1 2 AFGHAN OPIATE TRAFFICKING THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ROUTE
3 Acknowledgements The Afghan Opiate Trafficking through the Southern Route report is an output of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project in the Statistics and Surveys Section, Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. It was prepared under the supervision of Jean-Luc Lemahieu, Director of the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, and the guidance of Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch .
Editor Chloé Carpentier, Chief, Statistics and Surveys Section
Authors Hayder Mili, Programme Officer, Statistics and Surveys Section Saurabh Sati, Consultant, Statistics and Surveys Section Jacob Townsend, Consultant, Statistics and Surveys Section
Contributions to the analysis Statistics and Surveys Section: Silvia Aue, Hamid Azizi, Deepika Naruka Country Office in Afghanistan: Mir Sayed Fawad Ahmad Alaie, Mohammad Rafi Kabiri, Sayed Jalal Pashtoon Country Office in Pakistan: Abdul Qahir Khan, Shaukat Ullah Khan Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa: Dina Fayad Regional Office for West and Central Africa: David Izadifar Regional Office for Southern Africa: Anna Logun
Data processing and mapping support Odil Kurbanov Irina Tsoy
English language editing Amabel Luers
Graphic design and layout Bolat Kubeyev
The authors wish to thank colleagues from the Division for Operations, the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and the Division for Treaty Affairs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, for their invaluable inputs and comments .
UNODC is grateful to national and international institutions and organisations for sharing information and knowledge with the report team, including ,in particular, the World Customs Organization, INTERPOL, the Combined Maritime Forces, the Arab Bureau for Narcotic Affairs, Council of the Arab Ministers of Interior and governments, law enforcement agencies and public health departments of Afghanistan ,Canada, China, Germany, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, Malaysia, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
The preparation of this report benefited from the financial contribution of the United States of America . Disclaimers
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Statistics and Surveys Section Research and Trend Analysis Branch Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs 8QLWHG1DWLRQV2IˉFHRQ'UXJVDQG&ULPH 32%R[ Vienna Austria 5 Table of Contents:
.H\ˉQGLQJV Introduction
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2. Afghanistan 2SLXPSURGXFWLRQ +HURLQSURGXFWLRQ 0RUSKLQH3URGXFWLRQ $FHWLFDQK\GULGHWUDIˉFNLQJ 7UDIˉFNLQJURXWHV 6XPPDU\
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4. The Islamic Republic of Iran +HURLQWUDIˉFNLQJ 2SLXPWUDIˉFNLQJ 2SLDWHWUDIˉFNLQJURXWHV 6XPPDU\
5. Middle East and Gulf countries +HURLQVHL]XUHV +HURLQWUDIˉFNLQJURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV 6XPPDU\
6. South Asia 5HJLRQDO2YHUYLHZ ,QGLD %DQJODGHVK 6UL/DQND 1HSDO 6XPPDU\
7. East and South-East Asia 7KHVRXWKHUQURXWHDQG$VLDȠVHFRQRPLFLQWHJUDWLRQ 6XPPDU\
8. Oceania 6XPPDU\
6 9. Africa (DVWHUQDQG6RXWKHUQ$IULFD :HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFD 6XPPDU\
10. Europe 0DMRUURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV 6XPPDU\
11. North America 7KHLQˊXHQFHRIWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH 7UDIˉFNLQJURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV 6XPPDU\
12. Responding to the challenges of the southern route
Annexes
7 Glossary
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Map 19 illustrates heroin seizures reported in the region between 2010 and 2013, with two prominent patterns. Firstly, ports and airports have clearly been important sites at which interdictions have occurred. This is in contrast, for example, to the situation in Pakistan, where many major seizures happen along roadsides. Between 2010 and 2013, according to the seizure cases for which information was available, the common mode of trafficking was by sea, accounting for two thirds of seizures by weight. The next most common modes were by land (19 per cent) and air (14 per cent). Consignments sent by mail accounted for less than 1 per cent of the overall weight of heroin seized. In terms of the number of seizures made, 74 per cent of those reported involved heroin trafficked by air and 20 per cent by land.104 Numerous seizures have been made at airports in the region; various shipments destined for the region were also intercepted at airports in other countries. Although the amounts trafficked by air are small, the frequency is high and indicates the need for improved vigilance at airports. In relation to maritime trafficking opportunities, it is notable that most of the berths for trade and cruise vessels, including cruise facilities, passenger liners and ferries, dhows105 and small speedboats, are located within commercial shipping ports. This presents opportunities to traffickers and makes detecting and seizing drugs difficult for law enforcement agencies. Secondly, Map 19 illustrates a clear cluster of seizures in Israel, southern Syrian Arab Republic and northern Jordan. It is unclear whether this suggests the existence of an integrated network of opiate trafficking, or results instead from a higher law enforcement activity. Some cases reported to UNODC have involved, for 102 Although Iraq did not officially submit information in its Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ), a report from a meeting of epidemiological experts in 2012 presented some limited data on seizures in the country. According to this report, hashish and opium were the two most publications-reports.html).commonly seized drugs between 2004 and 2013. Interim Report of the Inaugural Iraq Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), 1038-9 Council May 2012, of the Baghdad, European Iraq, Union, Al-Diwan, Report J., to Al the Hemiary, Mini-Dublin N., Hasson, Group A., by and the Rawson,Romanian R.A.(available Chair, “Regional at: www.uclaisap.org/iraq/html/CEWG- report on the Near East”, December 104 1052014, (available at: //data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-16959-2014-INIT/en/pdf). UNODC Drugs Monitoring Platform (DMP) and Individual Drug Seizures (IDS). 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World Drug Report 2013, Annex I. Vienna: United Nations publication. 146 UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.27. 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World Drug Report 2013, p.31. Vienna: United Nations publication. 150 UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.31. 