CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME III IN D I A AsoK. MITRA Rt!.gistrar General, India 4t ex.officio Census Commissioner, India & BALDEV RAJ KALRA Research Officer Office of the Registrar General. India { "1 ~ . I _\. ,"'0 '-"-.. .-/ US OF INDIA 1961---UNION PUBLICATIONS .. i;;';,.'-- --- _- ___" :_•• w at ~~';' *- // .. ' PA ~."...,_,_, _, __ ~s-~eral Report on the Censtls, sub-divided into three sub-parta viz.- Part tA General Report Part A (I) (Text) Levels 9f Regionall)eveloprr1e_ntin Jod!a Part I-A (i) (Tables) Lev,el.s of Regional D.evelqprrtent In Tn~ Part I-'B Vital Statistics Q.f the ~dec~e Part r-c Subsidiary Tables PART II Census Tables of Population, sub-divided IntG: Part TI-A (t) General PopUlation Tahles Part II-A (ii) Union Primary Census Abstracts Part IT-8 (i) General Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) Part TJ-H (in General Economic Tables (8-") Part JI-8 (iii) General Economic Tables (8_yI to B-IX) Part Il-C (j) Social and Cultural Tables Partll-C on Language Tab)es Part JT-C (iii) Migration Tables (D I to D .y~ Part Jf-C (iv) Millration Tables (n-VI) PART ur Part III (i) Household Economic Tables (.' State5) Part J II (ii) Household Economic Tables (India, Uttar Pradesh &: Union Territorici) PART IV Part IV-A (i) Housing Report Part IV-A (ii) Report on Industrial EstablishI1lcnts Part IV-A (iii) House Types &. ViUage Layout~ Part IV-8 Housing &. Establishment Tables PART V Special Tables oCScheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnographic Notes, sub-divided into two sub-parts vlz.- Part V-A (I) Special Tables (or Scheduled Cllstos Part V-A (ii) Special Tables for Scheduled T(ib.. Part V-8 Ethnographic Notes PART VI Village Survey Monograph PART VII Monographs on Rural Crops s~rvey and list of Fain and Festivals Part VII-A Handicraft Survey Monograph Part VIC-B Fairs and Festivals PART VIIl Administration Report Part VIII-A Administration Report (Enume~ation) "I Not for .al. Part VIII-B Administration Report (Tabula!lOn) ) PART IX Census Atlas Volume PART X Special Report on cities with population of one million aad ovs~ "taAIlT XI Special Surveys CONTENTS· A-FORBWORD t B-INTRODUCTION I-Lxiv C-TABLES 1. Madras 1-44 45-138 --~. Maharashtra 3. Mysore 139-188 4. Orissa 189-272 o. Ponjah 273-298 6. Rajasthan 299-368 7. Uttar Pradesh 369-414 8. West Bengal 415-456 9. Andaman and Nic()blr Islands 457-460 10. Delhi 461-4(i6 11. Himacbal Pradesh 467-485 1 2. Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindi v i Islands 486-489 . 13. Manipur 490-496 14. Tripura 497-516 ~: 15. Poadicbercy 517-524 FOREWORD Land Reforms provide the social, economic and institutional framework for agricultural .development and social justice. A study of the new land tenure pattern that has emerged after immense and Lnprecedented wave of land reforms since 1947 is, therefore, of crucial importance. Information on land tenures in India was collected for the first time in 1961 through the Household Schedule. The present study gives a complete inventory of various types of tenures and tenancies in terms of their local and legal terminologies, and classifies them according to the natures of rights held by them. Though the principal aim of the Tables is to present a qualitative picture of tenures and tenancies of a great variety still prevalent in different parts of the country and their classification, yet some broad statistical picture is discernible which throws some light on the dimensions of the problem. The Tables indicate that in 1961, the tenanted households still constituted about 23% of the total cultivating house­ holds. The proportion was still higher in certain States such as Bihar, Kerala and Punjab which suggests uneven pace of land reforms in different States. The Report focuses its attention on the problem of 'disguised tenancies' which do not enjoy any protection under the law. It points out that the phenomenon of 'disguised tenancies', as reflected through the ratio of leased-out households to leased in households, is fairly wide­ spread through-out the country and is a major impediment in effective implementation of land reforms and the avowed objective of the 'land to the tiller', Even in respect of the tenanoies recorded under the Census, 82% of the tenants and share-croppers still do not enjoy permanency of tenure. They are either tenants-at­ will, are subject to landlords' right of resumption or enjoy temporary proteotion only. The position in this respect is worse in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madras, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab and West Bengal. While before 1947, zamindaries, jagirs and inams covered nearly half the oountry, such non­ raiyatwari tenures constituted hardly 2.75%of the total households owning or holding from the Government in 1961. It shows the extent to whioh legislation for the abolition of intermediaries'has succeeded, which i. by far the