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2. Drug Statistics and Trends

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2. DRUG STATISTICS AND TRENDS 2.1 Understanding the extent and nature of drug use Globally, UNODC estimates that between 155 and 250 tion rather than merely the trends for individual drugs. million people, or 3.5% to 5.7% of the population aged This information helps to discern the extent to which 15-64, had used illicit substances at least once in the market dynamics (availability, purity and price) have previous year. Cannabis users comprise the largest temporarily influenced the use, compared to results of number of illicit drug users (129-190 million people). long-term efforts such as comprehensive prevention Amphetamine-type stimulants are the second most com- programmes and other interventions to address the drug monly used illicit drugs, followed by opiates and cocaine. use situation. However, in terms of harm associated with use, opiates would be ranked at the top. To illustrate, long-term trends in use of different drugs and overall drug use are presented for the United States A comprehensive understanding of the extent of the of America, the United Kingdom, Australia and Spain drug use problem requires a review of several indicators where trend data over a longer period of time is availa- – the magnitude of drug use measured by prevalence ble. Although short-term changes and trends might be (lifetime, annual, past 30 days) in the general popula- observed in the use of different drugs, long-term trends tion, the potential of problem drug use as measured by suggest that the magnitude of the core of the problem drug use among young people, and costs and conse- does not change considerably in a few years. Indeed, to quences of drug use measured by treatment demand, impact the drug use situation, long-term interventions drug-related morbidity and mortality. Additionally, to for prevention of drug use and drug dependence treat- understand the dynamics of drug use in a country or ment and care, along with supply reduction efforts, are region, it is important to look at the overall drug situa- required. Fig. 92: Illicit drug use at the global level, 2008 Source: UNODC Number of people who inject drugs aged 15-64 years : 11-21 million persons Number of "problem drug users" aged 15-64 years : 16-38 million persons Number of people who have used drugs at least once in the past year aged 15-64 years : 155-250 million persons Total number of people aged 15-64 years in 2008: 4,396 million persons 123 World Drug Report 2010 Fig. 93: United States: Dependence on or Fig. 94: US: Types of drug use in the past year abuse of drugs in the past year among among persons aged 12 and older, persons aged 12 or older, 2002-2008* 2000-2008 * The difference between the estimates was only statistically significant Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminis- for opioid painkillers in 2003/2004 and 2008. tration, Results from the 2000-2008 National Survey on Drug Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminis- Use and Health: National Findings, Office of Applied Studies, tration, Results from the 2000-2008 National Survey on Drug US Department of Health and Human Services Use and Health: National Findings, Office of Applied Studies, 16.0 14.9 14.7 14.5 US Department of Health and Human Services 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.2 8 7.3 14.0 12.6 7.1 7 6.8 6.8 7 6.9 7 11.0 12.0 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.1 10.3 6 9.3 10.0 4.5 8.3 5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 8.0 4 5.1 5.0 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.8 3 3.7 1.6 1.7 Annual prevalence (%) 4.0 2.9 Numbers in millions 1.5 1.5 2 1.4+ 1.4+ 1.7 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.5 1 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.4 0.8 0.9 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Illicit drugs Marijuana Any Illicit Drug Marijuana and Hashish Cocaine Opioids pain relievers Cocaine Heroin Ecstasy Pain Relievers + difference between this es timate and 2008 estimate is statistically significant at .05 level Fig. 95: UK: drug use trends among population Fig. 96: Australia: drug use trends among aged 16-59, 2000-2008/2009 population aged 14 and over, 1991-2007 Source: Hoare J, Home Office Statistical Bulletin, Drug Misuse Source: Australia, National Campaign Against Drug Abuse Declared: Findings from the 2008/09 British Crime Survey, Household Surveys 1991, 1993, National Drug Strategy England and Wales, Home Office, UK July 2009 Household Survey 1995, 1996, 2001, 2004 and 2007 25 12 10.9 10.5 10.6 10.8 22 9.7 10 8.7 20 8.2 17 7.66 7.9 16.9 15.3 15.3 8 17.9 14 15 13.4 6 13.7 12.7 13.1 12.9 10 11.3 4 3 9.1 Annual prevalence (%) 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 Annual prevalence (%) 5.2 2 2 2.1 2 3.1 2.2 1.8 5 3.5 3.1 2 1.8 221.8 1.6 1.5 1.8 2.6 3.5 1.7 2.1 3.7 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.2 2 3.2 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1 1.1 0 0.3 0.1 0 0.4 0.2 1991 1993 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2000 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Cannabis Pain killers and analgesics Cocaine Ecstasy Heroin Opiates Amphetamine Methamphetamine Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Any illicit drug 124 2. Drug statistics and trends Understanding the extent and nature of drug use Fig. 97: Spain: drug use trends among Fig. 98: Europe: Estimated trends in overall population aged 15-64, 1995-2007/08 problem drug use in selected countries from where data was Source: UNODC and EMCDDA available (2002-2007), rate per 1,000 12 population aged 15-64 Source: EMCDDA – Statistical Bulletin 2009 11.3 11.2 10 10.1 10 9.7 9 8.64 7.6 8.3 8.08 7.81 7.99 8 7 8 7.3 7 6.2 5.8 5.7 6 6 6.1 4.9 4.9 5 4.8 4.7 3.1 4.02 5.38 4.5 4 3.0 4.2 2.6 2.7 4 4 4.37 Annual prevalence (%) 4.14 4.14 1.9 1.7 1.6 3 2.5 2.47 2.65 2 1.2 2.09 1.9 2 2.7 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.75 1 1.91 Prevalence (rate per 1000 population) 1.34 1.5 0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.3 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005/06 2007/08 Czech Republic Germany Cannabis Cocaine Greece Italy Amphetamine Ecstasy Cyprus Malta Opiate Aus tria Slovakia Problem drug use taking behaviours were particularly associated with severe problems and as such merit the attention of poli- At the core of drug use lie the problem drug users; those cymakers. The document further elaborated that high- that might be regular or frequent users of the substances, risk consumption included information on the number considered dependent or injecting and who would have of drug injectors, estimates of daily users and those who faced social and health consequences as a result of their are dependent. One challenge in measuring problem drug use. Information on problem drug users from a drug users or high-risk drug consumption is that most policy and programme planning perspective is impor- of these behaviours are hidden and have low prevalence. tant as this drives the need and nature of the services Therefore, they are poorly covered by general popula- required to address the diverse needs for treatment and tion estimates. Specific methods are required to gather care of drug dependent persons. information on such behaviours. Lack of a global standard definition Out of the 110 Member States who responded to the of a problem drug user 2008 ARQ on the extent and pattern of drug use, only One of the main challenges for UNODC remains the 24 reported information on problem drug use. The compilation of data reported by Member States and definitions and methods of calculation differ from coun- their comparability across countries and regions. The try to country. One country in Africa defines problem Commission on Narcotics Drugs in its forty-third ses- drug use as “drug users who constitute social harm and sion in 2000 endorsed the paper on 'Drug information insecurity and drug users who relapse after rehabilitation.”2 systems: principles, structures and indicators'1 – also In North America, the DSM-IV3 defines the criteria for known as the 'Lisbon Consensus Document'. The docu- illicit drug dependence or abuse, while one country in ment outlines the set of core epidemiological indicators Asia only considers heroin injectors as problem drug to monitor the drug abuse situation, against which users. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Member States could report their respective situations Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), in its efforts to compile through the Annual Reports Questionnaire (ARQ).
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