Modern Landscape Architecture Study on classification and value of historical and cultural landscape in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties YANG Jun1 Art Design College Nanjing Finance and Economics University No.3 on Wenyuan Road (of), Xixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province,210046 PR CHINA [email protected] Abstract: Nanjing city has a long history, historical and cultural heritage is rich in resources, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties quantity is the most, the greatest impact.The history and culture of the city landscape is the city's most attractive feature, is the city important intangible assets, a city of "image", and reflect the value of the city.This paper expounds the definition and classification of historical and cultural landscape at home and abroad. Combined with the regional characteristics of Nanjing's history and culture, it studys the classification of historical and cultural landscapein Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, summarizes its unique value, makes a further thinking on how to protect its historical and cultural landscape of Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and give full play to its heritage value. Key-Words: Nanjing ; historical and cultural landscape; resource;classification; the image of the city; the value of heritage 1 Definition and classification of geographic region; the capability to explain the cultural landscape nature and its unique cultural factors in this Of all the concepts on the world heritage--- region. Cultural landscape, which denotes the cultural heritage, natural heritage, natural and relationship between human and earth, can fall cultural heritage and cultural landscape, the into three categories: concept of cultural landscape was the last one to (1)It is the most easily recognized, designed come into being. In 1992, World Heritage and created consciously by man, and has clearly Committee officially listed cultural landscape planned landscape. It usually (not always) into world heritage: the first article in includes aesthetic gardens or square landscape Convention points out that cultural landscape related to religion or other monumental and belongs to cultural property, representing ‘the integral architectures. combined works of nature and of man’. They (2)It is the organically-developed,landscape, reflect the limits of material conditions and/ or which originally formed to meet the the opportunities brought by natural requirements of society, culture, administration environment and historical development of and/ or religion, and which adapted to the human society and settlement under the internal natural environment and finally developed into and external forces of a series of social, the current form. economic and cultural factors [1]. According (3)It is a comprehensive cultural landscape, toUN World Heritage Center’s definition, which is to present the strong influence of ‘cultural landscape’ must meet the following religion, arts and culture through some physical three conditions: outstanding universal value; heritage, which itself is of secondary representation of a clearly defined cultural and importance or does not exist any more. 1 Introduction to Author: Yang Jun/born in 1981/Male/Native in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province/ PhD Candidate at Nanjing Forestry University (Research Field: protection and planning for landscape heritages) / Lecturer at Art Design College of Nanjing Finance and Economics University (Nanjing 210046) ISBN: 978-960-474-355-1 256 Modern Landscape Architecture US National Park Service divides the (1)Designed Landscape: The artificial cultural landscapes in its administrative area landscapes designed by craftsmen or designers into four types: cultural anthropology landscape, in Ming and Qing Dynasties according to like the Holy Land; historical designed certain usages, values an aesthetic principles, landscape, like historic gardens; historic such as palace, garden and mausoleums. vernacular landscape, like historical villages; (2)Site Landscape: Associated with some historical places, historical streets and historical important historical events, figures and sites[3]. activities, the site environment has lost or Li Heping and Xiao Jingjiang classify the deserted its original functions now, such as cultural landscapes in China into five types: ① some architecture or location sites. Designed Landscape ②Heritage Landscape ③ (3)Architecture Community Landscape: Site Design ④ Settlement Landscape ⑤ Comprised of historical architecture Regional Landscape. communities and with certain social functions, Shan Jixiang holds that the cultural it can better reflect the historical country landscape is of certain spatiality and function, landscape with the original environmental which can be divided into two groups: in terms patterns and historical architectures, such as of spatial forms, it includes city cultural historical streets and villages. landscape, country cultural landscape, scenery (4)Composite Landscape: With artificial cultural landscape and site cultural landscape; maintenance, this kind of landscape is closely in terms of functions and natures, it includes associated with religion, arts or history and religion cultural landscape, folk custom cultural culture, such as scenic spots and the Holy Land. landscape, industry cultural landscape and military cultural landscape, etc. 2 Classification of Cultural Landscape in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties As an ancient capital for ten dynasties, Nanjing, with its profound historical and cultural richness, has reached its peak of prosperity from the Southern Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At present, it has a large amount of cultural landscape heritage, mostly left from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is significant in influence and various in type: (Fig.1, Distribution map of the cultural there are traditional dwellings, gardens, landscape of Nanjing City during the Ming and mausoleums and temples, etc. The scope of Qing Dynasties) cultural landscape heritage in Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in this paper focuses mainly on the main urban areas in Nanjing as well as the distinct urban cultural landscape heritage in suburban areas (Fig.1, 2). Based on the classifications of cultural landscapes at home and abroad and the geographic characteristics of the history and culture in Nanjing, this paper divides the cultural landscape roughly into the following types(see Table 1 in Appendix): ISBN: 978-960-474-355-1 257 Modern Landscape Architecture south as well as an ideal place for establishing capital. In Ming Dynasty, Nanjing City, guarded by 13 gates, was composed of four-fold walls---outer city walls, capital, imperial city and imperial palace---with the perimeter of the capital 33.676 km. At early stage of the Ming Dynasty, the major way to define contours outside the city wall in Nanjing City was irregular shape following the natural topography and the city walls ran flexibly according to the terrain and water ways. With full consideration of the traditional city-building theory, the imperial palace is located in the middle instead of the northeast corner of Nanjing, and both the site selection and construction pay attention to the coordination of water and mountains in Nanjing, therefore serving as a great model for imperial palace (Fig.2, Distribution map of the cultural construction in later dynastties. Besides that, landscape of the suburbs in Nanjing during the many ways in which mausoleums of the Ming- Ming and Qing Dynasties) dynasty Emperors were built were unpresidented .,, providing a blueprint for building imperial mausoleums in the Ming and 3 Value composition of the cultural Qing Dynasties. Different from the traditional landscape in Nanjing during Ming and ideas in construction of mausoleums, the design Qing Dynasties of main body of the mausoleum, facing south, Cultural landscape reflects the unique fully considers the natural geographic cultural richness in different regions, and is in conditions of the Purple Mountain: it changes the position to fully display the distinct cultural the lining layout of Shinto of the previous factors embodied in this region. In terms of mausoleum, and built according to the terrain characteristics and spatial scale, the material and the plum blossom mountain, which has components of cultural landscape heritage can little influence on the surrounding natural space fall into five categories: behavior, architecture, environment---both conforming to the space, structure and environment. traditional ideas on Fengshui and fully Compared with the cultural landscape in demonstrating the respect for and coordination other cities, the cultural landscape in Nanjing of ecology and geographical conditions in during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are of Nanjing (Fig.3). unique value, and mainly include the following aspects: (1)Influence Value: the urban construction pattern focusing on the harmony with natural landscape may exert great influence on later generations Located in the center place connecting rivers and lakes, Nanjing City is a hub for land and river transportation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, providing convenient transportation service in this area. With sound economic foundation, it serves as an important strategic area connecting north and (Fig.3, the Xiaoling Tomb) ISBN: 978-960-474-355-1 258 Modern Landscape Architecture “The architecture arrangement and site selection had always been the gathering place for rich modes of the Mausoleum of the Ming Emperor and