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Culture, Conflict, and Northern English Fortification in the British Civil Wars, Circa 1638–1652

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Culture, Conflict, and Northern English Fortification in the British Civil Wars, Circa 1638–1652 Culture, Conflict, and Northern English Fortification in the British Civil Wars, Circa 1638–1652 Tristan Alexander Robert Griffin, Sidney Sussex College, 24 September 2020, This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. Tristan Griffin thesis abstract: ‘Culture, conflict, and Northern English fortification in the British Civil Wars, circa, 1638-1652.’ The dissertation is a study of the fortress garrisons of Northern England during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It combines cultural and administrative methodologies to explore the subject, linking it to as many different areas of Civil War historiography as possible to demonstrate the centrality of fortification to the conflict. It consists, broadly, as three separate components of unequal length divided into eight chapters. The first section introduces the subject, thoroughly exploring the historiography and outlining the method before moving on to the technical and physical aspects of fortification. The main body of the thesis applies both administrative and cultural historical approaches to explore the legal framework that royalist, parliamentarian, and covenanter garrisons operated under, their relationship with civic authorities such as civic corporations, and the relationship between governorships and the concept of lordship. This section is particularly important since it addresses the question of royalist military government. The dissertation will suggest that an alternative methodology, examining the interactions of military governments with civic authorities, can be used to partially reconstruct royalist administration even in the absence of garrison records – which were mostly destroyed during the conflict. The final part of the thesis explores fortification through the concept of trauma, arguing that garrisons acted as foci of violence and suffering, inflicted with varying degrees of discrimination on soldiers and civilians alike. The details of this suffering, inflicted through both physical violence and starvation, are explored before their wider ‘cultural’ significance is analysed. ‘Cultural’ impacts of traumatic fortification included the telling of ghost stories, the publication of articles of surrender and other details of prominent sieges, and the afterlife of fortresses long after the civil wars had ended. Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION, HISTORIOGRAPHICAL POSITION, METHODOLOGY AND BOUNDARIES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL POSITION ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 SOURCE BASE ............................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 16 1.5 BOUNDARIES OF THIS STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER TWO: FORTIFICATION AS A TECHNICAL PROCESS AND CULTURAL SYMBOL .... 22 2.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 22 2.2 MILITARY MANUALS AND THE SCIENCE OF FORTIFICATION ....................................................................... 25 2.3 MEDIEVAL CASTLES, LORDLY RESIDENCES AND EARLY MODERN WARFARE ............................................ 31 2.4 CITY AND TOWN WALLS ............................................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER THREE: THE NORTH AND THE BISHOPS’ WARS ............................................................ 42 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 42 3.2 THE HOUSE OF CLIFFORD AND THE FORTRESS OF CARLISLE ....................................................................... 45 3.3 NOBLE MOBILISATION IN THE NORTHERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND IN THE FIRST BISHOPS’ WAR .............. 46 3.4 THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR AND THE MECHANICS OF STUART LOCAL DEFENCE ...................................... 48 3.5 BARONIAL LEGACIES IN THE ASSEMBLY OF THE MILITIA OF CUMBRIA IN THE SECOND BISHOPS’ WAR ..... 51 3.6 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPACTS ....................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER FOUR: FORTRESS CITIES AND COVENANTER GOVERNMENT IN NORTHERN ENGLAND .................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.1 INTRODUCTION, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY............................................................................ 56 4.2 THE FIRST COVENANTER OCCUPATION, THE ALIENATION OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE EMERGENCE OF NORTHUMBRIAN ROYALISM ............................................................................................................................. 62 4.3 THE SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT AND THE SIEGE OF ROYALIST NEWCASTLE ................................... 70 4.4 THE SECOND COVENANTER OCCUPATION OF NEWCASTLE AND THE LEGALITY OF COVENANTER GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND .............................................................................................................................. 75 4.5 THE COVENANTER OCCUPATION OF CARLISLE, CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND ................................. 79 4.6 SIR JAMES LUMSDEN AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE COVENANTER GOVERNORSHIP OF NEWCASTLE....... 81 4.7 THE CITY CORPORATION, THE ECONOMICS OF OCCUPATION AND THE COVENANTER WITHDRAWAL. ........ 88 4.8 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER FIVE: GOVERNORSHIPS ....................................................................................................... 94 5.1 INTRODUCTION, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHOD ....................................................................................... 94 5.2 LORDLY POWER AS A MODEL FOR GOVERNORSHIP ..................................................................................... 97 5.3 ROYALIST GOVERNORSHIPS, A COMPARATIVE .......................................................................................... 106 5.4 GOVERNORS AND LOCAL OFFICERS .......................................................................................................... 125 5.5 DIGBY AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROYALIST CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN NORTHERN ENGLAND ........... 130 5.6 PARLIAMENTARIAN GOVERNORSHIP, DISTINCTIONS AND CONTINUITIES .................................................. 135 5.7 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER SIX: CIVIC CORPORATIONS AND MILITARY GOVERNMENTS ................................. 153 6.1 INTRODUCTION, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHOD ..................................................................................... 153 6.2 THE CITY OF YORK AND THE ROYALIST COUP OF 1643 ............................................................................ 155 6.3 CHESTER AND THE FAILURE OF ROYALIST MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN CHESHIRE AND LANCASHIRE ..... 174 6.4 SCARBOROUGH AND THE INSURRECTIONIST GARRISON OF 1648–1649 ..................................................... 198 6.5 PARLIAMENTARIAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN WARTIME HULL ............................................................ 204 6.6 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 210 CHAPTER SEVEN: SIEGES, DESTRUCTION AND TRAUMA ............................................................ 212 7.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 212 7.2 FAMINE, SIEGES AND SURRENDER ............................................................................................................ 216 7.3 THE STORMING OF FORTRESSES AND THE DYNAMICS OF THE MASSACRE................................................. 225 7.4 GHOSTS AND THE MEANINGS OF TRAUMA. ..............................................................................................
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