Modern Landscape Architecture

Study on classification and value of historical and cultural landscape in during the Ming and Qing Dynasties YANG Jun1 Art Design College Nanjing Finance and Economics University No.3 on Wenyuan Road (of), Xixia District, Nanjing, Province,210046 PR [email protected]

Abstract: Nanjing city has a long history, historical and cultural heritage is rich in resources, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties quantity is the most, the greatest impact.The history and culture of the city landscape is the city's most attractive feature, is the city important intangible assets, a city of "image", and reflect the value of the city.This paper expounds the definition and classification of historical and cultural landscape at home and abroad. Combined with the regional characteristics of Nanjing's history and culture, it studys the classification of historical and cultural landscapein Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, summarizes its unique value, makes a further thinking on how to protect its historical and cultural landscape of Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and give full play to its heritage value.

Key-Words: Nanjing ; historical and cultural landscape; resource;classification; the image of the city; the value of heritage 1 Definition and classification of geographic region; the capability to explain the cultural landscape nature and its unique cultural factors in this Of all the concepts on the world heritage--- region. Cultural landscape, which denotes the cultural heritage, natural heritage, natural and relationship between human and earth, can fall cultural heritage and cultural landscape, the into three categories: concept of cultural landscape was the last one to (1)It is the most easily recognized, designed come into being. In 1992, World Heritage and created consciously by man, and has clearly Committee officially listed cultural landscape planned landscape. It usually (not always) into world heritage: the first article in includes aesthetic gardens or square landscape Convention points out that cultural landscape related to religion or other monumental and belongs to cultural property, representing ‘the integral architectures. combined works of nature and of man’. They (2)It is the organically-developed,landscape, reflect the limits of material conditions and/ or which originally formed to meet the the opportunities brought by natural requirements of society, culture, administration environment and historical development of and/ or religion, and which adapted to the human society and settlement under the internal natural environment and finally developed into and external forces of a series of social, the current form. economic and cultural factors [1]. According (3)It is a comprehensive cultural landscape, toUN World Heritage Center’s definition, which is to present the strong influence of ‘cultural landscape’ must meet the following religion, arts and culture through some physical three conditions: outstanding universal value; heritage, which itself is of secondary representation of a clearly defined cultural and importance or does not exist any more.

1 Introduction to Author: Yang Jun/born in 1981/Male/Native in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province/ PhD Candidate at Nanjing Forestry University (Research Field: protection and planning for landscape heritages) / Lecturer at Art Design College of Nanjing Finance and Economics University (Nanjing 210046)

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US National Park Service divides the (1)Designed Landscape: The artificial cultural landscapes in its administrative area landscapes designed by craftsmen or designers into four types: cultural anthropology landscape, in Ming and Qing Dynasties according to like the Holy Land; historical designed certain usages, values an aesthetic principles, landscape, like historic gardens; historic such as palace, garden and mausoleums. vernacular landscape, like historical villages; (2)Site Landscape: Associated with some historical places, historical streets and historical important historical events, figures and sites[3]. activities, the site environment has lost or Li Heping and Xiao Jingjiang classify the deserted its original functions now, such as cultural landscapes in China into five types: ① some architecture or location sites. Designed Landscape ②Heritage Landscape ③ (3)Architecture Community Landscape: Site Design ④ Settlement Landscape ⑤ Comprised of historical architecture Regional Landscape. communities and with certain social functions, Shan Jixiang holds that the cultural it can better reflect the historical country landscape is of certain spatiality and function, landscape with the original environmental which can be divided into two groups: in terms patterns and historical architectures, such as of spatial forms, it includes city cultural historical streets and villages. landscape, country cultural landscape, scenery (4)Composite Landscape: With artificial cultural landscape and site cultural landscape; maintenance, this kind of landscape is closely in terms of functions and natures, it includes associated with religion, arts or history and religion cultural landscape, folk custom cultural culture, such as scenic spots and the Holy Land. landscape, industry cultural landscape and military cultural landscape, etc.

