost daughter” stories, 21, 72 prostitutes and prostitution, see hetairai marriage following, 247 Pseudolus (Plautus), 237 in Misoumenos, 21 psychology and motivation, 2, 262–4 in New Comedy generally, 70 in Aspis, 58–65 in Phasma, 65, 71 audience sympathies, engaging, 172–4 rhetorical techniques for exculpating coincidence replaced by, 33, 36 aggressor, comic use of, 105 comic slave’s psychological perception in of slaves, 49 Phasma, 66–7 in status misperception stories, 21, 48, 49, 65, dianoia, as function of, 15, 33 70 in Dis Exapaton¯ , 99–102 reciprocity and gratitude, Greek standards of, disjointed syntax exposing, 100, 121 113–16 in Dyskolos recognition scenes in Menandrian comedies, Gorgias’s projection of self onto sister in, 261–2 52–4 reconciliation of women with lovers, moral Knemon, 51–2 implications of Sostratos’ perception of girl in, 54–6 in Misoumenos, 150–2 in Epitrepontes, see under Epitrepontes in Perikeiromen¯e, 148–50, 152–5 ethical/philosophical vs. dramatic goals religion and religious ritual regarding, 172–4 divine agency in Menandrian comedy, 173, in Fabula Incerta 8 Arnott, 69–72, 75, 77 194, 247, 260 fantasy elements displaying, 101 mourning rites, 142

General index 299

New Comedy women frequently Plautus’ Cistellaria compared, 120 participating in religious ritual, 142 prologue used to inform audience of truths piety of daughter towards Pan and Nymphs in hidden from other characters, 130 Dyskolos, 51, 52, 56 psychology and motivation in, 99–102, 263 sanctuary sought by Philoumene in Sikyonioi¯ , sexual pleasure figure, Chrysis as, 156 16–25, 142 Sostratos in Dis Exapaton¯ compared to supplication of Krateia in Misoumenos, 140–3 Demeas, 93–10 theoxeny stories of gods, 2 as “whore with a heart of gold” story, 86–92, remarriage, 211, 218 123–5, 169 Rhapizomen¯e (Menander), 225 women’s acceptance of Chrysis in, 157–9, 168 Rhetorica ad Alexandrum, 84–5, 104, 145, 184, Samian hetairai, reputation of, 157 193, 208, 213–21, 263 sanctuary sought by Philoumene in Sikyonioi¯ , Rhetorica ad Herennium, 215–20 16–25, 142 rhetorical argument Sandbach, Francis H., 47, 112, 151, 161, 178, 181–5 between father and daughter regarding Scafuro, Adele, 102, 107, 216, 221, 222, 250, 263, marriage and divorce in Epitrepontes, 267 181–5, 205–23 Seneca, Controversiae, 213–21, 222 “forensic thinking” in New Comedy, 102–7, seriousness of problems in Menandrian Comedy 250, 267 derived from tragedy, 260, 261 hetaira typology and, 97, 129, 134, 199, 226, sexual access to women and status 227 misperception, 15 moral character misperceptions and, 81–5 sexual passion, see eros/love/sexual passion proof construction in, 263 Shakespeare, William, 107 separation from Polemon in Perikeiromen¯e, Shaw, Michael, 172 Glykera’s defense of, 144 Sheldon, J. S., 72 Roman adaptations, moral character Sikyonioi¯ (The Sikyonians) (Menander), 16–25. misperceptions in, 119–25. See also specific See also specific characters, e.g. Roman plays, e.g. Cistellaria Philoumene in Sikyonioi¯ Rudens (Plautus), 142 incest, Menandrian avoidance of, 266 kyrieia dispute in, 22–3 Samia (The Girl from Samos) (Menander), Plutarch’s categories and, 5 86–92, 156–69. See also specific characters, psychology and motivation in, 24–5 e.g. Chrysis in Samia sanctuary sought by Philoumene in, 16–25, Adonia party in, 157 142 audience sympathies, engaging, 156–69 status misperception in, 14, 15, 16–25 behavior, difficulty of inferring character silence, female character’s choice of from, 86, 263 Glykera in Perikeiromen¯e, 133–9 child, implications of Chrysis’ care for, 163–7, Krateia in Misoumenos, 139–40 168 Silo Pompeius, 217, 218, 221 disjointed syntax in, 100 Simiche in Dyskolos, 55–6 Epitrepontes compared, 187, 190, 194, 198, 225, slaves and slavery 226, 227, 232, 235 Athenian citizenship in Sikyonioi¯ , 16–25 incest, Menandrian avoidance of, 266 behavior of girl in Dyskolos, 54–5 literary prostitute typology, reliance on, choices facing Habrotonon in Epitrepontes 86–92 appropriate to, 202–3, 224, 238–40 love/sexual passion barely attributed to female characters as slaves in Menander, 3 women in, 6 hair of female slaves, cutting, 146 loyalty of Chrysis to household, 156, 160–3, “lost daughter” stories of women living in 166, 168 slavery, 14–16 “marital” or permanent relationship between manumission of, 27–8, 202–3, 231, 238–40 Chrysis and Demeas, 86, 159 psychological perception of comic slave in moral character misperceptions in, 85, 86–92 Phasma, 66–7 moral obligations of Moschion, 161 rape of slaves, 49 pardon and return of Chrysis to household, social death as defining characteristic of, 167 140