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World Drug Report 2014, Annex 1. Vienna: United Nations publication. 189 UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.28. Vienna: United Nations publication.. 190 UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.50. Vienna: United Nations publication. 191 ǡϐ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͳǡͷͻͳ ǡǡϐ Ǥ ϐ ϐǤȋ IDS database, reported by WCO). 192ϐ Dzϐ dzǡȋȌǡʹͶ 2014. 193 Council of the European Union, Report to the Mini-Dublin Group by the Australian Chair, “Regional report on South East Asia and China”, October 2013, p.34. 74 Figure 34: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&KLQD 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 Amount of heroin seized (kg) heroin seized Amount of 2 000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year 6RXUFH 812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54 DQG'DWDEDVHRQ(VWLPDWHVDQG/RQJWHUP7UHQG$QDO\VLV '(/7$ Figure 35: 1XPEHUDQGDPRXQWRIDQQXDO$IJKDQKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&KLQD 350 1 800 1 600 300 1 400 250 1 200 200 1 000 150 800 600 Number of seizures Number of 1 00 (kg) Weight 400 50 200 0 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year Heroin cases Heroin seizures (kg) 6RXUFH Ȣ$IJKDQ2SLDWH7UDIˉFNLQJRQWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH VWDWLVWLFVVHL]XUHVDQGUHFHQWWUDIˉFNLQJWUHQGVLQ&KLQDȣSUHVHQWDWLRQE\&11&&RIˉFLDO IRUWKHUHJLRQDOZRUNVKRSHQWLWOHGȢ$IJKDQRSLDWHWUDIˉFNLQJRQWKHVRXWKHUQ5RXWHȣ9LHQQD$XVWULD0DUFK $WDUHJLRQDOOHYHOVHL]XUHGDWDVXJJHVWVWKDW$IJKDQKHURLQUHDFKLQJ(6($XVHVERWKVHDDQGDLUWUDQVSRUW )LJXUHVKRZVWKHQXPEHURIRIˉFLDOO\UHSRUWHGKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDEHWZHHQ DQGLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHJOREDOWRWDO$VDSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHJOREDOWRWDOWKHUHJLRQȠVVKDUHˊXFWXDWHV VLJQLˉFDQWO\EHWZHHQSHUFHQWDQGSHUFHQW,QKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQWKHUHJLRQWRWDOOHG NJHTXDO WRDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIWKHJOREDOWRWDO0RVWRIWKHVHL]XUHVZHUHUHSRUWHGLQ&KLQD0DOD\VLD0\DQPDU 7KDLODQGDQG9LHWQDP 75 Figure 36: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ(6($FRPSDUHGZLWKJOREDOWRWDO 90 000 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 Amount of heroin seized (kg) heroin seized Amount of 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year East and South East Asia Global Total 6RXUFH 812'&$QQXDO5HSRUWV4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54 DQGGDWDEDVHRQHVWLPDWHVDQGORQJWHUPWUHQGDQDO\VLV '(/7$ 0DSVKRZVWKHORFDWLRQRIVHL]XUHVLQYROYLQJKHURLQRULJLQDWLQJLQ$IJKDQLVWDQWKDWFRXOGEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK 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7KHVHFRQVLJQPHQWVZHUHHLWKHUWUDIˉFNHGGLUHFWO\WR(6($RUWUDQVLWHG4DWDURU+RQJ.RQJ6RXWK(DVW$VLDLV QRWRQO\DGHVWLQDWLRQIRUWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH LWLVDOVRDWUDQVLWSRLQW'DWDSURYLGHGWR812'&VXJJHVWVWKDW DSRUWLRQRIWKHKHURLQVHL]HGLQ6RXWK(DVW$VLDLVLQWHQGHGIRURQZDUGVKLSPHQWDSULPDU\GHVWLQDWLRQEHLQJ 2FHDQLD &KLQHVHDXWKRULWLHVDOVRREVHUYHWKDW6RXWK(DVW$VLDLVRIWHQXVHGDVDWUDQVLWSRLQWIRUWUDIˉFNLQJ LQWR&KLQDSDUWLFXODUO\YLDPDLODQGDLUWUDYHO ,QWKHFDVHRIKHURLQEHLQJWUDIˉFNHGE\PDLOLWXVXDOO\GHSDUWVIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ3DNLVWDQDQG,QGLDZLWKWKHPRVW