2 Classification of Cultural Landscape in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties As an ancient capital for ten dynasties, Nanjing, with its profound historical and cultural richness, has reached its peak of prosperity from the Southern Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At present, it has a large amount of cultural landscape heritage, mostly left from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is significant in influence and various in type: (Fig.1, Distribution map of the cultural there are traditional dwellings, gardens, landscape of Nanjing City during the Ming and mausoleums and temples, etc. The scope of Qing Dynasties) cultural landscape heritage in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in this paper focuses mainly on the main urban areas in Nanjing as well as the distinct urban cultural landscape heritage in suburban areas (Fig.1, 2). Based on the classifications of cultural landscapes at home and abroad and the geographic characteristics of the history and culture in Nanjing, this paper divides the cultural landscape roughly into the following types(see Table 1 in Appendix):

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south as well as an ideal place for establishing capital. In , Nanjing City, guarded by 13 gates, was composed of four-fold walls---outer city walls, capital, imperial city and imperial palace---with the perimeter of the capital 33.676 km. At early stage of the Ming Dynasty, the major way to define contours outside the city wall in Nanjing City was irregular shape following the natural topography and the city walls ran flexibly according to the terrain and water ways. With full consideration of the traditional city-building theory, the imperial palace is located in the middle instead of the northeast corner of Nanjing, and both the site selection and construction pay attention to the coordination of water and mountains in Nanjing, therefore serving as a great model for imperial palace (Fig.2, Distribution map of the cultural construction in later dynastties. Besides that, landscape of the suburbs in Nanjing during the many ways in which mausoleums of the Ming- Ming and Qing Dynasties) dynasty Emperors were built were unpresidented .,, providing a blueprint for building imperial mausoleums in the Ming and 3 Value composition of the cultural Qing Dynasties. Different from the traditional landscape in Nanjing during Ming and ideas in construction of mausoleums, the design Qing Dynasties of main body of the mausoleum, facing south, Cultural landscape reflects the unique fully considers the natural geographic cultural richness in different regions, and is in conditions of the Purple Mountain: it changes the position to fully display the distinct cultural the lining layout of Shinto of the previous factors embodied in this region. In terms of mausoleum, and built according to the terrain characteristics and spatial scale, the material and the plum blossom mountain, which has components of cultural landscape heritage can little influence on the surrounding natural space fall into five categories: behavior, architecture, environment---both conforming to the space, structure and environment. traditional ideas on Fengshui and fully Compared with the cultural landscape in demonstrating the respect for and coordination other cities, the cultural landscape in Nanjing of ecology and geographical conditions in during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are of Nanjing (Fig.3). unique value, and mainly include the following aspects: (1)Influence Value: the urban construction pattern focusing on the harmony with natural landscape may exert great influence on later generations Located in the center place connecting rivers and lakes, Nanjing City is a hub for land and river transportation in the middle and lower reaches of the River, providing convenient transportation service in this area. With sound economic foundation, it serves as an important strategic area connecting north and (Fig.3, the Xiaoling Tomb)

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“The architecture arrangement and site selection had always been the gathering place for rich modes of the Mausoleum of the Ming Emperor and distinguished families since the Southern set a precedent for the patterns and artistic Dynasties. Because the river is ten li (1 li=500m) styles of mausoleums in Ming Dynasty, in length, it is called in ten li. It marking a turning point in the development was in its prime period of prosperity in Ming history of mausoleum building system in and Qing Dynasties---a recreational and feast China” [7]. place for scholars, the brothels (south of Chaoku Street) were next to the old yard, facing (2)Cultural Value: manifestation of the the examination hall across the river and the unique culture in and examination hall adjoins to the ancient school, sentimental and nostalgic urban temperament outside whose walls were streets and houses Qinhuai River, originally known as Huaishui, along the river south of the street [8]. the is the most important mother river of Nanjing. Examination hall, Confucian Temple, shops and According to the legend, in order to cut off the brothels gathered in place, which forms the imperial factors in the ground, the first emperor unrivalled unique scenery in the world. “The of the Qin Dynasty cut Fangshan Mountain to picturesque scenery along Qinhuai River, counteract to this factor. With the length of 103 together with historical trails left from the rise km, it has two sources---one stems from and fall of past dynasties are a must-see place Baohua Mountain in Jurong in southeast and for many talented scholars to sing and mourn one from Tiansheng Bridge in Lishui in over the falling dynasties” [6], and “Because southeast---which can be divided into inner fate of the development of a city is elusive at Qinhuai River and outer Qinhuai River in front certain times, this can be shown that the culture of Tongji Gate in the capital of Nanjing after in restaurant, brothels and common houses can these two converge westwards. To be specific, only be the elegy for the decline of a city” [9]all the one surrounds the southern city wall add a hint of sentimental and melancholy southwards is called the outer Qinhuai River, temperament in the urban cultural landscape of and the one---running through the city from east Nanjing City. Du Mu, the poet, once wrote a to west---flowing in the city from East Water poem to demonstrate that the unique urban Street and flowing out from West Water Street temperament is by no means disconnected with (Fig.4). many rises and falls of this ancient city, therefore people should seek mental comfort and spiritual substance from the secular life. (3) Historic value: It serves as an important historical testimony to the foreign relationships of the Ming Dynasty and the cultural exchanges between China and the West. At the early days of its reign, the Ming Dynasty, as its people were in poverty,and its economy was in depression, due to the damage by the war,,formulated the foreign policies with good neighborliness. During the period reigned by Yuanzhang, in order to further continuie and develop the good neighborly relationship with foreign countries, the emperor took some measures such as lifting restrictions on the ban (Fig.4, Sketch map of the Qinhuai River of marine trade and sending to travel waterway) to the West for seven times, resulting in more frequent exchanges with foreign countries, Famous for its busy business, both banks of deepening the ties with more than 30 inner Qinhuai River in the city of Ming Dynasty neighboring countries in Asia and Africa in