300 General index

slaves and slavery (cont.) sexual access to women and, 15 social positions of Daos and Plangon in H¯eros¯ , in Sikyonioi¯ , 14, 15, 16–25 46–50 situations leading to, 50–1 war captive in Misoumenos, 25–33 social mobility, dramatic/real possibility of, Smikrines in Aspis, 16, 57–65, 75, 76, 77 73–5 Smikrines in Epitrepontes, 178, 179–88, 197–200, values of characters expressive of original lost 203–22 status, 131, 155–6, 175–6 social status, see status virginity in, 20–4, 32, 41 soldier plays, 46, 56. See also Misoumenos; of women vs. men, 74 Perikeiromen¯e; Sikyonioi¯ status mobility, dramatic/real possibility of, Sophocles, 70, 143, 262 73–5, 131 Sosias in Perikeiromen¯e, 40–1, 98, 111–12, 148, Steele, Richard, 268 189 Stichus (Plautus), 6, 213–21 Sostratos in Dis Exapaton¯ , 85, 92–102, 118, 120, Stobaeus, 118 162, 190, 194, 199 Stoics, 263 Sostratos in Dyskolos, 16, 50–6, 75, 76, 79, 221 Stratophanes in Sikyonioi¯ , 17–25, 74, 76, 77 spectacle, Menandrian use of, 174 subjectivity of viewer, 13 spinning hetairai, 91 Suppliant Women (Aeschylus), 267 status and moral character, see under moral Suppliant Women (Euripides), 143 character, misperceptions of supplication in Misoumenos, 140–3 status and virtue, connection between, 252 Synaristosai¯ (Menander), 6, 72, 246, 253, 259 status figures as objects of ridicule, 264 Synerosa¯ (Menander), 6 status of hetaira in household, recognition of, 167 Taplin, Oliver, 134 status misperception, 3, 5, 9, 14–16 Tatius, Achilles, 142 audience sympathy, engaging, 130 Terence, 10. See also specific plays, e.g. Eunuchus behavior of girl in Dyskolos, 54–5 bona meretrix (“good prostitute”) in plays of, combined with moral character vii, 9, 123–5 misperceptions in Epitrepontes, 177–9 mistaken identity plot in, 1 in Dyskolos, 14, 16, 50–6 Plutarch’s categories and, 4, 5 in Epitrepontes, 177–9, 191–2, 194, 223 Thais in Menander’s Thais, 95, 97, 120–2, 162, in Fabula Incerta 8 Arnott, 14, 16, 67–72 225, 238 father as pivotal figure in, 73 Thais in Terence’s Eunuchus, see Eunuchus heiresses (epikl¯er¯e), 57, 65, 74. See also Aspis Theano, 186–7, 195, 211, 213, 220, 221, 222 in H¯eros¯ , 14, 16, 46–50 Theophilus, 237 kyrieia disputes and, see kyrieia disputes Theophoroumen¯e (The Girl Possessed) low-status proxies for high-status women, (Menander), 117–19 120–2, 177, 197, 223, 228–30, 233–4, Theophrastus, 82, 83, 248 236 theoxeny stories of gods, 2 in Misoumenos, 14, 16, 25–33 Theron in Sikyonioi¯ , 17–24 nature of disputes about, 14–15 Thesmophoriazusae (Aristophanes), 253, 267 in Perikeiromen¯e, 14, 16, 33–46 Thrasonides in Misoumenos, 16, 19, 25–32, 44, in Phasma, 14, 65–7 64, 85, 112–17, 140, 150–2, 189, 192, 223 psychology and motivation in, 15, 75–8 Thrasyleon (Menander), 1 in Dyskolos, as above thresholds, women on, 132 emotions and desires affecting, 15–16, 62–4 Thucydides, 193 in Fabula Incerta 8 Arnott, 69–72, 75, 77 Tibeios in H¯eros¯ , 47, 48 in Misoumenos, 32 tragedy, 2, 12, 13 in Perikeiromen¯e, as above audience sympathies engaged through use of in Phasma, 66–7 tragic conventions, 132, 134–5, 138–9, in Sikyonioi¯ , 24–5 142, 143, 155–6, 171, 175–6 rape in, 21, 48, 49, 65, 70 Menandrian transformation of elements of, reasons for popularity of mistaken identity 245, 258–64 plots involving, 72–8 mistaken identity plots rooted in, 258–64