IUHTXHQWO\UHSRUWHGGHVWLQDWLRQEHLQJ&KLQD2WKHUURXWHVIRUKHURLQWUDIˉFNHGE\PDLOKDYHEHHQIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ DQG3DNLVWDQWR7KDLODQGIURP,QGLDWR,QGRQHVLDIURP$IJKDQLVWDQWR9LHWQDPDQGIURP3DNLVWDQWR+RQJ.RQJ 7DEOHDQG7DEOHVKRZEUHDNGRZQVRIVHL]XUHGDWDE\UHJLRQVRIGHSDUWXUHDQGGHVWLQDWLRQ Table 13: 6HL]XUHVRIKHURLQWUDIĆFNHGDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHGHVWLQHGIRU(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDE\ UHJLRQRIGHSDUWXUH Origin/departure No. of Amount of heroin Distribution (%) Distribution (%) region seizures VHL]HG NJ of no. of seizures of amount of heroin seized 3DNLVWDQ South Asia other WKDQ3DNLVWDQ Africa 0LGGOH(DVWDQG *XOI6WDWHV TOTAL 248 2,439 100% 100% 6RXUFH 812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 Table 14: 6HL]XUHVLQYROYLQJKHURLQWUDIĆFNHGIURP(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHWR H[WHUQDOPDUNHWVE\GHVWLQDWLRQ No. of Amount of heroin Distribution % Distribution % Destination seizures VHL]HG NJ of no. of seizures of amount of heroin seized South Asia Africa Oceania 1RUWK$PHULFD (urope 0LGGOH(DVWDQG *XOI6WDWHV TOTAL 58 424 100% 100% 6RXUFH 812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 194ϐ Dzϐ dzǡȋȌǡʹͶ ʹͲͳͶǤ ǡʹͲͲͻǡͳͶ ȋ ȌǢ ǡDzʹͲͳͶdzǤ 195ǦȋȌǤ 196ϐ Dzϐ dzǡȋȌǡʹͶ 2014. 78 7KHVRXWKHUQURXWHDQGWKHHFRQRPLFLQWHJUDWLRQRI$VLD &DOFXODWLQJWKHVKDUHRI(6($RSLDWHXVHDWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHLVFKDOOHQJLQJ7KH*RYHUQPHQWRI &KLQDKDVHVWLPDWHGWKDWSHUFHQWRILWVKHURLQVXSSO\FRPHVIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ 7KLVZRXOGURXJKO\ WUDQVODWHLQWRDQHVWLPDWHG PHWULFWRQVRI$IJKDQKHURLQ WUDIˉFNHGLQWRWKHFRXQWU\DFFRUGLQJWRDUHFHQW &KLQHVHQDWLRQDOVXUYH\ )RUWKHEURDGHUSRSXODWLRQRIRSLDWHXVHUVLQ(6($WKHˊXLGLW\RIVXSSO\FKDLQVVHHPVOLNHO\WRGHYHORSIXUWKHU 7KHPDQ\WUDMHFWRULHVDQGQRGHVRIWUDIˉFNLQJURXWHVUHDFKLQJDQGWUDQVLWLQJ(6($HFKRWKHFUHDWLRQRIFRPSOH[ WUDGHVXSSO\FKDLQVLQWKHUHJLRQDQGLWVHFRQRPLFLQWHJUDWLRQERWKLQWHUQDOO\DQGZLWKRWKHUUHJLRQVRIWKH ZRUOG)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHWHQ\HDUVSULRUWR2FWREHU3DNLVWDQVDZLPSRUWVIURPPDLQODQG&KLQDPRUH WKDQGRXEOHUHDFKLQJSHUFHQWZKLOHLWVH[SRUWVWR&KLQDTXDGUXSOHGUHDFKLQJSHUFHQW 7KLVZDVLQD SHULRGGXULQJZKLFKWKHRYHUDOOH[SRUWVDQGLPSRUWVRI3DNLVWDQGRXEOHG2QDGLIIHUHQWQRWHWKHYROXPHRIDLU SDVVHQJHUWUDIˉFLQ0DOD\VLDDQG7KDLODQGLVFRPSDUDEOHWRWKDWLQ%HLMLQJ 7KHLQWHQVLˉFDWLRQDQGGLYHUVLˉFDWLRQRIWUDGHDQGWUDYHOURXWHVEHWZHHQ(6($6RXWK$VLDWKH0LGGOH(DVW DQG$IULFDOLNHO\UHˊHFWWKHWUDIˉFNLQJURXWHVWKDWIHHG(6($ȠVRSLDWHPDUNHWV0\DQPDURSLDWHVVWLOOHQMR\DQ DGYDQWDJHLQWHUPVRISUR[LPLW\KLVWRU\DQGHVWDEOLVKHGUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKPDQ\KHURLQUHWDLOHUVLQ(6($EXW VRXWKHUQURXWHWUDIˉFNHUVPLJKWVWLOOEHQHˉWIURPLQFUHDVHGRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRGHOLYHUVXSSOLHVWKURXJKRXWWKH UHJLRQ7UDGHDJUHHPHQWVWKDWIDFLOLWDWHHFRQRPLFJURZWKKDYHDOVREHHQKHOSIXOWRWUDQVQDWLRQDORUJDQL]HG FULPH7KHUDSLGJURZWKRIDLUFRQQHFWLRQVSURYLGHVORJLVWLFDOHIˉFLHQF\DQGDQH[SDQGLQJPHQXRIRSWLRQVIRU WUDIˉFNHUVZLWKDFRUUHVSRQGLQJFKDOOHQJHIRUGUXJODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHV Table 15: 6LJQLĆFDQWKHURLQVHL]XUHVUHSRUWHGE\0DOD\VLD Date Origin/ transit country Weight Number and nationality of arrestees NJ 3DNLVWDQ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV NJ Malaysia NJ ,UDQLDQQDWLRQDOV Malaysia NJ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV 3DNLVWDQ NJ 3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV Nigeria NJ 1LJHULDQQDWLRQDO NJ 0DOD\VLDQQDWLRQDOV Thailand NJ ,QGLDQ 0DOD\VLDQ 6RXUFH 0LQLVWU\RI+RPH$IIDLUV0DOD\VLD 197ϐ ǡDzϐ ǣ ǡ ϐ dzǡȋȌǡ ʹͲͳͶǤ 198ϐ ǡDzϐ ǣ ǡ ϐ dzǡȋȌǡ ʹͲͳͶǤ 199ǡDzȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍdzǡʹͳ ʹͲͳͶǡȋǣǣȀȀǤǤǤȀ ȀʹǤ͓Ȍ 200 Including both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country. 