most redeeming featufe of agrarian reforms in India. The raiyatwari system or plot proprietor­ ship with right of occupancy is the most prevalent form of land ownership in India now and is expected to be the keynote of agricultural development and social justice. This oompilation and analysis has been possible on account of the dedication which Shri B. R. Kalra. Research offioer, brought to the task from the inception of the project until its completion. To him will go muoh of the credit of the clarity with whioh the ooncepts and categories were evolved and the thor­ oughness with whioh all entries in this oompendium were ohecked. It is hoped that the attempt made in the Report which has been a pioneering venture will serve & useful purpose in the field of agricultural econom­ iCi. New Delhi, ASOK MITRA April 15, ] 968. Registrar General, India INTRODUCTION The canvassing of Household Schedule in and collecti(}n of information about these two 1961 Census was done for the first time in Indian occupations with a household as a unit would Census. It was considered that cultivation and give more meaningful results. The form of the bousehold industry were household enterprises Household Schedule is reproduced below: CONFIDENTIAL CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 [ To be filled up during Enumeration] Is this an Institution" PART I-HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE LOCATIONCODE: __________________________________________________~, ________--_I Full Name of Head,_____________ scI I of Household -----------------;S~.T~. A. Cultivation L.>cal name of rtght Area in acres / 1. Land under cultivation by Household on land (il ownep or held from Governme~t Oi) held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share -_ ', ....• ~ .......... , ....... (iii) Total of item~(i) and (ii) ........................... ............................................................ 2. Land given to private persons for cultiva­ tion fOT payment in money, kind or share , 8. Housebold Industry Nature of Industry Numb(,T of Household Industry (not on the scale of a months in registered factory) conducted by the Head the year of the household himself and/or mainly during which members of the household at home or conducted within the village in rural areas and only (a) at home in urban areas (b) C. Workers at Culthation or Household . Industry Members of family working: , Members including Head of family working Hired and hired workers, if any, kept wholetime Other Other Total Workers during current or last working season Head males Females 1. Household Cultivation only 2. Household Industry only 3. Both in Household Cultivation & Household Industry ii Part 'A' of the Household Schedule related to family worker in (a) cultivation of land or super­ cultivation only. While sub· part A. 1 covered all vision or direction of cultivation of land owned or cultivating households, the sub-part A.2 related held from Government, and (b) cultivation of to households who had leased out or sub-leased land or supervision or direction of cultivation of th-eir Jands. All cultivating households under land held from private persons or institutions for sub-part A. I were classified into two categories: payment in money, kind or share. Cultiva.tion viz., (i) owned or held from Government and involv~s ploughing, sowiug and harvesting and (ii) held from private persons or institutions for does not include fruit growing or keeping orchards payment in money, kind or share. Against each or groves or working for plantations like tea, category, local names of rights on land and also coffee, rubber, cinchona and other medicinal area in acres were recorded. The instructions to plantations. " the Enumerators issued in this behalf were as under:- Apart from the nature of work, the 1961 Census laid down a minimum norm of quantum of "Sub-part 'A' relating to Cultivation will have to be . work for making a person eligible to be recorded filled in only where the household cultivates land. as cultivator. A person waR a cultivator if he (Land includes aJlland normally used for cultivation had some regular work of more than one hour· a purposes including temporary fallows). Three cate­ gories of land are given in items I 0), I (ii) and 1. day throughout the greater p'art of the war-Icing Items 1 (i) and I (ii) relate to land actuallv culti­ seaSon. Work included not only actual· work but vated by the household. ]tern 2 relates io land effective supervision and direction of work. which is not cultivated by the household but has been given by it to private perSons for, cultivation It can be seen from above that the terms for payment in money. kind or share. In each of 'cultivation', 'cultivator' or· 'cultivating house­ the three cases the total of separate plots or parcels hold' are defined from operatiorml and not legal of land in different places, owned or held, or taken Dr given should be made and entered.