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politics, economy and culture, etc. In the 53 protection unit can only be like this, let alone years from the first year of Zhu Yuanzhang’s those protection units at a lower level or those reign (year 1368) to the 19th year of Zhu Di’ s which have not been listed in this protection reign (year 1408), Nanjing served as the capital, program. during which the foreign exchanges had left (1) Effective preservation and maintenance deep imprints on Nanjing City. At present, the of the essence in urban cultural landscapes Bruneian King’s Tomb in was It cannot be denied that the historically cultural landscapes are of important value even ﺳ ﻠﻄﺎن) originally built for the Bruneian king who died unfortunately on a in the construction of urban cultural landscapes (اواڠ اﻟﺤﻤﯿ ﺪ ﻋﺒ ﺪ friendly visit to China, representing one of the in the rapidly developing world, but the only two tombs of foreign emperors in China. It construction and development of the city and is also a historical testimony to the friendship of the protection of cultural landscapes left from both countries. And the shipyard site at No. 57 previous dynasties may seem like the two sides of Lijiang Road, Jiangdong Street, Gulou in a pair of incompatible contradiction. With the District, as the starting point of Zhenghe’s flowing of time, the protection of cultural journey to west, is also a piece of historical landscape remains will inevitably change: It is evidence to study his journey to west, which is not so simple a matter to ‘circle them up’ to also the cultural heritage of shipbuilding protect them. “For the protection of different industry in middle ages only existed in the types of cultural landscapes, we should work world and the ancient shipbuilding site with the out relevant protection measures and methods largest preserved area in China. according to their material and value composition---with the protection of material system as a clue, the preservation and 4 Thoughts on the protection of maintenance of the physical forms as a basis, cultural landscapes in Nanjing during the protection of value system as a goal and the the Ming and Qing Dynasties expression and manifestation of cultural rich connotations as a means”---to highlight the With a profound and long history, Nanjing inner humane spirits of the cultural landscapes, boasts a lot of cultural landscape left from the thus enabling its value in cultural significance Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, the to permeate in the concept world of the public” continuously accelerated urbanization keeps [4]. The profound richness in urban cultural encroaching on these cultural landscapes. landscape of Nanjing, which is “of obviously Though they are protected as the Culture Relic associated with and inherited from history and Protection Sites, their existing spaces are reflects the history of the continuous liberation getting smaller and smaller among the modern of man”, can be balanced dynamically--- urban landscapes, with someof them seriously between change and continuation---to reflect affected by human activities. Such cases can be that “human can keep realizing and found in the burial site (at the south foot of transcending the reality to provide a multiplied General Mounatin) of Mu Jiaying (the founding choices for the road ahead” [9]. Only in this general in the Ming Dynasty) family has been way can this be conducive to the protection and badly damaged by the real estate development development cultural landscape remains as well nearby. Triggered by this situation, on 30th, as the effective preservation and maintenance of Dec, 2011, ‘the Burial Site of Mu Jiaying the cultural significance so as to give full play Family’ was listed on the 7th batch of the to its value. extended programs of provincial-level cultural (2) The formation of urban images and relics’ protection unit in Jiangsu Province, manifestation of urban features in Nanjing renamed its current titles after combining with Kevin Lynch holds that “It is through the tombs (the 5th batch of protection program observing the physical environment that people in General Mountain) of other meritorious get to know the city and its images, and to be statesmen and generals in Ming Dynasty. The specific, people recognize the city through all fate of a provincial level cultural relics’