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Proportion of heroin originating in Proportion of heroin originating in 8QNQRZQ Year South-East Asia (%) South-West Asia (%) origin (%) -DQȝ-XQ ȝ ȝ 6RXUFH $XVWUDOLDQ)HGHUDO3ROLFH)RUHQVLF'UXJ,QWHOOLJHQFH7KHSHUFHQWDJHVDUHFDOFXODWHGDVSURSRUWLRQVRIWRWDOEXONZHLJKWRIKHURLQ VHL]XUHVDQDO\VHGE\$)3 ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHˊXFWXDWLQJVXSSO\VRXUFHVVXJJHVWHGLQ7DEOHRSLDWHXVHLQ$XVWUDOLDDQG1HZ=HDODQG DSSHDUVUHODWLYHO\ORZDQGVWDEOHȝ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ˉFNHUVWDUJHWLQJ2FHDQLDLVQRWNQRZQEXWWKHSULFHGLIIHUHQWLDO VXJJHVWVWKDWLWFRXOGEHKLJKO\SURˉWDEOHIRUVHYHUDOLQWHUPHGLDULHVLQWKHFKDLQPRYLQJDQGGLVWULEXWLQJWKH SURGXFWIURP3DNLVWDQRUWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ 213Ǯ ǯ process using acetic anhydride. 214Ǥ 215 ǡ ʹͲͳͲ ʹͲͳͳ ϐ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥϐ ϐ ʹϐ Ǥ 216ǡʹͲͳʹǡ Ǥ 82 Figure 38: 86SHUNJRIZKROHVDOHKHURLQLQ3DNLVWDQ DQG$XVWUDOLD 180 000 160 000 140 000 120 000 100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 Wholesale Price of heroin (US$) of Wholesale Price 20 000 0 Pakistan (2011) Australia (2012) 6RXUFH $XVWUDOLD$54 3DNLVWDQ$54 1RWH ˉJXUHVDUHURXQGHG SULFHVDUHQRWSXULW\DGMXVWHG ,Q&XVWRPVRIˉFLDOVLQ6\GQH\UHSRUWHGDNJVHL]XUHRIKHURLQVKLSSHGIURP3DNLVWDQ/DWHUWKDW\HDU DFRQVLJQPHQWRIRSLXPDQGKHURLQZDVUHSRUWHGO\VHL]HGLQ6\GQH\GLVFRYHUHGLQDFDUJRDOOHJHGO\FRQVLVWLQJ RIVDPRYDUVˊRZQIURPWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ$QRWKHUVHL]XUHRFFXUUHGWKDW\HDUDW3RUW%RWDQ\LQ6\GQH\ FRQVLVWLQJRI NJRIKHURLQFRQFHDOHGZLWKLQDVKLSPHQWIURPWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQVDLGWREHFDUU\LQJ UHGUDLVLQV,Q)HEUXDU\DQ,UDQLDQERUQ$XVWUDOLDQFLWL]HQDQGDQ$XVWUDOLDQ,UDQLDQGXDOFLWL]HQZHUH UHSRUWHGO\ DUUHVWHG LQ 6\GQH\ IRU VPXJJOLQJ KHURLQ ZLWKLQ MXLFH ER[HV 6HL]XUHV XSVWUHDP DUH PRUH UDUH 812'&LVDZDUHRIRQO\RQHVHL]XUHRIKHURLQLQ3DNLVWDQWKDWZDVUHSRUWHGO\GHVWLQHGIRU$XVWUDOLD,Q6HSWHPEHU 3DNLVWDQLRIˉFLDOVUHFRYHUHGNJRIKHURLQSRZGHUIURPDFRQVLJQPHQWRIIXUQLWXUHGHVWLQHGIRU6\GQH\ $XVWUDOLDDWWKH3HVKDZDUGU\SRUW Table 17: 6HOHFWHG VHL]XUHV UHSRUWHG LQ 2FHDQLD LQYROYLQJ RSLDWHV WUDIILFNHG IURP 3DNLVWDQ DQG WKH ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ Date Drug $PRXQW NJ Transportation Seized Country 7UDIˉFNHGIURP 0DU Heroin 0DULWLPH Australia 3DNLVWDQ -XO 2SLXP $LU)UHLJKW Australia ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ 1RY Heroin 0DULWLPH Australia ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ )HE Heroin QD Australia ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ 6RXUFH 812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 1RWH WKHˉJXUHVLQWKLVWDEOHKDYHEHHQURXQGHG'DWDIRU DQGZDVXQDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ 6HL]XUHVUHSRUWHGLQ2FHDQLDDFFRXQWIRURQO\DVPDOOSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHJOREDOWRWDO:LWKMXVWXQGHUSHUFHQW RIWKHZRUOGȠVSRSXODWLRQLQLWVVKDUHRIJOREDOKHURLQVHL]XUHVE\YROXPHLQZDVSHUFHQW 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