General index 301

moral character misperceptions in New marriage and divorce, arguments between Comedy using tragic models, 98, 100, father and daughter regarding, see under 108, 196 fathers recognition scenes in Menandrian comedies eros/love/sexual passion barely attributed to, derived from, 261–2 6, 152, 207, 218, 221, 254, 257 seriousness of problems in Menandrian oaths, use of, 54–5, 97, 227 Comedy derived from, 260, 261 sympathy of hetaira for mother and child, wifely intolerance of infidelity in, 185 163–7, 168, 228, 233–4 trials, popularity of, 3 women, Menander’s focus on, 10, 245–68 tropos, see character Athenian marital laws and women’s status, truth about friends and family, difficulty of 246–51 knowing, 1, 3, 13, 85, 110, 262 audience sympathies, engaging, 256 Turner, Eric G., 193, 207 disproportionate involvement of women as tyrant, father in Epitrepontes depicted as, 180 misrepresented characters, 2, 245 dramatic factors, 171–4, 254–66 victimization of males vs. females, 256 emotional consequences of mistakes about virginity, 20–4, 32, 41, 229 women, 254 virtue, see morality and virtue gender stereotypes, exploitation of, 255–8 hiddenness of women’s lives, dramatic war captive in Misoumenos, 25–33 advantages of, 254 Wasps (Aristophanes), 267 historical factors, 245–54 Webster, T. B. L., 138 insignificance of women in Greek society, West, Stephanie, 161 246 the “whore with a heart of gold,” 3–9 integration of women into new oikos as Chrysis in Samia, 86–92, 123–5, 169 common theme, 258–60 in Epitrepontes, 177, 224, 235–42 “lost” citizens, recovery of, 251–2 household, “good” hetaira as protector of, mirrors of value for men, women as, 75, 77, 237–8, 242 80, 110 Terence, bona meretrix (“good prostitute”) in moral character of low-status women, focus plays of, vii, 9, 123–5 on, 261 whores generally, see hetairai political agenda, lack of, 252–4, 259 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, 224 public space, rarity of women’s intrusion into, “woman with milk” and proof construction, 263 259 women, see also hetairai status misperception of men vs. women, 74 acceptance of hetaira into women’s network, tragedy, Menandrian transformation of 157–9, 168, 235 elements of, 245, 258–64 “common (misogynist) wisdom” about, 112, victimization of males vs. females, 256 113, 248 daughters Xenophon, 237 “hidden daughter” stories, see Dyskolos; Phasma Zeitlin, Froma, 129 lost, see “lost daughter” stories Zelnick-Abramovitz, Rachel, 43