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kinds of symbols in the physical urban formed without its urban cultural landscape. environment” [10]. With a clearly defined The urban cultural landscape is a historic development clue, Nanjing is abundant in its urban cultural landscapes , for example, the existing City Wall of the Ming Dynasty--- which is 21.35km long with 13 gates and 2 water forts---represents the largest city made of bricks protected by nation and one of important representatives in urban cultural landscape of Nanjing. With the richest cultural landscapes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Nanjing’s Southern Historical District---serving as the “foundation of cultural ecology” [11] of Nanjing---represents the essence and cream of the cultural landscapes in Nanjing (Fig.5) with the Confucian Temple as a core and Qinhuai River and Ming Dynasty City Wall as bonds, (Fig.5, Streets and buildings in Nanjing old forming a unique district fully presenting the city area) traditional cultural factors in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Protection Plan on comprehensive reflection of its unique cultural Historically Cultural Famous City of Nanjing characteristics, spiritual temperament, (2010--2020) clearly points out the plan of distinctive nature and geographical features, reviving Nanjing’s Southern Historical District- serving as the important intangible assets as --“With Zhonghuamen Gate Castle as the core well as the urban value. Furthermore, the urban joint, this District runs through East Water features are supporting forces of the cultural Street, West Water Street, Bailuzhou, the landscape in terms of its stability, succession Reading House of Zhou Chu, Santiaoying and durability [12]. “City surrounded by Historic Conservation Area, Diaoyutai Historic mountains, water and trees”, the natural space Area, Hujia Garden, Phoenix relics, and pattern organically combined with mountains Hehuatang Historic Conservation Area, and rivers, the city wall stretching for dozens of constructing a unique urban cultural landscapes li, the natural and human landscapes along integrated with ‘city, river, mountain, tower, Qinhuai River and the familiar and pleasant temple, and urban dwelling’ in southern district streets and alleys in the Ming and Qing of Nanjing.” At present, Nanjing Urban Dynasties---are all the most fascinating features Planning Bureau has already started working of the cultural landscape unique to Nanjing City, put protection plans for relevant historical sites which can not only give people the impression in batches (see Table 2 in Appendix). “The of affinity and safety of Nanjing, but also the more clear the symbols and structures of urban profound sense of identification and belongings environment are, the more easily for people to to the deep cultural heritages accumulated from get to know this city, therefore bringing the history. stableness of the mind” [10]. These distinctive There is a saying goes like “sound urban “structure” and “symbols” in Nanjing have left cultural landscapes rely on taking effective deep imprints on the development of this city, protection and strict control measures” [9]. As a thus becoming the permanent memory in the country with abundant cultural landscape course of the urban development. resources, China still has many urban cultural The features of a city should be the specific landscapes waiting for protection, development characteristics which are distinctively different and utilization. The research work on the from those of other cities in terms of its content protection and utilization of urban cultural and form. The features of a city cannot be landscapes in Nanjing can serve as a reference

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for cities with similar cultural landscape features and the current preservation situations.

References: [1]State Cultural Relic Bureau, etc. Anthology on International Cultural Heritages Protection Files, : Cultural Relic Publishing House, 2007. [2]Zhang Song. Anthology on International Charter and Regulations in China for Urban Cultural heritages Protection, Shanghai: Tongji University Publishing House, 2007. [3] National Park Service. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Lands capes [R], Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, 1996. [4]Li Heping, Xiao Jing. Analysis on the Type and Composing Factors of cultural landscapes in China, , Vol.25 ,No.2, 2009, pp. 90-94. [5]Shan Jixiang. Into the World of Cultural Landscape Heritages, Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, 2010. [6]Duan Zhijun. Nanjing—the Ancient Capital, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2012. [7]Pan Guxi, History of China’s Ancient Architectures (the 4th Volume: Architecture in Ming Dynasty), Beijing: China Construction Industry Press, 2001. [8][]Zhu Quan Kulapati, More Sketches on Zheng Banqiao (the first Volume: Pleasant Travel), Nanjing: Nanjing Publishing House, 2006. [9]Ma Xiao, Urban Imprints: Regional Culture and Urban Landscapes, Shanghai: Tongji University Publishing House, 2011. [10][American]Kevin Lynch. Urban Images, Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House, 2001. [11]Zhou Xueying, Zhang Wei. On the Cultural Value of Nanjing’ Southern Historical District, Architecture Creation, No.2, 2010, pp. 158-164. [12]Shan Jixiang. Analysis on the Protection of Urban Cultural Landscapes, China Cultural Heritage, No.2, 2010, pp. 8-21.

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Appendix

Table 1 Type of Cultural Landscape in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (Source: author)

Type Name Time Address Notes

Designed Taiping Heavenly Ming and No. 128, National key Landscape Kingdom History Qing Zhanyuan cultural Museum() Dynastie Road relics s protection unit

Xu Garden

East Garden (Bailuzhou Ming and Pingjiangfu Garden) Qing Road of Dynastie Qinhuai s District

Mausoleum of the Ming Ming South foot of National key Emperor（including the Dynasty Purple cultural tombs of , Li Mountain relics Wenzhong, Wu Liang, Wu protection Zhen, unit and the ‘tomb stone carving’, World Deng Yu, Chou Cheng and Cultural Li Jie） Heritage

Bruneian King’s Tomb Ming Dongxianghu National key Dynasty a Village, cultural Yuhua Town, relics Yuhua protection District unit

Nanjing Chaotian Palace Ming and No.6, Provincial Qing Chaotian level key Dynastie Palace cultural s relics protection unit

Linggu Temple Ming and South foot of Provincial Qing Purple level key Dynastie Mountain cultural

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s relics protection unit

Gulou (Drum Tower of Ming Gulou Provincial Nanjing) Dynasty level key cultural relics protection unit

Jingjue Temple Ming and No.28, Provincial Qing Shengzhou level key Dynastie Road cultural s relics protection unit

Yu Garden Qing No.2 Hujia Municipal Dynasty Garden, cultural relic Qinhuai protection District unit

Site Relics of Nanjing Palace Ming Around National key Landscape in Ming Dynasty Dynasty Wuchao cultural Gate, Baixia relics District protection unit

Longjiang Shipyard Relic Ming No. 57 National key Site Dynasty Lijiang Road, cultural Jiangdong relics Street, Gulou protection District unit

City Wall in Ming Ming Suburb in National key Dynasty, the surrounding Dynasty Nanjing cultural of City Wall in Ming relics Dynasty protection unit

Monument Stone Blocks Ming Fentou Provincial Dynasty Village, level key Tangshan cultural Street, relics

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Jiangning protection District unit

Baoen Temple Site Ming Outside Provincial Dynasty Zhonghua level key Gate cultural relics protection unit

Glazed-tile kiln Site Ming Yaogang Provincial Dynasty Village, level key Yuhuatai cultural Districy relics protection unit

Jinghai Temple Site Ming and No.116, Municipal Qing Zhaoyuelou, cultural relic Dynastie Xiaguan protection s District unit

Jiangning Weaving West Qing No. 19 Municipal Garden Site Dynasty Taiping cultural relic North Road protection unit

Architecture Nanbuting Historical Qing Nanbuting, Former Community Street Dynasty Baixia Residence of Landscape District Ganxi is the national key cultural relics protection unit

Confucian Temple Street Ming and Confucian Municipal Qing Temple, cultural relic Dynastie Qinhuai protection s District unit

Historic District of Chunxi Ming and Gaochun Provincial Town, Gaochun County Qing County level key Dynastie cultural s relics

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protection unit

Ancient architecture Qing Former Provincial complex in Yangliu Dynasty Yangliu level key Village Village, cultural Longdu, relics Jiangning protection District unit

Architecture complex of Qing Shangfang Municipal Qing Dynasty in Yu Dynasty Street, cultural relic Villiage Jiangning protection District unit

Composite Zhongshan Scenic Spot Southeast National 5A- Landscape suburb, class tourist Nanjing scenic spot.

Xuanwu Lake Scenic Spot Southeast of National 4A- Nanjing class tourist scenic spot, anational key park

Xixiashan Scenic Spot Xixia District, Nanjing

Pearl Spring Scenic Spot Pukou National District, water Nanjing conservancy scenic spot, provincial tourist resort

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Table 2 Table for Nanjing’ Southern Historical Sites (in Ming and Qing Dynasties) Planning (Source: information based on data from the website of Nanjing Urban Planning Bureau)

Name Scope Total Historical and cultural value Cultural Area protection unit

Hehuatang Located in 12.56 It is a typical and 1 Historic western area in hectare outstanding representative provincial Conservatio south of Nanjing s for the traditional dwellings cultural n Area with a scope of: and silk handcrafting relic Shuizhai industry in Nanjing during protection Pavilion-Mopan Ming and Qing Dynasties unit, 3 Street-Zhongshan with the clearest historical district South Road in the development clue, best level east, city wall in preserved traditional look cultural the south, Yingao and the richest area of relic Alley, Hehuatang, historic remains. protection and the south of units and Nanhua 43 Automobile historical Company in the buildings north

Santiaoying Located in the 4.84 It is the district with the 1 Historic eastern area in hectare most concentrated provincial Conservatio south of Nanjing s traditional dwellings in cultural n Area with a scope of Ming and Qing Dynasties, relic Shuangtangyuan which was started from the protection Road and its building of city wall in unit current streets in Ming Dynasty. It is west, the planned complete in space pattern, Shangjiangkaope better preserved in historical ng Road in south, look, and rich in intangible the planned New cultural heritages mainly minfang Road in include many traditional south and handicrafts like Nanjing Santiaoying and Brocade and colorful the ancient lanterns, traditional operas architectures in like Baiju and many names Santiaoying (the of ancient places like Former Residence Shangjiangkaopeng and of Jiang Jieziyuan, etc. Shoushan)

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Nanbuting Located in 3.17 It is one of the architecture 1 National Historic Nanjing’s hectare complexes with the Key Conservatio Southern s traditional characteristics in cultural n Area Historical District Ming and Qing Dynasties, relics with a scope of among which the former protection Zhongshan South residence of Ganxi unit and 6 Road in south, the (commonly known as historical northern line of Ninety nine and a half buildings the original rooms) is the largest and Zhongbei best preserved private Coaches Station residence existing in in South, Nanjing as well as the Rongzhuang largest and best preserved Street in west and urban traditional residence Pingzhang Alley in China. in north.

Confucian Located in 20 It is the traditional Temple Nanjing’s hectare architecture with distinctive Historic Southern Historic s features in Ming and Qing Conservatio Conservation Dynasties, representing the n Area Area with a scope essence and cream of the of Jiankang Road scenery in Qinhuai District in north, as well as an energetic Pingjiangfu Road business street. in east, Pipa Street in south and Sifu Alley--- Laiyan Road in west.

Shuangtang Located in the 6.98 It basically preserves pattern 1 district yuan south of old town hectare and the structures of streets level Historic and the west of s and alleys in the late Qing cultural Conservatio Zhonghua Road Dynasty. It has many former relic n Area with a scope of: residences of famous figures protection Jianzi Alley in with a lot of historical units and 5 north, stories. historical Shangkaojiangpe buildings ng in west, Santiaoying in south and Zhuanlong Alley

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in east.

Pingshi Located in the 14.46 It is the only existed 1 Street north of hectare traditional residence municipal Historic Nanjing’s s integrated with streets, level Constructio Southern workshops and dwellings, cultural n Area Historical District serving as the typical relic with a scope of: representative for the protection Zhongshan South evolution of dwellings: from units and Road in east, single style, alley style to 67 Shengzhou Road modern composite yard historical in south, Dingxin style. buildings Road in west and Nima Alley in west.

Diaoyutai Located in the 13.01 Since Qing Dynasty, it is a 2 Historic west of Nanjing’s hectare compound functional provincial Conservatio Southern s district integrated with cultural n Area Historical District dwelling and traditional relic with a scope of: handicrafts along the inner protection Xuanzi Alley in Qinhuai River. It is the unit, 3 north, representation that it grows municipal Xiganchang Alley and thrives because of level in south, water. cultural Zhongshan South relic Road in west and protection Zhonghua Gate in units and east. 23 historical buildings

Dayoufang Located in the 4.69 It represents the typical and 3 district Alley southeast of hectare outstanding traditional level Historic Nanjing’s s dwellings in Nanjing during cultural Conservatio Southern Ming and Qing Dynasties. relic n Area Historical District protection and the east of the units and 7 eastern section of historical inner Qinhuai buildings River with a scope of: Little Youfang Alley and Little West

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Lake Primary Scholl in north, Gutong Alley in east, Madao Street in south and Big Youfang Alley in west.

Fund Program: [1] A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions ( PAPD) [2] The Ministry of Education Research Fund for the doctoral program （No.20113204110006）

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